The document outlines various theories of human development, including stages identified by Earnest Jones and cognitive development stages proposed by Piaget. It details Piaget's four stages of cognitive development: sensory motor, pre-operational, concrete operational, and formal operational, highlighting characteristics and processes involved in each stage. Additional developmental theories mentioned include Freud's psychoanalysis, Erikson's psychosocial development, and Kohlberg's moral development theory.

1. Developmental theory
 According to Earnest Jones 4 Human development
stages are-
• Infancy(birth to 5 yr)
• Childhood (5 to 12)
• Adolescence (12-18)
• Maturity/ Adulthood (18 To Next Yr)
 Piaget theory of cognitive/Intellectual development: He
suggested four developmental stages-
• Sensory Motor stage (from birth to 2 yr)
• Pre-operational stage (2 to 7 yr)
• Concrete-operational stage ( 7 to 11)
• Formal operational stage ( 11 to above)
 Others developmental theory: Freud Psycho-analysis
theory, Eriction’s theory of psychosocial development,
kholberg Moral Development theory.

2. Piaget theory of cognitive/Intellectual development:
first try to understand the major theoretical premises on which
the theory stand-
• Piaget theoretical notions: Piaget design a proper framework to understand
the structure and functioning and development of the cognitive network of the
human mind. He postulated that like physical organs of the human body there
are two aspect of the human mind: one is referred to as cognitive structure and
the other as cognitive functioning.
• Cognitive structure: unlike other creatures, the human baby is born with a
few practical instincts and reflexes such as looking, racing and grasping.
Therefore the initial cognitive structure of Infant is supposed to incorporate
only those cognitive abilities or potential which help them to do such acts such
as look, reach out or grasp. Piagets named these abilities or potentials as
schemas.
• Cognitive functioning: The structure of an organism is said to play a decisive
role in its functioning. Therefore, what is available to an individual in terms of
his schemas decides how he is going to respond to the stimuli present in his
physical or social environment. On the other hand the individual has to adapt
to his environment for survival as well as proper growth and development.
The key to his cognitive development thus lies in his constant interaction with
an adaptation to his physical and social environment. The tasks of such
adaptation is carried out through the process of assimilation and
accommodation

3. In this way piaget highlighted the role of the
following factors in one's cognitive make up and its
functioning:
1. The biologically inherited reflexes and mental
dispositions as the fundamental cognitive
structure.
2. The changes and development brought about in
the cognitive structure through maturation (i.e the
process of natural growth)
3. The changes and development in the cognitive
structure brought about through experiences
(interaction with the physical and social
environment) involving the process of
assimilation, accommodation and equilibration.

4.  4 Stages of intellectual Development:
1. Sensory Motor stage (from birth to 2 yr): Piaget called the first
stage of intellectual development the sensori-motor stage because it is characterized
by the absence of language and it is limited to direct sensory and motor interaction
with the environment.
 Characteristics of Sensory Motor Stage:
I. Reflex action ( grasping, Sucking)
II. Circular action- a child may suck his or her thumb by accident and then later
intentionally repeat the action.
III. Object permanence
IV. Make-believe play
2. Pre-Operational Stage (2 to 7 yr): In this stage the child begins to
replace direct action in the form of sensory or motor exploration with symbols.
 Characteristics of Sensory Motor Stage:
I. Symbolic thought - to the use of symbols.
II. Differed Imitation
III. Animistic thinking
IV. Egocentric thinking
V. Centration- a child will become completely fixed on one point, not allowing them
to see the wider picture. Example- focusing only height of the container not width.
VI. Principle of conservation

5. 3. Concrete operational stage(7 to 11): Third stage of
cognitive development. some characteristics of this
developmental stage are-
I. At this level, the limitations of the previous level are
removed first.
II. Classification ability
III. Seriation ability- the ability to put things in order based on
quantity or magnitude. (short to tall, small to large).
IV. Inductive thinking (specific to general)
V. Concrete thinking.
4. Formal-Operational Stage (11 to above): The intellectual
development and functioning takes a very sophisticated
shape at this stage. some characteristics of this stage are-
I. Abstract thinking
II. Deductive thinking ( general to specific)
III. Hypothesis making
IV. Problem solving

6. Thank you
(Presented by Hanin Badsah)