Visualization as a Digital Humanities ______ ?Tara Zepel
Visualization in the digital humanities can be understood as a digital tool, a research lens, and a process. It involves using interactive visual representations of abstract data to amplify cognition and make sense of information. Visualization extends our conceptual scope and can help create and discover new knowledge by allowing us to think visually about data.
This presentation was delivered as part of the Digital Humanities at Oxford Summer School in July 2016. It provides a general introduction to relational databases, including an overview of the benefits of this method of storing and structuring data, and a guide to designing a database structure.
Some slides include further explanation in the notes pane: download a copy of the presentation to see these.
Held at the 2nd European Summer School "Cultures & Technologies" (ESU-CT) in Leipzig, Germany, on July 28th, 2010. Thanks to everyone at the summer school for their feedback and many interesting discussions!
This slideshow was used in a Preparing Your Research Material for the Future course for the Humanities Division, University of Oxford, on 2017-02-22. It provides an overview of some key issues, focusing on the long-term management of data and other research material, including sharing and curation.
The British Library holds over 180-200 million items in its collection, including manuscripts, maps, newspapers, and other materials. Only about 1-2% of the collection has been digitized so far due to the challenges of scale, including the resources needed for imaging, cataloging, and dealing with copyright issues for such a vast collection. The library is addressing these challenges through various digitization efforts and tools that make collections available online, as well as training programs to empower staff in digital scholarship methods and innovations. The goal is for the library to support new ways of exploring and accessing collections through open access digital resources and collaborations.
The British Library is the national library of the UK and by law receives a copy of every published work in the UK and Ireland. It has over 200 million items including books, maps, and manuscripts. The Digital Scholarship team's mission is to enable use of the Library's digital collections for research. One of its projects, Living with Machines, uses digital methods to study the effects of industrialization on ordinary lives. Challenges in operationalizing AI at the Library include copyright issues, managing large scales of data and metadata, integrating interdisciplinary work, and ensuring cultural change to support experimentation.
This document discusses experimental categorization and deep visualization as approaches to analyzing culture using techniques from visual computing and data analysis. It describes cultural analytics as using heterogeneous data and visualization tools to analyze relationships and patterns in global culture. Experimental categorization involves developing innovative and provisional dimensions for describing visual images based on characteristics like color, shape, and texture. Deep visualization makes the underlying technical processes behind images and visualizations more transparent. Examples of projects applying these approaches are provided.
Keynote talk on Remote Labs, for IEEE Kenya 15 July 2021Timothy Drysdale
This was an invited talk at the "Engineering for
Sustainable Future and Transformative Innovation" event organised by IEEE Kenya for 15/16 July. The talk was given remotely and included a live demonstration of our labs. The license for the slides is CC-BY-NC-4.0.
Visualization as a Digital Humanities ______ ?Tara Zepel
Visualization in the digital humanities can be understood as a digital tool, a research lens, and a process. It involves using interactive visual representations of abstract data to amplify cognition and make sense of information. Visualization extends our conceptual scope and can help create and discover new knowledge by allowing us to think visually about data.
This presentation was delivered as part of the Digital Humanities at Oxford Summer School in July 2016. It provides a general introduction to relational databases, including an overview of the benefits of this method of storing and structuring data, and a guide to designing a database structure.
Some slides include further explanation in the notes pane: download a copy of the presentation to see these.
Held at the 2nd European Summer School "Cultures & Technologies" (ESU-CT) in Leipzig, Germany, on July 28th, 2010. Thanks to everyone at the summer school for their feedback and many interesting discussions!
This slideshow was used in a Preparing Your Research Material for the Future course for the Humanities Division, University of Oxford, on 2017-02-22. It provides an overview of some key issues, focusing on the long-term management of data and other research material, including sharing and curation.
The British Library holds over 180-200 million items in its collection, including manuscripts, maps, newspapers, and other materials. Only about 1-2% of the collection has been digitized so far due to the challenges of scale, including the resources needed for imaging, cataloging, and dealing with copyright issues for such a vast collection. The library is addressing these challenges through various digitization efforts and tools that make collections available online, as well as training programs to empower staff in digital scholarship methods and innovations. The goal is for the library to support new ways of exploring and accessing collections through open access digital resources and collaborations.
The British Library is the national library of the UK and by law receives a copy of every published work in the UK and Ireland. It has over 200 million items including books, maps, and manuscripts. The Digital Scholarship team's mission is to enable use of the Library's digital collections for research. One of its projects, Living with Machines, uses digital methods to study the effects of industrialization on ordinary lives. Challenges in operationalizing AI at the Library include copyright issues, managing large scales of data and metadata, integrating interdisciplinary work, and ensuring cultural change to support experimentation.
This document discusses experimental categorization and deep visualization as approaches to analyzing culture using techniques from visual computing and data analysis. It describes cultural analytics as using heterogeneous data and visualization tools to analyze relationships and patterns in global culture. Experimental categorization involves developing innovative and provisional dimensions for describing visual images based on characteristics like color, shape, and texture. Deep visualization makes the underlying technical processes behind images and visualizations more transparent. Examples of projects applying these approaches are provided.
Keynote talk on Remote Labs, for IEEE Kenya 15 July 2021Timothy Drysdale
This was an invited talk at the "Engineering for
Sustainable Future and Transformative Innovation" event organised by IEEE Kenya for 15/16 July. The talk was given remotely and included a live demonstration of our labs. The license for the slides is CC-BY-NC-4.0.
Developments in digital scholarship: at the British Library and at kitchen ta...Mia
The document discusses developments in digital scholarship at the British Library. It describes how the British Library supports digital scholarship through making digital collections available online, collaborative projects, events, and training. It provides examples of digital scholarship projects involving vast datasets and digital tools for analyzing collections. Internal training at the British Library aims to empower staff across collections to engage with digital scholarship concepts and tools. Ongoing challenges include keeping pace with changing digital tools and maintaining staff skills in digital scholarship.
CAA2014 Community Archaeology and Technology: Developing 'Crowd and Communit...Nicole Beale
Chiara Bonacchi, Daniel Pett, Andrew Bevan and Adi Keinan-Schoonbaert
Paper presented at Computer Applications in Archaeology Conference 2014, 22nd - 25th April 2014, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, Paris as part of Session 12: Community Archaeology and Technology. Session organisers: Nicole Beale and Eleonora Gandolfi. Session blog: http://blog.soton.ac.uk/comarch/
This document outlines the structure and content of a Digital Humanities course. It begins by distinguishing between key concepts in the field, including Digital Humanities, Humanities Computing, Digital Studies, and Studies about Digital Culture. It then provides an overview of Digital Humanities, discussing its origins, focus on practice, and global nature. Other sections define related terms, compare approaches like Humanities Computing and Digital Studies, and assign a writing task as the first student assignment. The goal is to introduce students to foundational topics and skills in Digital Humanities.
The document summarizes image retrieval techniques and applications at the BnF (French National Library). It discusses using deep learning for image segmentation, classification, and indexing. It then describes several BnF projects applying these techniques, including GallicaSimilitudes for visual similarity search of collections, GallicaPix for iconographic retrieval and digital humanities case studies, and collaborations with INRIA on object detection in manuscripts and iterative querying. The goal is improved search and access to the diverse range of images in BnF collections.
This presentation was provided by Twyla Gibson and Ann Campion Riley, both of the University of Missouri, during the NISO Virtual Conference, The Computer Campus: Integrating Information Systems and Services, held on August 15, 2018.
Rebecca Grant DAH Research Presentationdri_ireland
Presentation given by Rebecca Grant of the Digital Repository of Ireland at the Research in the Digital Age symposium at the Trinity Long Room Hub, 14 July, 2015. The presentation gives an overview of some of the key concepts and drivers in research data management for the arts and humanities, and introduces the Digital Repository of Ireland as potential place of deposit for such data.
Digital Humanities: A brief introduction to the fieldaelang
This document summarizes a presentation on digital humanities. It discusses working with both structured and unstructured data, challenges around data collection and representation, and examples of textual, spatial and network analysis projects. Resources mentioned include summer schools and tutorials for learning tools and methods in the field.
Community Economic Live Project (2016)
community economies - live project - Brave New Alps | University of Sheffield
Location: Rovereto, Italy
Working closely with Brave New Alps, a cultural association and design collective based in Nomi (Vallagarina district, Trentino region), the students of the MA in Architecture actively took part in the work to establish a community-based research-and- resource centre, through which to intervene – through design, production and knowledge dissemination – in the realms of the commons and community economies.
Data Visualisation and Information Design are increasingly employed in print, broadcast and web media to convey complex ideas or bring simple ones to life. The tools for maps, infographics and visualisations are becoming cheaper and easier to use, and the range of approaches is diversifying. At the same time, data of all kinds is becoming more accessible, whether on research funding (through the Gateways to Research platform), Open Government Data, or the results of individual research projects – as Open Access initiatives to make sharing scientific data a key element of journal publications. We will cover basic ideas and examples of visualisation for newcomers, how visualisation exists as part of wider engagement goals and include a more critical discussion about what visualisation needs to do in order to be a meaningful mechanism for engagement and participation.
Speakers: Andrew Steele (Cancer Research UK), Artemis Skarlatidou (UCL), Damien George, (University of Cambridge), Martin Austwick (UCL)
Talk given at the Sciencedigital@UNGA75 on 29th September as part of a series of side events to mark the 75th anniversary of the United Nations General Assembly.
British Library Labs, Aly Conteh, Digitisation Programme Manager at British L...The European Library
The British Library Labs project encourages researchers and developers to conduct research and development using the British Library's digital collections. It receives funding from The Andrew Mellon Foundation. The project aims to create an environment for intensive work with digital collections, support innovative uses of the collections through competitions and events, and produce case studies of the research. It provides access to datasets such as books, images, and web archives for text mining, visualization, and other research methods. Two current projects through the Labs involve mixing digital collections like a DJ mixes music and generating samples of 19th century texts that represent the distribution of parameters in bibliographic catalogs.
A hands-on data exploration & challenge to become a derived data-set author o...labsbl
Mahendra Mahey, manager of British Library Labs (BL Labs) will examine some of the BL’s digital collections/data & discuss challenges he has had in making the BL's cultural heritage data available openly or onsite at the British Library.
Mahendra will invite delegates to explore data-sets at their leisure, setting a challenge for those who are interested, skilled in exploring, finding patterns and grouping data. They could become data-set authors/creators of derived data-sets, based on pre-existing digital collections/data provided on the day or already available on https://data.bl.uk.
The workshop will conclude with reflections from the delegates and possibly highlighting a number derived data-sets that were generated by participants on the day that could now potentially exist on https://data.bl.uk. If selected, these new derived data-sets will be attributed with the creators' / authors' details and each will have its own cite-able Digital Object Identifier (D.O.I). These new data-sets would then be available for reuse by any researcher in the world.
GUIDANCE FOR THIS WORKSHOP
We strongly recommend you come to this workshop with an appropriate device such as a laptop pre-installed with appropriate tools to analayse different kinds of data-sets, e.g. Microsoft Excel may work with smaller data-sets such as metadata (see other data exploration tools below). If you don't have one, and would still like to attend, please request to 'pair up' with someone who is willing to share and has already signed up.
Other data exploration tools include: Notepad++ (e.g. for viewing text and XML); Open Refine (e.g. for cleaning data); Tableau Public (e.g. for visualising data); Google Fusion Tables (e.g for visualising geo-spatial data); Spacy (e.g. for text and data mining), RStudio (an open source Statistical package), MATLAB (data analysis tool) & NLTK (Natural Language processing).
Please note that this workshop is NOT about training you in using any of these tools, just tools you may be already familiar with to explore and find patterns in our data.
Datatypes you may be examining in this workshop could include: .ZIP, .PDF, .TXT, .CSV, .TSV. .XLS, .XLSX, RDF, .nt, XML (TEI, ALTO and bespoke), .JSON, .JPG, .JPEG, .TIFF and .WARC
Please ensure you are able to read these files on your device before the workshop if you are interested in exploring them during our session.
Slides for session: http://goo.gl/
URL for specific data: http://
Mahendra Mahey tweets at @BL_Labs & @mahendra_mahey
Explain the term "digital humanities," and how it is understood across humanities disciplines.
Describe the research journey as a partnership between researcher and library collections and staff.
List examples of the limits of classification.
Describe the implicit and explicit hierarchies that are created when gathering and analyzing data.
Distinguish between what counts as data and what does not.
Identify different data formats and how they fit into a research workflow.
The MA in Digital Humanities at King's College London looks at how we create and disseminate knowledge in an age where so much of what we do is mobile, networked and mediated by digital culture and technology
It gives a critical perspective on digital theory and practice in studying human culture, from the perspectives of academic scholarship, cultural heritage and the commercial world
We study the history and current state of the digital humanities, and their role in modelling, curating, analysing and interpreting digital representations of human culture in all its forms.
For more information: http://www.kcl.ac.uk/artshums/depts/ddh/study/pgt/madh/index.aspx
Enabling complex analysis of large scale digital collectionsJisc
This document summarizes a project to enable complex analysis of large digitized collections through expanded research data management. The project has successfully implemented complex searches of 64,000 digitized books from the British Library. In the next phase, the project will scale up by adding additional data sources, working with more researchers to understand their needs, and training researchers and librarians to independently query the data. The goal is to make digitized collections truly searchable and support novel research in the arts, humanities, and social sciences.
Mahendra Mahey, BL Labs Manager, British Library
This Award celebrates quality learning experiences created for learners of any age and ability that use the Library's digital content.
Presented at the AAO 2013 Conference - a discussion on building a Digital Scholarship Unit at the University of Toronto Scarborough Library. Covers the conference questions of "should you; could you; and why would you digitize"
Developments in digital scholarship: at the British Library and at kitchen ta...Mia
The document discusses developments in digital scholarship at the British Library. It describes how the British Library supports digital scholarship through making digital collections available online, collaborative projects, events, and training. It provides examples of digital scholarship projects involving vast datasets and digital tools for analyzing collections. Internal training at the British Library aims to empower staff across collections to engage with digital scholarship concepts and tools. Ongoing challenges include keeping pace with changing digital tools and maintaining staff skills in digital scholarship.
CAA2014 Community Archaeology and Technology: Developing 'Crowd and Communit...Nicole Beale
Chiara Bonacchi, Daniel Pett, Andrew Bevan and Adi Keinan-Schoonbaert
Paper presented at Computer Applications in Archaeology Conference 2014, 22nd - 25th April 2014, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, Paris as part of Session 12: Community Archaeology and Technology. Session organisers: Nicole Beale and Eleonora Gandolfi. Session blog: http://blog.soton.ac.uk/comarch/
This document outlines the structure and content of a Digital Humanities course. It begins by distinguishing between key concepts in the field, including Digital Humanities, Humanities Computing, Digital Studies, and Studies about Digital Culture. It then provides an overview of Digital Humanities, discussing its origins, focus on practice, and global nature. Other sections define related terms, compare approaches like Humanities Computing and Digital Studies, and assign a writing task as the first student assignment. The goal is to introduce students to foundational topics and skills in Digital Humanities.
The document summarizes image retrieval techniques and applications at the BnF (French National Library). It discusses using deep learning for image segmentation, classification, and indexing. It then describes several BnF projects applying these techniques, including GallicaSimilitudes for visual similarity search of collections, GallicaPix for iconographic retrieval and digital humanities case studies, and collaborations with INRIA on object detection in manuscripts and iterative querying. The goal is improved search and access to the diverse range of images in BnF collections.
This presentation was provided by Twyla Gibson and Ann Campion Riley, both of the University of Missouri, during the NISO Virtual Conference, The Computer Campus: Integrating Information Systems and Services, held on August 15, 2018.
Rebecca Grant DAH Research Presentationdri_ireland
Presentation given by Rebecca Grant of the Digital Repository of Ireland at the Research in the Digital Age symposium at the Trinity Long Room Hub, 14 July, 2015. The presentation gives an overview of some of the key concepts and drivers in research data management for the arts and humanities, and introduces the Digital Repository of Ireland as potential place of deposit for such data.
Digital Humanities: A brief introduction to the fieldaelang
This document summarizes a presentation on digital humanities. It discusses working with both structured and unstructured data, challenges around data collection and representation, and examples of textual, spatial and network analysis projects. Resources mentioned include summer schools and tutorials for learning tools and methods in the field.
Community Economic Live Project (2016)
community economies - live project - Brave New Alps | University of Sheffield
Location: Rovereto, Italy
Working closely with Brave New Alps, a cultural association and design collective based in Nomi (Vallagarina district, Trentino region), the students of the MA in Architecture actively took part in the work to establish a community-based research-and- resource centre, through which to intervene – through design, production and knowledge dissemination – in the realms of the commons and community economies.
Data Visualisation and Information Design are increasingly employed in print, broadcast and web media to convey complex ideas or bring simple ones to life. The tools for maps, infographics and visualisations are becoming cheaper and easier to use, and the range of approaches is diversifying. At the same time, data of all kinds is becoming more accessible, whether on research funding (through the Gateways to Research platform), Open Government Data, or the results of individual research projects – as Open Access initiatives to make sharing scientific data a key element of journal publications. We will cover basic ideas and examples of visualisation for newcomers, how visualisation exists as part of wider engagement goals and include a more critical discussion about what visualisation needs to do in order to be a meaningful mechanism for engagement and participation.
Speakers: Andrew Steele (Cancer Research UK), Artemis Skarlatidou (UCL), Damien George, (University of Cambridge), Martin Austwick (UCL)
Talk given at the Sciencedigital@UNGA75 on 29th September as part of a series of side events to mark the 75th anniversary of the United Nations General Assembly.
British Library Labs, Aly Conteh, Digitisation Programme Manager at British L...The European Library
The British Library Labs project encourages researchers and developers to conduct research and development using the British Library's digital collections. It receives funding from The Andrew Mellon Foundation. The project aims to create an environment for intensive work with digital collections, support innovative uses of the collections through competitions and events, and produce case studies of the research. It provides access to datasets such as books, images, and web archives for text mining, visualization, and other research methods. Two current projects through the Labs involve mixing digital collections like a DJ mixes music and generating samples of 19th century texts that represent the distribution of parameters in bibliographic catalogs.
A hands-on data exploration & challenge to become a derived data-set author o...labsbl
Mahendra Mahey, manager of British Library Labs (BL Labs) will examine some of the BL’s digital collections/data & discuss challenges he has had in making the BL's cultural heritage data available openly or onsite at the British Library.
Mahendra will invite delegates to explore data-sets at their leisure, setting a challenge for those who are interested, skilled in exploring, finding patterns and grouping data. They could become data-set authors/creators of derived data-sets, based on pre-existing digital collections/data provided on the day or already available on https://data.bl.uk.
The workshop will conclude with reflections from the delegates and possibly highlighting a number derived data-sets that were generated by participants on the day that could now potentially exist on https://data.bl.uk. If selected, these new derived data-sets will be attributed with the creators' / authors' details and each will have its own cite-able Digital Object Identifier (D.O.I). These new data-sets would then be available for reuse by any researcher in the world.
GUIDANCE FOR THIS WORKSHOP
We strongly recommend you come to this workshop with an appropriate device such as a laptop pre-installed with appropriate tools to analayse different kinds of data-sets, e.g. Microsoft Excel may work with smaller data-sets such as metadata (see other data exploration tools below). If you don't have one, and would still like to attend, please request to 'pair up' with someone who is willing to share and has already signed up.
Other data exploration tools include: Notepad++ (e.g. for viewing text and XML); Open Refine (e.g. for cleaning data); Tableau Public (e.g. for visualising data); Google Fusion Tables (e.g for visualising geo-spatial data); Spacy (e.g. for text and data mining), RStudio (an open source Statistical package), MATLAB (data analysis tool) & NLTK (Natural Language processing).
Please note that this workshop is NOT about training you in using any of these tools, just tools you may be already familiar with to explore and find patterns in our data.
Datatypes you may be examining in this workshop could include: .ZIP, .PDF, .TXT, .CSV, .TSV. .XLS, .XLSX, RDF, .nt, XML (TEI, ALTO and bespoke), .JSON, .JPG, .JPEG, .TIFF and .WARC
Please ensure you are able to read these files on your device before the workshop if you are interested in exploring them during our session.
Slides for session: http://goo.gl/
URL for specific data: http://
Mahendra Mahey tweets at @BL_Labs & @mahendra_mahey
Explain the term "digital humanities," and how it is understood across humanities disciplines.
Describe the research journey as a partnership between researcher and library collections and staff.
List examples of the limits of classification.
Describe the implicit and explicit hierarchies that are created when gathering and analyzing data.
Distinguish between what counts as data and what does not.
Identify different data formats and how they fit into a research workflow.
The MA in Digital Humanities at King's College London looks at how we create and disseminate knowledge in an age where so much of what we do is mobile, networked and mediated by digital culture and technology
It gives a critical perspective on digital theory and practice in studying human culture, from the perspectives of academic scholarship, cultural heritage and the commercial world
We study the history and current state of the digital humanities, and their role in modelling, curating, analysing and interpreting digital representations of human culture in all its forms.
For more information: http://www.kcl.ac.uk/artshums/depts/ddh/study/pgt/madh/index.aspx
Enabling complex analysis of large scale digital collectionsJisc
This document summarizes a project to enable complex analysis of large digitized collections through expanded research data management. The project has successfully implemented complex searches of 64,000 digitized books from the British Library. In the next phase, the project will scale up by adding additional data sources, working with more researchers to understand their needs, and training researchers and librarians to independently query the data. The goal is to make digitized collections truly searchable and support novel research in the arts, humanities, and social sciences.
Mahendra Mahey, BL Labs Manager, British Library
This Award celebrates quality learning experiences created for learners of any age and ability that use the Library's digital content.
Presented at the AAO 2013 Conference - a discussion on building a Digital Scholarship Unit at the University of Toronto Scarborough Library. Covers the conference questions of "should you; could you; and why would you digitize"
Similar to DHOxSS Working with digital images 23-07-2015 (20)
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
How to Setup Default Value for a Field in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, we can set a default value for a field during the creation of a record for a model. We have many methods in odoo for setting a default value to the field.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
1. Working with Digital Images
Dr Ségolène M. Tarte
Digital.Humanities@Oxford Summer School – 23rd July 2015
University of Oxford, UK
2. Digital.Humanities@Oxford Summer School
23rd July 2015, University of Oxford, UK
S. Tarte Introduction to the Digital Humanities:
Why images?
• To preserve, conserve, and curate
• To analyze, study, and interpret
• To document, present, and disseminate
And because they:
• Are portable
• Can be processed without damage to the pictured
object
• Can give access to new information:
– Multispectral imaging: seeing beyond visible light
– Faces and surfaces hidden in exhibitions
– etc…
3. Digital.Humanities@Oxford Summer School
23rd July 2015, University of Oxford, UK
S. Tarte Introduction to the Digital Humanities:
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 127
0 255 255 255 0 0 255 0 0 255 0 0
0 255 0 0 255 0 255 0 0 255 0 0
0 255 0 0 255 0 255 255 255 255 0 0
0 255 0 0 255 0 255 0 0 255 0 0
0 255 255 255 0 0 255 0 0 255 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 127
What are digital images?
For a grey-scale image (8bit):
• An array of integers with values between 0 and 255
(or 256 values between 0 and 1)
– 0 is black
– 255 (1) is white
• Each cell in the array
is a pixel, with:
– Coordinates (x, y)
– A pixel value v
between 0 and 255
– A pixel size defining the
resolution of the image
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 127
0 255 255 255 0 0 255 0 0 255 0 0
0 255 0 0 255 0 255 0 0 255 0 0
0 255 0 0 255 0 255 255 255 255 0 0
0 255 0 0 255 0 255 0 0 255 0 0
0 255 255 255 0 0 255 0 0 255 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 127
4. Digital.Humanities@Oxford Summer School
23rd July 2015, University of Oxford, UK
S. Tarte Introduction to the Digital Humanities:
What are digital images?
For a colour image:
• Up to 4 arrays, or channels, storing values
according to a given model of colour space
• Examples of colour spaces:
– HSL – Hue Saturation Lightness
– RGB – Red Green Blue
– HSV – Hue Saturation Value
– RGBA – Red Green Blue Alpha
– CMYK (for printing) – Cyan Magenta Yellow blacK
5. Digital.Humanities@Oxford Summer School
23rd July 2015, University of Oxford, UK
S. Tarte Introduction to the Digital Humanities:
Two models of colour spaces
RGB
• Red value, r
• Green value, g
• Blue value, b
Note: if r=g=b, then the
colour is on the grey scale
HSL
• Hue, h
• Saturation, s
• Lightness, l
Notes: if s=0, then the
colour is on the grey scale;
if l=0, the colour is black; if
l=1, the colour is white
6. Digital.Humanities@Oxford Summer School
23rd July 2015, University of Oxford, UK
S. Tarte Introduction to the Digital Humanities:
Discrete light receptors in the retina:
– Cones – photopic vision:
• 6-7 million
• Highly sensitive to colour
(specialised red, green, blue cones)
• Concentrated around the fovea
• Bright-light vision
• Fine details
– Rods – scotopic vision:
• 75-150 million
• Sensitive to low levels of illumination
• Large area of distribution on the retina
• Dim-light vision
• Overall picture of the field of view
Elements of human visual perception
7. Digital.Humanities@Oxford Summer School
23rd July 2015, University of Oxford, UK
S. Tarte Introduction to the Digital Humanities:
Elements of human visual perception
• Mach Band effect
• Optical illusions
8. Digital.Humanities@Oxford Summer School
23rd July 2015, University of Oxford, UK
S. Tarte Introduction to the Digital Humanities:
Digital images and visual perception
• Parallel between RGB colour space and the cones
of our visual system
– RGB appropriate for fine details detection
• Perception of brightness is adaptive and important
in detection of changes
– HSL’s saturation channel and grey-scale images
appropriate for feature detection
• Visual perception is context dependent and
encapsulates (implicit) expectations and
knowledge
– Choosing how to look at images and how to process them
(as well as, upstream, how to capture them!!) is
interpretative
10. Digital.Humanities@Oxford Summer School
23rd July 2015, University of Oxford, UK
S. Tarte Introduction to the Digital Humanities:
Digital is not neutral!
Digitized versions of an artefact are digital avatars of
the artefact
Digital avatars:
(1) Are encoded
(2) Are embedded into the real
(3) Influence the real
– Express a certain form of presence of the artefact (re-
materializaton)
– Are contingent on the intention of the act of digitization
– Have an expected performative value
11. Digital.Humanities@Oxford Summer School
23rd July 2015, University of Oxford, UK
S. Tarte Introduction to the Digital Humanities:
As for texts, images require:
• Provenance
– Who made the image?
– From what?
– How?
– Why?
– When?
• Processing principles
[// Editorial principles]
– For what purpose was
the image
produced/modified?
– Was it
modified/processed?
– If so, how and why?
– Processing is political
[“All mark-up is political”]
12. Digital.Humanities@Oxford Summer School
23rd July 2015, University of Oxford, UK
S. Tarte Introduction to the Digital Humanities:
Histogram-based processing
• A histogram visualizes the distribution of grey levels
in the image:
– to each grey levels value v (bin in the histogram)
corresponds the count N of pixels with this grey level value v
(N is the height of the histogram bar, for the bin v)
Note: All principles of processing presented hereafter will deal with 8bit grey-scale images but can
be applied to colour images by applying to each channel of the adopted colour model]
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
7
0 25
5
25
5
25
5
0 0 25
5
0 0 25
5
0 0
0 25
5
0 0 25
5
0 25
5
0 0 25
5
0 0
0 25
5
0 0 25
5
0 25
5
25
5
25
5
25
5
0 0
0 25
5
0 0 25
5
0 25
5
0 0 25
5
0 0
0 25
5
25
5
25
5
0 0 25
5
0 0 25
5
0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
7
13. Digital.Humanities@Oxford Summer School
23rd July 2015, University of Oxford, UK
S. Tarte Introduction to the Digital Humanities:
Example
Image size: 6048x4032
LinearcountscaleLogarithmiccountscale
14. Digital.Humanities@Oxford Summer School
23rd July 2015, University of Oxford, UK
S. Tarte Introduction to the Digital Humanities:
Brightness and contrast adjustments
• Brightness: shifts the histogram towards the whites
(255) to brighten; shifts the histogram to the blacks
(0) to darken.
– The pixels are redistributed in the bins of the histogram:
15. Digital.Humanities@Oxford Summer School
23rd July 2015, University of Oxford, UK
S. Tarte Introduction to the Digital Humanities:
Brightness and contrast adjustments
• Contrast: redistributes the pixel colours so that they
span more grey values for more contrast, (resp.
less grey values, less contrast)
– The pixels are redistributed in the bins of the histogram:
16. Digital.Humanities@Oxford Summer School
23rd July 2015, University of Oxford, UK
S. Tarte Introduction to the Digital Humanities:
Image segmentation
• Image segmentation is the action of determining
region(s) of particular interest (ROI) in an image,
e.g. script, brush strokes
• The crucial task: translate into image/pixels terms
what a region of interest is:
– Specific structures (usually called features in image
processing terms)
– Areas sharing a given property, a form of similarity
17. Digital.Humanities@Oxford Summer School
23rd July 2015, University of Oxford, UK
S. Tarte Introduction to the Digital Humanities:
Image segmentation
• Two main strategies to identify ROIs:
– Feature detection: detect features, i.e. where there are
discontinuities in the grey values (like at the edges of the
Mach bands)
Example:
• Finding blobs, lines, and edges
– Region identification: define regions, i.e. where there is a
form of continuity/similarity between pixels
Example:
• Finding areas, patches
18. Digital.Humanities@Oxford Summer School
23rd July 2015, University of Oxford, UK
S. Tarte Introduction to the Digital Humanities:
Feature detection
• Related to brightness perception
• Easier done after having transformed the image into so-called
Fourier space (which deals with frequencies)
– Useful filters:
• Sobel filter, differential filter, Canny edge detector (edges)
• Laplace filter, Difference of Gaussians (blobs)
• Hough transform (ridges)
These filters work by identifying specific “behaviours” of the image
expressed in Fourier space, it then isolates those behaviours in Fourier
space and returns the corresponding areas in image space.
– Other filters:
• High-pass: sharpening (keep the fine details)
• Low-pass: smoothing and blurring (keep the larger areas)
19. Digital.Humanities@Oxford Summer School
23rd July 2015, University of Oxford, UK
S. Tarte Introduction to the Digital Humanities:
Feature detection
[ generated in Gimp 2.8 – SobelFilter]
20. Digital.Humanities@Oxford Summer School
23rd July 2015, University of Oxford, UK
S. Tarte Introduction to the Digital Humanities:
Feature detection
[ generated in Gimp 2.8
– Despeckle + DoG 14-
12]
21. Digital.Humanities@Oxford Summer School
23rd July 2015, University of Oxford, UK
S. Tarte Introduction to the Digital Humanities:
Region identification
• Related to colour/grey-level perception
• Thresholding
– Histogram-based classification of pixels into
“foreground/background” by mapping selected values onto
black or white
• Region growing (magic wand / fuzzy selection –
colour selection)
– Starts at a so-called “seed” point, defined manually
– Based on a similarity criterion (allowed colour variation)
and (for the fuzzy selection) connectivity of the “similar”
pixels
24. Digital.Humanities@Oxford Summer School
23rd July 2015, University of Oxford, UK
S. Tarte Introduction to the Digital Humanities:
Multiple images, getting more information
• Multi-spectral imaging
• Changing illumination conditions: Reflectance
Transformation Imaging (RTI)
25. Digital.Humanities@Oxford Summer School
23rd July 2015, University of Oxford, UK
S. Tarte Introduction to the Digital Humanities:
Multispectral imaging (MSI)
• MSI can typically span
wavelengths in the range
~380 nm to 1100 nm
Da Vinci’s adoration of the Magi
26. Digital.Humanities@Oxford Summer School
23rd July 2015, University of Oxford, UK
S. Tarte Introduction to the Digital Humanities:
MSI
• MSI also relies on the light absorption and
reflective properties of the components of the
artefact being imaged
– The (mineral & organic) chemical components react
differently to different wavelengths
– Possibility to isolate components
28. Digital.Humanities@Oxford Summer School
23rd July 2015, University of Oxford, UK
S. Tarte Introduction to the Digital Humanities:
RTI: Allowing procedural mimesis
– Capture the physical characteristics of the artefact that
power the sense-making process
• Rely on properties of the visual system
• Mimic a physical-world interpretation strategy of the
experts
Pitch-and-yaw motion
in raking light
• Exaggeration of
highlights and shadows
• Visual system extracts
(interpolates) volumetric
information (shadow-
stereo principle)
• An aspect of materiality
29. Digital.Humanities@Oxford Summer School
23rd July 2015, University of Oxford, UK
S. Tarte Introduction to the Digital Humanities:
How RTI works
• Multiple image capture
– 76 LEDs
– One picture per LED
• Create a Polynomial Texture
Map (PTM; hence *.ptm
files)
– Extract a base RGB image
– Based on a luminance model of
light fit the changes of
illumination to a quadratic
surface
30. Digital.Humanities@Oxford Summer School
23rd July 2015, University of Oxford, UK
S. Tarte Introduction to the Digital Humanities:
PTM – the LRGB format principle
For each pixel in a .ptm file, are stored:
• RGB as in other formats
– A red value
– A green value
– A blue value
• And a light channel L
– Does not store the 76 values of each of the captured
images
– Instead fits a (quadratic) surface to these 76 values
• Only requires to store the 6 coefficients describing the
surface as a function of light position
• Also allows to simulate light positions for which no
picture was originally captured
[L(lu,lv )= a0lu
2
+a1lv
2
+a2lulv +a3lu +a4lv +a5]
31. Digital.Humanities@Oxford Summer School
23rd July 2015, University of Oxford, UK
S. Tarte Introduction to the Digital Humanities:
A Proto-Elamite tablet Louvre, Sb 02801; Source: http://cdli.ucla.edu/
32. Digital.Humanities@Oxford Summer School
23rd July 2015, University of Oxford, UK
S. Tarte Introduction to the Digital Humanities:
Information in the difference
• Take advantage of the
shadow stereo principle,
i.e., of the motion of the
shadows and highlights
depending on the light
position
32
33. Digital.Humanities@Oxford Summer School
23rd July 2015, University of Oxford, UK
S. Tarte Introduction to the Digital Humanities:
How the blend modes work (Gimp / Photoshop)
• Layers are stacked
– Their order is important
• To each layer is associated a mode
– This mode defines how the current layer is combined
with the layer below it
• Depending on the nature of the blend mode, swapping
two layers (and their associated blend modes) will
drastically affect the results
– It can be useful to have an extra empty background layer:
• e.g. a black layer if looking to combine all images and
only see the lighter pixels
• or, a white layer if looking to combine all images and
only see the darker pixels
34. Digital.Humanities@Oxford Summer School
23rd July 2015, University of Oxford, UK
S. Tarte Introduction to the Digital Humanities:
Multiple images
• In a set of images of an object taken from the same
vantage point, new information lies in how those
images vary
– Explore the differences by using the blend modes:
• Difference
• Subtract
• Darken only
• Lighten only
35. Digital.Humanities@Oxford Summer School
23rd July 2015, University of Oxford, UK
S. Tarte Introduction to the Digital Humanities:
Using processed images
• Processing images is modifying them
• Processing images is interpreting them
It’s ok to modify images if we’re clear about what we’re
looking for and why we use one method or another when
processing
Understanding the (often black-boxed) image processing
options helps justify choices and make expectations
explicit – the act of interpretation then becomes more
sharable, reproducible, and teachable…
36. Digital.Humanities@Oxford Summer School
23rd July 2015, University of Oxford, UK
S. Tarte Introduction to the Digital Humanities:
Processing IS interpreting
• It’s important to not mislead your audience
– Make your processing obvious
• As a process
• Give details of what has been done and
why (expose methodology & methods)
• As a result
• Avoid smoothing stitching of images
• Use non-photo-realistic colours as much
as possible - it’ll then be obvious you have
done something to the images
37. Digital.Humanities@Oxford Summer School
23rd July 2015, University of Oxford, UK
S. Tarte Introduction to the Digital Humanities:
Example of the “Artemidorus papyrus”
• “A strange papyrus” with
– Text – including portions of Artemidorus’ geography
– Maps
– Drawings
• Controversies around its authenticity
– “It’s a fake”: and the forger is… C. Simonides(19th cent)
– It can’t possibly be a fake, in spite of its strangeness
Theory: “the three lives of the papyrus”:
1. early Roman period de luxe copy of the 2nd book of
Artemidorus’ geophraphy (2nd cent BC) with maps
2. re-used in an artist’s workshop: verso with mythological
and real animals (sketch book)
3. Verso blanks filled in with drawings of heads, hands, and
feet (sketch book) [Gallazzi & Kramer, 1998]
38. Digital.Humanities@Oxford Summer School
23rd July 2015, University of Oxford, UK
S. Tarte Introduction to the Digital Humanities:
Making the intangible tangible: P. Artemid.
Virtual access to the papyrus only
– IR images
– Mirror-images through ink transfers
• Virtually evaluate how the papyrus was rolled
• Virtually compute its length
• Virtually reposition the fragments
– Re-materialization of some aspects of the papyrus
[Tarte, 2012]
[D’Alessio, 2012]
[Latour & Lowe, 2011]
(in collaboration with Prof. D’Alessio (KCL), and Dr Elsner (Oxford))
40. Digital.Humanities@Oxford Summer School
23rd July 2015, University of Oxford, UK
S. Tarte Introduction to the Digital Humanities:
Example of the “Artemidorus papyrus”
Correspondences between recto
and verso pictures:
Measurements between original
and transfer images to simulate the
rolled papyrus
• 12.5cm at the level of V25 on the verso, which
corresponds on the recto to approximately 40cm
inwards of the left end of section (b+c)
• 13.2cm at the level of column (iv)
• 15.3 cm to 4cm at the level of the hands (R16,
R18) at the right end of section (b+c)
41. Digital.Humanities@Oxford Summer School
23rd July 2015, University of Oxford, UK
S. Tarte Introduction to the Digital Humanities:
Example of the “Artemidorus papyrus”
Κροκóττας
An Indian wild beast, hybrid between
wolf and dog – possibly a hyena
42. Digital.Humanities@Oxford Summer School
23rd July 2015, University of Oxford, UK
S. Tarte Introduction to the Digital Humanities:
Digital version of the hand-out:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/32yks9fjxw142n6/Refere
nceList-Images.docx?dl=0