This document discusses the evolution of weapons throughout history. It describes how early humans used clubs, spears and axes made of wood, stone or metal for protection and hunting. Over time, weapons incorporated new materials like bronze and iron, and civilizations developed specialized weapons for infantry, cavalry and chariots. Advances in metallurgy, gunpowder and engineering transformed warfare, leading to guns, cannons, tanks, planes and ultimately atomic weapons.

2. A weapon is a tool or instrument
used with the aim of causing damage
or harm (either physical or mental) to
living beings or artificial structures.

5.  People used clubs, axes and
spears.
 Weapons were made from wood,
stones and metal.
 Used for protection and hunting.

6.  They fought with chariots pulled by donkeys.
 They also used bows and arrows, spears,
axes and clubs.
 They wore copper helmets and carried
rectangular shields.

7.  They fought with spears, swords, axes,
daggers and clubs or maces.
 From about 1,700 BC the army also had
chariots.
 Important soldiers wore armour made of
bronze.

8.  The first people to use only iron weapons.
 They used a combination of chariots, cavalry
and infantry.
 The Assyrians also equipped their soldiers
with sturdy boots.

9.  Protected by helmets,
breastplates and backplates
and shin guards called
greaves.
 Thry carried two throwing
spears and a sword.
 They carried round, bronze
shields, long spears made
of wood with a metal point.

10.  A Roman legionary wore a helmet, segmented
armour, a curved shield made of layers of
wood covered in leather.
 He carried a throwing spear called a pilum but
his main weapon was a short sword called a
gladius.

11.  Saxon tactic was to form a 'shield wall' by
standing side-by-side holding their shields in
a line.
 The Vikings fought with spears, axes and
swords.they use to built forts also.

12.  Castles were built of stone. In the centre was a
stone tower.
 Surrounding it was a curtain wall.
 The weakest part of a castle was its gate.
 Around the curtain wall were arrow slits and
openings through which boiling liquids could be
poured or stones could be dropped.

13.  Attackers could use a variety of siege
weapons like battering ram.
 To climb the castle walls you could use
ladders.
 The attackers could also hurl missiles using
siege engines

14.  In the 16th century guns
transformed warfare.
 Handguns were
increasingly used.
 Forts and walled towns
had bastions.
 Solid cannonballs (called
shot) were useful for
firing at walls during
sieges and for firing at
enemy ships.

15.  In the early 16th century the Aztecs were
fearsome warriors.
 They fought with slings and spears made of
wood with blades edged with pieces of sharp
obsidian

16.  Samurai were hereditary warriors who
followed a code of behaviour called bushido.
 Samurai fought with long swords, spears,
daggers, skewers and small knive.

17.  Indian soldiers fought
with a curved sword
called tulwar.
 Indian warriors carried a
round shield called a
dhal made of steel.
 Indians also fought with
matchlock muskets,
which they called
bandukh toradas.

18.  In the early 17th century firearms were either
matchlocks or wheel locks.
 In 17th century the cartridge was invented.
 About 1680 the ring bayonet was invented

19.  19th Century Weapons The industrial
revolution transformed warfare.
 Railways meant armies could be transported
much faster than before.
 Sir William Congreve (1772-1828) developed
the Congreve rocket.
 1807 a Scot named Alexander Forsyth
patented the percussion cap.
 In 1837 Johann von Dreyse invented the first
breech loading firearm, the needle-gun.

20.  1835 Samuel Colt invented the revolver, the
revolver made swords obsolete.
 In the 19th century many people
experimented with machine guns. In the 19th
century new explosives were invented to
replace gunpowder. TNT was invented in 1863
and dynamite followed in 1867.

21.  September 1916 the
British introduced
the tank.
 Submarines were
used during the First
and Second World
Wars.
 1915 the Germans
began using
Zeppelin airships

22.  The war aircraft technology changed rapidly.
During the Second World War aircraft realised
their full potential.
 .In 1944 jet engines were introduced and
planes became still faster.
 The Germans began using rockets.

23.  The other development was the
atomic bomb.
 In 1952 American scientists
invented the much more
powerful hydrogen bomb. The
USSR expl
 During the Vietnam War the
Americans experimented with
laser guided missiles.