Science Field Shops (SFSs) in Indonesia promote farmers' learning about agrometeorology to help them adapt their farming practices to increasing climate variability. Through SFSs, farmers receive 7 climate services based on collaboration between farmers and scientists. These services include guidance on rainfall measurement, daily observation of farm conditions, yield evaluation, organizing SFS activities, disseminating seasonal forecasts, sharing new knowledge, and on-farm experimentation. The SFS approach positions farmers as active learners and organizers in implementing climate-smart agriculture.
Smallholder Farmers’ Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change: The Case of Ank...Premier Publishers
Climate change is posing serious environmental, economic, and social impacts in the study area where people’s livelihoods depend on agriculture. This study was initiated to identify the existing adaptation strategies persuaded by smallholder farmers, and factors affecting the choices of adaptation strategies against climate change in Ankesha Guagusa district. Primary data were collected from a randomly selected 156 sample households in the district through interview method and focus group discussion whereas secondary data were collected from different organizations and published sources. Descriptive statistics, and econometric model were employed to achieve the stated objectives. The result of multivariate probit model showed that the likelihood of households to adopt irrigation, improved crop varieties, adjusting planting date, use crop diversification, and soil and water conservation practices were 46.79%, 52.26%, 45.51%, 69.68% and 78.20%, respectively. The result also shows that the joint probability of using all adaptation strategies was 11.53% and the joint probability of failure to adopt all of the adaptation strategies was 7.7%. The model result also confirms that sex, educational level, family size, livestock holding, land holding, off/non-farm income, farm income, extension contact, credit used, access to climate information, distance to market, and agro-ecological zone had significant effect on climate change adaptation strategies. Therefore, future policies shall focus on the smallholder farmers’ technical capacity through adult education system, and on updated extension services, improving credit facilities, irrigation facilities, farm and off-farm income earning opportunities, and use of new crop varieties that are more suited to the local environment.
Analysis of farmers perceptions of the effects of climate change in kenya the...Alexander Decker
This study analyzed farmers' perceptions of climate change in Kyuso District, Kenya. The study found that 94% of farmers surveyed perceived that the climate was changing. A logistic regression model was used to identify factors influencing farmers' perceptions. The model found that characteristics like age, gender, education level, farming experience, household size, distance to markets, access to irrigation, local environment, access to climate information and extension services, off-farm income, and changes in temperature and precipitation had significant impacts on farmers' likelihood of perceiving climate change. The study concluded that since perception of climate change was high, policies should focus on helping farmers adapt to climate change impacts.
Modelling and predicting wetland rice production using support vector regressionTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Food security is still one of the main issues faced by Indonesia due to its large population. Rice as a
staple food in Indonesia has experienced a decline in production caused by unpredictable climate change. In
dealing with climate change, adaptation to fluctuating rice productivity must be made. This study aims to build
a prediction model of wetland rice production on climate change in South Kalimantan Province which is one
of the national rice granary province and the number one rice producer in Kalimantan Island. This study uses
monthly climatic data from Syamsudin Noor Meteorological Station and quarterly wetland rice production data
from Central Bureau of Statistics of South Kalimantan. In this research, Support Vector Regression (SVR)
method is used to model the effect of climate change on wetland rice production in South Kalimantan.
The model is then used to predict the amount of wetland rice production in South Kalimantan. The results
showed that the prediction model with the RBF kernel with the parameter of C=1.0, epsilon=0.002 and
gamma=0.2 produces good results with the RMSE value of 0.1392.
The document discusses how agroforestry can improve nutrition, health, and well-being for smallholder farmers. It notes that agroforestry provides direct food, diversifies diets, and increases incomes. However, agroforestry is underutilized due to issues like insecure land tenure, a lack of coordination between sectors, and inadequate services for smallholders. The document outlines ways to promote agroforestry, including by strengthening land rights, coordinating policies, and increasing access to resources. It provides examples of FAO projects that have implemented agroforestry practices to improve food security.
USE OF FERTILIZER TYPE IN THE PADDY CULTIVATION & ITS ASSOCIATION WITH THE VA...Mohd Asif Shah
This document summarizes a study on the association between socioeconomic variables and the type of fertilizer (organic or inorganic) used for paddy cultivation in Kulgam district, Jammu and Kashmir, India. The study found that most farmers (79.4%) use both organic and inorganic fertilizers for paddy. Chi-square tests showed associations between fertilizer type and age as well as education level, but not gender. Younger, more educated farmers were more likely to use inorganic fertilizers in addition to organic ones. The shift from paddy to more profitable horticultural crops like apples has reduced Kulgam's status as the "Rice Bowl of Kashmir".
Journal of The Earth Science and Climate Change is a peer reviewed academic journal that cater to the needs of Earth Scientists, farmers, extensive agents, researchers and students. This Open access journal publishes high quality articles following rigorous and standard review procedure.
Farmers’ perception of climate change in ikwuano local government area of abi...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on farmers' perceptions of climate change in Ikwuano Local Government Area of Nigeria. The study found that farmers are aware that the climate is changing, with increases in temperature, changes in rainfall patterns, and decreases in agricultural yields. The farmers perceived the main causes of climate change to be deforestation, industrialization, overpopulation, pollution, and overexploitation of resources. However, financial constraints, lack of climate information, and insufficient extension support limited farmers' ability to adopt measures to mitigate the effects of climate change on their agricultural activities.
Smallholder Farmers’ Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change: The Case of Ank...Premier Publishers
Climate change is posing serious environmental, economic, and social impacts in the study area where people’s livelihoods depend on agriculture. This study was initiated to identify the existing adaptation strategies persuaded by smallholder farmers, and factors affecting the choices of adaptation strategies against climate change in Ankesha Guagusa district. Primary data were collected from a randomly selected 156 sample households in the district through interview method and focus group discussion whereas secondary data were collected from different organizations and published sources. Descriptive statistics, and econometric model were employed to achieve the stated objectives. The result of multivariate probit model showed that the likelihood of households to adopt irrigation, improved crop varieties, adjusting planting date, use crop diversification, and soil and water conservation practices were 46.79%, 52.26%, 45.51%, 69.68% and 78.20%, respectively. The result also shows that the joint probability of using all adaptation strategies was 11.53% and the joint probability of failure to adopt all of the adaptation strategies was 7.7%. The model result also confirms that sex, educational level, family size, livestock holding, land holding, off/non-farm income, farm income, extension contact, credit used, access to climate information, distance to market, and agro-ecological zone had significant effect on climate change adaptation strategies. Therefore, future policies shall focus on the smallholder farmers’ technical capacity through adult education system, and on updated extension services, improving credit facilities, irrigation facilities, farm and off-farm income earning opportunities, and use of new crop varieties that are more suited to the local environment.
Analysis of farmers perceptions of the effects of climate change in kenya the...Alexander Decker
This study analyzed farmers' perceptions of climate change in Kyuso District, Kenya. The study found that 94% of farmers surveyed perceived that the climate was changing. A logistic regression model was used to identify factors influencing farmers' perceptions. The model found that characteristics like age, gender, education level, farming experience, household size, distance to markets, access to irrigation, local environment, access to climate information and extension services, off-farm income, and changes in temperature and precipitation had significant impacts on farmers' likelihood of perceiving climate change. The study concluded that since perception of climate change was high, policies should focus on helping farmers adapt to climate change impacts.
Modelling and predicting wetland rice production using support vector regressionTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Food security is still one of the main issues faced by Indonesia due to its large population. Rice as a
staple food in Indonesia has experienced a decline in production caused by unpredictable climate change. In
dealing with climate change, adaptation to fluctuating rice productivity must be made. This study aims to build
a prediction model of wetland rice production on climate change in South Kalimantan Province which is one
of the national rice granary province and the number one rice producer in Kalimantan Island. This study uses
monthly climatic data from Syamsudin Noor Meteorological Station and quarterly wetland rice production data
from Central Bureau of Statistics of South Kalimantan. In this research, Support Vector Regression (SVR)
method is used to model the effect of climate change on wetland rice production in South Kalimantan.
The model is then used to predict the amount of wetland rice production in South Kalimantan. The results
showed that the prediction model with the RBF kernel with the parameter of C=1.0, epsilon=0.002 and
gamma=0.2 produces good results with the RMSE value of 0.1392.
The document discusses how agroforestry can improve nutrition, health, and well-being for smallholder farmers. It notes that agroforestry provides direct food, diversifies diets, and increases incomes. However, agroforestry is underutilized due to issues like insecure land tenure, a lack of coordination between sectors, and inadequate services for smallholders. The document outlines ways to promote agroforestry, including by strengthening land rights, coordinating policies, and increasing access to resources. It provides examples of FAO projects that have implemented agroforestry practices to improve food security.
USE OF FERTILIZER TYPE IN THE PADDY CULTIVATION & ITS ASSOCIATION WITH THE VA...Mohd Asif Shah
This document summarizes a study on the association between socioeconomic variables and the type of fertilizer (organic or inorganic) used for paddy cultivation in Kulgam district, Jammu and Kashmir, India. The study found that most farmers (79.4%) use both organic and inorganic fertilizers for paddy. Chi-square tests showed associations between fertilizer type and age as well as education level, but not gender. Younger, more educated farmers were more likely to use inorganic fertilizers in addition to organic ones. The shift from paddy to more profitable horticultural crops like apples has reduced Kulgam's status as the "Rice Bowl of Kashmir".
Journal of The Earth Science and Climate Change is a peer reviewed academic journal that cater to the needs of Earth Scientists, farmers, extensive agents, researchers and students. This Open access journal publishes high quality articles following rigorous and standard review procedure.
Farmers’ perception of climate change in ikwuano local government area of abi...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on farmers' perceptions of climate change in Ikwuano Local Government Area of Nigeria. The study found that farmers are aware that the climate is changing, with increases in temperature, changes in rainfall patterns, and decreases in agricultural yields. The farmers perceived the main causes of climate change to be deforestation, industrialization, overpopulation, pollution, and overexploitation of resources. However, financial constraints, lack of climate information, and insufficient extension support limited farmers' ability to adopt measures to mitigate the effects of climate change on their agricultural activities.
Role of Agrometeteorology Advisory Services In AgricultureNaveen Bind
This document discusses the role of agrometeorological advisory services in agriculture. It begins with an introduction to agrometeorological advisory services provided by the India Meteorological Department to enhance crop production and food security. Advisory services are provided at the district level through agrometeorological field units. The document then discusses the objectives, importance, information needs, dissemination, tools and products used in advisory services. It provides examples of the economic and on-farm impacts of advisory services and concludes that such services play a vital role in risk mitigation for agriculture.
This training manual provides information about agroforestry practices that intentionally integrate trees and shrubs with crops and livestock. The five main agroforestry practices discussed are riparian forest buffers, windbreaks, alley cropping, silvopasture, and forest farming. These practices provide multiple environmental, economic, and social benefits and are designed to fit specific landowner objectives. The manual is intended to help landowners learn about and implement agroforestry.
The significance of indigenous weather forecast knowledge and practices under...Premier Publishers
This paper discusses the implication of indigenous knowledge-based weather forecasts (IK-BFs) as a tool for reducing risks associated with weather variability and climate change among smallholder farmers on the south eastern slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro in Moshi Rural District of Tanzania. Participatory research approaches and household surveys were used to identify and document past and existing IK-BF practices. Local communities in the study transect use traditional experiences and knowledge to predict impending weather conditions by observing a combination of locally available indicators: plant phenology (40.80%), bird behaviour (21.33%), atmospheric changes (10.40%), insects’ behaviour (7.20%), environmental changes on Kilimanjaro, Pare and Ugweno mountains (4.80%), astronomical indicators (4.8%), animal behaviour (4.00%), water related indicators (3.73%) and traditional calendars (2.93%). The study established that 60% of farmers use and trust IK-BFs over modern science-based forecasts (SCFs). Although about 86.3% of respondents observed some correlation between IK-BFs and SCFs, and 93.6% supported integration of the two sets of information, the nature and extent of their correlation is not yet established. We none the less recommend that IK-BFs be taken into relevant national policies and development frameworks to facilitate agro-ecological conservation for use and delivery of effective weather and climate services to farming communities.
Cropping pattern and cropping systems season wise Cropping pattern and cropping systems season wise Cropping pattern and cropping systems season wise Cropping pattern and cropping systems season wise Cropping pattern and cropping systems season wise Cropping pattern and cropping systems season wise Cropping pattern and cropping systems season wise Cropping pattern and cropping systems season wise
Adaptation to climate change and variability in eastern ethiopiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on climate change adaptation in eastern Ethiopia. It finds that small-scale agriculture is vulnerable to climate impacts like drought and flooding. While farmers have adapted practices over time, climate change poses new challenges. The study analyzes factors influencing farmers' choices of adaptation strategies like changing planting dates or crops. It finds that education, land size, credit access, and climate factors like decreasing rainfall influence strategy selection. The conclusion calls for policies to improve farmers' access to resources and increase climate change awareness to support better adaptation.
Land Capability for Cattle-Farming in the Merapi Volcanic Slope of Sleman Reg...UniversitasGadjahMada
This research carried out to study the cattle farming development based on the land capability in rural areas of the Merapi Volcanic slope of Sleman Regency Yogyakarta after eruption 2010. Samples taken were Glagaharjo village (Cangkringan Sub-District) as impacted area and Wonokerto village (Turi Sub-District) as unimpacted area. Survey method used were to land evaluation analysis supported by Geographic Information System (GIS) software. Materials used were Indonesian topographical basemap (RBI) in 1:25000 scale, IKONOS image [2015], land use map, landform map, and slope map as supple- ments. Potential analysis of land capability for cattle forage using the production unit in kg of TDN per AU. The result showed that based on the land capability class map, both villages had potential of carrying capacity for forage feed that could still be increased as much as 1,661.32 AU in Glagaharjo and 1,948.13 AU in Wonokerto.
This is a presentation for CCAFS East Africa by Philip Kimeli at the Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation in Africa 2016 "Fostering African Resilience and Capacity to Adapt" in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, on 21st-23rd February 2016
Smallholder farmers pathway to resilience: achieving food security through ad...Premier Publishers
Building smallholder farmers’ resilience is essential to the sustainability of food security interventions. Being food secure alone is not enough, as disasters, including climate related extremes can quickly wipe out hard won development gains. Climate variability is an immediate challenge affecting the economy and poses threats to agriculture production and food security for smallholder farmers in rural communities. The livelihoods of people who depend on climate sensitive agricultural resources are particularly vulnerable. This study used a survey method to envisage adaptation strategies in agricultural production of smallholder farmer so as to increase resilience and create opportunities for increasing food security and environmental sustainability. The results indicated that more frequent and severe extreme climatic events, especially drought and heavy rainfall pose challenges to agricultural production and on ensuring food security in the area. To deal with such climate related extreme events, farmers develop different adaptation measures. Although farmers’ adaptation measures may not succeed completely, they form the basis of solutions to extreme events and disaster preparedness. It suggested that, addressing the threat posed by climate change will require better quantification of the problem, greater attention for prioritizing which production systems are vulnerable, and a redoubling of land and water management efforts. Climate change is occurring within a background of other global challenges, such as population growth, urbanization, land and water use, rural- urban migration, and biodiversity depletion. Thus, efforts to adapt to the impact of climate change should do so in a manner that is consistent with these broader development issues.
t-Emphasis on the impact of weather contribution to crop production in the developing world is of
crucial as far as the agricultural sector is concerned. Meanwhile,
This document summarizes a case study assessing the socio-economic benefits of user-tailored early warning systems for coffee and maize farmers in Cusco, Peru. It finds that the socio-economic benefits of enhanced climate services for the two crops over 10 years would be approximately $10 million for the Cusco region and over $100 million for Peru. The study uses a stated preference methodology involving surveys of over 60 smallholder farmers to estimate their willingness to pay for hypothetical early warning systems. The systems would provide alerts for coffee rust outbreaks and frost/heat waves to help farmers implement preventative measures and reduce crop losses from climate impacts. The results indicate climate services could significantly increase resilience and benefits for farmers, but awareness
Climate change has been reported as a major challenge to livestock production in the pastoral system through their impacts on forage production, water availability, disease risks and thermal stresses. Consequently, causing declining in livestock production. Among the factors that amplify the effects of climate change droughts are perhaps as the most crucial as they adversely affect pastoral livestock production. Droughts have frequently affected Guji- Borana pastoralists of southern Ethiopia, causing substantial livestock losses, declining agricultural production, and food insecurity.
A range of climate prediction models by have shown that Ethiopia expects a 2°C to 4°C increase in temperature and 10% to 30% increase in precipitation by the end of the century. Use of a large-scale climate trends do not necessarily shows local conditions and has failed to address the local impacts, as well as capability of local communities’ adaption to climate change. Hence, understanding the perception of pastoralists’ on climate change and adaptation response at local level is vital. Furthermore, the adaptive mechanisms suggested by the policy makers based on model output may not often favorable to the local communities’ as it lacks the local and/or traditional human and ecological knowledge. This basic information of the pastoralist’ that has been acquired through extensive observation and practices may easily match with time, location and cultural diversity of the people. This in turn helps the pastoralists better understand the climate change implications and respond to adverse effects strategically.
Despite the sago palm’s significant contribution to village economies since early times, it has never been cultivated in a systematic manner by local farmers in Luwu Utara Regency, Indonesia. This study examines farmers’ willingness to plant sago palm and the determinant factors influencing farmers’ adoption behavior. A descriptive analysis and binary logit model were used for this paper. The results revealed that the majority of the respondents agree that replanting is generally important and they believe it to be of concern for every local farmer. The results further indicate that knowledge of an integrated cultivation system of sago, access to information and training, internal motivation, work experience, and the size of the sago area are the determinant factors influencing farmers to plant sago palm. The findings in this study could explain farmers’ adoption of a better cultivation system plays an important role in the future of sustainable sago palm production.
Adoption of banana tissue culture in Uganda still remains low despite the availability of policies geared to enhancing agriculture. A survey was carried out on 115 smallholder farmers in Central Uganda to establish the influence of agro-related policies in tissue culture banana adoption between January and July 2018. Results from the study indicated that 83.8% of the respondents were aware about the Plan for Modernization of Agriculture policy as compared to National Agricultural Policy (5.5%), National Development Plan (13.12%) and Agricultural Sector Development Strategy and Investment Plan (3.3%). Age, gender and education level all exhibited weak correlations in relation to policy awareness while generally, the study found out that awareness of the of the policies did not significantly influence farmer’s adoption of tissue culture banana in central Uganda (P>0.05). We conclude that most of the agro-related polices were on paper and minimal efforts were in place to enhance their awareness amongst small holder farmers. We therefore recommend that increased awareness of agro-related policies to the farmers as well as integration of farmer interests in policy formulation are paramount in order to achieve wide uptake of agro-technologies like banana tissue culture.
Henry Mahoo: Roles of local and indigenous knowledge weather forecasting in a...AfricaAdapt
This document summarizes a presentation on bridging indigenous and scientific knowledge for weather forecasting in Tanzania. It discusses the shortfalls of both indigenous and scientific forecasting, as well as challenges in each. A core team of experts was formed to combine indigenous and scientific forecasts to provide consensus predictions at the local level to better inform farmers' decisions. As an example, forecasts for the 2010 October-November-December season are provided, along with corresponding advice to farmers and input suppliers in one village. The conclusion emphasizes the need to downscale scientific forecasts and systematically document indigenous knowledge to meet farmers' needs.
This document examines agroforestry as an adaptation method for African smallholder farmers facing increased weather extremes due to climate change. It discusses how agroforestry can strengthen food system resilience by providing additional crops and income sources while improving soil and water management. However, adoption of agroforestry in sub-Saharan Africa has been low due to various barriers. Overcoming these barriers is important for smallholder farmers to adapt their food production through low-cost agroforestry methods.
Wheat crop responds to climate change in rainfed areas of District Mansehra, ...Innspub Net
Agriculture in many ways is affected by climate change and has impact for productivity of crops particularly in rainfed areas. Climate change related research remained a poorly investigated area in KP and instant study filled that gap by investigating impacts of change in climate on farm productivity. The secondary data, spread over 30 years from 1984 to 2013 pertaining to temperature, precipitation, area under cultivation and yield of crops was collected. Analytical models used are ARDL Model. The results pertaining to impact of temperature and precipitation on wheat yield suggest long run relationship among the variables. Temperature is positively and significantly related in Mansehra. The precipitation is positively and significantly related. Short run relationship implies that around 100% deviations from long-term equilibrium are adjusted every year in case of Mansehra. The results wheat areas suggest long run relationship among the variables based on F Statistics value. Both temperature and precipitation are positively and significantly related to the area under wheat in the long run in case of Mansehra. Based on objectives of the research study and field findings recommendations offered include; farmers awareness drive, policies to promote adaptation measures, enhancing farmers’ adaptive capacity to strengthen local resilience, participation of farming community in formulation of policies, making meteorological information available to farmers, Design research plans to evolve crops varieties addressing changing climatic challenges, construct water harvesting structures for high efficiency irrigation and further research to estimate range of temperature and precipitation within which crops under study perform better.
Climate Change vis-à-vis Underutilized Crops by Anshul Agrawal, RIMES, Thailandapaari
Climate Change vis-à-vis Underutilized Crops by Anshul Agrawal, RIMES, Thailand - Regional Expert Consultation on Underutilized Crops for Food and Nutritional Security in Asia and the Pacific November 13-15, 2017, Bangkok
This document summarizes a study on farmers' perceptions of climate change impacts in different rice production systems in Morogoro, Tanzania. The study used questionnaires and focus groups to collect data from 150 farmers practicing rainfed, rainwater harvesting, and irrigated rice production. The results showed that socioeconomic factors like age, education, household size, and main occupation influence farmers' perceptions of climate change impacts and adaptation strategies. Most farmers perceived that climate change could lead to crop failure, unpredictable seasons, drought, and floods. The study recommends increasing awareness, education, and training on good agricultural practices to help farmers cope with climate variability.
Droughts in the drylands of northwestern Nigeria negatively impact smallholder farming communities. The study analyzed rainfall data from 1952-2013 to identify drought patterns in Dawakin Tofa and Rimi. It found periods of severe and extreme drought, especially in Rimi. The droughts were associated with deteriorating vegetation, drying water sources, and degraded soils. The study interviewed farmers to identify their drought coping strategies, such as adjusting diets, obtaining relief aid, and replanting. While these strategies provided some resilience, the study recommended enhancing them and incorporating additional strategies like obtaining drought forecasts and agricultural insurance.
Smallholder farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa face numerous challenges from climate change, including increased drought and reduced agricultural production. This document discusses indigenous and introduced adaptation strategies used by smallholder farmers to cope with climate impacts. Indigenous strategies include soil organic matter enhancement, polyculture systems, mulching, and multiple cropping. Introduced strategies include agroforestry, water management/irrigation, and soil/land management. The main goal of the study is to contribute knowledge on adaptation to climate change in Sub-Saharan agriculture.
Analysis of adaptation and extent of adaptation to climate variability among ...researchagriculture
The performance of agriculture is influenced by many factors including
climate variability. This factor is gradually being recognized as a key element in
shaping the form, scale, size and time
-
frame of agricultural productivity. Climate
variability is expected to have significant economic, environmental and social impacts
on various sectors of the Kenyan economy. In particular, rural farmers who depend on
major crops like maize and wheat for their livelihoods are likely to bear the brunt of
adverse impacts. The extent to which these impacts are felt depends in large part on
the extent of adaptation in response to climate variability. The key question here is,
“Why are wheat farmers in Rongai district facing continued decline in wheat output
despite evidence from both national and continental perspective that farmers have
adapted to climatic variability”. This study seeks to find out whether wheat farmers in
Rongai District have adapted to climate variability, and if that is the case, to what
extent. The study used multistage sampling procedure to select 150 wheat farmers in
Rongai district informed by both primary and secondary data sources. Data analysis
was done using descriptive statistics. The results indicated that indeed, farmers in the
area were able to recognize that temperatures have increased and there has been a
reduction in the volume of rainfall as well the vegetation cover. They were also able
to note changes in disease occurrence and pest infestation. The percentage of
farmers who perceived the changes was 62% while those who did not were 38%. The
percentage of farmers who perceived changes in temperature, precipitation and
vegetation cover were all equal. This indicates that the farmers were able to relate all
the three indicators of climate variability similarly.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes temperature and precipitation trends in Asosa District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia from 1993 to 2022 based on data from the local meteorological station. The results show:
1) The average maximum and minimum annual temperatures have generally decreased over time, with maximum temperatures decreasing by a factor of -0.0341 and minimum by -0.0152.
2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
The conclusions recommend development planners account for rising summer precipitation and declining temperatures in
Role of Agrometeteorology Advisory Services In AgricultureNaveen Bind
This document discusses the role of agrometeorological advisory services in agriculture. It begins with an introduction to agrometeorological advisory services provided by the India Meteorological Department to enhance crop production and food security. Advisory services are provided at the district level through agrometeorological field units. The document then discusses the objectives, importance, information needs, dissemination, tools and products used in advisory services. It provides examples of the economic and on-farm impacts of advisory services and concludes that such services play a vital role in risk mitigation for agriculture.
This training manual provides information about agroforestry practices that intentionally integrate trees and shrubs with crops and livestock. The five main agroforestry practices discussed are riparian forest buffers, windbreaks, alley cropping, silvopasture, and forest farming. These practices provide multiple environmental, economic, and social benefits and are designed to fit specific landowner objectives. The manual is intended to help landowners learn about and implement agroforestry.
The significance of indigenous weather forecast knowledge and practices under...Premier Publishers
This paper discusses the implication of indigenous knowledge-based weather forecasts (IK-BFs) as a tool for reducing risks associated with weather variability and climate change among smallholder farmers on the south eastern slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro in Moshi Rural District of Tanzania. Participatory research approaches and household surveys were used to identify and document past and existing IK-BF practices. Local communities in the study transect use traditional experiences and knowledge to predict impending weather conditions by observing a combination of locally available indicators: plant phenology (40.80%), bird behaviour (21.33%), atmospheric changes (10.40%), insects’ behaviour (7.20%), environmental changes on Kilimanjaro, Pare and Ugweno mountains (4.80%), astronomical indicators (4.8%), animal behaviour (4.00%), water related indicators (3.73%) and traditional calendars (2.93%). The study established that 60% of farmers use and trust IK-BFs over modern science-based forecasts (SCFs). Although about 86.3% of respondents observed some correlation between IK-BFs and SCFs, and 93.6% supported integration of the two sets of information, the nature and extent of their correlation is not yet established. We none the less recommend that IK-BFs be taken into relevant national policies and development frameworks to facilitate agro-ecological conservation for use and delivery of effective weather and climate services to farming communities.
Cropping pattern and cropping systems season wise Cropping pattern and cropping systems season wise Cropping pattern and cropping systems season wise Cropping pattern and cropping systems season wise Cropping pattern and cropping systems season wise Cropping pattern and cropping systems season wise Cropping pattern and cropping systems season wise Cropping pattern and cropping systems season wise
Adaptation to climate change and variability in eastern ethiopiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on climate change adaptation in eastern Ethiopia. It finds that small-scale agriculture is vulnerable to climate impacts like drought and flooding. While farmers have adapted practices over time, climate change poses new challenges. The study analyzes factors influencing farmers' choices of adaptation strategies like changing planting dates or crops. It finds that education, land size, credit access, and climate factors like decreasing rainfall influence strategy selection. The conclusion calls for policies to improve farmers' access to resources and increase climate change awareness to support better adaptation.
Land Capability for Cattle-Farming in the Merapi Volcanic Slope of Sleman Reg...UniversitasGadjahMada
This research carried out to study the cattle farming development based on the land capability in rural areas of the Merapi Volcanic slope of Sleman Regency Yogyakarta after eruption 2010. Samples taken were Glagaharjo village (Cangkringan Sub-District) as impacted area and Wonokerto village (Turi Sub-District) as unimpacted area. Survey method used were to land evaluation analysis supported by Geographic Information System (GIS) software. Materials used were Indonesian topographical basemap (RBI) in 1:25000 scale, IKONOS image [2015], land use map, landform map, and slope map as supple- ments. Potential analysis of land capability for cattle forage using the production unit in kg of TDN per AU. The result showed that based on the land capability class map, both villages had potential of carrying capacity for forage feed that could still be increased as much as 1,661.32 AU in Glagaharjo and 1,948.13 AU in Wonokerto.
This is a presentation for CCAFS East Africa by Philip Kimeli at the Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation in Africa 2016 "Fostering African Resilience and Capacity to Adapt" in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, on 21st-23rd February 2016
Smallholder farmers pathway to resilience: achieving food security through ad...Premier Publishers
Building smallholder farmers’ resilience is essential to the sustainability of food security interventions. Being food secure alone is not enough, as disasters, including climate related extremes can quickly wipe out hard won development gains. Climate variability is an immediate challenge affecting the economy and poses threats to agriculture production and food security for smallholder farmers in rural communities. The livelihoods of people who depend on climate sensitive agricultural resources are particularly vulnerable. This study used a survey method to envisage adaptation strategies in agricultural production of smallholder farmer so as to increase resilience and create opportunities for increasing food security and environmental sustainability. The results indicated that more frequent and severe extreme climatic events, especially drought and heavy rainfall pose challenges to agricultural production and on ensuring food security in the area. To deal with such climate related extreme events, farmers develop different adaptation measures. Although farmers’ adaptation measures may not succeed completely, they form the basis of solutions to extreme events and disaster preparedness. It suggested that, addressing the threat posed by climate change will require better quantification of the problem, greater attention for prioritizing which production systems are vulnerable, and a redoubling of land and water management efforts. Climate change is occurring within a background of other global challenges, such as population growth, urbanization, land and water use, rural- urban migration, and biodiversity depletion. Thus, efforts to adapt to the impact of climate change should do so in a manner that is consistent with these broader development issues.
t-Emphasis on the impact of weather contribution to crop production in the developing world is of
crucial as far as the agricultural sector is concerned. Meanwhile,
This document summarizes a case study assessing the socio-economic benefits of user-tailored early warning systems for coffee and maize farmers in Cusco, Peru. It finds that the socio-economic benefits of enhanced climate services for the two crops over 10 years would be approximately $10 million for the Cusco region and over $100 million for Peru. The study uses a stated preference methodology involving surveys of over 60 smallholder farmers to estimate their willingness to pay for hypothetical early warning systems. The systems would provide alerts for coffee rust outbreaks and frost/heat waves to help farmers implement preventative measures and reduce crop losses from climate impacts. The results indicate climate services could significantly increase resilience and benefits for farmers, but awareness
Climate change has been reported as a major challenge to livestock production in the pastoral system through their impacts on forage production, water availability, disease risks and thermal stresses. Consequently, causing declining in livestock production. Among the factors that amplify the effects of climate change droughts are perhaps as the most crucial as they adversely affect pastoral livestock production. Droughts have frequently affected Guji- Borana pastoralists of southern Ethiopia, causing substantial livestock losses, declining agricultural production, and food insecurity.
A range of climate prediction models by have shown that Ethiopia expects a 2°C to 4°C increase in temperature and 10% to 30% increase in precipitation by the end of the century. Use of a large-scale climate trends do not necessarily shows local conditions and has failed to address the local impacts, as well as capability of local communities’ adaption to climate change. Hence, understanding the perception of pastoralists’ on climate change and adaptation response at local level is vital. Furthermore, the adaptive mechanisms suggested by the policy makers based on model output may not often favorable to the local communities’ as it lacks the local and/or traditional human and ecological knowledge. This basic information of the pastoralist’ that has been acquired through extensive observation and practices may easily match with time, location and cultural diversity of the people. This in turn helps the pastoralists better understand the climate change implications and respond to adverse effects strategically.
Despite the sago palm’s significant contribution to village economies since early times, it has never been cultivated in a systematic manner by local farmers in Luwu Utara Regency, Indonesia. This study examines farmers’ willingness to plant sago palm and the determinant factors influencing farmers’ adoption behavior. A descriptive analysis and binary logit model were used for this paper. The results revealed that the majority of the respondents agree that replanting is generally important and they believe it to be of concern for every local farmer. The results further indicate that knowledge of an integrated cultivation system of sago, access to information and training, internal motivation, work experience, and the size of the sago area are the determinant factors influencing farmers to plant sago palm. The findings in this study could explain farmers’ adoption of a better cultivation system plays an important role in the future of sustainable sago palm production.
Adoption of banana tissue culture in Uganda still remains low despite the availability of policies geared to enhancing agriculture. A survey was carried out on 115 smallholder farmers in Central Uganda to establish the influence of agro-related policies in tissue culture banana adoption between January and July 2018. Results from the study indicated that 83.8% of the respondents were aware about the Plan for Modernization of Agriculture policy as compared to National Agricultural Policy (5.5%), National Development Plan (13.12%) and Agricultural Sector Development Strategy and Investment Plan (3.3%). Age, gender and education level all exhibited weak correlations in relation to policy awareness while generally, the study found out that awareness of the of the policies did not significantly influence farmer’s adoption of tissue culture banana in central Uganda (P>0.05). We conclude that most of the agro-related polices were on paper and minimal efforts were in place to enhance their awareness amongst small holder farmers. We therefore recommend that increased awareness of agro-related policies to the farmers as well as integration of farmer interests in policy formulation are paramount in order to achieve wide uptake of agro-technologies like banana tissue culture.
Henry Mahoo: Roles of local and indigenous knowledge weather forecasting in a...AfricaAdapt
This document summarizes a presentation on bridging indigenous and scientific knowledge for weather forecasting in Tanzania. It discusses the shortfalls of both indigenous and scientific forecasting, as well as challenges in each. A core team of experts was formed to combine indigenous and scientific forecasts to provide consensus predictions at the local level to better inform farmers' decisions. As an example, forecasts for the 2010 October-November-December season are provided, along with corresponding advice to farmers and input suppliers in one village. The conclusion emphasizes the need to downscale scientific forecasts and systematically document indigenous knowledge to meet farmers' needs.
This document examines agroforestry as an adaptation method for African smallholder farmers facing increased weather extremes due to climate change. It discusses how agroforestry can strengthen food system resilience by providing additional crops and income sources while improving soil and water management. However, adoption of agroforestry in sub-Saharan Africa has been low due to various barriers. Overcoming these barriers is important for smallholder farmers to adapt their food production through low-cost agroforestry methods.
Wheat crop responds to climate change in rainfed areas of District Mansehra, ...Innspub Net
Agriculture in many ways is affected by climate change and has impact for productivity of crops particularly in rainfed areas. Climate change related research remained a poorly investigated area in KP and instant study filled that gap by investigating impacts of change in climate on farm productivity. The secondary data, spread over 30 years from 1984 to 2013 pertaining to temperature, precipitation, area under cultivation and yield of crops was collected. Analytical models used are ARDL Model. The results pertaining to impact of temperature and precipitation on wheat yield suggest long run relationship among the variables. Temperature is positively and significantly related in Mansehra. The precipitation is positively and significantly related. Short run relationship implies that around 100% deviations from long-term equilibrium are adjusted every year in case of Mansehra. The results wheat areas suggest long run relationship among the variables based on F Statistics value. Both temperature and precipitation are positively and significantly related to the area under wheat in the long run in case of Mansehra. Based on objectives of the research study and field findings recommendations offered include; farmers awareness drive, policies to promote adaptation measures, enhancing farmers’ adaptive capacity to strengthen local resilience, participation of farming community in formulation of policies, making meteorological information available to farmers, Design research plans to evolve crops varieties addressing changing climatic challenges, construct water harvesting structures for high efficiency irrigation and further research to estimate range of temperature and precipitation within which crops under study perform better.
Climate Change vis-à-vis Underutilized Crops by Anshul Agrawal, RIMES, Thailandapaari
Climate Change vis-à-vis Underutilized Crops by Anshul Agrawal, RIMES, Thailand - Regional Expert Consultation on Underutilized Crops for Food and Nutritional Security in Asia and the Pacific November 13-15, 2017, Bangkok
This document summarizes a study on farmers' perceptions of climate change impacts in different rice production systems in Morogoro, Tanzania. The study used questionnaires and focus groups to collect data from 150 farmers practicing rainfed, rainwater harvesting, and irrigated rice production. The results showed that socioeconomic factors like age, education, household size, and main occupation influence farmers' perceptions of climate change impacts and adaptation strategies. Most farmers perceived that climate change could lead to crop failure, unpredictable seasons, drought, and floods. The study recommends increasing awareness, education, and training on good agricultural practices to help farmers cope with climate variability.
Droughts in the drylands of northwestern Nigeria negatively impact smallholder farming communities. The study analyzed rainfall data from 1952-2013 to identify drought patterns in Dawakin Tofa and Rimi. It found periods of severe and extreme drought, especially in Rimi. The droughts were associated with deteriorating vegetation, drying water sources, and degraded soils. The study interviewed farmers to identify their drought coping strategies, such as adjusting diets, obtaining relief aid, and replanting. While these strategies provided some resilience, the study recommended enhancing them and incorporating additional strategies like obtaining drought forecasts and agricultural insurance.
Smallholder farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa face numerous challenges from climate change, including increased drought and reduced agricultural production. This document discusses indigenous and introduced adaptation strategies used by smallholder farmers to cope with climate impacts. Indigenous strategies include soil organic matter enhancement, polyculture systems, mulching, and multiple cropping. Introduced strategies include agroforestry, water management/irrigation, and soil/land management. The main goal of the study is to contribute knowledge on adaptation to climate change in Sub-Saharan agriculture.
Analysis of adaptation and extent of adaptation to climate variability among ...researchagriculture
The performance of agriculture is influenced by many factors including
climate variability. This factor is gradually being recognized as a key element in
shaping the form, scale, size and time
-
frame of agricultural productivity. Climate
variability is expected to have significant economic, environmental and social impacts
on various sectors of the Kenyan economy. In particular, rural farmers who depend on
major crops like maize and wheat for their livelihoods are likely to bear the brunt of
adverse impacts. The extent to which these impacts are felt depends in large part on
the extent of adaptation in response to climate variability. The key question here is,
“Why are wheat farmers in Rongai district facing continued decline in wheat output
despite evidence from both national and continental perspective that farmers have
adapted to climatic variability”. This study seeks to find out whether wheat farmers in
Rongai District have adapted to climate variability, and if that is the case, to what
extent. The study used multistage sampling procedure to select 150 wheat farmers in
Rongai district informed by both primary and secondary data sources. Data analysis
was done using descriptive statistics. The results indicated that indeed, farmers in the
area were able to recognize that temperatures have increased and there has been a
reduction in the volume of rainfall as well the vegetation cover. They were also able
to note changes in disease occurrence and pest infestation. The percentage of
farmers who perceived the changes was 62% while those who did not were 38%. The
percentage of farmers who perceived changes in temperature, precipitation and
vegetation cover were all equal. This indicates that the farmers were able to relate all
the three indicators of climate variability similarly.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes temperature and precipitation trends in Asosa District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia from 1993 to 2022 based on data from the local meteorological station. The results show:
1) The average maximum and minimum annual temperatures have generally decreased over time, with maximum temperatures decreasing by a factor of -0.0341 and minimum by -0.0152.
2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
The conclusions recommend development planners account for rising summer precipitation and declining temperatures in
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district...tsehayeadamu
The research was designed at addressing the national and local issues of climate change and was done by
investigating time series temperature and precipitation trends in Benishangul Gumuz Regional state of Ethiopia, Asosa District
in particular.
This document summarizes research on the potential role of decadal climate information in decision-making and risk management for agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa. The research examined case studies of farmers in South Africa, Malawi, Zimbabwe and Tanzania. It found that decadal climate information could help farmers plan long-term projects, crop selection, and adaptation strategies. However, the information needs to be presented considering local contexts and uncertainties to be useful to and trusted by farmers. The research produced reports, theses, and journal articles on lessons learned about communicating decadal climate forecasts to support anticipatory adaptation.
1) The document describes a project to improve integrated rice production and pest management in Uganda to help farmers adapt to climate change.
2) The project is led by Bosco Bua and includes researchers from Makerere University, Namulonge, and Lira who are screening rice varieties for resistance to pests and diseases, assessing different water management practices, and studying the effects of rice residues on greenhouse gas emissions and pest dynamics.
3) Data from the first season of studies in 2011 is being analyzed, and the studies will be repeated in 2012 to identify rice varieties that are high yielding, resistant to diseases, and resilient to moisture stress to help Uganda achieve food security under changing climate conditions.
The document discusses using ICT tools and information services to help farmers in India prepare for droughts. It describes a study in Andhra Pradesh where drought vulnerability maps created with GIS and ICT tools like phone calls and video conferences were used to educate farmers about drought and provide agricultural advisories. By giving farmers early access to weather information and advisories, it helped them make informed decisions to cope with drought and reduce losses. The document outlines the methodology used, including developing learning materials about drought and creating drought severity maps for villages to assess vulnerability.
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Food safety, prepare for the unexpected - So what can be done in order to be ready to address food safety, food Consumers, food producers and manufacturers, food transporters, food businesses, food retailers can ...
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
A Guide to AI for Smarter Nonprofits - Dr. Cori Faklaris, UNC CharlotteCori Faklaris
Working with data is a challenge for many organizations. Nonprofits in particular may need to collect and analyze sensitive, incomplete, and/or biased historical data about people. In this talk, Dr. Cori Faklaris of UNC Charlotte provides an overview of current AI capabilities and weaknesses to consider when integrating current AI technologies into the data workflow. The talk is organized around three takeaways: (1) For better or sometimes worse, AI provides you with “infinite interns.” (2) Give people permission & guardrails to learn what works with these “interns” and what doesn’t. (3) Create a roadmap for adding in more AI to assist nonprofit work, along with strategies for bias mitigation.
Indira awas yojana housing scheme renamed as PMAYnarinav14
Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) played a significant role in addressing rural housing needs in India. It emerged as a comprehensive program for affordable housing solutions in rural areas, predating the government’s broader focus on mass housing initiatives.
The Antyodaya Saral Haryana Portal is a pioneering initiative by the Government of Haryana aimed at providing citizens with seamless access to a wide range of government services
2. CASE STUDY CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE
CASE STUDY | SCIENCE FIELD SHOPS IN INDONESIA
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 3
2. Science Field Shops: Agrometeorological Learning as a New Extension Approach .................. 5
3. Providing climate services: improving farmers’ resilience to climate change.......................... 6
3.1. Climate Service #1: guidance for daily rainfall measurement.....................................................................6
3.2. Climate Service #2: observing the agroecosystem on a daily basis.............................................................7
3.3. Climate Service #3: evaluating yields ..........................................................................................................8
3.4. Climate Service #4: organizing the SFSs activities .......................................................................................8
3.5. Climate Service #5: disseminating seasonal climate scenarios...................................................................9
3.6. Climate Service #6: providing and exchanging new knowledge..................................................................9
3.7. Climate Service #7: experimentation in farmers’ fields, a win-win solution.............................................10
4. Being Rainfall Observers: advantages and constraints ......................................................11
5. Scaling-up and replication: potentials and challenges .......................................................11
6. Final remarks and recommendations ..............................................................................12
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1. Introduction
Farmers from all over the world have
reported that both the timing of rainy
seasons and rain patterns are changing.
These perceptions of change are striking in
that they are geographically widespread,
and because the changes are described in
remarkably consistent terms (Jennings and
Magrath, 2009). Consequences of climate
change are global warming, increasing
climate variability, more frequent and more
severe weather events affecting people’s
livelihood, particularly in vulnerable areas,
such as tropical Asia. Increasing
temperatures have been emerging together
with a shift in seasonal patterns, which
may have severe consequences for human
health, agricultural and ecosystem
productivity.
In Asia, and specifically in Indonesia, where
rice is the primary staple food, higher night
temperatures may lead to yield reduction
and thus food insecurity. Agricultural
production in Indonesia is strongly
influenced by El Niño-Southern Oscillation
(ENSO) dynamics. The frequency of both El
Niño and La Niña, and their succession
patterns, has changed in recent years.
When La Niña occurs, Indonesia is prone to
above average rainfall (Yamauchi et al.,
2012). In contrast, during El Niño events
with delayed rainfall, late planting could
extend the “hunger season” and further
reduce area planted to rice resulting in
annual rice deficit. An emerging issue in
Indonesia and other Southeast Asian
countries is that of the “false start” of the
rainy season, where isolated precipitation
events are followed by long dry spells
without consistent rainfall to keep seedlings
growing (Marjuki et al., 2014).
In the case of irrigated rice production in
Indonesia, as observed from 1999 to 2007,
delay in the onset of rainy season
significantly decreased rice production
(Yamauchi et al., 2012).
These factors have increased the rice
ecosystems’ vulnerability, which affects
farmers’ capability to develop farming
strategies. In this framework, climate
services were introduced through the
agrometeorological learning approach with
a group of farmers in Indramayu Regency
on the north coast of the West Java
Figure 1. Indramayu Regency in West Java Province.
4. CASE STUDY CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE
4 | CASE STUDY | SCIENCE FIELD SHOPS IN INDONESIA
Province in early 2009, and in East Lombok
Regency in the West Nusatenggara
Province at the end of 2014. Both irrigated
and rainfed ecosystems in Indramayu, and
the mainly rainfed systems in East Lombok,
have been affected by the consequences of
climate change (see Figure 1 of Indramayu
Regency in West Java Province and Figure
2 of East Lombok Regency in West Nusa
Tenggara Province).
Farmers in these two regencies, and
elsewhere in Indonesia, suffer from
increasing average temperatures and
decreasing rainfall. Between 2015 and
2017, farmers observed a greater number
of dry days without rainfall, and fewer wet
days with high amounts of rainfall. The late
onset and/or false start of the rainy
season, long “dry spells” in the midst of the
rainy season, and shorter duration of
consecutive rainy days, significantly
affected not only the productivity of rice,
but also the outbreak of pests and
diseases, leading to yield reduction. During
2016 dry season (May-Sept) when more
than normal rain was received, the central
government policy to increase rice
production, forced farmers to plant rice for
a third time that year. This policy
unintentionally led to severe outbreaks of
brown planthopper as well as grassy-stunt
and ragged-stunt viruses due to continuous
mono-cropping. Up to 400 000 hectares of
paddy fields across Java were severely
infected by these pests/diseases. In
contrast, the long drought of 2015 provided
economic opportunities for farmers who
understood that mung bean, which is
drought resistant, performed better than
rice.
Similarly, cultivating watermelon during the
long El Niño of 2015 gave high profits;
however during 2016 dry season (May-
Sept) with more than normal rain, it
resulted in a total watermelon harvest
failure.
With increasing climate-related risks and
opportunities for agricultural production,
farmers need help to improve their
anticipation capabilities and resilience to
climate change. Providing climate services
to farmers to improve their
agrometeorological learning is, thus, an
urgent need.
Figure 2. East Lombok Regency in West Nusa Tenggara Province.
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2. Science Field Shops:
Agrometeorological Learning as
a New Extension Approach
Agrometeorological learning is the basis of
the educational commitment developed in
Science Field Shops (SFSs).
Agrometeorological services and their four
support systems, namely data, research,
education/training/extension and policy,
have gained increasing attention since the
late 1990s (Stigter, 1999).
In the past decade, these support systems
have driven the support action needed for
the most urgent issue of mitigating the
impacts of disasters. Applied
agrometeorology, however, seldom reaches
farmers in developing countries due to their
low formal education rates, communication
and connectivity challenges, and weakness
of organizational infrastructures. Therefore,
there is an urgent need to make
agrometeorology more operationally
relevant to farmers’ livelihoods. A key to
the development of agrometeorological
advisories established in collaboration with
farmers is the presence of a “services
culture”. Instead, the Indonesian
government’s extension service operates
by applying a technology-driven approach,
rather than knowledge transfer. Moreover,
extension workers were found not to be
well trained on conditions of a changing
climate. In this framework, the educational
commitment called Science Field Shops
(SFSs1
) was developed, based on learning
meetings between farmers, scientists,
scholars and farmers, and wherever
possible, between farmers and extension
intermediaries (Figure 3; Winarto and
Stigter, 2013, 2016).
Such collaboration was further
strengthened by the adoption of a
collaborative inter-disciplinary approach
between agricultural climatology,
meteorology and anthropology, and trans-
disciplinary collaboration between farmers
and scientists, which became the basis for
establishing climate services in local
agriculture (Stigter and Winarto, 2016;
Winarto and Stigter, 2017).
1
Stigter and Winarto preferred to name the arena where
farmers can come and “shop whatever information they
need” as “Science Field Shops” (SFSs, Warung Ilmiah
Lapangan, WIL) and not “Climate/Weather Field Shops”.
The latter has a limited scope for farmers’, as
“Climate/Weather Field Shops” only relates to climate
and/or weather issues. Science Field Shops has a wider
scope across the whole range of agricultural issues for
farmers’ queries, dialogues and problem solving.
Figure 3. Inter- and trans-disciplinary collaboration in Science Field Shops.
Source: Center for Anthropological Studies, FISIP Universitas Indonesia for FAO Webinar on FFS and Climate
Change, 3rd November 2016 (also see Stigter and Winarto, 2016)
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Through this collaborative work, farmers
are positioned as active learners,
researchers and organizers of their own
activities in implementing the SFSs in their
own associations, called “clubs” (in
Indramayu) or “groups” (in East Lombok).
3. Providing climate services:
improving farmers’ resilience to
climate change
Science Field Shops (SFSs) are “shops”
rather than “schools”. There are no
curricula for knowledge exchange with
farmers. In these shops, farmers, scientists
and local extension officers meet to discuss
consequences of vulnerabilities based on
the farmers’ own discoveries from rainfall
measurements and agroecosystem
observations, and to contribute to solving
actual local problems expressed by
farmers. Listening to farmers precedes
dialogue between participants in the SFSs,
according to a “farmers first” paradigm.
This knowledge sharing is aimed at
understanding the yields farmers have
obtained, including differences between
varieties, fields, and seasons and years,
with scientists guiding this process. The
main objective is to help farmers better
understand their field conditions under a
diverse range of climate conditions. It is
expected that based on this understanding,
complemented with the forthcoming three-
month seasonal rainfall scenarios, farmers
would be able to improve their anticipation
capability and make decisions accordingly.
A total of seven climate services have been
developed in the SFSs, including guidance
on:
1. daily rainfall measurements by all
rainfall observers in their own plots;
2. daily agroecological observations;
3. measurement of yield and understanding
of differences between fields, seasons and
years;
4. organization of the SFSs;
5. development and exchange of monthly
updated seasonal climate predictions in the
form of seasonal rainfall scenarios;
6. exchanging new knowledge related to
the above;
7. establishment of field experiments to
develop best practices and obtain on-farm
answers to urgent local questions.
The following paragraphs provide further
explanation of the above climate services
provided through the SFSs.
3.1. Climate Service #1: guidance
for daily rainfall measurement
Rainfall is the most variable climate
parameter over time and space. Therefore,
each farmer, who identifies as a rainfall
observer must thoroughly understand the
implication of rainfall on their own field, as
well as on crop growth. Measuring rainfall
daily on their own field is the first activity
every rainfall observer must do once they
agree to join a Rainfall Observers
Club/Group. A unique feature of the SFSs
approach is that this activity does not stop
at the end of the crop growing or planting
season. While participating in SFSs,
farmers are guided through the preparation
of a cylindrical metal rain-gauge, correctly
sized by taking into account the daily
rainfall amount received in Indonesia,
which seldom exceeds 220 mm/day (Figure
4).
This climate service includes guidelines for
farmers on rain gauge usage. A set of rules
was defined as follows:
• mount the rain gauge in a field owned
and cultivated by the rainfall observer
(accommodating local land tenure
arrangements);
• assign a unique code for each rainfall
station location;
• the rainfall observer should mount the
rain gauge avoiding any obstacles (houses,
sheds, high trees, etc);
• farmers agreed to make the
measurement every morning between 6.30
a.m. and 7.30 a.m. in order to uphold
7. CASE STUDY CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE
7 | CASE STUDY | SCIENCE FIELD SHOPS IN INDONESIA
comparability of their rainfall data across
different areas;
• the rainfall observers use a dipstick and a
ruler to measure total rainfall in
millimeters;
• Data should be written in their notebook
immediately and transcribed into their
logbook;
To support this practice, the following
services were also provided:
• guidance in categorising the data in data
sheets;
• a template for farmers to make the
monthly and annual rainfall graphs;
• method for categorising rainfall data (as
below normal, normal and above normal)
in order to compare with categories
provided in seasonal scenarios.
Figure 4. Indramayu farmer’s homemade rain gauge
(Photo: B. Dwisatrio, 2012).
3.2. Climate Service #2: observing
the agroecosystem on a daily basis
Each rainfall observer is also responsible
for observations of their agroecosystem.
Developing the analytical capacity to relate
rainfall data to the agroecosystem
condition is paramount in the
agrometeorological learning on which SFSs
is based (see Box 1 for the list outlined by
Stigter as a guide for farmers to observe
their field’s agroecosystem).
The items listed in Box 1 can be modified
according to the particular situation in each
region. For example, the both paddy and
non-paddy commodities were added, and
the varieties for each commodity, to
accommodate the planting of non-paddy in
Box 1: Guidance for observing,
documenting and analysing
agroecosystem data
Commodity: paddy and/or non-
paddy (and variety)
Ecosystem: irrigated or non-
irrigated
Soil: type, color, and texture
Land management: timing and
preparation of soil before
transplanting
Seedlings (sowing): methods and
time
Total monthly rainfall (mm):
including dry and wet spells
Rainfall impact on field
Planting schedule
Water management: flooding,
draining
Growth conditions of crop – stages
of development, height, etc.
Fertilizers: composition,
availability, and schedule
Pests and diseases: kind of
pests/diseases, level of damage
and pest control management
Natural enemies presence
Depth of roots
Source: Hand-out for roving seminar, training
of trainers (Stigter, 2016)
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the third season in Indramayu and the
second and third seasons in East Lombok.
The gradual improvement of farmers’
analytical capability developed throughout
the monthly evaluation meetings, where
farmers were expected to share their
rainfall and agroecosystem data, as well as
their analysis of vulnerabilities and/or
opportunities they faced in the past month.
The aim was to focus on the most urgent
problems and how to solve them. Through
this dialogue, farmers learn from one
another’s data, analysis, and experience.
3.3. Climate Service #3: evaluating
yields
The third climate service focuses on
predicting and measuring yields of a
planting season while explaining and
understanding the differences (between
fields, seasons and years) from rainfall
data, ecosystem observations, inputs (crop
varieties, water, fertilizers, pesticides,
labour, machinery and knowledge) both in
terms of amount and timing, and
management strategies. It was expected
that by contextually analysing the plausible
causal factors of a given yield, a farmer
could then reduce the risk of yield
reduction or crop failure in future seasons,
and improve cropping conditions.
Yield evaluations were organized by each
ecosystem zone after the harvesting
period. The discussion, facilitated by each
zone coordinator, focused on plausible
factors leading to differences in yield
among farmers, as well as on the
similarities or differences across seasons,
and during the same season but comparing
different years. From 2016 onwards, our
attention was focused on improving the
following: 1) examination of costs and
benefits, so that farmers would be able to
understand their gross margin in detail;
and 2) analysis of increase or decrease in
yields achieved from the current season
harvest compared to the last year’s harvest
as a percentage. Each zone was assisted in
drawing conclusions based on these
analyses as part of preparation for future
plantings under similar climate conditions.
3.4. Climate Service #4: organizing
the SFSs activities
The fourth climate service is the
organizational structure of the SFSs to
address the uncertainties induced by
climate change. Farmers made it clear that
they had the right to organize the activities
for themselves. Monthly evaluation
meetings were the main activity organized
by the rainfall observers. In this regard,
dialogue and discussion are the two main
methods introduced as the underlying
premises for any communication and
interaction between SFSs members. Such
an approach was formalized and named
“Knowledge Transfer and Communication
Technology” (Stigter and Winarto, 2015).
Other matters addressed while organizing
the SFSs were establishment of the
clubs/groups (both core and satellite),
selection of leaders, and definition of roles
and tasks for leaders and members of each
club/group. In general, the club/group
members must be farmers or rainfall
observers who commit to making daily
observations of both rainfall and
agroecological parameters, and recording
them according to SFS methods. Also, they
are required to attend the monthly
evaluation meetings, during which the
rainfall data, field observations and climate
vulnerabilities are discussed.
To pursue their own empowerment,
farmers decided to appoint official leaders,
including a head, secretary, treasurer, and
zone coordinators. Zone coordinators are
responsible for transferring information and
news to their members regarding the
club/group’s activities, and also monthly
seasonal scenarios, as well as monitoring
members’ rainfall and agroecosystem
observations and documentation. Later,
with the formation of new satellite groups,
the zone coordinators also became
responsible for assisting the new groups
members in learning the agrometeorology
methods as developed in the SFSs.
With the aim of increasing access to the
SFSs for other farmers, and considering the
need to assist farmers in the absence of
9. CASE STUDY CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE
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the Universitas Indonesia (UI) team in the
future, farmers were invited to appoint
several members as facilitators. These
facilitators had the responsibility of
recruiting new members for the formation
of new satellite clubs/groups in
collaboration with the extension staff from
the Regency Agricultural Offices, as well as
to facilitate new members’ learning about
agrometeorology. Figure 5 represents the
organization of SFSs based on farmers,
government agencies and scientists.
Figure 5. Diagram of the organization of SFSs.
3.5. Climate Service #5:
disseminating seasonal climate
scenarios
Seasonal rainfall scenarios were introduced
to the rainfall observers in Indramayu in
2011. It was also the first time that the
farmers received an outlook or forecast of
the expected future climate condition
before and during the cropping season.
This “seasonal scenario” is a monthly
summary of the rainfall expected over the
next three months according to predictions
from El Niño - Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
indicators of sea surface temperatures and
Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) pressure
differences (Walker, 2017). Such updated
climate outlook information was based each
month on global climate model predictions
given by the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and
on International Research Institute for
Climate and Society at Columbia University
(IRI) maps. In 2016, information released
by the Bureau of Meteorology, Australia
(BOM) was added. The following is an
example of the first climate scenarios
based on NOAA and IRI data:
“From August until October (2011), the
condition in Java will be normal with the second
dry season. Rainfall is expected to fall in
October or November”.
Such a climate scenario was perceived by
the rainfall observers as very unusual,
though beneficial in filling in the empty gap
in their schema of what would happen in
the future. Rainfall observers could plan for
predicted climate conditions in the ongoing
or next planting season. Such knowledge
provided rainfall observers with the ability
to anticipate future risks and/or
opportunities for their crops by improving
their decision-making capacities and, thus,
the ability to design more flexible and
adaptive strategies.
The scenarios, first written in English, were
then translated into Indonesian and
circulated via Short Message Services
(SMS) on mobile phones. The
representatives and zone coordinators
received it first, and had the responsibility
to send it to all club or group members.
Other means of circulating the seasonal
scenarios are radio broadcasting sessions,
farmers’ social media and discussion in the
traditional neighbourhood “berugaq2
”.
3.6. Climate Service #6: providing
and exchanging new knowledge
The sixth climate service is the delivery and
exchange of new knowledge related to the
“puzzling phenomena” farmers experienced
in their daily farming activities, and issues
raised in the discussion of becoming
“climate literate”.
Their questions were mostly related to
climate change, its consequences for
agriculture, agroecological conditions and
issues experienced in their fields.
2
Berugaq is a small hut built in the farmer’s home yard as
a place for chatting and discussing daily matters and
farming problems.
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10 | CASE STUDY | SCIENCE FIELD SHOPS IN INDONESIA
Usually questions from farmers were
addressed by a) sending their queries via
mobile phone to the UI team, who would
then send them to the appropriate expert,
with answers being sent back to farmers
later; b) inviting experts on particular
topics to share their knowledge during a
monthly evaluation meeting; and c)
promoting and facilitating individual
farmer’s initiatives to find answers from
various other sources. Examples of such
“missing knowledge” requested by farmers
are listed in Box 2.
Recently, a new method for stimulating
dialogue between all parties involved in the
SFS (farmers, extension staff and
scientists) was introduced, encouraging the
training of trainers (ToT) participants to
share their own experiences, knowledge,
and findings as a means to improve one
another’s knowledge base. Several other
sources and agents of knowledge can also
be invited to share their knowledge and
experience during the monthly evaluation
meeting. Monthly SFS meetings should be
used as an opportunity to spread new
knowledge about a range of agronomic
practices. For example, information is
shared on available water in relation to soil
characteristics (illustrated using different
colour sponges), together with the stages
of plant growth and transpiration. Recently,
knowledge-sharing techniques between
farmers were developed by the farmers
themselves, including using various means
of communication, namely farm exchange
visits, SMS via mobile phones, dedicated
groups on the application WhatsApp,
Facebook, and web blogs.
3.7. Climate Service #7:
experimentation in farmers’ fields, a
win-win solution
Rice farming is the main methane emitter
in Indonesia, through anaerobic metabolic
processes. In response, a “win-win
solution” experiment was introduced in
2013 in Indramayu. The experiment
focused on testing practices to mitigate
methane emission. In a comparative
analysis, the effects were monitored using
experimental plots under different soil
treatments—tillage and the use of
composted or uncomposted straw. Best
practices are still being tested by the
farmers, particularly looking at soil
homogeneity/uniformity, different rice
varieties, pesticide treatments and fertilizer
application rates. See Figure 6 for an image
of farmers measuring the depth of roots
after harvesting the paddy in the
experimental plots.
Box 2: Examples of farmers’ questions
related to climate change
Is there any chance that global
climate change could lead to total
changes in climate, so that a
tropical country like Indonesia
could also get snow?
Why will the dry season start
earlier?
Why are the rains in the present
time different from the old days?
Why is rainfall up this year with
extreme conditions (very intense
rainfall) and lots of floods?
What factors cause this very
intense rainfall?
Source: Indramayu Rainfall Observers Club
members, March, 2014
Figure 6. Measuring the depth of roots
(Photo: R. Ariefiansyah, 2017).
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The main challenge of introducing scientific
experiments into the farmer groups is the
conflict with their own knowledge culture,
based on trial-and-error experiments where
they use to combine many variables that
could alter the experimentation process.
Throughout the implementation of these
climate services, farmers gradually learned
how to apply a scientific approach based on
the definition of a question to be tested,
how to observe and document each step,
and to focus only on one changing variable
to be examined.
4. Being Rainfall Observers:
advantages and constraints
Promoting the training and the
dissemination of the concept of “rainfall
observers” as part of an extension
approach, provides the following
advantages:
(i) each participating farmer can create a
record of their own rainfall over the years
in a climate logbook;
(ii) derivatives such as monthly, seasonal
and annual totals, maxima, minima,
can easily be obtained, graphically
compared and understood as consequences
of climate related issues;
(iii) higher than usual measurement
densities can be obtained to show the
exceptional distribution of rainfall;
(iv) measurements other than rainfall:
things that are affected by climate (e.g.
agroecosystem observations) can be
compared and discussed;
(v) measurements can serve as an input to
understand yield differences between
areas, farmers, seasons and years;
(vi) measurements can work as a basis for
adaptation to climate change, particularly
in relation to increasing climate variability
and the occurrence of increasingly severe
weather events (e.g. droughts, heavy rains
and floods).
Based on data collection and observation,
farmers can improve their analytical skills
and better understand risks and/or
opportunities, thus, using this information
to make their decisions accordingly in the
future. The following are some examples of
farmers’ coping strategies for forthcoming
climate scenarios:
• by considering the forthcoming delay of
the onset of the 2014/2015 rainy season,
early cessation of rains, and peak-flight of
white rice stem borer moths, rainfall
observers in one village of Indramayu
suggested to village leaders and farmers in
their community when to start planting and
what varieties to plant. Their strategies
successfully helped them in alleviating the
risks of crop failure.
• approaching the 2016 dry season, the
rainfall observers in East Lombok were
informed about a probable “wet dry
season”, which could affect tobacco growth.
After thoroughly discussing the topic, the
rainfall observers reached a consensus on
different strategies. One was based on
planting tobacco as early as possible and
digging up a deeper drainage canal for
those who would decide to continue
planting tobacco. Other anticipatory
strategies were to diversify the
commodities (rice and tobacco), substitute
tobacco with maize or rice only, and to
replace tobacco with rice if necessary under
wet conditions. Those who practiced those
alternative coping strategies were able to
successfully harvest their crops, unlike
those who continued to cultivate tobacco
without any modification.
These examples are evidence of the
benefits gained from joining the SFSs.
5. Scaling-up and replication:
potentials and challenges
Establishing an educational commitment
and institutionalizing a new learning
approach among farmers is a significant
challenge, particularly under the continuous
Green Revolution paradigm defined by the
government’s food policy. Even though
farmers are managers of their own fields,
or fields under their responsibility, being
“researchers” is something novel in their
life. Similarly, the prolonged program,
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based on knowledge transfer and exchange
was new to them. However, despite
farmers’ hardships in becoming rainfall
observers, the agrometeorological learning
has gradually been institutionalized as part
of their traditional rice farming systems. As
such, scaling-up the educational
commitment beyond the two regencies
where it was tested was taken into
consideration. Scaling-up the experience by
replicating the formation and
implementation of the SFSs in other areas
would be a significant means to helping a
larger number of farmers in Indonesia and
abroad to better adapt to climate change.
The steps taken in East Lombok
Regency to promote the formation of new
satellite-clubs and groups is an example of
replicating the SFSs. Those steps include 1)
approaching local leaders and key farmers
to introduce the climate change issue and
its consequences on agriculture; 2)
introducing the idea of educational
commitment through SFSs and its climate
services as the means to improving
farmers’ agrometeorological knowledge; 3)
forming core club or groups of rainfall
observers; 4) operationalizing the key
methods (e.g. measuring rainfall and
observing the agroecosystem) at the initial
stage of learning, followed by the others on
an incremental basis; 5) organizing a
Training-of-Trainers (ToT) program for the
rainfall observers of the core club and the
government extension staff at a later
stage; and 6) facilitating, monitoring, and
evaluating the establishment and
institutionalization of new satellite clubs or
groups to foster and consolidate a new
approach to rice farming.
Once the core club and the new satellites
are able to organize their own activities
facilitated by local government agencies,
the scientists could retreat from direct
involvement in organizing the SFSs, to take
the position as the providers of “seasonal
climate scenarios” and new knowledge
related to agrometeorology as necessary.
The present experience in approaching and
inviting the regency government officials to
be involved in providing their assistance in
the form of annual programs and funding
has not been fully successful yet. Besides
the existing Green Revolution paradigm
with the high-productivity of food crops as
the main target, the culture of providing
services to farmers through the current
extension approach is not conducive yet to
assist the institutionalization of the SFSs.
This is the most constraining and most
challenging element of scaling up the SFSs.
6. Final remarks and
recommendations
There is evidence that the government or
non-profit organizations have introduced
various short-life programs in the area
where the SFSs was tested. These are
different from SFSs, where long-lasting
educational commitment was the focus, as
well as training farmers and transferring
technology. A comparison of these
experiences highlights some major points
to consider:
• acknowledging to farmers the role of
researchers and learners has been shown
to be complemented through the
development of a trans-disciplinary
collaborative research program;
• providing ownership to the farmers for
their own discoveries and data collection by
enabling them as “rainfall observers” has
been shown to empower them in the
process of understanding climate related
issues and elaborating adaptation and
mitigation strategies accordingly;
• the adoption by scientists of the role of
facilitators for dialogue and discussion, as
well as of knowledge providers, has been
shown to motivate farmers’ eagerness to
voice and share their own experience,
findings and questions;
• promoting the exchange of experiences
and strategies in regular meetings has
been shown to stimulate the motivation to
participate to the life-long learning process;
• providing the access to knowledge from
dialogue and discussion with experts
and/or other resources has been shown to
turn into valuable opportunity for improving
practices that could be tested and adopted
by farmers;
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• improving farmers’ anticipation and
adaptation capability based on their own
unique agrometeorological learning and
observations has been shown to increase
their “bargaining” position in any
negotiation with a wide range of
stakeholders, including state agencies, in
order to win the opportunities of obtaining
funded projects and financial support for
their own needs and interests.
Not least, from the farmer’s side,
participating in the SFSs and becoming
“knowledgeable farmers” has been shown
to improve their pride and status in their
own community through becoming “climate
literate” farmers and “rainfall observers”.
From the scientists’ perspective, such a
collaborative research activity provided a
very good opportunity to learn in order to
better design services to facilitate farmers
developing sustainable best practices,
amend their misinterpretation and
misunderstanding, advance their writing
skills and improve their analytical
capability. The ongoing reflection and inter-
subjectivity between agrometeorologists,
anthropologists and farmers in a long-term
continual interaction promoted the process
of learning from responses, reactions and
feedback issues.
SFSs are in line with Climate-Smart
Agriculture (CSA) objectives as it enables
farmers to identify agricultural strategies
that consider climate variability when
making their farming decisions. As they
measure daily rainfall in their own fields,
they can use this together with the current
seasonal outlook to increase the
sustainability of their agricultural practices.
During SFSs the farmers have learnt much
about climate change and so they are able
to apply that information to adapt and build
resilience to climate change which
is an objective of CSA. Several practical
interventions were shared about
greenhouse gas emissions from paddy rice
fields during the training of trainers and the
preparation of farmer-field-experiments;
this addresses the other leg of CSA
regarding the reduction and/or removal of
such emissions.
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INSTITUTIONALIZING SCIENCE FIELD
SHOPS: DEVELOPING RESPONSE
FARMING TO CLIMATE CHANGE
The case studies are aimed to give insights
on specific experiences to be possibly
reproduced and scaled up to foster the
adoption of climate-smart agricultural
practices.
Please visit GACSA website for more
information: www.fao.org/gacsa/en/
Authors
Yunita T. Winarto, Professor in
Anthropology, Universitas Indonesia
Sue Walker, Professor in Agrometeorology,
University of the Free State, South Africa
Rhino Ariefiansyah, Senior Researcher,
Universitas Indonesia
Adlinanur F. Prihandiani, Researcher,
Universitas Indonesia
Mohamad Taqiuddin, Director of
Consortium for Study and Development of
Participation
Zefanya C. Nugroho, Researcher,
Universitas Indonesia
Editor
Bianca Dendena, Consultant for FAO
Publishing date: January 2018
Cover Photo: Farmers’ discussion during
a “berugaq” meeting, East Lombok
Regency.
Cover photo credit: Rhino Ariefiansyah,
2016.
Acknowledgements
GACSA deeply thanks all the authors and
their institutions, who kindly contributed to
the development of this Case Study.
Disclaimer
This case study was prepared for the
Global Alliance for Climate-smart
Agriculture (GACSA) by experts from
Universitas Indonesia, University of the
Free State and Consortium for Study and
Development of Participation.
The views expressed in the case study are
those of the authors and are not
necessarily endorsed by or representative
of GACSA, Universitas Indonesia,
University of the Free State, Consortium
for Study and Development of Participation
or of supporting organizations.