Title: Diagnostics in Veterinary Oncology
Presented by: Ariana Verrilli, DVM, DACVIM (Oncology)
Description: This session will discuss the various tests currently available in veterinary oncology, from cytology and histopathology to DNA sequencing and genetic testing. We will review the pros and cons of multiple tests, the best use for each test, and how to interpret results. We will also review sample submissions and specific lab requirements as appropriate.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in veterinary anesthesia including:
- Definitions of terms like general anesthesia, local anesthesia, and premedication.
- Guidelines for patient preparation including fasting times and diagnostic testing.
- Considerations for developing anesthetic protocols based on factors like the procedure, patient characteristics, and health status.
- Descriptions of common pre-medications and anesthetic agents as well as equipment used.
- Details on intubation procedure, anesthetic machine components, and importance of monitoring patients during anesthesia.
Thomas Heckel, LVT Surgery Department
This session will help you to evaluate a patient’s preanesthetic workup and formulate an anesthetic protocol. We will review how patient comorbidities and body system functions influence anesthetic choices.
This document discusses surgical management of abdominal affections in bovines. It covers anatomy of the rumen and abomasum. Common abdominal issues addressed include bloat, indigestion, impaction, hernia and torsion. Rumenotomy techniques like the Weingart frame and Gabel's rumenotomy plate are described. Left displacement of the abomasum is the most common surgical condition and approaches like flank omentopexy and abomasopexy are summarized. Post-operative care is also outlined.
This document provides an overview of performing a neurological examination in animals. It describes the components of a neurological exam including observation of mental status, posture, gait, involuntary movements, and postural reaction testing. It then covers testing cranial nerve function, spinal reflexes, and superficial sensory function. The aim of the neurological exam is described as confirming the problem, localizing lesions, determining severity and extent, and estimating prognosis. Key parts of the nervous system and aims of specific tests are summarized.
Pregnancy diagnosis in dogs is important for owners and veterinarians to allow appropriate care and scheduling. The most reliable methods are abdominal palpation between 24-35 days, ultrasound from 24 days which is 99% accurate by 28 days, and radiography after 45 days when bones have mineralized. Less reliable methods include hormone assays, metabolic changes, and physical exams. Ultrasound allows assessment of viability while radiography determines fetal positioning and number. Hormonal relaxin assays confirm pregnancy but not litter size.
1) The document describes two cases of laryngeal dysfunction in horses. Case 1 involves left laryngeal hemiplegia, while Case 2 involves epiglottic entrapment.
2) For Case 1, a prosthetic laryngoplasty surgery was performed under general anesthesia to create abduction of the left arytenoid cartilage using sutures. For Case 2, a standing laser surgery was used to perform an axial excision of thickened aryepiglottic tissue causing the entrapment.
3) Both surgeries aimed to improve airflow and resolve the underlying laryngeal issues. Post-operative care and monitoring was provided for several weeks to manage pain and ensure healing. The prognosis
Pharmacological control of reproduction in dog and catAbdul Rehman
This document discusses pharmacological control of reproduction in dogs and cats. It summarizes various methods for preventing breeding, terminating pregnancy, and inducing estrus or ovulation. These include use of progestogens, GnRH agonists and antagonists, melatonin implants, prostaglandins, prolactin inhibitors, hCG, and oxytocin. It also addresses treatment of pseudopregnancy, pyometra, retained fetal membranes, metritis, and poor libido in males. A variety of hormones are described that can regulate the reproductive cycle for contraception or medical management of reproductive diseases.
This document discusses pain management in small animals. It begins by defining pain and outlining the pain pathway, including transduction, transmission, modulation, and perception. It then discusses the different types of pain and common behavioral responses in dogs and cats. The actions of various analgesic drug classes are covered, including opioids, NSAIDs, local anesthetics, and alpha2-adrenergic agonists. General approaches to pain management like pre-emptive analgesia and multimodal analgesia are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in veterinary anesthesia including:
- Definitions of terms like general anesthesia, local anesthesia, and premedication.
- Guidelines for patient preparation including fasting times and diagnostic testing.
- Considerations for developing anesthetic protocols based on factors like the procedure, patient characteristics, and health status.
- Descriptions of common pre-medications and anesthetic agents as well as equipment used.
- Details on intubation procedure, anesthetic machine components, and importance of monitoring patients during anesthesia.
Thomas Heckel, LVT Surgery Department
This session will help you to evaluate a patient’s preanesthetic workup and formulate an anesthetic protocol. We will review how patient comorbidities and body system functions influence anesthetic choices.
This document discusses surgical management of abdominal affections in bovines. It covers anatomy of the rumen and abomasum. Common abdominal issues addressed include bloat, indigestion, impaction, hernia and torsion. Rumenotomy techniques like the Weingart frame and Gabel's rumenotomy plate are described. Left displacement of the abomasum is the most common surgical condition and approaches like flank omentopexy and abomasopexy are summarized. Post-operative care is also outlined.
This document provides an overview of performing a neurological examination in animals. It describes the components of a neurological exam including observation of mental status, posture, gait, involuntary movements, and postural reaction testing. It then covers testing cranial nerve function, spinal reflexes, and superficial sensory function. The aim of the neurological exam is described as confirming the problem, localizing lesions, determining severity and extent, and estimating prognosis. Key parts of the nervous system and aims of specific tests are summarized.
Pregnancy diagnosis in dogs is important for owners and veterinarians to allow appropriate care and scheduling. The most reliable methods are abdominal palpation between 24-35 days, ultrasound from 24 days which is 99% accurate by 28 days, and radiography after 45 days when bones have mineralized. Less reliable methods include hormone assays, metabolic changes, and physical exams. Ultrasound allows assessment of viability while radiography determines fetal positioning and number. Hormonal relaxin assays confirm pregnancy but not litter size.
1) The document describes two cases of laryngeal dysfunction in horses. Case 1 involves left laryngeal hemiplegia, while Case 2 involves epiglottic entrapment.
2) For Case 1, a prosthetic laryngoplasty surgery was performed under general anesthesia to create abduction of the left arytenoid cartilage using sutures. For Case 2, a standing laser surgery was used to perform an axial excision of thickened aryepiglottic tissue causing the entrapment.
3) Both surgeries aimed to improve airflow and resolve the underlying laryngeal issues. Post-operative care and monitoring was provided for several weeks to manage pain and ensure healing. The prognosis
Pharmacological control of reproduction in dog and catAbdul Rehman
This document discusses pharmacological control of reproduction in dogs and cats. It summarizes various methods for preventing breeding, terminating pregnancy, and inducing estrus or ovulation. These include use of progestogens, GnRH agonists and antagonists, melatonin implants, prostaglandins, prolactin inhibitors, hCG, and oxytocin. It also addresses treatment of pseudopregnancy, pyometra, retained fetal membranes, metritis, and poor libido in males. A variety of hormones are described that can regulate the reproductive cycle for contraception or medical management of reproductive diseases.
This document discusses pain management in small animals. It begins by defining pain and outlining the pain pathway, including transduction, transmission, modulation, and perception. It then discusses the different types of pain and common behavioral responses in dogs and cats. The actions of various analgesic drug classes are covered, including opioids, NSAIDs, local anesthetics, and alpha2-adrenergic agonists. General approaches to pain management like pre-emptive analgesia and multimodal analgesia are also summarized.
Intussusception is a condition where a segment of intestine invaginates into the adjacent bowel, obstructing the gastrointestinal tract. It is most commonly seen in the small intestine of cattle. Clinical signs include abdominal pain, decreased appetite, and signs of obstruction. Ultrasound can be used to diagnose intussusception based on the "target-like" or "bullseye" appearance. Treatment involves surgical resection of the affected segment through an abdominal incision. The surgery is ideally performed with the animal under general anesthesia to allow for thorough exploration and resection. Untreated intussusception is fatal as the blocked blood supply causes necrosis of the invaginated bowel.
This lecture describes the use of ultrasonography in animal reproduction. This lecture would be useful for veterinary students, practitioners, and researchers.
Third-degree Rectovestibular Lacerations in mares and mare donkeysProf.Dr. Gamal Karrouf
Six mares and a she donkey suffering from third-degree rectovestibular lacerations during difficult births were admitted to a veterinary clinic. Surgical correction was performed 5-7 weeks later through a single-stage repair using interrupted vertical mattress sutures of polydioxanone. Primary healing of the reconstructed rectovestibular shelves and perineal bodies occurred in six animals, though one mare developed anal sphincter incompetence and another a rectovestibular fistula due to post-operative straining.
1) Laparoscopic surgery has advantages over conventional surgery such as rapid recovery time, improved visualization, minimal immune response, and decreased post-operative pain.
2) The basic laparoscopic setup includes an imaging system, insufflator, and electrocautery unit. Access is gained through closed or open port placement techniques.
3) Practical laparoscopic applications in dogs and cats include ovariohysterectomy, gastropexy to prevent gastric dilation and volvulus, abdominal exploration, and biopsy.
Vaginoscopy is an examination of the vagina using rigid or flexible fiber optic vaginoscopes. The animal may be anesthetized and placed in dorsal recumbency or restrained. The perineum is cleaned and excess hair clipped. The endoscope is lubricated and inserted into the vagina to examine the area while avoiding the fossa clitoris. The appearance of the vagina changes throughout the estrus cycle, from a thin pink mucosa in anestrus to folds developing in proestrus and shriveling in estrus.
The document discusses guidelines for canine and feline anesthesia under field conditions, including fasting protocols, the importance of intravenous access, chemical restraint options for dogs and cats, and anesthetic protocols using combinations of drugs like atropine, acepromazine, ketamine, diazepam, xylazine, and propofol. Proper restraint techniques are also covered, emphasizing using the minimum force needed to safely perform procedures and avoiding stressing the animal.
Anaesthetic emergencies and procedures in veterinary practicesIVRI
This document discusses various anesthetic emergencies and procedures. It covers topics like cardiovascular emergencies, hemorrhage, cardiac arrest, allergic reactions, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. For cardiac arrest, it recommends following the ABCD protocol of securing the airway, providing breathing support, performing cardiac compressions, and administering epinephrine and other drugs. It describes performing external chest compressions initially, but notes internal cardiac massage is more effective for resuscitation after 2 minutes if there is no response.
Anestrus occur in different animals. Anestrus may be due to physiological or pathological factors. Veterinary drugs are now available to treat or reverse anestrus in animals.
Diagnosing and Treating Canine Incontinence and Urolithsupstatevet
Alison Khoo, BSc, BVMS, DACVIM (Internal Medicine)
Urinary incontinence is a common presenting complaint in veterinary practice. Treatment of refractory cases may become a major source of frustration for both owners and veterinarians. Medical, surgical, and interventional therapeutic options will be discussed.
This document provides information on chemical restraint and anesthesia for various wild and laboratory animals. It discusses factors to consider for chemical restraint, such as species, age, sex and health status. It describes different methods of drug administration including orally, with a syringe, pole syringe, blow guns and projectile syringes. Common drugs used for chemical restraint are also outlined, including their dosages and considerations. Specific sections provide guidance on anesthesia for chelonians, snakes, fish, lagomorphs, rodents and birds. Techniques for deer, wild cats and bears are also mentioned.
This document provides guidance for performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on a pregnant patient in arrest. It outlines the CABD (Circulation, Airway, Breathing, Defibrillation) steps for CPR, with modifications for pregnancy such as left uterine displacement and preparing for emergency delivery of the fetus within 5 minutes of the start of CPR. Epinephrine should also be administered, with a goal of high-quality chest compressions, ventilation, rhythm analysis and potential defibrillation to restore the mother's circulation and provide oxygenation to the fetus.
Clinical case focusing on the topic of reproduction. The cases aim to highlight commonly presenting concerns and how the similar presenting complaints can represent very different disease processes. The cases are presented in a fashion so that they can be worked through in the same approach a working vet would. The level is intended for pre-veterinary students and veterinary students.
More at http://www.IWantToBecomeAVet.com
Uterine torsion in cattle occurs when the pregnant uterus rotates around its longitudinal axis, obstructing the birth canal and preventing the calf from entering the cervix. It is more common in multiparous cows and can result from sudden movements that cause the fetus to move violently within the uterus. Left untreated, it can lead to fetal death from reduced blood flow and oxygen. Veterinarians diagnose uterine torsion based on symptoms like pain and straining, as well as physical exams that reveal a twisted vagina and evidence of broad ligament twisting seen rectally. Treatment methods include manually rotating the fetus and uterus if slight, rolling the cow, using a plank to roll the cow and fix the uterus, or a cesare
This document describes the procedure for ovariohysterectomy (spaying) in dogs. It discusses the indications for spaying, including birth control, uterine diseases, and reducing risks of certain cancers. It outlines the pre-anesthetic drugs commonly used like atropine, xylazine, ketamine and diazepam. The steps of the surgical technique are explained, including making a midline incision, exteriorizing the uterus, clamping and ligating the ovarian pedicles, and closing in layers. The required equipment is also listed.
A 5 year old male Labrador dog presented with anorexia and greenish black vomition for 6 days. Hematological tests showed elevated white blood cells with neutrophilia. Radiographs revealed a hyperechoic foreign body in the stomach and bile regurgitation. Endoscopy confirmed a stone in the stomach causing severe gastritis. The dog underwent jejunotomy to remove the foreign body.
This document describes a case of a 2 year old male neutered pug named Toby that presented with a 6 week history of vomiting. Diagnostic testing revealed Toby had megaoesophagus. Further testing showed elevated acetylcholine receptor antibodies, leading to a diagnosis of focal myasthenia gravis as the cause of Toby's megaoesophagus. Toby is being treated with pyridostigmine bromide and famotidine to help with food passage and reduce acid reflux. His prognosis is considered good if he responds well to treatment and the underlying myasthenia gravis can be managed.
5th year practical revision fetal presentationsMohamed Wahab
The document provides descriptions of various fetal presentations and postures that may be observed during pregnancy in veterinary medicine. It lists both normal and abnormal presentations, positions, and postures for anterior and posterior longitudinal presentations as well as transverse presentations. Abnormal postures described include various limb and head flexions or deviations. Breech and twin presentations are also included.
This document provides information about epilepsy in dogs. It defines epilepsy as a brain disorder causing repeated seizures. There are two main types - primary/idiopathic epilepsy which may have unknown causes or genetic factors, and secondary/symptomatic epilepsy which has identifiable causes like infections, tumors, trauma or metabolic diseases. Signs include seizures of different types as well as postictal phases. Diagnosis involves a patient history, physical exam, clinical pathology tests and diagnostic imaging. Treatment primarily involves use of anticonvulsant medications. The causes of epilepsy can vary depending on the dog's age or breed.
This study aimed to use karyometry to detect nuclear abnormalities in fallopian tube epithelium from women at high risk for ovarian cancer compared to low risk women. Karyometry involves high-resolution imaging and quantitative analysis of nuclear features too small to be seen by the human eye. The study found distinct deviations in nuclear features and signatures in fallopian tubes from high risk women carrying BRCA1/2 alterations compared to normal risk women. Specifically, measures of pixel optical density heterogeneity and very dark stained pixels showed a statistically significant shift, identifying an abnormal morphometric phenotype in high risk women. The results suggest karyometry may help detect early changes and improve ovarian cancer screening.
EIS Technology: bioimpedance chronoamperometry in adjunct to screen the prost...ES-Teck India
Through the 6 tactile electrodes, a weak DC current is sending alternatively between 2 electrodes with a sequence and the EIS system is recording the electrical conductance of 11 pathways of the human body.
Intussusception is a condition where a segment of intestine invaginates into the adjacent bowel, obstructing the gastrointestinal tract. It is most commonly seen in the small intestine of cattle. Clinical signs include abdominal pain, decreased appetite, and signs of obstruction. Ultrasound can be used to diagnose intussusception based on the "target-like" or "bullseye" appearance. Treatment involves surgical resection of the affected segment through an abdominal incision. The surgery is ideally performed with the animal under general anesthesia to allow for thorough exploration and resection. Untreated intussusception is fatal as the blocked blood supply causes necrosis of the invaginated bowel.
This lecture describes the use of ultrasonography in animal reproduction. This lecture would be useful for veterinary students, practitioners, and researchers.
Third-degree Rectovestibular Lacerations in mares and mare donkeysProf.Dr. Gamal Karrouf
Six mares and a she donkey suffering from third-degree rectovestibular lacerations during difficult births were admitted to a veterinary clinic. Surgical correction was performed 5-7 weeks later through a single-stage repair using interrupted vertical mattress sutures of polydioxanone. Primary healing of the reconstructed rectovestibular shelves and perineal bodies occurred in six animals, though one mare developed anal sphincter incompetence and another a rectovestibular fistula due to post-operative straining.
1) Laparoscopic surgery has advantages over conventional surgery such as rapid recovery time, improved visualization, minimal immune response, and decreased post-operative pain.
2) The basic laparoscopic setup includes an imaging system, insufflator, and electrocautery unit. Access is gained through closed or open port placement techniques.
3) Practical laparoscopic applications in dogs and cats include ovariohysterectomy, gastropexy to prevent gastric dilation and volvulus, abdominal exploration, and biopsy.
Vaginoscopy is an examination of the vagina using rigid or flexible fiber optic vaginoscopes. The animal may be anesthetized and placed in dorsal recumbency or restrained. The perineum is cleaned and excess hair clipped. The endoscope is lubricated and inserted into the vagina to examine the area while avoiding the fossa clitoris. The appearance of the vagina changes throughout the estrus cycle, from a thin pink mucosa in anestrus to folds developing in proestrus and shriveling in estrus.
The document discusses guidelines for canine and feline anesthesia under field conditions, including fasting protocols, the importance of intravenous access, chemical restraint options for dogs and cats, and anesthetic protocols using combinations of drugs like atropine, acepromazine, ketamine, diazepam, xylazine, and propofol. Proper restraint techniques are also covered, emphasizing using the minimum force needed to safely perform procedures and avoiding stressing the animal.
Anaesthetic emergencies and procedures in veterinary practicesIVRI
This document discusses various anesthetic emergencies and procedures. It covers topics like cardiovascular emergencies, hemorrhage, cardiac arrest, allergic reactions, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. For cardiac arrest, it recommends following the ABCD protocol of securing the airway, providing breathing support, performing cardiac compressions, and administering epinephrine and other drugs. It describes performing external chest compressions initially, but notes internal cardiac massage is more effective for resuscitation after 2 minutes if there is no response.
Anestrus occur in different animals. Anestrus may be due to physiological or pathological factors. Veterinary drugs are now available to treat or reverse anestrus in animals.
Diagnosing and Treating Canine Incontinence and Urolithsupstatevet
Alison Khoo, BSc, BVMS, DACVIM (Internal Medicine)
Urinary incontinence is a common presenting complaint in veterinary practice. Treatment of refractory cases may become a major source of frustration for both owners and veterinarians. Medical, surgical, and interventional therapeutic options will be discussed.
This document provides information on chemical restraint and anesthesia for various wild and laboratory animals. It discusses factors to consider for chemical restraint, such as species, age, sex and health status. It describes different methods of drug administration including orally, with a syringe, pole syringe, blow guns and projectile syringes. Common drugs used for chemical restraint are also outlined, including their dosages and considerations. Specific sections provide guidance on anesthesia for chelonians, snakes, fish, lagomorphs, rodents and birds. Techniques for deer, wild cats and bears are also mentioned.
This document provides guidance for performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on a pregnant patient in arrest. It outlines the CABD (Circulation, Airway, Breathing, Defibrillation) steps for CPR, with modifications for pregnancy such as left uterine displacement and preparing for emergency delivery of the fetus within 5 minutes of the start of CPR. Epinephrine should also be administered, with a goal of high-quality chest compressions, ventilation, rhythm analysis and potential defibrillation to restore the mother's circulation and provide oxygenation to the fetus.
Clinical case focusing on the topic of reproduction. The cases aim to highlight commonly presenting concerns and how the similar presenting complaints can represent very different disease processes. The cases are presented in a fashion so that they can be worked through in the same approach a working vet would. The level is intended for pre-veterinary students and veterinary students.
More at http://www.IWantToBecomeAVet.com
Uterine torsion in cattle occurs when the pregnant uterus rotates around its longitudinal axis, obstructing the birth canal and preventing the calf from entering the cervix. It is more common in multiparous cows and can result from sudden movements that cause the fetus to move violently within the uterus. Left untreated, it can lead to fetal death from reduced blood flow and oxygen. Veterinarians diagnose uterine torsion based on symptoms like pain and straining, as well as physical exams that reveal a twisted vagina and evidence of broad ligament twisting seen rectally. Treatment methods include manually rotating the fetus and uterus if slight, rolling the cow, using a plank to roll the cow and fix the uterus, or a cesare
This document describes the procedure for ovariohysterectomy (spaying) in dogs. It discusses the indications for spaying, including birth control, uterine diseases, and reducing risks of certain cancers. It outlines the pre-anesthetic drugs commonly used like atropine, xylazine, ketamine and diazepam. The steps of the surgical technique are explained, including making a midline incision, exteriorizing the uterus, clamping and ligating the ovarian pedicles, and closing in layers. The required equipment is also listed.
A 5 year old male Labrador dog presented with anorexia and greenish black vomition for 6 days. Hematological tests showed elevated white blood cells with neutrophilia. Radiographs revealed a hyperechoic foreign body in the stomach and bile regurgitation. Endoscopy confirmed a stone in the stomach causing severe gastritis. The dog underwent jejunotomy to remove the foreign body.
This document describes a case of a 2 year old male neutered pug named Toby that presented with a 6 week history of vomiting. Diagnostic testing revealed Toby had megaoesophagus. Further testing showed elevated acetylcholine receptor antibodies, leading to a diagnosis of focal myasthenia gravis as the cause of Toby's megaoesophagus. Toby is being treated with pyridostigmine bromide and famotidine to help with food passage and reduce acid reflux. His prognosis is considered good if he responds well to treatment and the underlying myasthenia gravis can be managed.
5th year practical revision fetal presentationsMohamed Wahab
The document provides descriptions of various fetal presentations and postures that may be observed during pregnancy in veterinary medicine. It lists both normal and abnormal presentations, positions, and postures for anterior and posterior longitudinal presentations as well as transverse presentations. Abnormal postures described include various limb and head flexions or deviations. Breech and twin presentations are also included.
This document provides information about epilepsy in dogs. It defines epilepsy as a brain disorder causing repeated seizures. There are two main types - primary/idiopathic epilepsy which may have unknown causes or genetic factors, and secondary/symptomatic epilepsy which has identifiable causes like infections, tumors, trauma or metabolic diseases. Signs include seizures of different types as well as postictal phases. Diagnosis involves a patient history, physical exam, clinical pathology tests and diagnostic imaging. Treatment primarily involves use of anticonvulsant medications. The causes of epilepsy can vary depending on the dog's age or breed.
This study aimed to use karyometry to detect nuclear abnormalities in fallopian tube epithelium from women at high risk for ovarian cancer compared to low risk women. Karyometry involves high-resolution imaging and quantitative analysis of nuclear features too small to be seen by the human eye. The study found distinct deviations in nuclear features and signatures in fallopian tubes from high risk women carrying BRCA1/2 alterations compared to normal risk women. Specifically, measures of pixel optical density heterogeneity and very dark stained pixels showed a statistically significant shift, identifying an abnormal morphometric phenotype in high risk women. The results suggest karyometry may help detect early changes and improve ovarian cancer screening.
EIS Technology: bioimpedance chronoamperometry in adjunct to screen the prost...ES-Teck India
Through the 6 tactile electrodes, a weak DC current is sending alternatively between 2 electrodes with a sequence and the EIS system is recording the electrical conductance of 11 pathways of the human body.
ONCOLOGY CARTOONS JANUARY 2024 BY DR KANHU CHARAN PATROKanhu Charan
This document discusses cervical cancer awareness month in January and provides 3 recommendations: 1) Be loyal to your partner to reduce risk of HPV infection, 2) Maintain genital hygiene, 3) Get vaccinated against HPV to prevent cervical cancer, and 4) Get screened regularly to detect cervical cancer early.
The document describes a lab for bioinformatics and computational genomics that has over 250 people including 25 "genome hackers" who are mostly engineers and 42 scientists. It discusses using epigenetics and next generation biomarkers for better detecting and understanding cancer. Specifically, it summarizes tests like ConfirmMDx, SelectMDx, and AssureMDx which use epigenetic biomarkers found in urine or blood samples to help determine a patient's risk level for aggressive prostate or bladder cancers and guide decisions about additional testing or biopsies.
This document discusses endoscopic biopsy procedures for diagnosing gastrointestinal cancers. It notes that 6-8 biopsies are currently recommended for suspected malignant lesions, though additional biopsies increase risks like bleeding while providing diminishing returns for diagnosis. Positive diagnosis rates for gastric and colon cancers reached around 95% after just 3 specimens. For accurate diagnosis, biopsies should be taken from lesion rims rather than bases, by experienced endoscopists who can differentiate malignant from benign lesions macroscopically.
This slide focuses on the causes and risk factors associated with cancer. It delves into the complexities of cancer development, highlighting factors such as genetic mutations, environmental influences, and lifestyle choices. Through informative visuals and concise text, the slide aims to raise awareness about the various elements that contribute to the onset of cancer. By understanding these key factors, individuals can make informed decisions to minimize their risk and prioritize preventive measures. This information sets the stage for subsequent slides that explore diagnosis, treatment options, and advancements in cancer research.
Genomics 2015 Keynote - Utilizing cancer sequencing in the clinicAndreas Scherer
Dr. Andreas Scherer discussed Golden Helix's bioinformatics tools and pipelines for analyzing cancer sequencing data. Golden Helix has over 20 years of experience in developing software for variant analysis, annotation, and reporting. Their tools can align sequencing reads, call variants, annotate variants with public databases, perform tumor-normal comparisons to identify somatic mutations, and generate clinical reports on pathogenic variants relevant for cancer treatment. Dr. Scherer emphasized the challenges of variant annotation and described Golden Helix's extensive variant databases and customization options to support clinical cancer sequencing workflows.
This document discusses two clinical trials investigating combination therapies for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). The PROpel trial is investigating olaparib plus abiraterone versus placebo plus abiraterone as first-line therapy in mCRPC. Early results show improved radiographic progression-free survival with the combination, especially in patients with homologous recombination repair gene mutations. Common adverse events included anemia and fatigue. The MAGNITUDE trial is investigating niraparib plus abiraterone versus placebo plus abiraterone in mCRPC, stratified by homologous recombination repair biomarker status. An early futility analysis stopped enrollment in the biomarker-negative cohort due to
Antigen Microarray Technology for Early detection of Solid Cancers.ola negm
This document discusses the potential for a blood test to enable early cancer detection. It notes that cancer incidence is predicted to double worldwide by 2030 while survival rates for many cancers have changed little in recent decades. Early detection through screening has been shown to significantly reduce mortality for some cancers like breast, lung, and colon cancer. The document proposes a blood test that could detect autoantibodies produced in response to cancer cells, providing improved sensitivity and specificity over other screening methods. It summarizes pilot studies showing this approach can detect colorectal, lung, and breast cancers at early stages with promising sensitivity and specificity. The goal is to make early cancer detection more accessible and improve clinical outcomes through increased survival rates and reduced treatment costs.
Cancer gwas and genetic risk predictionDavid Enoma
Genome wide association studes and its application in cancer as well as genetic risk prediction scoring for cancers. Especially in populations of African ancestry.
1. The document discusses various topics related to oncology including bladder cancer treatment with GC vs MVAC, use of tumor treating fields for glioblastoma, omitting radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery for luminal variants, sources used in brachytherapy, and dose/volume outcomes for organs after radiation therapy.
2. It also provides information on response criteria for bone metastases, what oncologists want in lung cancer imaging, effects of alterations in radiotherapy scheduling, dose fractionation for oligometastatic diseases, and CTV definition for stage 1 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
3. Further, it discusses main RCTs that have influenced rectal cancer management, RCT of radi
Maldi tof-ms analysis in identification of prostate cancerMoustafa Rezk
MALDI-TOF-MS analysis was used to generate proteomic profiles from plasma samples to identify biomarkers for prostate cancer. Samples were prepared using magnetic beads to separate proteins, then analyzed using MALDI-TOF-MS. Bioinformatics tools were used to generate classification models to distinguish prostate cancer patients from healthy controls based on differences in peak intensities. A 5-peak model achieved 87.5% sensitivity and 92.9% specificity. The study demonstrated the potential of MALDI-TOF proteomic profiling for early prostate cancer screening and diagnosis in Egypt. Proteomic biomarkers may help reduce unnecessary biopsies and stratify patients in the future.
Translation of microarray data into clinically relevant cancer diagnostic tes...Tapan Baral
This study aimed to develop a simple and inexpensive diagnostic test to distinguish between malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) and lung adenocarcinoma (ADCA) based on gene expression ratios, as current methods can be challenging. The researchers used microarray data from 31 MPM and 150 ADCA samples to identify genes with highly correlated expression levels between the two cancer types. They tested the accuracy of diagnostic ratios formed from combinations of two or three of these genes in differentiating between MPM and ADCA in 149 additional samples. Using two or three gene expression ratios achieved 95% and 99% accurate differential diagnosis, respectively, demonstrating this approach may provide a clinically useful diagnostic tool.
New research studies presented at the 2011 Annual Meeting of the American Urological Association examine promising biomarkers and genetic tests for bladder and prostate cancers. Certain genetic variants on chromosomes 8q24 and 19q13 were found to be associated with higher rates of prostate cancer aggressiveness. Combining measurements of the PCA3 and TMPRSS2:ERG tests improved the sensitivity and accuracy of prostate cancer diagnosis compared to the PCA3 test alone. Additionally, a urine assay measuring TMPRSS2:ERG gene fusion levels correlated with higher pathologic stage, Gleason score, and Gleason upgrading in prostate cancer patients. The studies suggest newer diagnostic tests may help distinguish between indolent and aggressive forms of prostate and bladder cancers.
New research studies presented at the 2011 Annual Meeting of the American Urological Association examine promising biomarkers and genetic tests for bladder and prostate cancers. Certain genetic variants on chromosomes 8q24 and 19q13 were found to be associated with higher rates of prostate cancer aggressiveness. Combining measurements of the PCA3 and TMPRSS2:ERG tests improved the sensitivity and accuracy of prostate cancer diagnosis compared to the PCA3 test alone. Additionally, a urine assay measuring TMPRSS2:ERG gene fusion levels correlated with higher pathologic stage, Gleason score, and Gleason upgrading in prostate cancer patients. The studies suggest newer diagnostic tests may help distinguish between indolent and aggressive forms of prostate and bladder cancers.
Targeted sequencing of 99 colorectal cancer samples identified frequent mutations in TP53 (65%), APC (36%), KRAS (35%), PIK3CA (19%), and other genes. EGFR mutations were associated with younger age of onset. EGFR or PIK3CA mutations were markers of poor disease-specific survival, and KRAS or PIK3CA mutations were associated with poor survival in TP53 wild-type cases. The findings provide novel prognostic insights and could help clinical decision-making for colorectal cancer patients in Saudi Arabia.
Bladder Cancer Diagnostic-Initial Team ProjectSagar Desai
ACDS Laboratories has developed a new 3-protein biomarker for bladder cancer diagnosis using VEGF, ApoE, and IL-8. The biomarker provides high sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 97% in a study of 127 patients, outperforming current methods. It can be detected through a non-invasive urine test using ELISA, addressing the need for a simple, accurate, and cost-effective diagnostic. Economic analysis shows the biomarker could save over $200 million annually in the US through reducing invasive procedures and long-term monitoring costs compared to current protocols. Based on the strong clinical and economic value, ACDS recommends investing in developing this biomarker.
This document provides an overview of cancer of unknown primary (CUP). It defines CUP and discusses the epidemiology, pathology, natural history, diagnostic approach, and treatment. Regarding diagnosis, it describes the use of imaging, endoscopy, histopathology including immunohistochemistry, and molecular analysis to identify the primary tumor site. Treatment options are also summarized, noting that platinum-based chemotherapy regimens have response rates of 30-40% and median survival of 8-11 months. Certain favorable prognostic subsets, such as those with specific nodal distributions or tumor markers, may have longer survival.
Germline BRCA testing should be offered to breast cancer patients from high-risk groups to inform treatment decisions. A BRCA mutation may indicate higher risk of contralateral breast cancer and eligibility for PARP inhibitors or preventative mastectomy. Test results are categorized on a five-tier system and genetic counseling is recommended when a mutation is found or results are uncertain to discuss implications for treatment and familial risk. Explaining the testing process and potential results helps patients understand their disease.
Similar to Diagnostics in Veterinary Oncology (20)
Title: Cardiac Emergencies of the Dog and Cat
Presented by: Agnieszka Kent, DVM, MS, DACVIM (Cardiology)
Description: This course will discuss common cardiac emergencies and how to identify and determine the primary problem through effective history-taking, physical examination, and diagnostics. We will discuss how to approach each emergent condition with treatment strategies and monitoring to help you be as successful as possible in helping your patients through these life-threatening conditions.
Uh-oh ... It Went Neuro: Triaging the Acute Neurologic Patientupstatevet
Title: Uh-oh ... It Went Neuro: Triaging the Acute Neurologic Patient
Presented by: Todd Bishop, DVM, DACVIM (Neurology)
Description: This lecture is geared toward primary care veterinarians and will cover recognizing the three most common neurologic emergencies, triaging the severity, and performing an initial neurologic evaluation. The lecture will include initiating a minimum database and basic diagnostic work-up, providing first responder-type therapeutic interventions, and knowing if/when to refer.
Itching, Scratching, Atopy Oh My! Diagnosis and Treatment of the Allergic Pat...upstatevet
Title: Itching, Scratching, Atopy Oh My! Diagnosis and Treatment of the Allergic Patient
Presented by: Amy Schnedeker, DVM, MS, DACVD
Description: This course aims to discuss the work-up of allergy patients, starting from diagnostics and treatment of secondary infections to different medications for managing pruritus and diagnosing underlying allergic diseases - flea allergy versus food allergy versus atopic dermatitis.
Radiographic Positioning and Quality Control of Thoracic, Abdominal, and Orth...upstatevet
Title: Radiographic Positioning and Quality Control of Thoracic, Abdominal, and Orthopedic Studies
Presented by: Amanda Breyette, LVT, BT, FFCP & Adam Isack, LVT, FFCP
Description: Radiographs that are positioned correctly with proper technique give a better representation of anatomy and disease processes. This, in turn, gives the patient a better chance of being treated appropriately. Throughout this course, you will learn the anatomy to be included in each study, proper/improper technique, and how to correct misaligned radiographs.
Pain Management – A Review and What's Newupstatevet
Title: Pain Management – A Review and What's New
Presented by: Mylissa Fitzpatrick, LVT, CCVP, VTS (Emergency)
Description: This pain management course is designed for veterinary technicians wishing to broaden their education on integral pain management options. The lecture will cover patient pain identification, pharmaceutical pain management options, non-pharmaceutical therapies, and alternative modalities. New pain management drugs and their applications will also be discussed.
Leptospirosis in Dogs: What's Bloodwork Got to Do with It?upstatevet
Title: Leptospirosis in Dogs: What's Bloodwork Got to Do with It?
Presented by: Ciera Earl, LVT, VTS (Emergency)
Description: Leptospirosis is a common zoonotic disease that can cause serious illness in dogs, other wild animals, and people. Throughout this lecture, we will look at common lab work and provide a better understanding of the values, their meaning, and how it all ties together in diagnosing Leptospirosis. We will also discuss the signs and symptoms, transmission, prevalence, and treatment.
Cortisol: Friend or Foe, An Overview of Cushing's Disease and Addison's Diseaseupstatevet
Title: Cortisol: Friend or Foe, An Overview of Cushing's Disease and Addison's Disease
Presented By: Erica Hunt, LVT, VTS
Description: This lecture will review the physiology of Cushing's and Addison's disease so that the technician can better understand the disease processes. We will also discuss different treatment options and the necessary monitoring.
Presenter: Dr. Madeline Frazier, DVM, DACVECC
Title: Shock and Paw
Description:
What does it mean when we ask, “Is the patient stable?” Identifying shock quickly and accurately is critical for optimizing patient outcome. This lecture will review broad definitions for shock, the types of shock and their pathophysiology, and how to identify the different types of shock (including occult shock). The lecture will also provide guidelines for treatment of the different shock states, as well as modalities of fluid resuscitation.
Presenter: Dr. Christina Scanlon, DVM, DACVIM (Neurology)
Title: Alphabet Soup Myelopathies
Description:
This course will cover signalment, clinical signs, confirmatory diagnostics, and therapies for myelopathic diseases different from the most common IVDD cases. This lecture will help you recognize cases that are more likely to be FCE or ANNPE based on presentation and will discuss recommended testing, prognoses, and therapies. The presentation will also cover one case of a slightly different myelopathy that is less commonly seen overall.
Learning Objectives:
- To be able to recognize clinical signs and signalment for FCE and ANNPE
- To understand imaging characteristics and differences between FCE and ANNPE
- To understand prognostic indicators and recommended therapies for FCE and ANNPE
Presenter: Dr. Andrew Waxman, DVM, DACVIM (Cardiology)
Hosted by Upstate Veterinary Specialties
Session Description:
Congenital heart diseases are abnormalities of the cardiovascular system which are present at birth. The exact underlying factors are not always understood but are suspected of genetic origin in dogs and cats. Some of the most common diseases include patent ductus arteriosus, pulmonic stenosis, subaortic stenosis, tricuspid valve dysplasia, and ventricular septal defects. These conditions can vary from innocent to life-threatening. This lecture will help participants understand the examination findings, the most common treatment options (if available), and breeding considerations regarding congenital heart disease in dogs and cats. There will also be some discussion about innocent murmurs in young patients.
Introducing Diagnostic Ultrasound in General Practiceupstatevet
Chris Ryan, DVM, DACVR
This lecture will begin by reviewing the basic operation of ultrasound equipment with a focus on hardware and software features common to almost all machines. The various settings and controls will be reviewed, along with the effects that these have on overall image quality, and how to utilize these settings to optimize image quality. A roadmap will then be developed for applying ultrasound in everyday general practice, beginning with the basics of evaluation for abdominal or pleural cavity fluid, and proceeding to perform a complete basic abdominal ultrasound exam. Normal sonographic anatomy and measurements will be reviewed, along with a recommended acquisition protocol for submission to teleradiology services.
Tips and Practical Solutions to Dental Challengesupstatevet
Thomas Phillips, DVM, Fellow of the Academy of Veterinary Dentistry 2007
All veterinarians face challenging dental cases. This course will offer options and techniques to successfully accomplish difficult extractions, oronasal fistula, and tips and tricks for dental procedures.
Respiratory Distress in the Small Animal Patientupstatevet
Danielle Berube, DVM, DACVECC
This presentation will review the many differentials for patients presenting in respiratory distress. The lecture will be organized based on anatomic locations within the airway, including upper airway disorders, pulmonary causes of respiratory distress, and diseases of the pleural space. Within each section, we will focus on the physical examination findings, diagnostic options to localize the disorder, and stabilization techniques for the patient. We will also discuss less common causes of respiratory distress such as acute lung injury (ALI), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), transfusion related acute lung injury (TRALI) and even some examples of nonrespiratory look-alikes.
An Overview of Lymphoma for the Veterinary Technicianupstatevet
The document discusses lymphoma in veterinary medicine. It begins with an oath for veterinary technicians and then covers topics like the hallmarks of cancer cells, what lymphoma is, contributing factors, diagnosis including different sampling techniques, staging, treatment options like chemotherapy and its adverse effects, and prognosis. It focuses on providing an overview of lymphoma for veterinary technicians.
Erica Zappia, LVT, Internal Medicine
This course will review vital information for the veterinary technician regarding the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus. Participants will learn physiology, clinical signs, and laboratory abnormalities of diabetes. Important communication practices between the veterinary technician and the client will be discussed.
Assessment and Treatment of Pain in the Emergency and Critical Care Patientupstatevet
Abby Luvera, LVT, Emergency
This lecture will discuss the importance of treating acute pain in our emergency and critical care patients, with an emphasis on the role of the veterinary technician in the recognition, assessment, and treatment of pain. Participants will learn sources of acute pain and available treatment modalities, as well as common pitfalls and challenges when assessing pain. Participants will also hear options for implementing a pain scoring system for their practice and resources for continued education.
Pattern Recognition and the ECG – Clinical Interpretation for the LVT upstatevet
Aaron Wey, DVM, DACVIM (Cardiology)
This lecture will be useful for both new and experienced LVTs and will review the clinical ECG as used in small animal practice. Lecture topics will begin with suggestions for obtaining a good quality ECG and will finish with recognition of common rhythm abnormalities encountered in companion animal practice. Audience participation will enhance the lecture and allow attendees to test their knowledge acquired during the presentation.
Joe Palamara, DVM, DACVS-SA
Description: Dyspnea is defined as difficulty/labored breathing or shortness of breath, and can be a sign of serious disease of the airway, lungs or heart. This lecture will review the process of diagnosing, stabilizing and further localizing dyspnea in dogs. We will discuss recommendations for surgical correction of components of Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome, as well as salvage procedure for Laryngeal paralysis. With appropriate management, the prognosis for these conditions is generally favorable depending on the degree of severity.
Learning Objectives
- Recognize the clinical signs, associated physiology, and diagnosis related to each condition
- Initial stabilization for patients presenting in airway crisis
- Understand the medical and surgical options for each condition
Basic Rehabilitation for the Neurologic Patientupstatevet
Laura Perez, DVM, CVA, CCRT & Jenn Wolfe, LVT, CCRP
Description: This lecture will review basic rehabilitation techniques and concepts that can be applied to patients with neurologic dysfunction/deficits. We will review what techniques and exercises are appropriate for the most common dysfunctions seen, as well as the science behind these techniques. We will also review the variety of assistive devices that are available for neurologic patients including booties, slings, harnesses, carts, etc.
Learning Objectives:
- Understand the concepts behind rehabilitation techniques used in neurologic patients
- Identify a few basic rehabilitation techniques for neurologic patients, with a focus on “down dogs” such as Dachshunds.
- Be familiar with assistive device options for neurologic patients such as harness, slings, booties, carts, and more.
All You Ever Wanted to Know (and more!) About the Canine Corneaupstatevet
Christa Corbett, DVM, MS, DACVO
Description: This lecture will start by outlining the basic anatomy and physiology of the cornea in order to better understand the mechanism of disease and healing. We will then discuss specific corneal diseases and treatment recommendations including proper antibiotic therapy.
Learning Objectives:
- Understand the mechanism of corneal diseases
- Be more familiar with treatment options for each disease
- Have a better understanding of antibiotic selection for corneal disease
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
11. WWW.UVSONLINE.COM
Advantages
Inexpensive
Readily available
Low risk to patient
Fast turnaround time
Evaluate appearance
of individual cells
May give definitive diagnosis
Disadvantages
Small sample
Poor sample quality
Lack of architecture
May not give diagnosis
CYTOLOGY
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DIAGNOSTICS IN VETERINARY ONCOLOGY
13. WWW.UVSONLINE.COM
Tumor vs. Not
Benign vs. Malignant
Histologic type
Histologic grade (if
appropriate)
Assess surgical margins
HISTOPATHOLOGY
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DIAGNOSTICS IN VETERINARY ONCOLOGY
14. WWW.UVSONLINE.COM
Identifies antigens that are
relatively specific to one cell
type
Can help ID poorly
differentiated tumors
Likely multiple stains will be
required
Must be used in conjunction
with morphology
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY
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DIAGNOSTICS IN VETERINARY ONCOLOGY
15. WWW.UVSONLINE.COM
IHC against:
Melan-A
PNL-2
TRP-1
TRP-2
Highly sensitive and specific
Panel also includes
prognostic markers
MELANOMA PANEL
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DIAGNOSTICS IN VETERINARY ONCOLOGY
16. WWW.UVSONLINE.COM
Includes:
Ki67 and AgNORs
C-Kit PCR for ITD mutations
in exons 8 & 11
IHC for KIT expression
pattern
Can help predict behavior
and need for adjuvant
treatment
MCT PANEL
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DIAGNOSTICS IN VETERINARY ONCOLOGY
18. WWW.UVSONLINE.COM
PCR for antigen receptor
rearrangement
Clonality assay
Best for differentiating reactive
from neoplastic lymphocytes or
confirming lymphoid neoplasia
Can be used for
immunophenotyping
PARR
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DIAGNOSTICS IN VETERINARY ONCOLOGY
19. WWW.UVSONLINE.COM
Analysis of individual cell
properties
Cells must be in suspension
and alive
Primarily hematopoietic
tumors
Provides better
immunophenotyping and
prognostic information
Currently limited use in cats
FLOW CYTOMETRY
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DIAGNOSTICS IN VETERINARY ONCOLOGY
20. WWW.UVSONLINE.COM
BRAF
Canine urine sample
Evaluates for BRAF
mutation
No present in healthy dogs
or inflammatory conditions
Sensitivity 85%, specificity
100%
BRAF-Plus
Add on test when BRAF is
negative
Looks for specific copy
number variations
Increases sensitivity to 95%
Very low limit of detection
(10 cells)
CADET BRAF
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DIAGNOSTICS IN VETERINARY ONCOLOGY
21. WWW.UVSONLINE.COM
FidoCure
Extracts tumor DNA for NGS
ID genetic mutations within
tumor
Makes recommendations for
targeted therapies
Can use on formalin-fixed or
fresh biopsy samples
Vidium
Extracts tumor DNA for NGS
Identifies unique mutations
Provides diagnostic, prognostic,
and therapeutic biomarkers
Reports available drug
therapies that target those
mutations
Can use on FNA, formalin-fixed,
or fresh frozen samples
DNA SEQUENCING
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DIAGNOSTICS IN VETERINARY ONCOLOGY
23. WWW.UVSONLINE.COM
Biological fluids used to
detect CTCs, cfDNA, or
other cellular structures
Prognosis, targetable
mutations, response to
treatment, relapse
Pros & cons
LIQUID BIOPSY
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DIAGNOSTICS IN VETERINARY ONCOLOGY
24. WWW.UVSONLINE.COM
cfDNA liquid biopsy
Identifies cancer-associated
genomic alterations
Screening or diagnostic test
High specificity; not as
sensitive
Has been positive for 30
different cancers
ONCOK9
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DIAGNOSTICS IN VETERINARY ONCOLOGY
https://www.veterinarypracticenews.com/clinical-validation-of-oncok9-a-blood-based-multi-cancer-early-detection-liquid-biopsy-test-for-dogs/
25. WWW.UVSONLINE.COM
Nucleosomes released from cancer cells
Measures nucleosomes in blood
Detects 76% of systemic cancers at 97%
specificity
77% lymphoma, 82% hemangiosarcoma,
54% histiocytic sarcoma
Only for dogs, patient must be fasted 4+
hours
Point-of-care option
Screening, diagnosis, response to
treatment
NU.Q®
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DIAGNOSTICS IN VETERINARY ONCOLOGY
https://vetmed.tamu.edu/gilab/service/assays/nu-q-vet-cancer-screening-test/
27. WWW.UVSONLINE.COM
Chemosensitivity assay
13 most common drugs
Immunophenotyping data
provided
Uses flow cytometry +
PARR + drug sensitivity +
patient data
AI algorithm predicts drug
response
IMPRIMED
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DIAGNOSTICS IN VETERINARY ONCOLOGY
28. WWW.UVSONLINE.COM
Hypercalcemia:
Most common with
lymphoma or AGASACA
Typically, from production
of PTHrP
Will often note signs of
hyperCa before tumor
symptoms
Panel can help differentiate
causes of hypercalcemia
PTHrP may be negative for
some malignancies
HYPERCALCEMIA OF MALIGNANCY PANEL
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DIAGNOSTICS IN VETERINARY ONCOLOGY
Diagnosis ICa PTH PTHrP
HCM High Low Positive*
1° HPT High Normal / high Negative
Hypervit D High Low Negative
Granulomatous
disease
High Low Negative
29. WWW.UVSONLINE.COM
Lymphocytosis
Leukemia vs. Stage V
lymphoma
Acute vs. Chronic
Hyperglobulinemia
Plasma cell neoplasia, B cell
neoplasia
Hypercalcemia
Elevated liver enzymes
Azotemia
CBC / CHEMISTRY PANEL
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DIAGNOSTICS IN VETERINARY ONCOLOGY
30. WWW.UVSONLINE.COM
Lots of different tests
available to help us get a
definitive diagnosis
Can be difficult to know
what tests to use when
New tests are continuing
to come to market
Usefulness of individual
tests will become clearer
with time
REVIEW
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DIAGNOSTICS IN VETERINARY ONCOLOGY
32. WWW.UVSONLINE.COM
1. Withrow and Macewen’s Small Animal Clinical Oncology. ELSEVIER HEALTH SCIENCES; 2020. Accessed September 16, 2023.
https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,sso,uid&db=edsgob&AN=edsgob.300950102&site=eds-live&scope=site
2. Nemanic S, London C, Wisner E. Comparison of thoracic radiographs and single breath-hold helical CT for detection of pulmonary nodules in dogs with metastatic neoplasia. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE.
2006;20(3):508-515. Accessed September 11, 2023. https://research-ebsco-com.proxy.library.upei.ca/linkprocessor/plink?id=1cbd8817-e6e0-389a-92a2-5ad2dc41e35e
3. Vail DM, Thamm DH, Reiser H, et al. Assessment of GS-9219 in a Pet Dog Model of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH. 2009;15(10):3503-3510. Accessed September 18, 2023.
https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,sso,uid&db=edsbl&AN=RN251841959&site=eds-live&scope=site
4. Meuten DJ, ed. Tumors in Domestic Animals. Fifth edition. John Wiley & Sons Inc.; 2017. Accessed September 18, 2023.
https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,sso,uid&db=cat01065a&AN=upei.1500264&site=eds-live&scope=site
5. Ramos-Vara JA, Kiupel M, Baszler T, et al. Suggested guidelines for immunohistochemical techniques in veterinary diagnostic laboratories. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 2008;20(4):393-413. Accessed
September 18, 2023. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,sso,uid&db=cbt&AN=20093185790&site=eds-live&scope=site
6. Raskin R, Meyer DJ. Canine and Feline Cytology : A Color Atlas and Interpretation Guide. Vol 3rd edition. Saunders; 2016. Accessed September 19, 2023.
https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,sso,uid&db=edsebk&AN=1000099&site=eds-live&scope=site
7. Ramos-Vara JA, Miller MA. Immunohistochemical identification of canine melanocytic neoplasms with antibodies to melanocytic antigen PNL2 and tyrosinase: Comparison with melan A. Veterinary Pathology. 2011;48(2):443-450-
450. doi:10.1177/0300985810382095
8. Krick EL, Kiupel M, Durham AC, Thaiwong T, Brown DC, Sorenmo KU. Investigating Associations Between Proliferation Indices, C-kit, and Lymph Node Stage in Canine Mast Cell Tumors. Journal of the American Animal Hospital
Association. 2017;53(5):258-264. doi:10.5326/JAAHA-MS-6265
9. Stefano Comazzi, Fulvio Riondato. Flow Cytometry in the Diagnosis of Canine T-Cell Lymphoma. April 2021. Accessed September 20, 2023.
https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,sso,uid&db=edsago&AN=edsago.DJ20220791381&site=eds-live&scope=site
10. Mochizuki H, Shapiro SG, Breen M. Detection of BRAF Mutation in Urine DNA as a Molecular Diagnostic for Canine Urothelial and Prostatic Carcinoma. PloS one. 2015;10(12):e0144170. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0144170
11. Aghamir SMK, Heshmat R, Ebrahimi M, Khatami F. Liquid Biopsy: The Unique Test for Chasing the Genetics of Solid Tumors. Epigenetics Insights. January 2020:1-7. doi:10.1177/2516865720904052
12. Flory A, Kruglyak KM, Tynan JA, et al. Clinical validation of a next-generation sequencing-based multi-cancer early detection “liquid biopsy” blood test in over 1,000 dogs using an independent testing set: The CANcer Detection in
Dogs (CANDiD) study. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(4):1-33. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0266623
13. Wilson-Robles HM, Bygott T, Kelly TK, et al. Evaluation of plasma nucleosome concentrations in dogs with a variety of common cancers and in healthy dogs. BMC Veterinary Research. 2022;18(1):1-11. doi:10.1186/s12917-022-
03429-8
14. Koo J, Choi Kyucheol, Lee P, et al. Predicting dynamic clinical outcomes of the chemotherapy for canine lymphoma patients using a machine learning model. Veterinary Sciences. 2021;8(12). doi:https://www.mdpi.com/2306-
7381/8/12/301
REFERENCES:
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DIAGNOSTICS IN VETERINARY ONCOLOGY
Editor's Notes
Top 3 use often
Not using MRI frequently – neuro uses often
PET CT (positron emmision tomography)
Nuclear scintigraphy
- Widely available, relatively inexpensive
Staging, screening, secondary findings / comorbidities, response to therapy / progressive disease
Thoracic radiographs for staging:
are useful for staging – looking for pulmonary metastasis
Can reliably detect pulmonary nodules >9mm in size
Good initial screen test
3 views recommended, allows for capture of most lesions
Mis-diagnosis in 15% of patients with only 2 views
CXR Not mandatory for all tumor types
lymphoma / leukemia – does not necessarily change treatment, may impact prognosis
MCT also not mandatory
Do recommend for all carcinomas, sarcomas, HS, plasma cell neoplasia, melanomas, etc.
Abdominal radiographs not recommended for staging – not enough soft tissue detail
Images: two patients with metastatic pulmonary lesions
Can be used for screening – to evaluate for primary tumors
Useful for diagnosis mediastinal masses
Left - Canine mediastinal mass on left
Right - Feline mediastinal mass on right
For identifying primary lung tumors
Can also be used to evaluate for pleural effusion (carcinomatosis or other)
Abdominal radiographs as screen for primary tumors is more limited
Are unable to ID all tumors or tissue of origin
Used less frequently
Useful for evaluating bone lesions
Left: Primary osteosarcoma distal tibia
Right: Metastatic bone lesions (carcinoma) proximal humerus
Also useful for looking for bone lesions in multiple myeloma cases
Not great at evaluating: skull for nasal / oral / facial tumors
Left: Right: abdomen w/ enlarged LN & thickened GIT dog
Widely available, relatively inexpensive
Screening, staging, assessing response to therapy
Evaluate for comorbidities
Good for:
Abdominal US: primary tumors, metastatic disease, lymphadenopathy
Cervical US: thyroid, LNs, etc.
Thoracic US: mediastinal masses, pulmonary lesions
Echocardiogram for heart based tumors, cardiac HAS, etc.
Sampling tissues w/ ultrasound guidance
AUS useful for staging all tumors
Not mandatory for lymphoma / leukemia – does not necessarily change treatment, may impact prognosis
Important for MCTs / HS/ plasma cell, sarcomas, carcinomas, melanomas
Can also be used for lymph node mapping and other specialized techniques
Left: primary lung tumor; right: osteosarcoma
More sensitive than radiographs at detecting lesions
Best for staging & surgical planning
Thorax
Able to detect pulmonary nodules as small as 1mm – catches what CXR miss
Better at evaluating thoracic LNs vs. CXR
Abdomen:
Able to imaging in pelvis & around gas filled structures
Better imaging for some abdominal tumors (I.e. insulinoma)
US still better for evaluating some abdominal lesions (i.e. GI layering)
Also good way to detect bone lesions – primary and metastatic (60% OSA will develop bone mets)
Much better than radiographs for skull / cervical imaging
Able to better ID tumor extent / margins / tissue invasion
Often important for surgical planning and / or radiation therapy
Better able to delineate tumor boarders vs. Palpation or other imaging modalities
Detect local tumor invasion
Cannot differentiate tumor vs. Tumor associated inflammation
Can also be used for guided sampling of tissues
- Left: MLO
- Right: nasal tumor
MRI: good soft tissue resolution but not widely used outside of CNS tumors
Will sometimes use in conjunction with CT for brain or nasal tumor RT
Nuclear Scintigraphy:
Evaluation of radiopharmaceutical accumulation
Low resolution – limited anatomic detail
Thyroid and bone is where this is used most often
For bone sensitive but not specific – no differentiation between cancer and other bone change
other imaging modality needs to be used in conjunction
Typically not preferred modality
Other imaging modalities work well so not used as often – especially given more ready access to CT scan
Access limited
PET / CT: (image - lymphoma)
Positron emission tomography / computed tomography
Combines function imaging of NS w/ high spacial resolution of CT
Uses radiopharmaceuticals to target areas of interest on scan
Tumors are often hypermetabolic so can be easily targeted them with glucose analogs or other markers
F-18 FDG most common radiopharm– detects increased metabolic activity – not cancer specific
Others available: F-18 NaF for bone lesions; F-18 FLT for proliferating tissues; Cu-ATSM for hypoxic tissues
Likely has similar value in vet patients as humans but is currently not widely available and cost prohibitive
Don't have ready access and cost prohibitive outside of research environment
Useful for:
Obtaining diagnosis / preliminary diagnosis
Staging
Monitoring response to therapy
Detecting recurrence
Advantages
Alone may give definitive diagnosis (i.e. most round cell tumors)
Disadvantages
Small sample – may not be representative of whole tumor or tissue
Poor quality – due to tumor (necrosis, doesn't exfoliate) or technique (lysed cells)
Lack of architecture can make it hard to differentiate inflammatory / neoplastic and benign / malignant tissues
May not give diagnosis (i.e. hepatocellular carcinoma)
Sampling:
Try to get a representative sample (multiple areas or multiple LNs)
Be delicate when smearing – tumor cells are often fragile and can easily rupture (esp. Lymphoma)
Histopath can tell us:
Tumor vs. not
Benign vs. malignant
Histo type and grade
Surgical margins
Pretreatment:
Core, punch, wedge, tru-cut, etc.
obtain additional information before definitive treatment
Posttreatment: excisional biopsy
Gives information about grade, subtype, invasion, margins, etc.
If clinical behavior not matching pathology consider second opinion, special stains, etc.
10% diagnostic disagreement
If histo path doesn't give answers you need --> IHC may be recommended
Image is lingual carcinoma
Antibodies bind antigens that are expressed by certain cell types
A color reaction allows it to be visualized
Can help give definitive diagnosis which can have a big impact on treatment and prognosis
Ex. Oral tumor – r/o OMM vs. Poorly differentiated sarcoma vs. HS
Would treat all very differently!
Quick note on immunocytochemistry
Done in similar way to IHC
Similar panel of markers
Not done as often, limited clinical use
Specificity close to 100%, Sensitivity ~98%
This includes for amelanotic melanomas which are typically the ones we need IHC for
Includes Ki67, nuclear atypia, MC, & degree of pigmentation which are all prognostic
Includes:
Proliferation indices: Ki67 & AgNORs (argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions)
Ki67 tells about number of proliferating cells
AgNORs relate to speed of proliferation
Combining these 2 tests is predictive of metastasis and survival
Shown that MCTs with low proliferation indices don't need adjuvant therapy even w/ incomplete surgical margins
C-Kit PCR for ITD mutations in exon 8 & 11
Internal tandem duplication mutations
20-30% of cMCTs have ITD in exon 11 --> correlated with more aggressive behavior but respond better to TKIs
2-5% have mutations in exon 8 --> not correlated with behavior, expected to respond to TKIs
IHC for KIT expression pattern
Increased cytoplasmic labeling and loss of membrane-associated labeling --> more aggressive behavior
PCR for antigen receptor rearrangement
Clonality assay --> all cells derived from a single clone
Detects unique genes of an individual B or T lymphocyte that encode the antigen binding region
Detects immunoglobulin gene in B cells and T-cell receptor genes in T cells
If most cells from a node (or multiple nodes or lymphocyte center) have the same receptor gene --> most likely neoplastic, not reactive
A reactive process will have different-sized TCR and immunoglobulin genes
Best for differentiating reactive from neoplastic population
Can be used for immunophenotyping but not as good (i.e. peripheral T cell vs. T-zone)
Very high sensitivity and high specificity for dogs; specificity good for cats but not as sensitive (~60%)
Does have some variation from lab to lab
Analysis of individual cells as they pass in front of a laser
Light absorbance and scatter properties --> cell size and complexity
Can also bind antibodies to look for and quantify intracellular and surface marker expression
Allows for rapid identification of a large number of cells
Most often used for hematopoietic tumors
Cells must be in suspension: anti-coagulated blood or fluids, or FNA suspended in media
Must be shipped overnight --> cells need to be alive on arrival
Cannot always differentiate reactive from neoplastic cells
Can do this if there is aberrant expression of markers (i.e. loss of CD45 in T-zone lymphoma/leukemia)
Does provide better immunophenotyping & prognostic information
I.e. T-zone vs. Peripheral T cell; acute leukemia (CD34+) vs. CLL
Helps differentiate thymoma from cranial mediastinal lymphoma
Thymoma has CD4+ CD8+ lymphocytes --> coexpression only found in thymus
Mediastinal lymphomas will only express one marker – not both
Can be used for peripheral lymphocytosis in cats to help differentiate neoplastic vs. Reactive
For solid tissue samples PARR is more often recommended
Hopefully we will continue to add markers and flow for cats will improve
Uses for BRAF:
Screening high risk patients / breeds
Diagnosis: for patients w/ visible tumor or clinical signs consistent with TCC
Monitoring response: BRAF should decrease as tumor response to treatment, increase w/ progressive disease
NSG = next generation sequencing
FidoCure:
Evaluates tumor DNA for targetable mutations
Makes tx recommendations for targeted drugs available through compounding pharmacy
Provide recommended dose and monitoring plan
Vidium:
Evaluates important mutations in 120+ cancer genes using next-gen sequencing
Both take several weeks for test results
Dog with mandibular osteosarcoma
Biopsy sample submitted to FidoCure – report above
O not interested in surgery or radiation therapy
Unfortunately euthanized before treatment able to be initiated
Results take 2-3 weeks so can be tricky to start therapy quickly
Do offer Data-base results for common tumors
Most common mutations for common tumor --> can start treatments before individual results available
CTCs = circulating tumor cells
Cells that have released from primary tumor and are in circulation
CfDNA = cell free DNA
DNA fragments that are circulating in blood
Other structures: exosomes, nucleosomes
Uses:
Predict prognosis
Reveal targetable mutations
Monitor response to treatment
May detect marker before measurable disease
Pros:
Non-invasive
Easily repeatable
Can use for tumors that cannot be easily sampled
Able to monitor response / relapse earlier than may be clinically evident
Cons:
Very small amounts found in blood
Cannot provide architecture or info on the tumor microenvironment --> still need histopathology
Limited targeted therapies in vet med
Not tumor specific
Screening test:
Use for older dogs or dogs at high risk of developing cancer
Diagnostic test
Use to help confirm cancer when there is a high level of suspicion but not clinically evidence
OR when the tumor is difficult to access
High specificity = 98.5%
If positive your patient has cancer
Lower sensitivity: 85% for top 3 tumors; 55% for all tumor types
Lymphoma, hemangiosarcoma, osteosarcoma – most likely to be positive
Many other types have had positive tests, but not as reliable
For monitoring relapse would need a positive sample at time gross tumor present
Nucleosomes are DNA around a histone protein cores
Released into circulation during apoptosis & necrosis (cancer, severe inflammation, trauma)
Measure by using antibodies specific to neucleosomes
Oral malignant melanoma had high detection rates
Cutaneous melanoma, MCTs, and STS had lowest detection rates
Sensitivity only ~50% overall
Test details:
Collecting data on cats
2-5mLs of EDTA blood
Idexx, Texas A&M GI lab, or point-of-care Heska machine
$200-300, POC test $50
Most patients with a CR will have test results go to negative --> w/ relapse will become positive again
Summary: not all cancers detected, negative result does not mean no cancer, positive result means likely cancer, severe systemic inflammation could result in false positive
For canine lymphoma or leukemia only
Predicts single drug response (image)
Also can predict CHOP failures
Can help select best treatment options
Can be used for naïve or relapse patients
Most common tumors to cause hyperCa = lymphoma, AGASACA
Multiple myeloma, functional parathyroid tumors, thymoma, melanoma, mammary = most common in dogs
Lymphoma, myeloma, squamous cell carcinoma = most common in cats
Multiple others can cause also
Can be caused by other cytokines ( IL-1, IL-6, TNF, calcitriol) or osteolysis
Symptoms: pu/pd, anorexia, vomiting, muscle weakness or twitching
Secondary dehydration, renal damage --> azotemia may/ may not be reversible
If elevated iCa found consider additional diagnostics:
PE including digital rectal exam, malignancy panel, thoracic radiographs, abdominal ultrasound
Most findings are non-specific
CBC:
Lymphocytosis most often
Other leukemias: monocytes, erythrocytosis, etc.
Cytopenias for mylopthesis (myeloma, leukemia, lymphoma, etc.)
Chemistry panel:
Hyperglobulinemia w/ myeloma, B cell
Hypercalcemia (as discussed on other slide)
Elevated liver enzymes – hepatocellular carcinoma, lymphoma, HS, etc.
Azotemia – renal neoplasia (lymphoma, carcinoma, metastatic), TCC, myeloma, leukemia, hypercalcemia