Diamond is sp3 covalent. It makes for bonds to ne.pdf
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Diamond is sp3 covalent. It makes for bonds to neighboring carbons. forming an endless network of tetrahedrons Graphite is a delocalized sp2 hybridized carbon system. the entire sheet is flat because all carbons are trigonal planar and sp2 hybridized. Fullerenes have sp2 carbons in a ball shape. It is a mixture of hexagons and pentagons. Nanotubes it is one layer of graphite, aka graphene rolled up. Solution Diamond is sp3 covalent. It makes for bonds to neighboring carbons. forming an endless network of tetrahedrons Graphite is a delocalized sp2 hybridized carbon system. the entire sheet is flat because all carbons are trigonal planar and sp2 hybridized. Fullerenes have sp2 carbons in a ball shape. It is a mixture of hexagons and pentagons. Nanotubes it is one layer of graphite, aka graphene rolled up..
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Carbon exists in several allotropes with different structures and properties. Diamond has a tetrahedral structure where each carbon atom is bonded to four other carbons in a rigid three-dimensional lattice. Graphite has stacked sheets of hexagonal rings where each carbon is sp2 hybridized and bonded to three others in each plane, with the planes held weakly together. Fullerene molecules are hollow spheres, tubes, or ellipsoids composed entirely of carbon, with some rings containing five or seven carbons along with the normal six-carbon hexagonal rings.
Chemistry of carbon
This presentation is prepared in view of engineering chemistry syllabus. It is useful for Engineering, Sciences and their research to understand basics of chemistry.
Slides 13,41(inorganic).pptx
Graphite is an allotrope of carbon that occurs naturally and is the most stable form of carbon under standard conditions. It consists of weakly bound layers of graphene stacked into a hexagonal structure. Graphite is a good conductor of heat and electricity and is very soft and slippery to the touch. It has a variety of applications including use in pencils, lubricants, batteries, and refractories due to its properties. Graphite can also be synthesized in the laboratory by heating sucrose with concentrated sulfuric acid to produce a black carbon material.
Bonding
The document discusses the structures and bonding properties of carbon materials including diamond, graphite, fullerenes, and carbon nanotubes. Diamond consists of carbon atoms bonded together in a tetrahedral structure, with each carbon bonded to four other carbons. In graphite, the carbon atoms are bonded together in giant layered structures, with each carbon bonded to three neighbors in the same layer and the layers bonded weakly through van der Waals forces. Fullerenes are spherical or tubular structures of carbon atoms bonded together with delocalized pi orbitals. Carbon nanotubes are a type of fullerene that takes the form of hollow tubes.
Nano materials
Fullerenes are a third allotrope of carbon that are cage-like molecules formed by heating graphite in an inert gas. The most common fullerene is C60, which has a soccer ball shape. Fullerenes are highly stable, insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They have applications in optics, electronics, medicine, and as antioxidants or catalysts.
Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical nanostructures composed of graphite sheets rolled at specific angles, determining the nanotube's properties. Single-walled nanotubes are single graphene sheets rolled into cylinders while multi-walled nanotubes contain multiple concentric graphene cylinders. Carbon nanotubes have excellent thermal and electrical
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Silicates are inorganic polymers formed through the catenation of chemical bonds. They are typically solids in the form of crystals, such as diamond, graphite, and materials where all atoms are connected by covalent bonds. Zeolites are aluminosilicates that incorporate cations like sodium or potassium to balance the negative charge from aluminium replacing some silicon atoms in the three-dimensional network structure. Silicates are widely used in industries like petrochemicals for cracking hydrocarbons and isomerization.
HYBRIDIZATION CHEMISTRY.pptx
Hybridization involves the mixing of atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals that give molecules their shape and bonding properties. There are several types of hybridization depending on the orbitals involved, including sp3, sp2, and sp hybridization. Sp3 hybridization involves one s and three p orbitals mixing to form four sp3 hybrid orbitals arranged tetrahedrally as seen in methane. Sp2 hybridization is the mixing of one s and two p orbitals to yield three sp2 hybrid orbitals in a trigonal planar arrangement as in ethylene. Sp hybridization mixes one s and one p orbital to produce two linear sp hybrid orbitals as observed in acetylene. Hybridization explains molecular geometry and
Lanthanides and actinides
The document discusses the lanthanides and actinides, which are groups of elements found below the main periodic table. There are a total of 30 elements between the lanthanides (elements 57-71) and actinides (elements 89-103). The lanthanides and actinides are often referred to as the "inner transition metals" and exhibit similar chemical properties to lanthanum and actinium, respectively.
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Carbon exists in several allotropes with different structures and properties. Diamond has a tetrahedral structure where each carbon atom is bonded to four other carbons in a rigid three-dimensional lattice. Graphite has stacked sheets of hexagonal rings where each carbon is sp2 hybridized and bonded to three others in each plane, with the planes held weakly together. Fullerene molecules are hollow spheres, tubes, or ellipsoids composed entirely of carbon, with some rings containing five or seven carbons along with the normal six-carbon hexagonal rings.
Chemistry of carbon
This presentation is prepared in view of engineering chemistry syllabus. It is useful for Engineering, Sciences and their research to understand basics of chemistry.
Slides 13,41(inorganic).pptx
Graphite is an allotrope of carbon that occurs naturally and is the most stable form of carbon under standard conditions. It consists of weakly bound layers of graphene stacked into a hexagonal structure. Graphite is a good conductor of heat and electricity and is very soft and slippery to the touch. It has a variety of applications including use in pencils, lubricants, batteries, and refractories due to its properties. Graphite can also be synthesized in the laboratory by heating sucrose with concentrated sulfuric acid to produce a black carbon material.
Bonding
The document discusses the structures and bonding properties of carbon materials including diamond, graphite, fullerenes, and carbon nanotubes. Diamond consists of carbon atoms bonded together in a tetrahedral structure, with each carbon bonded to four other carbons. In graphite, the carbon atoms are bonded together in giant layered structures, with each carbon bonded to three neighbors in the same layer and the layers bonded weakly through van der Waals forces. Fullerenes are spherical or tubular structures of carbon atoms bonded together with delocalized pi orbitals. Carbon nanotubes are a type of fullerene that takes the form of hollow tubes.
Nano materials
Fullerenes are a third allotrope of carbon that are cage-like molecules formed by heating graphite in an inert gas. The most common fullerene is C60, which has a soccer ball shape. Fullerenes are highly stable, insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They have applications in optics, electronics, medicine, and as antioxidants or catalysts.
Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical nanostructures composed of graphite sheets rolled at specific angles, determining the nanotube's properties. Single-walled nanotubes are single graphene sheets rolled into cylinders while multi-walled nanotubes contain multiple concentric graphene cylinders. Carbon nanotubes have excellent thermal and electrical
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Silicates are inorganic polymers formed through the catenation of chemical bonds. They are typically solids in the form of crystals, such as diamond, graphite, and materials where all atoms are connected by covalent bonds. Zeolites are aluminosilicates that incorporate cations like sodium or potassium to balance the negative charge from aluminium replacing some silicon atoms in the three-dimensional network structure. Silicates are widely used in industries like petrochemicals for cracking hydrocarbons and isomerization.
HYBRIDIZATION CHEMISTRY.pptx
Hybridization involves the mixing of atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals that give molecules their shape and bonding properties. There are several types of hybridization depending on the orbitals involved, including sp3, sp2, and sp hybridization. Sp3 hybridization involves one s and three p orbitals mixing to form four sp3 hybrid orbitals arranged tetrahedrally as seen in methane. Sp2 hybridization is the mixing of one s and two p orbitals to yield three sp2 hybrid orbitals in a trigonal planar arrangement as in ethylene. Sp hybridization mixes one s and one p orbital to produce two linear sp hybrid orbitals as observed in acetylene. Hybridization explains molecular geometry and
Lanthanides and actinides
The document discusses the lanthanides and actinides, which are groups of elements found below the main periodic table. There are a total of 30 elements between the lanthanides (elements 57-71) and actinides (elements 89-103). The lanthanides and actinides are often referred to as the "inner transition metals" and exhibit similar chemical properties to lanthanum and actinium, respectively.
Carbon Bonds
OBJECTIVE:
DESCRIBE THE BONDING OF ETHANE, ETHENE (ETHYLENE) AND ETHYNE(ACETYLENE) AND EXPLAIN THEIR GEOMETRY IN TERMS OF HYBRIDIZATION AND σ AND ¶ CARBON-CARBON BONDS.
Hybridization (or hybridization) is the concept of mixing (with different energies, shapes, etc., than the component atomic orbitals) suitable for the pairing of electron to form chemical bond is valence bond theory.
An orbital of one atom can combine with that of another atom to form a sigma (σ) or pi (∏) bond.
A sigma bond is covalent bond resulting from the end-to-end overlap of orbitals.
A pi-bond results from the side-to-side overlap of p orbitals along a plane containing a line connecting the nuclei of the atoms
Carbon and its compounds
Carbon being the most versatile element on this earth is also the most important element for mankind. Carbon (from Latin: carbo "coal") is a chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number 6. It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. It belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. Carbon makes up only about 0.025 percent of Earth's crust.
Carbon comp
Carbon has four electrons in its outer orbit giving it a valency of four. It is a non-metal that can form long chains by combining with itself, providing a backbone to which other atoms can attach in various ways. In nature, carbon exists as two allotropes, diamond and graphite, which differ physically in properties like appearance, hardness, and conductivity despite being chemically identical. Hydrocarbons are compounds of carbon and hydrogen that are the main component of petroleum, and include saturated compounds like alkanes as well as unsaturated compounds with double or triple bonds between carbons like alkenes and alkynes.
Pblock elements
The document discusses the properties and trends within Group 15 (nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth) of the periodic table. It notes that these elements shift from non-metallic to metallic character down the group. Nitrogen and phosphorus are non-metals, arsenic and antimony are metalloids, and bismuth is a metal. Ionization energy decreases with increasing atomic size down the group. The common oxidation states are -3, +3 and +5, with stability of -3 decreasing and +3 increasing down the group.
Carbon can exist in different structural states known as allotropes..pdf
Carbon can exist in different structural states known as allotropes. Two well-known allotropes
are graphite, one of the softest substances, and diamond, the hardest naturally occurring mineral.
Graphite has a crystalline structure in which the carbon atoms are arranged in layers of flat
sheets. Each sheet consists of a network of hexagonal (six-membered) rings in which each
carbon atom is bonded to three other atoms.
Diamond, which is formed in the Earth at very high pressures, adopts a different crystalline
structure. Each carbon atom is bonded to four others, which together form a tetrahedral shape
surrounding the central carbon
Diamond is transparent and hard; it acts as an excellent electrical insulator, and can be used as
an abrasive. By contrast, graphite is opaque and soft. It conducts electricity, and is a good
lubricant. Diamond crystallizes in the cubic system but graphite crystallizes in the hexagonal
system.
Carbon that lacks an overall crystalline structure is known as amorphous carbon. Although it is
possible to produce carbon that is entirely amorphous (non-crystalline), material that is described
as amorphous usually includes small crystals of graphite or diamond. Amorphous carbon is the
main constituent of charcoal, soot (lampblack or carbon black), and activated carbon.
In addition, several exotic allotropes have been synthesized or discovered, including fullerenes,
carbon nanotubes, lonsdaleite, carbon nanofoam, and aggregated diamond nanorods. The carbon
atoms in these allotropes have different structural arrangements.
Fullerene C540. A lattice of five- and six-membered rings of carbon atoms, forming an overall
spherical shape.A fullerene is composed of a sheet of carbon atoms linked together in hexagonal
and pentagonal rings to take the overall form of a hollow sphere or ellipsoid. A spherical
fullerene is also called a buckyball. The most well-known buckyball is Buckminsterfullerene
(containing 60 carbon atoms per sphere), named after Richard Buckminster Fuller, the architect
who developed the geodesic dome.
A carbon nanotube likewise consists of a sheet of carbon atoms linked in hexagonal and
pentagonal rings, but the overall shape is that of a hollow cylinder. Sometimes called a
buckytube, it is classified as part of the fullerene family of carbon compounds.
Lonsdaleite is thought to form when meteoric graphite falls to Earth. The impact\'s heat and
stress transform the graphite into a structure similar to diamond, but graphite\'s hexagonal crystal
lattice is retained. Also known as hexagonal diamond, lonsdaleite is transparent and brownish
yellow in color.
Carbon nanofoam was unexpectedly produced by scientists in Australia in 1997*. It consists of
low-density clusters of carbon atoms that are bonded in six- and seven-membered rings.
Surprisingly, the material is attracted to magnets and can be magnetized at temperatures below -
183°C.
Aggregated diamond nanorods (ADNRs) are denser and harder than diamond, and they ap.
Transition elements 2.pptx
Introduction and general characters of transition elements. Preparation, properties and uses of transition elements.
Lanthanid and Actinide series.pptx
The document discusses lanthanides and actinides. It provides details about their electronic configurations, oxidation states, properties and trends. Lanthanide contraction and actinide contraction are explained as the gradual decrease in ionic radii across the series. Similarities between lanthanides and actinides include the filling of f-orbitals and common +3 oxidation state. Differences include variable oxidation states for actinides and their greater tendency to form complexes. Monazite is described as a source of rare earth elements and extraction methods including acid leaching and ion exchange chromatography or solvent extraction are summarized.
Carbon
Carbon has 4 main allotropes - graphite, diamond, fullerene, and graphene. It is the chemical element with atomic number 6 and is a nonmetal. Carbon is widely found in nature and living organisms. Its allotropes have varying properties - diamond is the hardest material, graphite is an electrical conductor, fullerenes are spherical structures, and graphene is a strong two-dimensional material.
Graphene, graphene oxide chemistry aplications
Graphene oxide is a compound produced by treating graphite with strong oxidizing agents. It consists of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms arranged in a layered structure similar to graphite. Graphene oxide can be dispersed into single-atom thick sheets in water and other solvents. It has unique optical, thermal, and mechanical properties that make it useful for applications such as composite materials, energy storage, and biomedical devices. Reduction of graphene oxide is needed to recover its electrical conductivity by removing oxygen groups and restoring the honeycomb lattice structure.
Carbon
Carbon exists in several allotropes with different properties. Diamond and graphite are two major allotropes. Diamond is very hard while graphite is soft and slippery. Other allotropes include nanotubes, graphene, buckminsterfullerene, and amorphous carbon. Carbon undergoes substitution, addition, and oxidation reactions. It is essential for life but can also have harmful health effects if inhaled in certain forms like coal dust. Applications of carbon include uses in jewelry, lubricants, batteries, and tires due to its various properties.
Particulars $Amount Direct materials 64452 Direct Labour (1332.pdf
Particulars $Amount Direct materials 64452 Direct Labour (1332 * 14) 18648
Manufacturing Overheads (1490 * 15) 22350 Total cost 105450 Number of units produced
3700 Unit product cost = Total cost / Number of units produced 28.5
Solution
Particulars $Amount Direct materials 64452 Direct Labour (1332 * 14) 18648
Manufacturing Overheads (1490 * 15) 22350 Total cost 105450 Number of units produced
3700 Unit product cost = Total cost / Number of units produced 28.5.
Decrease in inventory Source of cash $ 440 Decrease in account.pdf
The company's inventory decreased, providing $440 in cash. Accounts payable also decreased using $170 in cash while notes payable increased, providing $155 in cash. Accounts receivable increased, using $185 in cash. Overall, cash increased by $240 for the company.
Too low. If you do not dry the sodium thiosulfate.pdf
Too low. If you do not dry the sodium thiosulfate the extra water molecules will
increase volume while decreasing your actual number of moles of the salt and therefore produce
a lower molar concentration.
Solution
Too low. If you do not dry the sodium thiosulfate the extra water molecules will
increase volume while decreasing your actual number of moles of the salt and therefore produce
a lower molar concentration..
1. A bus is a bunch of wires used to connect multiple subsystems. Bu.pdf
1. A bus is a bunch of wires used to connect multiple subsystems. Bus is a shared
communication link for different devices. It allows easy addition of new devices and components
in a system. Bus lines are divided into two types a) Control lines and b) Data lines. Control lines
are used to control the information flow in the datalines between source and destination.
2. IO device Control unit is a unit responsible for handling the working of IO devices in a
system. IO Device Control Unit receives the input and output requests from the central processor
and send device-specific control signals to the device they control. The unit actually control the
IO devices and thus relieves the cpu from the burden of controlling each IO device. Another key
function of IO Device Control Unit is to convert the data which is read from input device or
which is to be transferred to output device in appropriate form (human readeable to machine
redeable and vice versa) .
3. IO Device Control Unit Buffer is a special kind of temporary storage for IO devices which is
used to store sufficient amount of data before it is transferred to CPU. In a system, CPU
communicates with the IO devices and vice versa and in order for a system to operate properly
the devices must be in synchronization with the CPU. IO devices are usually slower than CPU
e:g printer is slower than CPU and when CPU sends some data to be printed this data is stored in
the buffer and then transferred to the printer with a speed suitable for printer. Similarly a buffer
is used to temporarily store data being entered from a n input device like keyboard, which allows
a large block of data to be keyed. held, and then transferred all at once to the CPU and in during
the typing period CPU performs some other tasks. Benefits of IO Device Control Unit Buffer are
Flow Control. (Modules canbuffer data until the adjacent module is ready to receive it), Better
CPU utiization, BetterThroughput etc
Solution
1. A bus is a bunch of wires used to connect multiple subsystems. Bus is a shared
communication link for different devices. It allows easy addition of new devices and components
in a system. Bus lines are divided into two types a) Control lines and b) Data lines. Control lines
are used to control the information flow in the datalines between source and destination.
2. IO device Control unit is a unit responsible for handling the working of IO devices in a
system. IO Device Control Unit receives the input and output requests from the central processor
and send device-specific control signals to the device they control. The unit actually control the
IO devices and thus relieves the cpu from the burden of controlling each IO device. Another key
function of IO Device Control Unit is to convert the data which is read from input device or
which is to be transferred to output device in appropriate form (human readeable to machine
redeable and vice versa) .
3. IO Device Control Unit Buffer is a special kind of temporary .
1. E) The vapor pressure of a liquid.Increasing attractive intermo.pdf
1. E) The vapor pressure of a liquid.
Increasing attractive intermolecular forces causes molecules in the liquid to bond more strongly
to each other. Thus it is more difficult for the molecules to escape into the gas phase and the
vapor pressure decreases.
All the other properties listed should increase in value.
2. A) Ba(OH)2
The light bulb glows because H2SO4 is an acid and strong electrolyte that ionizes to form H+
and SO42- ions that conduct electricity. Ba(OH)2 is a base that reacts with H2SO4 to form water
and insoluble BaSO4:
Ba(OH)2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) => BaSO4(s) + H2O(l)
The removal of H+ and SO42-ions decreases the conductivity of the solution, less current flows
and the bulb dims.
3. D) hydration
Hydration is the process whereby water molecules form dipole-dipole interactions with the solute
ions, releasing energy and causing the salt to fall apart.
4. E)All of these are correct.
All the statements about light, matter and energy are true.
5. d) 780 kJ, 1,575 kJ, 3,220 kJ, 4,350 kJ 16,100 kJ (you may have mistyped this in your
question but I have put the correct values here for you)
Silicon has electronic configuration 1s2 2s2p6 3s2p2
The first 4 electrons removed are in the n = 3 shell and have similar (but slowly increasing)
ionization energies. The 5th electron is from the n = 2 shell and is much more strongly bound to
the nucleus, so the ionization energy shows a large increase.
Solution
1. E) The vapor pressure of a liquid.
Increasing attractive intermolecular forces causes molecules in the liquid to bond more strongly
to each other. Thus it is more difficult for the molecules to escape into the gas phase and the
vapor pressure decreases.
All the other properties listed should increase in value.
2. A) Ba(OH)2
The light bulb glows because H2SO4 is an acid and strong electrolyte that ionizes to form H+
and SO42- ions that conduct electricity. Ba(OH)2 is a base that reacts with H2SO4 to form water
and insoluble BaSO4:
Ba(OH)2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) => BaSO4(s) + H2O(l)
The removal of H+ and SO42-ions decreases the conductivity of the solution, less current flows
and the bulb dims.
3. D) hydration
Hydration is the process whereby water molecules form dipole-dipole interactions with the solute
ions, releasing energy and causing the salt to fall apart.
4. E)All of these are correct.
All the statements about light, matter and energy are true.
5. d) 780 kJ, 1,575 kJ, 3,220 kJ, 4,350 kJ 16,100 kJ (you may have mistyped this in your
question but I have put the correct values here for you)
Silicon has electronic configuration 1s2 2s2p6 3s2p2
The first 4 electrons removed are in the n = 3 shell and have similar (but slowly increasing)
ionization energies. The 5th electron is from the n = 2 shell and is much more strongly bound to
the nucleus, so the ionization energy shows a large increase..
Light is a form of energy that can be released by.pdf
Light is a form of energy that can be released by an atom. It is made up of many
small particle-like packets that have energy and momentum but no mass. These particles, called
light photons, are the most basic units of light. Atoms release light photons when their electrons
become excited. When an atom gains or loses energy, the change is expressed by the movement
of electrons. When something passes energy on to an atom, an electron may be temporarily
boosted to a higher orbital (farther away from the nucleus). The electron only holds this position
for a tiny fraction of a second; almost immediately, it is drawn back toward the nucleus, to its
original orbital. As it returns to its original orbital, the electron releases the extra energy in the
form of a photon, in some cases a light photon.
Solution
Light is a form of energy that can be released by an atom. It is made up of many
small particle-like packets that have energy and momentum but no mass. These particles, called
light photons, are the most basic units of light. Atoms release light photons when their electrons
become excited. When an atom gains or loses energy, the change is expressed by the movement
of electrons. When something passes energy on to an atom, an electron may be temporarily
boosted to a higher orbital (farther away from the nucleus). The electron only holds this position
for a tiny fraction of a second; almost immediately, it is drawn back toward the nucleus, to its
original orbital. As it returns to its original orbital, the electron releases the extra energy in the
form of a photon, in some cases a light photon..
1) Presence of jaws with paired fins in fish helps to feed them. Fin.pdf
1) Presence of jaws with paired fins in fish helps to feed them. Fins helps them with increased
stability and maneuverability and jaws helps to capture the prey and seize it.
2) Fish with jaws need to regulate their body temperature so they need to feed themselves often.
It capture the prey and send it to stomach for digestion and for temporary storage. Jawless fish
donot regulate their own body temperature so they don\'t need temporary storage like stomach
and also they have sucking mouth and sharp teeth which helps in digestion without the need for
pre digestion with gastric juice. So the fish which needs more food has jaw (Capture large prey)
with stomach (Temporary storage and pre digestion). The fish which needs less food has no jaw
and no stomach but with sucking mouth and also they have no fins. Jawless fish examples :
Lampreys and hagfish. Majority of the fishes are with jaws.
3) Two chambered heart have one atrium and one ventricle and three chambered heart have two
atrium and one ventricle. There are two types of circulatory system that is single circulation
system (fish) and double circulation system (reptiles, mammals)
In single circulation system, blood from the parts of the body enters heart through atrium and
then ventricle pumps the blood to gills where re-oxygenation takes place. From the gills, blood is
sent back to body parts. Blood enters the heart only once that is only deoxygenated blood enters.
In double circulation system, blood enters the heart twice that is from parts of the body to heart
then from heart to pulmonary circulation (Lungs) and from lungs to heart then heart to parts of
the body. Both deoxygenated and oxygenated blood enters the heart.
Solution
1) Presence of jaws with paired fins in fish helps to feed them. Fins helps them with increased
stability and maneuverability and jaws helps to capture the prey and seize it.
2) Fish with jaws need to regulate their body temperature so they need to feed themselves often.
It capture the prey and send it to stomach for digestion and for temporary storage. Jawless fish
donot regulate their own body temperature so they don\'t need temporary storage like stomach
and also they have sucking mouth and sharp teeth which helps in digestion without the need for
pre digestion with gastric juice. So the fish which needs more food has jaw (Capture large prey)
with stomach (Temporary storage and pre digestion). The fish which needs less food has no jaw
and no stomach but with sucking mouth and also they have no fins. Jawless fish examples :
Lampreys and hagfish. Majority of the fishes are with jaws.
3) Two chambered heart have one atrium and one ventricle and three chambered heart have two
atrium and one ventricle. There are two types of circulatory system that is single circulation
system (fish) and double circulation system (reptiles, mammals)
In single circulation system, blood from the parts of the body enters heart through atrium and
then ventricle pumps the blood to gills .
Youre looking for Ka, the dissociation constant.pdf
You\'re looking for Ka, the dissociation constant, so you measure this by adding the
substance to water. 1. Write the balanced equation HBrO + H2O = BrO- + H30+ 2. the pH is
4.95, so you know its acidic and there has to have hydronium as a product. if the pH was >7.0,
there would be OH- instead. the pH is a measure of H ions, and to get the concentration, you
simply do 10^(-pH). 10^(-4.95) = 1.12E-5 3. The equation for Ka is concentration of
products/concentration of reactants. always look at the coefficients infront of the molecules in
the reaction. in this case, it is [BrO-)][H3O+]/[HBrO] *liquids and solids are never included in
this, only aqueous solutions and gases are* 4. Your concentration of H3O was found to be
1.12E-5, and because the H30 and BrO are in a 1:1 ration in the equation, the concentration for
BrO is also 1.12E-5. The concentration for HBrO as a reactant is given, but the final
concentration is 0.063-concentration of hydronium...but since the concentration of the
hydronium is so small, it doesnt at all affect the final answer. 5. your equation for Ka=((1.12E-
5)(1.12E-5))/(0.063-1.12E-5). The final answer for your Ka is 2.0E-9 Hope this helps, please
rate.
Solution
You\'re looking for Ka, the dissociation constant, so you measure this by adding the
substance to water. 1. Write the balanced equation HBrO + H2O = BrO- + H30+ 2. the pH is
4.95, so you know its acidic and there has to have hydronium as a product. if the pH was >7.0,
there would be OH- instead. the pH is a measure of H ions, and to get the concentration, you
simply do 10^(-pH). 10^(-4.95) = 1.12E-5 3. The equation for Ka is concentration of
products/concentration of reactants. always look at the coefficients infront of the molecules in
the reaction. in this case, it is [BrO-)][H3O+]/[HBrO] *liquids and solids are never included in
this, only aqueous solutions and gases are* 4. Your concentration of H3O was found to be
1.12E-5, and because the H30 and BrO are in a 1:1 ration in the equation, the concentration for
BrO is also 1.12E-5. The concentration for HBrO as a reactant is given, but the final
concentration is 0.063-concentration of hydronium...but since the concentration of the
hydronium is so small, it doesnt at all affect the final answer. 5. your equation for Ka=((1.12E-
5)(1.12E-5))/(0.063-1.12E-5). The final answer for your Ka is 2.0E-9 Hope this helps, please
rate..
Okay so dipole-dipole interactions would occur be.pdf
Okay so dipole-dipole interactions would occur between polar molecules such as
water. The H has a + charge while O has a - charge. Dipole- induced dipole(or dispersion forces)
would be like a molecule that has a polar part to it such as a -COOH group and then a nonpolar
part such as a long hydrocarbon chain. The nonpolar part has no charge except the transient
charge among the different atoms. I hope that helps
Solution
Okay so dipole-dipole interactions would occur between polar molecules such as
water. The H has a + charge while O has a - charge. Dipole- induced dipole(or dispersion forces)
would be like a molecule that has a polar part to it such as a -COOH group and then a nonpolar
part such as a long hydrocarbon chain. The nonpolar part has no charge except the transient
charge among the different atoms. I hope that helps.
remote operating system installationRemote Installation Services (.pdf
remote operating system installation
Remote Installation Services (RIS) ships as a part of the Windows® 2000 Server software
system. This document outlines the steps necessary to put in, configure, and use RIS.
RIS was designed to cut back the prices incurred by pre-installing or physically visiting every
consumer pc to put in the software system (OS). By combining RIS with alternative Windows
2000 IntelliMirror™ management technologies features—User knowledge Management,
software package Installation and Maintenance, and User Settings Management—companies get
pleasure from higher disaster recovery with easier OS and application management.
Prerequisites
See Appendix A below to confirm that each your server and consumer hardware meet the
remote installation hardware necessities.
The drive on the server wherever you decide on to put in RIS should be formatted with the
NTFS filing system. RIS needs a big quantity of space and can\'t be put in on constant drive or
partition on that Windows 2000 Server is put in. make sure that the chosen drive contains enough
free space for a minimum of one full Windows 2000 skilled compact disc—a minimum of
roughly 800 megabytes (MB)–1 GB (GB).
RIS needs many alternative services that conjointly ship as a part of Windows 2000 Server.
These services will be put in on individual servers, or all on one server, counting on your
network design:
Domain Name Service (DNS) Server. Remote installation depends on DNS for locating the
directory service and consumer machine accounts. you\'ll use any Windows 2000 Active
DirectoryTM service-compliant DNS server, otherwise you will use the DNS server given
Windows 2000 Server.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Server. RIS needs a DHCP server to be gift and
active on the network. The remote boot-enabled consumer computers receive AN information
processing address from the DHCP server before contacting RIS.
Active Directory. RIS depends on Windows 2000 Active Directory for locating existing
consumer machines further as existing RIS servers. RIS should be put in on a Windows 2000-
based server that has access to Active Directory. this will be a site controller or a server that\'s a
member of a site with access to the Active Directory.
To ensure a in installation, you want to install and tack together the extra services delineate
higher than so as for RIS to perform. additionally, certify that you just have each the Windows
2000 Server and skilled CDs on the market.
Before starting this gradual guide, you wish to create the common infrastructure, that specifies a
specific hardware and software package configuration. The common infrastructure is roofed
within the Common Infrastructure gradual guide, \"Part 1: putting in a Windows 2000 Server as
a site Controller\"
http://www.microsoft.com/windows2000/techinfo/planning/server/serversteps.asp. If you\'re not
victimization the common infrastructure, you wish to create the suitable changes to the current
instruction set.
Alth.
Title of this process is The Project Life Cycle (Phases)The pr.pdf
Title of this process is \"The Project Life Cycle (Phases)\"
The project manager and project team have one shared goal: to carry out the work of the project
for the purpose of meeting the project’s objectives. Every project has a beginning, a middle
period during which activities move the project toward completion, and an ending.
A standard project typically has the following four major phases: initiation, planning,
implementation, and closure. Taken together, these phases represent the path a project takes from
the beginning to its end and are generally referred to as the project “life cycle.”
Initiation Phase
During the first phases, the initiation phase, the project objective is identified; this can be a
business problem or opportunity. An appropriate response to the objective of the project is
documented with recommended solution options. A feasibility study is conducted to investigate
whether each option addresses the project objective and a final recommended solution is
determined. Issues of feasibility (“can we do the project?”) and justification (“should we do the
project?”) are addressed.
Once the recommended solution is approved, a project is initiated to deliver the approved
solution and a project manager is appointed. Approval is then sought by the project manager to
move onto the detailed planning phase.
Planning Phase
The planning phase, is where the project solution is further developed in as much detail as
possible and the steps necessary to meet the project’s objective are planned. In this step, the team
identifies all of the work to be done. The project’s tasks and resource requirements are identified,
along with the strategy for producing them.
A project plan is created outlining the activities, tasks, dependencies, and timeframes. The
project manager coordinates the preparation of a project budget by providing cost estimates for
the labor, equipment, and materials costs. The budget is used to monitor and control cost
expenditures during project implementation.
Implementation (Execution) Phase
During the third phase, the implementation phase, the project plan is put into motion and the
work of the project is performed. It is important to maintain control and communicate as needed
during implementation. Progress is continuously monitored and appropriate adjustments are
made and recorded as variances from the original plan.
Throughout this step, project sponsors and other key stakeholders should be kept informed of the
project’s status according to the agreed-on frequency and format of communication. The plan
should be updated and published on a regular basis.
Status reports should always emphasize the anticipated end point in terms of cost, schedule, and
quality of deliverables. Each project deliverable produced should be reviewed for quality and
measured against the acceptance criteria. Once all of the deliverables have been produced and
the customer has accepted the final solution, the project is ready for closure.
Closing.
The answer is A) Pol II, with twelve subunits on its own, is capable.pdf
The answer is A) Pol II, with twelve subunits on its own, is capable of initiating transcription.
because it is composed with 12 subunits and due to incapable of specific promoter recognition it
can\'t initiate transcription.
Solution
The answer is A) Pol II, with twelve subunits on its own, is capable of initiating transcription.
because it is composed with 12 subunits and due to incapable of specific promoter recognition it
can\'t initiate transcription..
More Related Content
Similar to Diamond is sp3 covalent. It makes for bonds to ne.pdf
Carbon Bonds
OBJECTIVE:
DESCRIBE THE BONDING OF ETHANE, ETHENE (ETHYLENE) AND ETHYNE(ACETYLENE) AND EXPLAIN THEIR GEOMETRY IN TERMS OF HYBRIDIZATION AND σ AND ¶ CARBON-CARBON BONDS.
Hybridization (or hybridization) is the concept of mixing (with different energies, shapes, etc., than the component atomic orbitals) suitable for the pairing of electron to form chemical bond is valence bond theory.
An orbital of one atom can combine with that of another atom to form a sigma (σ) or pi (∏) bond.
A sigma bond is covalent bond resulting from the end-to-end overlap of orbitals.
A pi-bond results from the side-to-side overlap of p orbitals along a plane containing a line connecting the nuclei of the atoms
Carbon and its compounds
Carbon being the most versatile element on this earth is also the most important element for mankind. Carbon (from Latin: carbo "coal") is a chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number 6. It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. It belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. Carbon makes up only about 0.025 percent of Earth's crust.
Carbon comp
Carbon has four electrons in its outer orbit giving it a valency of four. It is a non-metal that can form long chains by combining with itself, providing a backbone to which other atoms can attach in various ways. In nature, carbon exists as two allotropes, diamond and graphite, which differ physically in properties like appearance, hardness, and conductivity despite being chemically identical. Hydrocarbons are compounds of carbon and hydrogen that are the main component of petroleum, and include saturated compounds like alkanes as well as unsaturated compounds with double or triple bonds between carbons like alkenes and alkynes.
Pblock elements
The document discusses the properties and trends within Group 15 (nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth) of the periodic table. It notes that these elements shift from non-metallic to metallic character down the group. Nitrogen and phosphorus are non-metals, arsenic and antimony are metalloids, and bismuth is a metal. Ionization energy decreases with increasing atomic size down the group. The common oxidation states are -3, +3 and +5, with stability of -3 decreasing and +3 increasing down the group.
Carbon can exist in different structural states known as allotropes..pdf
Carbon can exist in different structural states known as allotropes. Two well-known allotropes
are graphite, one of the softest substances, and diamond, the hardest naturally occurring mineral.
Graphite has a crystalline structure in which the carbon atoms are arranged in layers of flat
sheets. Each sheet consists of a network of hexagonal (six-membered) rings in which each
carbon atom is bonded to three other atoms.
Diamond, which is formed in the Earth at very high pressures, adopts a different crystalline
structure. Each carbon atom is bonded to four others, which together form a tetrahedral shape
surrounding the central carbon
Diamond is transparent and hard; it acts as an excellent electrical insulator, and can be used as
an abrasive. By contrast, graphite is opaque and soft. It conducts electricity, and is a good
lubricant. Diamond crystallizes in the cubic system but graphite crystallizes in the hexagonal
system.
Carbon that lacks an overall crystalline structure is known as amorphous carbon. Although it is
possible to produce carbon that is entirely amorphous (non-crystalline), material that is described
as amorphous usually includes small crystals of graphite or diamond. Amorphous carbon is the
main constituent of charcoal, soot (lampblack or carbon black), and activated carbon.
In addition, several exotic allotropes have been synthesized or discovered, including fullerenes,
carbon nanotubes, lonsdaleite, carbon nanofoam, and aggregated diamond nanorods. The carbon
atoms in these allotropes have different structural arrangements.
Fullerene C540. A lattice of five- and six-membered rings of carbon atoms, forming an overall
spherical shape.A fullerene is composed of a sheet of carbon atoms linked together in hexagonal
and pentagonal rings to take the overall form of a hollow sphere or ellipsoid. A spherical
fullerene is also called a buckyball. The most well-known buckyball is Buckminsterfullerene
(containing 60 carbon atoms per sphere), named after Richard Buckminster Fuller, the architect
who developed the geodesic dome.
A carbon nanotube likewise consists of a sheet of carbon atoms linked in hexagonal and
pentagonal rings, but the overall shape is that of a hollow cylinder. Sometimes called a
buckytube, it is classified as part of the fullerene family of carbon compounds.
Lonsdaleite is thought to form when meteoric graphite falls to Earth. The impact\'s heat and
stress transform the graphite into a structure similar to diamond, but graphite\'s hexagonal crystal
lattice is retained. Also known as hexagonal diamond, lonsdaleite is transparent and brownish
yellow in color.
Carbon nanofoam was unexpectedly produced by scientists in Australia in 1997*. It consists of
low-density clusters of carbon atoms that are bonded in six- and seven-membered rings.
Surprisingly, the material is attracted to magnets and can be magnetized at temperatures below -
183°C.
Aggregated diamond nanorods (ADNRs) are denser and harder than diamond, and they ap.
Transition elements 2.pptx
Introduction and general characters of transition elements. Preparation, properties and uses of transition elements.
Lanthanid and Actinide series.pptx
The document discusses lanthanides and actinides. It provides details about their electronic configurations, oxidation states, properties and trends. Lanthanide contraction and actinide contraction are explained as the gradual decrease in ionic radii across the series. Similarities between lanthanides and actinides include the filling of f-orbitals and common +3 oxidation state. Differences include variable oxidation states for actinides and their greater tendency to form complexes. Monazite is described as a source of rare earth elements and extraction methods including acid leaching and ion exchange chromatography or solvent extraction are summarized.
Carbon
Carbon has 4 main allotropes - graphite, diamond, fullerene, and graphene. It is the chemical element with atomic number 6 and is a nonmetal. Carbon is widely found in nature and living organisms. Its allotropes have varying properties - diamond is the hardest material, graphite is an electrical conductor, fullerenes are spherical structures, and graphene is a strong two-dimensional material.
Graphene, graphene oxide chemistry aplications
Graphene oxide is a compound produced by treating graphite with strong oxidizing agents. It consists of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms arranged in a layered structure similar to graphite. Graphene oxide can be dispersed into single-atom thick sheets in water and other solvents. It has unique optical, thermal, and mechanical properties that make it useful for applications such as composite materials, energy storage, and biomedical devices. Reduction of graphene oxide is needed to recover its electrical conductivity by removing oxygen groups and restoring the honeycomb lattice structure.
Carbon
Carbon exists in several allotropes with different properties. Diamond and graphite are two major allotropes. Diamond is very hard while graphite is soft and slippery. Other allotropes include nanotubes, graphene, buckminsterfullerene, and amorphous carbon. Carbon undergoes substitution, addition, and oxidation reactions. It is essential for life but can also have harmful health effects if inhaled in certain forms like coal dust. Applications of carbon include uses in jewelry, lubricants, batteries, and tires due to its various properties.
Similar to Diamond is sp3 covalent. It makes for bonds to ne.pdf (10)
Carbon can exist in different structural states known as allotropes..pdf
Carbon can exist in different structural states known as allotropes..pdf
More from arakalamkah11
Particulars $Amount Direct materials 64452 Direct Labour (1332.pdf
Particulars $Amount Direct materials 64452 Direct Labour (1332 * 14) 18648
Manufacturing Overheads (1490 * 15) 22350 Total cost 105450 Number of units produced
3700 Unit product cost = Total cost / Number of units produced 28.5
Solution
Particulars $Amount Direct materials 64452 Direct Labour (1332 * 14) 18648
Manufacturing Overheads (1490 * 15) 22350 Total cost 105450 Number of units produced
3700 Unit product cost = Total cost / Number of units produced 28.5.
Decrease in inventory Source of cash $ 440 Decrease in account.pdf
The company's inventory decreased, providing $440 in cash. Accounts payable also decreased using $170 in cash while notes payable increased, providing $155 in cash. Accounts receivable increased, using $185 in cash. Overall, cash increased by $240 for the company.
Too low. If you do not dry the sodium thiosulfate.pdf
Too low. If you do not dry the sodium thiosulfate the extra water molecules will
increase volume while decreasing your actual number of moles of the salt and therefore produce
a lower molar concentration.
Solution
Too low. If you do not dry the sodium thiosulfate the extra water molecules will
increase volume while decreasing your actual number of moles of the salt and therefore produce
a lower molar concentration..
1. A bus is a bunch of wires used to connect multiple subsystems. Bu.pdf
1. A bus is a bunch of wires used to connect multiple subsystems. Bus is a shared
communication link for different devices. It allows easy addition of new devices and components
in a system. Bus lines are divided into two types a) Control lines and b) Data lines. Control lines
are used to control the information flow in the datalines between source and destination.
2. IO device Control unit is a unit responsible for handling the working of IO devices in a
system. IO Device Control Unit receives the input and output requests from the central processor
and send device-specific control signals to the device they control. The unit actually control the
IO devices and thus relieves the cpu from the burden of controlling each IO device. Another key
function of IO Device Control Unit is to convert the data which is read from input device or
which is to be transferred to output device in appropriate form (human readeable to machine
redeable and vice versa) .
3. IO Device Control Unit Buffer is a special kind of temporary storage for IO devices which is
used to store sufficient amount of data before it is transferred to CPU. In a system, CPU
communicates with the IO devices and vice versa and in order for a system to operate properly
the devices must be in synchronization with the CPU. IO devices are usually slower than CPU
e:g printer is slower than CPU and when CPU sends some data to be printed this data is stored in
the buffer and then transferred to the printer with a speed suitable for printer. Similarly a buffer
is used to temporarily store data being entered from a n input device like keyboard, which allows
a large block of data to be keyed. held, and then transferred all at once to the CPU and in during
the typing period CPU performs some other tasks. Benefits of IO Device Control Unit Buffer are
Flow Control. (Modules canbuffer data until the adjacent module is ready to receive it), Better
CPU utiization, BetterThroughput etc
Solution
1. A bus is a bunch of wires used to connect multiple subsystems. Bus is a shared
communication link for different devices. It allows easy addition of new devices and components
in a system. Bus lines are divided into two types a) Control lines and b) Data lines. Control lines
are used to control the information flow in the datalines between source and destination.
2. IO device Control unit is a unit responsible for handling the working of IO devices in a
system. IO Device Control Unit receives the input and output requests from the central processor
and send device-specific control signals to the device they control. The unit actually control the
IO devices and thus relieves the cpu from the burden of controlling each IO device. Another key
function of IO Device Control Unit is to convert the data which is read from input device or
which is to be transferred to output device in appropriate form (human readeable to machine
redeable and vice versa) .
3. IO Device Control Unit Buffer is a special kind of temporary .
1. E) The vapor pressure of a liquid.Increasing attractive intermo.pdf
1. E) The vapor pressure of a liquid.
Increasing attractive intermolecular forces causes molecules in the liquid to bond more strongly
to each other. Thus it is more difficult for the molecules to escape into the gas phase and the
vapor pressure decreases.
All the other properties listed should increase in value.
2. A) Ba(OH)2
The light bulb glows because H2SO4 is an acid and strong electrolyte that ionizes to form H+
and SO42- ions that conduct electricity. Ba(OH)2 is a base that reacts with H2SO4 to form water
and insoluble BaSO4:
Ba(OH)2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) => BaSO4(s) + H2O(l)
The removal of H+ and SO42-ions decreases the conductivity of the solution, less current flows
and the bulb dims.
3. D) hydration
Hydration is the process whereby water molecules form dipole-dipole interactions with the solute
ions, releasing energy and causing the salt to fall apart.
4. E)All of these are correct.
All the statements about light, matter and energy are true.
5. d) 780 kJ, 1,575 kJ, 3,220 kJ, 4,350 kJ 16,100 kJ (you may have mistyped this in your
question but I have put the correct values here for you)
Silicon has electronic configuration 1s2 2s2p6 3s2p2
The first 4 electrons removed are in the n = 3 shell and have similar (but slowly increasing)
ionization energies. The 5th electron is from the n = 2 shell and is much more strongly bound to
the nucleus, so the ionization energy shows a large increase.
Solution
1. E) The vapor pressure of a liquid.
Increasing attractive intermolecular forces causes molecules in the liquid to bond more strongly
to each other. Thus it is more difficult for the molecules to escape into the gas phase and the
vapor pressure decreases.
All the other properties listed should increase in value.
2. A) Ba(OH)2
The light bulb glows because H2SO4 is an acid and strong electrolyte that ionizes to form H+
and SO42- ions that conduct electricity. Ba(OH)2 is a base that reacts with H2SO4 to form water
and insoluble BaSO4:
Ba(OH)2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) => BaSO4(s) + H2O(l)
The removal of H+ and SO42-ions decreases the conductivity of the solution, less current flows
and the bulb dims.
3. D) hydration
Hydration is the process whereby water molecules form dipole-dipole interactions with the solute
ions, releasing energy and causing the salt to fall apart.
4. E)All of these are correct.
All the statements about light, matter and energy are true.
5. d) 780 kJ, 1,575 kJ, 3,220 kJ, 4,350 kJ 16,100 kJ (you may have mistyped this in your
question but I have put the correct values here for you)
Silicon has electronic configuration 1s2 2s2p6 3s2p2
The first 4 electrons removed are in the n = 3 shell and have similar (but slowly increasing)
ionization energies. The 5th electron is from the n = 2 shell and is much more strongly bound to
the nucleus, so the ionization energy shows a large increase..
Light is a form of energy that can be released by.pdf
Light is a form of energy that can be released by an atom. It is made up of many
small particle-like packets that have energy and momentum but no mass. These particles, called
light photons, are the most basic units of light. Atoms release light photons when their electrons
become excited. When an atom gains or loses energy, the change is expressed by the movement
of electrons. When something passes energy on to an atom, an electron may be temporarily
boosted to a higher orbital (farther away from the nucleus). The electron only holds this position
for a tiny fraction of a second; almost immediately, it is drawn back toward the nucleus, to its
original orbital. As it returns to its original orbital, the electron releases the extra energy in the
form of a photon, in some cases a light photon.
Solution
Light is a form of energy that can be released by an atom. It is made up of many
small particle-like packets that have energy and momentum but no mass. These particles, called
light photons, are the most basic units of light. Atoms release light photons when their electrons
become excited. When an atom gains or loses energy, the change is expressed by the movement
of electrons. When something passes energy on to an atom, an electron may be temporarily
boosted to a higher orbital (farther away from the nucleus). The electron only holds this position
for a tiny fraction of a second; almost immediately, it is drawn back toward the nucleus, to its
original orbital. As it returns to its original orbital, the electron releases the extra energy in the
form of a photon, in some cases a light photon..
1) Presence of jaws with paired fins in fish helps to feed them. Fin.pdf
1) Presence of jaws with paired fins in fish helps to feed them. Fins helps them with increased
stability and maneuverability and jaws helps to capture the prey and seize it.
2) Fish with jaws need to regulate their body temperature so they need to feed themselves often.
It capture the prey and send it to stomach for digestion and for temporary storage. Jawless fish
donot regulate their own body temperature so they don\'t need temporary storage like stomach
and also they have sucking mouth and sharp teeth which helps in digestion without the need for
pre digestion with gastric juice. So the fish which needs more food has jaw (Capture large prey)
with stomach (Temporary storage and pre digestion). The fish which needs less food has no jaw
and no stomach but with sucking mouth and also they have no fins. Jawless fish examples :
Lampreys and hagfish. Majority of the fishes are with jaws.
3) Two chambered heart have one atrium and one ventricle and three chambered heart have two
atrium and one ventricle. There are two types of circulatory system that is single circulation
system (fish) and double circulation system (reptiles, mammals)
In single circulation system, blood from the parts of the body enters heart through atrium and
then ventricle pumps the blood to gills where re-oxygenation takes place. From the gills, blood is
sent back to body parts. Blood enters the heart only once that is only deoxygenated blood enters.
In double circulation system, blood enters the heart twice that is from parts of the body to heart
then from heart to pulmonary circulation (Lungs) and from lungs to heart then heart to parts of
the body. Both deoxygenated and oxygenated blood enters the heart.
Solution
1) Presence of jaws with paired fins in fish helps to feed them. Fins helps them with increased
stability and maneuverability and jaws helps to capture the prey and seize it.
2) Fish with jaws need to regulate their body temperature so they need to feed themselves often.
It capture the prey and send it to stomach for digestion and for temporary storage. Jawless fish
donot regulate their own body temperature so they don\'t need temporary storage like stomach
and also they have sucking mouth and sharp teeth which helps in digestion without the need for
pre digestion with gastric juice. So the fish which needs more food has jaw (Capture large prey)
with stomach (Temporary storage and pre digestion). The fish which needs less food has no jaw
and no stomach but with sucking mouth and also they have no fins. Jawless fish examples :
Lampreys and hagfish. Majority of the fishes are with jaws.
3) Two chambered heart have one atrium and one ventricle and three chambered heart have two
atrium and one ventricle. There are two types of circulatory system that is single circulation
system (fish) and double circulation system (reptiles, mammals)
In single circulation system, blood from the parts of the body enters heart through atrium and
then ventricle pumps the blood to gills .
Youre looking for Ka, the dissociation constant.pdf
You\'re looking for Ka, the dissociation constant, so you measure this by adding the
substance to water. 1. Write the balanced equation HBrO + H2O = BrO- + H30+ 2. the pH is
4.95, so you know its acidic and there has to have hydronium as a product. if the pH was >7.0,
there would be OH- instead. the pH is a measure of H ions, and to get the concentration, you
simply do 10^(-pH). 10^(-4.95) = 1.12E-5 3. The equation for Ka is concentration of
products/concentration of reactants. always look at the coefficients infront of the molecules in
the reaction. in this case, it is [BrO-)][H3O+]/[HBrO] *liquids and solids are never included in
this, only aqueous solutions and gases are* 4. Your concentration of H3O was found to be
1.12E-5, and because the H30 and BrO are in a 1:1 ration in the equation, the concentration for
BrO is also 1.12E-5. The concentration for HBrO as a reactant is given, but the final
concentration is 0.063-concentration of hydronium...but since the concentration of the
hydronium is so small, it doesnt at all affect the final answer. 5. your equation for Ka=((1.12E-
5)(1.12E-5))/(0.063-1.12E-5). The final answer for your Ka is 2.0E-9 Hope this helps, please
rate.
Solution
You\'re looking for Ka, the dissociation constant, so you measure this by adding the
substance to water. 1. Write the balanced equation HBrO + H2O = BrO- + H30+ 2. the pH is
4.95, so you know its acidic and there has to have hydronium as a product. if the pH was >7.0,
there would be OH- instead. the pH is a measure of H ions, and to get the concentration, you
simply do 10^(-pH). 10^(-4.95) = 1.12E-5 3. The equation for Ka is concentration of
products/concentration of reactants. always look at the coefficients infront of the molecules in
the reaction. in this case, it is [BrO-)][H3O+]/[HBrO] *liquids and solids are never included in
this, only aqueous solutions and gases are* 4. Your concentration of H3O was found to be
1.12E-5, and because the H30 and BrO are in a 1:1 ration in the equation, the concentration for
BrO is also 1.12E-5. The concentration for HBrO as a reactant is given, but the final
concentration is 0.063-concentration of hydronium...but since the concentration of the
hydronium is so small, it doesnt at all affect the final answer. 5. your equation for Ka=((1.12E-
5)(1.12E-5))/(0.063-1.12E-5). The final answer for your Ka is 2.0E-9 Hope this helps, please
rate..
Okay so dipole-dipole interactions would occur be.pdf
Okay so dipole-dipole interactions would occur between polar molecules such as
water. The H has a + charge while O has a - charge. Dipole- induced dipole(or dispersion forces)
would be like a molecule that has a polar part to it such as a -COOH group and then a nonpolar
part such as a long hydrocarbon chain. The nonpolar part has no charge except the transient
charge among the different atoms. I hope that helps
Solution
Okay so dipole-dipole interactions would occur between polar molecules such as
water. The H has a + charge while O has a - charge. Dipole- induced dipole(or dispersion forces)
would be like a molecule that has a polar part to it such as a -COOH group and then a nonpolar
part such as a long hydrocarbon chain. The nonpolar part has no charge except the transient
charge among the different atoms. I hope that helps.
remote operating system installationRemote Installation Services (.pdf
remote operating system installation
Remote Installation Services (RIS) ships as a part of the Windows® 2000 Server software
system. This document outlines the steps necessary to put in, configure, and use RIS.
RIS was designed to cut back the prices incurred by pre-installing or physically visiting every
consumer pc to put in the software system (OS). By combining RIS with alternative Windows
2000 IntelliMirror™ management technologies features—User knowledge Management,
software package Installation and Maintenance, and User Settings Management—companies get
pleasure from higher disaster recovery with easier OS and application management.
Prerequisites
See Appendix A below to confirm that each your server and consumer hardware meet the
remote installation hardware necessities.
The drive on the server wherever you decide on to put in RIS should be formatted with the
NTFS filing system. RIS needs a big quantity of space and can\'t be put in on constant drive or
partition on that Windows 2000 Server is put in. make sure that the chosen drive contains enough
free space for a minimum of one full Windows 2000 skilled compact disc—a minimum of
roughly 800 megabytes (MB)–1 GB (GB).
RIS needs many alternative services that conjointly ship as a part of Windows 2000 Server.
These services will be put in on individual servers, or all on one server, counting on your
network design:
Domain Name Service (DNS) Server. Remote installation depends on DNS for locating the
directory service and consumer machine accounts. you\'ll use any Windows 2000 Active
DirectoryTM service-compliant DNS server, otherwise you will use the DNS server given
Windows 2000 Server.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Server. RIS needs a DHCP server to be gift and
active on the network. The remote boot-enabled consumer computers receive AN information
processing address from the DHCP server before contacting RIS.
Active Directory. RIS depends on Windows 2000 Active Directory for locating existing
consumer machines further as existing RIS servers. RIS should be put in on a Windows 2000-
based server that has access to Active Directory. this will be a site controller or a server that\'s a
member of a site with access to the Active Directory.
To ensure a in installation, you want to install and tack together the extra services delineate
higher than so as for RIS to perform. additionally, certify that you just have each the Windows
2000 Server and skilled CDs on the market.
Before starting this gradual guide, you wish to create the common infrastructure, that specifies a
specific hardware and software package configuration. The common infrastructure is roofed
within the Common Infrastructure gradual guide, \"Part 1: putting in a Windows 2000 Server as
a site Controller\"
http://www.microsoft.com/windows2000/techinfo/planning/server/serversteps.asp. If you\'re not
victimization the common infrastructure, you wish to create the suitable changes to the current
instruction set.
Alth.
Title of this process is The Project Life Cycle (Phases)The pr.pdf
Title of this process is \"The Project Life Cycle (Phases)\"
The project manager and project team have one shared goal: to carry out the work of the project
for the purpose of meeting the project’s objectives. Every project has a beginning, a middle
period during which activities move the project toward completion, and an ending.
A standard project typically has the following four major phases: initiation, planning,
implementation, and closure. Taken together, these phases represent the path a project takes from
the beginning to its end and are generally referred to as the project “life cycle.”
Initiation Phase
During the first phases, the initiation phase, the project objective is identified; this can be a
business problem or opportunity. An appropriate response to the objective of the project is
documented with recommended solution options. A feasibility study is conducted to investigate
whether each option addresses the project objective and a final recommended solution is
determined. Issues of feasibility (“can we do the project?”) and justification (“should we do the
project?”) are addressed.
Once the recommended solution is approved, a project is initiated to deliver the approved
solution and a project manager is appointed. Approval is then sought by the project manager to
move onto the detailed planning phase.
Planning Phase
The planning phase, is where the project solution is further developed in as much detail as
possible and the steps necessary to meet the project’s objective are planned. In this step, the team
identifies all of the work to be done. The project’s tasks and resource requirements are identified,
along with the strategy for producing them.
A project plan is created outlining the activities, tasks, dependencies, and timeframes. The
project manager coordinates the preparation of a project budget by providing cost estimates for
the labor, equipment, and materials costs. The budget is used to monitor and control cost
expenditures during project implementation.
Implementation (Execution) Phase
During the third phase, the implementation phase, the project plan is put into motion and the
work of the project is performed. It is important to maintain control and communicate as needed
during implementation. Progress is continuously monitored and appropriate adjustments are
made and recorded as variances from the original plan.
Throughout this step, project sponsors and other key stakeholders should be kept informed of the
project’s status according to the agreed-on frequency and format of communication. The plan
should be updated and published on a regular basis.
Status reports should always emphasize the anticipated end point in terms of cost, schedule, and
quality of deliverables. Each project deliverable produced should be reviewed for quality and
measured against the acceptance criteria. Once all of the deliverables have been produced and
the customer has accepted the final solution, the project is ready for closure.
Closing.
The answer is A) Pol II, with twelve subunits on its own, is capable.pdf
The answer is A) Pol II, with twelve subunits on its own, is capable of initiating transcription.
because it is composed with 12 subunits and due to incapable of specific promoter recognition it
can\'t initiate transcription.
Solution
The answer is A) Pol II, with twelve subunits on its own, is capable of initiating transcription.
because it is composed with 12 subunits and due to incapable of specific promoter recognition it
can\'t initiate transcription..
solutionA= 1 1 0 4 3 1 2 0 .pdf
solution:
A=
1
1
0
4
3
1
2
0
5
Finding the determinant of the matrix ?
det A = -3
The determinant of A is non-zero, hence the inverse matrix A-1 exists. To find the inverse
matrix was calculated the minors and cofactors of the matrix ?
M1,1 =
3
1
0
5
=
15
C1,1 = (-1)1+1M1,1 =
15
M1,2 =
4
1
2
5
=
18
C1,2 = (-1)1+2M1,2 =
-18
M1,3 =
4
3
2
0
=
-6
C1,3 = (-1)1+3M1,3 =
-6
M2,1 =
1
0
0
5
=
5
C2,1 = (-1)2+1M2,1 =
-5
M2,2 =
1
0
2
5
=
5
C2,2 = (-1)2+2M2,2 =
5
M2,3 =
1
1
2
0
=
-2
C2,3 = (-1)2+3M2,3 =
2
M3,1 =
1
0
3
1
=
1
C3,1 = (-1)3+1M3,1 =
1
M3,2 =
1
0
4
1
=
1
C3,2 = (-1)3+2M3,2 =
-1
M3,3 =
1
1
4
3
=
-1
C3,3 = (-1)3+3M3,3 =
-1
Matrix of cofactors:
C =
15
-18
-6
-5
5
2
1
-1
-1
Transpose of cofactor matrix:
CT =
15
-5
1
-18
5
-1
-6
2
-1
Finding the inverse matrix.
A-1 =
CT
=
det A
-5
5/3
-1/3
6
-5/3
1/3
2
-2/3
1/3
B)
First, let\'s add the Identity Matrix to the right of our matrix
1
1
0
1
0
0
4
3
1
0
1
0
2
0
5
0
0
1
Now, let\'s do Gauss-Jordan Elimination on our new matrix...
Add (-4 * row1) to row2
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
-1
1
-4
1
0
2
0
5
0
0
1
Add (-2 * row1) to row3
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
-1
1
-4
1
0
0
-2
5
-2
0
1
Divide row2 by -1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
-1
4
-1
0
0
-2
5
-2
0
1
Add (2 * row2) to row3
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
-1
4
-1
0
0
0
3
6
-2
1
Divide row3 by 3
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
-1
4
-1
0
0
0
1
2
-2/3
1/3
Add (1 * row3) to row2
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
6
-5/3
1/3
0
0
1
2
-2/3
1/3
Add (-1 * row2) to row1
1
0
0
-5
5/3
-1/3
0
1
0
6
-5/3
1/3
0
0
1
2
-2/3
1/3
The inverse matrix can now be found in the right 3 columns of our reduced row echelon matrix
Here is the inverse matrix:
-5
5/3
-1/3
6
-5/3
1/3
2
-2/3
1/3
A=
1
1
0
4
3
1
2
0
5
Solution
solution:
A=
1
1
0
4
3
1
2
0
5
Finding the determinant of the matrix ?
det A = -3
The determinant of A is non-zero, hence the inverse matrix A-1 exists. To find the inverse
matrix was calculated the minors and cofactors of the matrix ?
M1,1 =
3
1
0
5
=
15
C1,1 = (-1)1+1M1,1 =
15
M1,2 =
4
1
2
5
=
18
C1,2 = (-1)1+2M1,2 =
-18
M1,3 =
4
3
2
0
=
-6
C1,3 = (-1)1+3M1,3 =
-6
M2,1 =
1
0
0
5
=
5
C2,1 = (-1)2+1M2,1 =
-5
M2,2 =
1
0
2
5
=
5
C2,2 = (-1)2+2M2,2 =
5
M2,3 =
1
1
2
0
=
-2
C2,3 = (-1)2+3M2,3 =
2
M3,1 =
1
0
3
1
=
1
C3,1 = (-1)3+1M3,1 =
1
M3,2 =
1
0
4
1
=
1
C3,2 = (-1)3+2M3,2 =
-1
M3,3 =
1
1
4
3
=
-1
C3,3 = (-1)3+3M3,3 =
-1
Matrix of cofactors:
C =
15
-18
-6
-5
5
2
1
-1
-1
Transpose of cofactor matrix:
CT =
15
-5
1
-18
5
-1
-6
2
-1
Finding the inverse matrix.
A-1 =
CT
=
det A
-5
5/3
-1/3
6
-5/3
1/3
2
-2/3
1/3
B)
First, let\'s add the Identity Matrix to the right of our matrix
1
1
0
1
0
0
4
3
1
0
1
0
2
0
5
0
0
1
Now, let\'s do Gauss-Jordan Elimination on our new matrix...
Add (-4 * row1) to row2
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
-1
1
-4
1
0
2
0
5
0
0
1
Add (-2 * row1) to row3
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
-1
1
-4
1
0
0
-2
5
-2
0
1
Divide row2 by -1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
-1
4
-1
0
0
-2
5
-2
0
1
Add (2 * row2) to row3
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
-1
4
-1
0
0
0
3
6
-2
1
Divide row3 by 3
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
-1
4
-1
0
0
0
1
2
-2/3
1/3
Add (1 * row3) to row2
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
6
-5/3
1/3
0
0
1
2
-2/3
1/3
Add (-1 * row2) to row1
1.
Q1). Gene therapy is an experimental approach to treat the disease b.pdf
Q1). Gene therapy is an experimental approach to treat the disease by inserting therapeutic genes
or changing gene expression levels in the patient’s cells. Genes are nucleic acid polymers; these
therapeutic genes used in gene therapy generally encode a functional gene that replaces mutated
gene. Potential treatment for single gene genetic disorders such as haemophilia, muscular
dystrophy, cystic fibrosis, etc. was demonstrated. Treatment of cancer, AIDS (acquired immune
deficiency syndrome), Alzheimer’s disease and rheumatoid arthritis are also under active
investigation.
All the diseases cannot be cured by gene therapy. Some of hte good targets of the gene therapy
include,
1). Diseases with known genetic defects or mutations
2). Diseases with point mutations on one or more genes
3). The possibility of delivering genes to the affected tissues
4). If the substitution of defective gene correct the disease status
Solution
Q1). Gene therapy is an experimental approach to treat the disease by inserting therapeutic genes
or changing gene expression levels in the patient’s cells. Genes are nucleic acid polymers; these
therapeutic genes used in gene therapy generally encode a functional gene that replaces mutated
gene. Potential treatment for single gene genetic disorders such as haemophilia, muscular
dystrophy, cystic fibrosis, etc. was demonstrated. Treatment of cancer, AIDS (acquired immune
deficiency syndrome), Alzheimer’s disease and rheumatoid arthritis are also under active
investigation.
All the diseases cannot be cured by gene therapy. Some of hte good targets of the gene therapy
include,
1). Diseases with known genetic defects or mutations
2). Diseases with point mutations on one or more genes
3). The possibility of delivering genes to the affected tissues
4). If the substitution of defective gene correct the disease status.
Solution Three modes of DNA replication 1) Semi conservative.pdf
Solution
:
Three modes of DNA replication
1) Semi conservative:
=> Each daughter strand is composed of one old DNA strand and one new DNA strand.
2) Conservative:
=> The original double helix remains as complete unit.
=> The new DNA double helix is produced as a single unit.
=> The old DNA is completly conserved.
3) Dispersive mode:
=>Separation of the individual covalent phosphodiester bonds is required for this mode of
replication..
package s3; Copy paste this Java Template and save it as Emer.pdf
package s3;
// Copy paste this Java Template and save it as \"EmergencyRoom.java\"
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;
// write your matric number here:
// write your name here:
// write list of collaborators here:
// year 2016 hash code: XAbyuzR78fXeaMHBdLan (do NOT delete this line)
class patientlist {
private String PatientName;
private int emergencyLvl;
public patientlist(String PatientName, int emergencyLvl) {
this.PatientName = PatientName;
this.emergencyLvl = emergencyLvl;
}
public String getPatientName() {
return PatientName;
}
public void setPatientName(String PatientName) {
this.PatientName = PatientName;
}
public int getEmergencyLvl() {
return emergencyLvl;
}
public void setEmergencyLvl(int emergencyLvl) {
this.emergencyLvl = emergencyLvl;
}
}
class EmergencyRoom {
// if needed, declare a private data structure here that
// is accessible to all methods in this class
private List patientlist;
public EmergencyRoom() {
// Write necessary code during construction
patientlist = new ArrayList();
}
void ArriveAtHospital(String patientName, int emergencyLvl) {
// You have to insert the information (patientName, emergencyLvl)
// into your chosen data structure
if (patientName.length() > 15 || patientName.length() < 1) {
System.out.println(\"patient name is either too long or too short.\ Please enter a name between 1
to 15 characters.\");
} else if (emergencyLvl > 100 || emergencyLvl < 30) {
System.out.println(\"Emergency level is either too high or too low.\ Please enter a valid level
between 30 to 100.\");
} else {
int i;
for (i = 0; i < patientlist.size(); i++) {
if (patientlist.get(i).getPatientName().compareToIgnoreCase(patientName) == 0) {
System.out.println(\"Patient already admitted\");
break;
}
}
if (i == patientlist.size()) {
patientlist p = new patientlist(patientName.toUpperCase(), emergencyLvl);
patientlist.add(p);
}
}
}
void UpdateEmergencyLvl(String patientName, int incEmergencyLvl) {
// You have to update the emergencyLvl of patientName to
// emergencyLvl += incEmergencyLvl
// and modify your chosen data structure (if needed)
int i;
for (i = 0; i < patientlist.size(); i++) {
if (patientlist.get(i).getPatientName().compareToIgnoreCase(patientName) == 0) {
//System.out.println(\"Patient already admitted\");
//break;
if (incEmergencyLvl > 70 || incEmergencyLvl < 0) {
System.out.println(\"Emergency level is either too high or too low.\ Please enter a valid
increment between 0 to 70.\");
break;
} else {
patientlist.get(i).setEmergencyLvl(patientlist.get(i).getEmergencyLvl() + incEmergencyLvl);
}
}
}
}
void Treat(String patientName) {
// This patientName is treated by the doctor
// remove him/her from your chosen data structure
int i;
for (i = 0; i < patientlist.size(); i++) {
if (patientlist.get(i).getPatientName().compareToIgnoreCase(patientName) == 0) {
patientlist.remove(i);
}
}
}
String Query() {
String ans = \"The emergency room is empty\";
int i;
if(patientlist.isEmpty())
return ans;
else{
int max=patientlist.get(0).getEme.
Our body is having two line defence system against pathogens.Pathoge.pdf
Our body is having two line defence system against pathogens.Pathogens are micro-organisms
such like virus,bactria,parasite,fungi.
First line of defence system:- It is a outside defence system which protect body from the outside
,it includes skin ,tear,mucus,cilia,stomach acid,urine flow.
Skin acts as a barrier between pathogens and your body. it stops all microarganisms to enter in to
your body unless your skin get brokken.The pathogens can get enter through your nose
,eye,mouth, but through that if pathogen passes .Nose ,eye,mouth contains mucus,tear .they stop
pathogen and break down their cell wall because they contain enzyme.those that are not killed
immediately are trapped in mucus swallowed.
cilia is present in our windpipe.it helps to move mucus and traped pathogens from lungs.Urine
flow help to flush out pathogens from the bladder.stomach acid is present in stomach and helps
to kill pathogens.this is the fine defence.
Second line of defence system :- once pathogen cross your first line of defence second line of
defence active for example ,through the cut pathogen enter into body and develope infection then
second line defence active .Through a sequence of steps called immune response ,the immune
system attacks these pathogens.
In the second line of deffence system is a group of cells ,tissues,organs work together to protect
the body .This is called immune system.
The cells involved in the immune system called white blood cells is helps to destoys the desease
causing organisms.there are different types of white blood cells but function is same that protect
you from the organisms.
They are neutrophiles,T-helper cells,Cytotoxic cells,marcophases,B-cells.
These cells work together and kill the micro organism.
Tissues and Organs :- This are involved in the immune system are the lymphatic system ,lymph
nodes and lymp fluid.This are having specific function.
Lymphatic system is a system of thin tube present through out the body .These tubes are called
lymph vessels.they contain lymph.
Lymph is a fluid that contains white blood cells. lymph helps to protect body form micro
organisms.
This is a second line of defence system.
Solution
Our body is having two line defence system against pathogens.Pathogens are micro-organisms
such like virus,bactria,parasite,fungi.
First line of defence system:- It is a outside defence system which protect body from the outside
,it includes skin ,tear,mucus,cilia,stomach acid,urine flow.
Skin acts as a barrier between pathogens and your body. it stops all microarganisms to enter in to
your body unless your skin get brokken.The pathogens can get enter through your nose
,eye,mouth, but through that if pathogen passes .Nose ,eye,mouth contains mucus,tear .they stop
pathogen and break down their cell wall because they contain enzyme.those that are not killed
immediately are trapped in mucus swallowed.
cilia is present in our windpipe.it helps to move mucus and traped pathogens from lungs.Urine
flow help to flush out.
Once neurons are produced, they migrate and modify to form six layer.pdf
Once neurons are produced, they migrate and modify to form six layered structure of cortex. The
earliest formed neurons form the preplate which is then split into marginal plate and subplate by
invading newly formed neurons. The neurons can have two origin: cortical ventricular zone and
ganglionic eminences. The corticular neurons exhibit radial migration and form projection
neurons while the ganglionic neurons exhibit tangantial migration and form interneurons. Both
types arrange in inside out sequence and the early neurons form the deep layers while the late
born neuron form the outer layers of cortex.
Solution
Once neurons are produced, they migrate and modify to form six layered structure of cortex. The
earliest formed neurons form the preplate which is then split into marginal plate and subplate by
invading newly formed neurons. The neurons can have two origin: cortical ventricular zone and
ganglionic eminences. The corticular neurons exhibit radial migration and form projection
neurons while the ganglionic neurons exhibit tangantial migration and form interneurons. Both
types arrange in inside out sequence and the early neurons form the deep layers while the late
born neuron form the outer layers of cortex..
PDU is called Protocol Data Unit.It consists of user data and protoc.pdf
PDU is called Protocol Data Unit.It consists of user data and protocol control information. PDU
at layer 4 i.e Networks layer is called Segment.
Solution
PDU is called Protocol Data Unit.It consists of user data and protocol control information. PDU
at layer 4 i.e Networks layer is called Segment..
1.A hole is the absence of an electron in a particular place in an a.pdf
1.A hole is the absence of an electron in a particular place in an atom.Electrons and holes do not
move as rapidly through the solid materials as electrons do in a vaccum.The holes move more
slowly than the electrons.The holes and electrons move in opposite direction.
2.Here if the electric current moving from left to right ,than the holes will be moving in opposite
direction that is from right to left.
Regardless of the semiconductor type ,with the potencial applied there will be net effect.Both
electrons and holes contribute to total current flow,altough they are moving in opposite
directions,they are of opposite charge.
Solution
1.A hole is the absence of an electron in a particular place in an atom.Electrons and holes do not
move as rapidly through the solid materials as electrons do in a vaccum.The holes move more
slowly than the electrons.The holes and electrons move in opposite direction.
2.Here if the electric current moving from left to right ,than the holes will be moving in opposite
direction that is from right to left.
Regardless of the semiconductor type ,with the potencial applied there will be net effect.Both
electrons and holes contribute to total current flow,altough they are moving in opposite
directions,they are of opposite charge..
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The answer is A) Pol II, with twelve subunits on its own, is capable.pdf
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Q1). Gene therapy is an experimental approach to treat the disease b.pdf
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Solution Three modes of DNA replication 1) Semi conservative.pdf
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package s3; Copy paste this Java Template and save it as Emer.pdf
package s3; Copy paste this Java Template and save it as Emer.pdf
Our body is having two line defence system against pathogens.Pathoge.pdf
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Once neurons are produced, they migrate and modify to form six layer.pdf
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PDU is called Protocol Data Unit.It consists of user data and protoc.pdf
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- 1. Diamond is sp3 covalent. It makes for bonds to neighboring carbons. forming an endless network of tetrahedrons Graphite is a delocalized sp2 hybridized carbon system. the entire sheet is flat because all carbons are trigonal planar and sp2 hybridized. Fullerenes have sp2 carbons in a ball shape. It is a mixture of hexagons and pentagons. Nanotubes it is one layer of graphite, aka graphene rolled up. Solution Diamond is sp3 covalent. It makes for bonds to neighboring carbons. forming an endless network of tetrahedrons Graphite is a delocalized sp2 hybridized carbon system. the entire sheet is flat because all carbons are trigonal planar and sp2 hybridized. Fullerenes have sp2 carbons in a ball shape. It is a mixture of hexagons and pentagons. Nanotubes it is one layer of graphite, aka graphene rolled up.