2. OUTLINE
Aggression and Violence definition & measurements
Determinants of aggression
Aggression and violence as social problems
Reducing aggression and violence
Conclusion
3. Aggression and Violence
definitions
Baron and Richardson (1994) define aggression “any form
of behavior directed toward the goal of harming or injuring
another living being who is motivated to avoid such
treatment”
Archer & Browne (1989) define violence “physically
damaging assaults which are not socially legitimated in any
way”
4. MEASUREMENTS
BARON & RICHARDSON (1994):
They gave two broad methods to study
aggression.
1. OBSERVATIONAL METHOD:
It can be used to record aggressive behavior as it
occurs in natural context (Archie 1989) or to examine the
effects of specific experimental manipulations in
laboratory situation (Berkowitz 1989).
5. CONTINUE
2. ASKING METHOD:
Methods which ask for occurrence of aggressive
behavior without actually observing, it include the use of
self and peer reports of aggressive behaviors [Pan,
Neidig, O’Leary (1994)].
6. Determinants of Aggression
There are three variables are counteracting factors with
respect to the performance of aggressive behavior.
1. Personal variables:
Variables at personal level which may help to
distinguish between more or less aggressive individuals
and groups of individuals.
7. Continue
2.Situational variables:
Situational influences of a transient or continuous nature
which have an effect on performance of aggressive
behavior.
3.Media variables:
Factors in the physical and social environment which
influence the likelihood of aggression and violence.
8. Aggression and Violence As
Social Problems
The aggression and violence forms are analyzed under two
encounters.
1. Interpersonal encounter:
Participants interact as individual of particular
social group rather than member. It includes very severe
forms of aggressive behavior which not only have
dramatic effect but also poses challenges to society at
large.
9. Cont..
a) Criminal homicide
b) Bullying
c) Abuse and neglect in family
d) Sexual aggression
2. Aggression as an intergroup phenomenon:
Confrontations arise out between different groups or
individual by virtue of their group membership.
10. Cont…
a) Rioting, hooliganism and gang violence.
b) Ethnocentric and racial aggression.
c) Political violence; terrorism and war.
11. Reducing aggression and violence:
The strategies and proposals for reducing aggression
ranges between two levels.
1. Individual-centered intervention:
Strategies directed at the individual in the form of
specific treatments or situational changes example
punishments and catharsis.
12. Cont…
2. Societal-Level strategies:
Strategies implemented at the societal level to effect all the
members of target group and bring down the aggression
and violence as a whole example legal sanctions,
controlling facilitators, neighbors house watching schemes
and identifying property etc.
13. Conclusion:
No doubt aggression and violence are the most pressing social
problem facing the world today which includes diverse forms
and variables which are inducing aggressive and violent
behaviors. There are many guidelines are given for their
prevention and control yet it remains one of the greatest
challenges for both basic and applied psychology.
