This document discusses the essential oil industry in Australia and Southeast Asia. It notes that the essential oil industry in Australia has been declining for many years as production has moved overseas due to higher costs. Southeast Asia is presented as a potentially favorable region for developing essential oil production due to its climate diversity, relatively lower costs, and proximity to major markets. The document then provides an overview of the current state of various essential oil industries in Australia.
Turmeric Powder, Coriander Powder and Chilli Powder Processing Industry. Start a Masala Factory. Spices Production Business
With spice, comes flavors and regular foods become luscious in taste. Each spice has a different texture, unique aroma, and enhancing features that bring out the best of the ingredients and make food delectable.
India, known as the home of spices, boasts a long history of trading with the ancient civilizations of Rome and China. Today, Indian spices are the most sought-after globally, given their exquisite aroma, texture, taste and medicinal value. India has the largest domestic market for spices in the world. Traditionally, spices in India have been grown in small land holdings, with organic farming gaining prominence in recent times.
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https://bit.ly/2ERTw1t
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
#How_to_Start_Spices_Production_Business, #Start_Food_Spicing_Business, How to Start Masala Business, Investment Opportunity in Setting up Spices Processing Business, Spice Processing Plant, Most Profitable Food Processing Project, Spices Processing Industry, Spices Processing, Spice Business Plan, How to Start a Spices Business, Spices Business Plan Pdf, Spices Manufacturing Process, Scope of Spices Business in India, Spices Small Scale Industry, Spices Processing Pdf, Spices Processing PPT, Starting a Spice Business, Masala Powder Manufacturing Plant, Manufacture of Indian Kitchen Spices, Masala Making Unit, #How_to_Start_a_Spice_Manufacturing_Industry, Spices Manufacturing Plant, #Spice_Processing_Unit, Spice Manufacturing Process Flow Chart, Masala Factory Project, How to Start Masala Factory, Masala Manufacturing Process, Whole Spices Processing, Spice Production, Manufacturing Process of Masala, Spice Plant, Spices Unit, Project Report on Masala Manufacturing, Turmeric Processing, #Processing_of_Turmeric, Turmeric Powder Processing Industry, Turmeric Powder Processing Business, Chili Powder Processing, Red Chilli Powder Manufacturing, Red Chilli Powder Manufacturing Plant, Chilli Processing PPT, Chili Powder Manufacturing Process, Chili Powder Manufacturing Project Report, #Dhaniya_Processing_Plant_(Coriander), Dhaniya Powder, Cooking Spices and Masala, Dhania Powder Manufacture, Dhania Processing Plant, Project on Spices, Spices Project Report Pdf, Spices (Masala) Industry, Spices Processing Factory, #Project_Report_for_Setting_up_Spices_Processing_Unit, Business Opportunity for FMCG (Spices), Indian Spices, How to Start Spice Business in India, Spices Business Plan Pdf
The document provides an overview of perfume, including its history, composition, and methods of description. It discusses how perfume has been used since ancient times to enhance scents. It also outlines the main components of perfumes, concentration levels, olfactive families that perfumes can belong to, and how notes are used to describe a perfume's scent over time.
Top essential oil manufacturers in india pptAditiMehra14
Listed in my blog, is the Top Essential Oil Manufacturers in India. Invest in these Organic Essential Oil firms to avail growth in your business.Visit http://www.pharmaadda.in/top-essential-oil-manufacturers-in-india
Cosmetics and perfumes have been used for thousands of years to enhance beauty and provide pleasant smells. Perfume is created by combining fragrant essential oils, aroma compounds, and solvents. Ancient Egyptians were among the first cultures to incorporate perfumes, which were made from plant parts like bark, flowers, fruits, leaves, resins, roots, and woods, as well as substances like ambergris, castoreum, civet, hyraceum, and honeycomb. Common fragrance compounds include calone, linalool, coumarin, and white musk, while solvents include acetone, benzaldehyde, benzyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, camphor, ethanol, and
Perfumes have been used for thousands of years dating back to ancient Egyptians, Greeks, Romans and others. They are created through complex mixtures of essential oils, aroma compounds, and solvents extracted primarily from plants but also occasionally from animal sources. Modern perfume manufacturing involves carefully blending various natural and synthetic ingredients according to secret recipes to achieve specific scents. The concentration of essential oils determines the intensity of the perfume from strongest to weakest being perfume, eau de parfum, eau de toilette and eau de cologne.
The document provides information about red chili processing from field to fork. It discusses why chili is hot, when it was introduced to India, varieties grown in India like Byadagi and Naga Jolokia. It also discusses cultivation, harvesting, drying, sorting, packaging and transportation processes. The major quality factors considered are color, size, shape, seed content and pungency. The document also covers product types, factors influencing price, adulteration and market types of chili.
This document discusses the history and classification of perfumes. It begins with the origins of perfumery in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt. It then covers various classification schemes for perfumes based on their source (plant, animal, synthetic), odor, fragrance, volatility, and timely era (traditional vs modern). The document also discusses the components of perfumes like essential oils, fixatives, and solvents. It provides percentages of fragrance concentration in different perfume types. Finally, it briefly discusses allergens, contact dermatitis, and regulation of fragrances in cosmetics by European scientific committees.
Turmeric Powder, Coriander Powder and Chilli Powder Processing Industry. Start a Masala Factory. Spices Production Business
With spice, comes flavors and regular foods become luscious in taste. Each spice has a different texture, unique aroma, and enhancing features that bring out the best of the ingredients and make food delectable.
India, known as the home of spices, boasts a long history of trading with the ancient civilizations of Rome and China. Today, Indian spices are the most sought-after globally, given their exquisite aroma, texture, taste and medicinal value. India has the largest domestic market for spices in the world. Traditionally, spices in India have been grown in small land holdings, with organic farming gaining prominence in recent times.
See more
https://bit.ly/2HXvAMh
https://bit.ly/2ERlqL0
https://bit.ly/316hHCR
https://bit.ly/2WhOGAE
https://bit.ly/2ERTw1t
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
#How_to_Start_Spices_Production_Business, #Start_Food_Spicing_Business, How to Start Masala Business, Investment Opportunity in Setting up Spices Processing Business, Spice Processing Plant, Most Profitable Food Processing Project, Spices Processing Industry, Spices Processing, Spice Business Plan, How to Start a Spices Business, Spices Business Plan Pdf, Spices Manufacturing Process, Scope of Spices Business in India, Spices Small Scale Industry, Spices Processing Pdf, Spices Processing PPT, Starting a Spice Business, Masala Powder Manufacturing Plant, Manufacture of Indian Kitchen Spices, Masala Making Unit, #How_to_Start_a_Spice_Manufacturing_Industry, Spices Manufacturing Plant, #Spice_Processing_Unit, Spice Manufacturing Process Flow Chart, Masala Factory Project, How to Start Masala Factory, Masala Manufacturing Process, Whole Spices Processing, Spice Production, Manufacturing Process of Masala, Spice Plant, Spices Unit, Project Report on Masala Manufacturing, Turmeric Processing, #Processing_of_Turmeric, Turmeric Powder Processing Industry, Turmeric Powder Processing Business, Chili Powder Processing, Red Chilli Powder Manufacturing, Red Chilli Powder Manufacturing Plant, Chilli Processing PPT, Chili Powder Manufacturing Process, Chili Powder Manufacturing Project Report, #Dhaniya_Processing_Plant_(Coriander), Dhaniya Powder, Cooking Spices and Masala, Dhania Powder Manufacture, Dhania Processing Plant, Project on Spices, Spices Project Report Pdf, Spices (Masala) Industry, Spices Processing Factory, #Project_Report_for_Setting_up_Spices_Processing_Unit, Business Opportunity for FMCG (Spices), Indian Spices, How to Start Spice Business in India, Spices Business Plan Pdf
The document provides an overview of perfume, including its history, composition, and methods of description. It discusses how perfume has been used since ancient times to enhance scents. It also outlines the main components of perfumes, concentration levels, olfactive families that perfumes can belong to, and how notes are used to describe a perfume's scent over time.
Top essential oil manufacturers in india pptAditiMehra14
Listed in my blog, is the Top Essential Oil Manufacturers in India. Invest in these Organic Essential Oil firms to avail growth in your business.Visit http://www.pharmaadda.in/top-essential-oil-manufacturers-in-india
Cosmetics and perfumes have been used for thousands of years to enhance beauty and provide pleasant smells. Perfume is created by combining fragrant essential oils, aroma compounds, and solvents. Ancient Egyptians were among the first cultures to incorporate perfumes, which were made from plant parts like bark, flowers, fruits, leaves, resins, roots, and woods, as well as substances like ambergris, castoreum, civet, hyraceum, and honeycomb. Common fragrance compounds include calone, linalool, coumarin, and white musk, while solvents include acetone, benzaldehyde, benzyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, camphor, ethanol, and
Perfumes have been used for thousands of years dating back to ancient Egyptians, Greeks, Romans and others. They are created through complex mixtures of essential oils, aroma compounds, and solvents extracted primarily from plants but also occasionally from animal sources. Modern perfume manufacturing involves carefully blending various natural and synthetic ingredients according to secret recipes to achieve specific scents. The concentration of essential oils determines the intensity of the perfume from strongest to weakest being perfume, eau de parfum, eau de toilette and eau de cologne.
The document provides information about red chili processing from field to fork. It discusses why chili is hot, when it was introduced to India, varieties grown in India like Byadagi and Naga Jolokia. It also discusses cultivation, harvesting, drying, sorting, packaging and transportation processes. The major quality factors considered are color, size, shape, seed content and pungency. The document also covers product types, factors influencing price, adulteration and market types of chili.
This document discusses the history and classification of perfumes. It begins with the origins of perfumery in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt. It then covers various classification schemes for perfumes based on their source (plant, animal, synthetic), odor, fragrance, volatility, and timely era (traditional vs modern). The document also discusses the components of perfumes like essential oils, fixatives, and solvents. It provides percentages of fragrance concentration in different perfume types. Finally, it briefly discusses allergens, contact dermatitis, and regulation of fragrances in cosmetics by European scientific committees.
Perfume is created from essential oils that are extracted from natural ingredients like flowers, fruits, woods, and leaves. The manufacturing process involves collecting these raw materials, extracting their oils through steam distillation or other methods, and blending the oils together. Perfume provides benefits such as making one smell good, boosting confidence, enhancing mood, increasing attraction, and improving health, though it can also have adverse effects like causing skin problems, carcinogenicity, aggravating lung diseases, affecting the brain, and causing sinus problems.
The document discusses the history and influence of spices on world trade and cuisine. It describes how ancient civilizations like the Egyptians, Romans, and Spanish Empire dominated spice trade routes and incorporated spices into their diets and cultures. The Columbian Exchange following 1492 resulted in new food crops and spices being introduced around the world, influencing regional cuisines. Modern times have seen a shift away from natural spices towards synthetic flavors in large-scale food processing due to predictable supply and lower costs.
Segmentation and Targeting Strategy for a Wine ClubPrakarsh Gupta
Cooper's Hawk, a wine and dining restaurant chain, saw a 4.64% decrease in total revenue from year 1 to year 2. Their wine club revenues decreased slightly while restaurant revenues decreased more. They have many competitors both direct and indirect. A segmentation analysis divided customers into 6 segments based on their total revenue and length of membership. The highest spending "Vintage Full-Bodied" segments contributed the most revenue and saw a small revenue increase, while the second highest spending "Unripe Full-Bodied" segment saw the largest revenue decrease.
This document provides instructions for how to taste wine by first decoding the label to understand the producer, vintage, variety, and region. It then guides the reader in examining the wine's color and texture by sight, identifying aromas by smell, and describing flavors, sweetness, and textures experienced during tasting. The goal is to thoughtfully analyze the wine's characteristics using sight, smell, and taste.
The document provides information about various types of perfumes such as ittars, fragrances, essential oils, and concentrates. It discusses the history of perfumes originating from the Middle East over 1,300 years ago. Various flower extracts like rose, jasmine and orange blossoms are used to create perfumes. The document also outlines the different types of perfumes based on concentrate levels - concentrated perfume, eau de parfum, eau de toilette, and eau de cologne. It proposes concepts for an upscale perfume retail store called "Maysa" including vision, target customers, product range, store layout, and branding and promotion strategies.
The history of perfume dates back to ancient Egypt and was closely linked to religious worship. Archaeologists recently discovered the world's oldest perfume from 4000 years ago in Cyprus. Major perfume brands like Chanel, Guerlain and Opium represent different styles of perfume and are reflective of the beauty and culture of perfume.
Cold-pressed oils are extracted from fruits, vegetables, seeds and nuts through pressing without heat to preserve nutrients. They contain antioxidants and beneficial fatty acids but have a shorter shelf life than refined oils which use heat and chemicals. Cooking with cold-pressed oils provides heart benefits and reduced disease risk due to fatty acid profiles and antioxidants. While superior nutritionally, cold-pressed oils must be stored properly due to limited shelf life compared to refined oils.
The document discusses a group's plan to start producing and marketing non-vegetarian pickles. It summarizes that pickles are an important part of Indian cuisine and enhance the taste of meals. The group's mission is to provide quality non-veg pickles to meet market demand and ensure customer satisfaction. While non-veg pickles are more nutritious and tasty than vegetarian options, they have shorter shelf lives and are more expensive. The group plans to promote their chicken, fish, prawn, and mutton pickles in Gurgaon through direct distribution, retailers, and sampling. They see market potential due to current low availability of non-veg pickles and aim to boost sales.
Projects on Cosmetics, Perfumery Compounds, Flavours & Essential Oils, Essential Perfume Oil, Cosmetics Fragrances, Perfumes & Fragrances, Aromatic Oils, Chemicals, Attar, Essences, Toiletries, Nail Polish, Hair Care, Personal Care, Skin Care, Makeup, Beauty Products
Cosmetics
Cosmetics are substances or products used to enhance or alter the appearance or fragrance of the body. Many cosmetics are designed for use of applying to the face and hair. They are generally mixtures of chemical compounds; some being derived from natural sources (such as coconut oil), and some being synthetics. Common cosmetics include lipstick, mascara, eye shadow, foundation, rouge, skin cleansers and skin lotions, shampoo, hairstyling products (gel, hair spray, etc.), perfume and cologne.
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https://goo.gl/54HtTt
https://goo.gl/1tkwKw
https://goo.gl/zdNV9Y
https://goo.gl/EUctPh
https://goo.gl/ZFj765
https://goo.gl/ek1pHz
https://goo.gl/XJVX2K
https://goo.gl/mzuGhf
https://goo.gl/pdDk9s
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Cosmetics Manufacturing Business Plan, How to Start Cosmetics Industry, Cosmetics Manufacturing Business, Business Plan for Cosmetics Manufacturing, Cosmetics Manufacturing Plant, How to Start Cosmetics & Toiletries Manufacture, Cosmetics Manufacturing, How to Start Your Own Cosmetics Manufacturing Business, Cosmetics Manufacture, Start Your Cosmetics Manufacturing Business, Cosmetics Manufacturing Business Plan in India, Cosmetics Manufacturing Industry, Business Opportunities in Cosmetics Industry, Personal Care & Cosmetic Manufacturing, Beauty and Personal Care in India, Opportunities for Beauty and Personal Care Industry, Project Report on Indian Cosmetic Industry, India's Growing Cosmetics Industry, Beauty and Grooming Industry, Personal Care & Cosmetics Products, How Perfume Is Made, Perfumery Compounds (Fragrance Oil) Manufacturing Plant, Aromatic Perfumery Compound, Industrial Perfumery Compounds, Perfumery Compounds & Fragrances, Perfume Production Process, Perfume Manufacturing Business, Perfumery Compounds Manufacturing, Perfumery & Essential Oils, Manufacture of Perfumes, Perfume Production Process, Flavor & Fragrance Industry, How are Essential Oils Extracted?, Extraction Methods of Natural Essential Oils, Production of Essential Oils, Manufacture of Essential Oils, Methods of Extracting Essential Oils, Essential Oil Extraction Process, How Essential Oils are Produced, How to Produce Essential Oils, Essential Oil Production, How to Make Essential Oils, Making Essential Oils, Methods of Essential Oil Extraction, Methods of Producing Essential Oils, Manufacturing Essential Oils
Sales and Distribution Management of Bayer Crop Science Limited Dr. Asokendu Samanta
Abstract: Go-to-market systems, with multiple marketing channels that link suppliers with their customers, have radically evolved beyond simple advertising or salesperson marketing channels. The present report discusses on the sales and distribution management of Bayer Crop Science Limited, who has been producing various products in the filed of crop protection for more than a century. Data on sales and distribution of Bayer are collected through a face to face interview (shown in Appendix) with the Manager, Sales and Support of Bayer. The pros and cons of the system are discussed, critically analyzed and findings are listed in conclusions.
Its a Presentation on a case study based on Sula Wines, How it works, what are the Wine making steps, what is contract farming and who was the founder behind this great success.
Learn and discover the history of perfume from ancient times and middle ages all the way to the modern times.
Fragrances have been used in various forms since ancient times to convey messages, emotions and evoke memories. The use of scented products throughout human history dates back to the Stone Age when perfumes were largely made using plant extracts and oils. From Egypt to Rome, fragrance has had an undeniable impact on society. Today, scent remains an important part of peoples' lives – from a simple spritz of perfume before heading out for the day to wearing your beloved grandmother’s signature scent when you want to feel close with her memory. In this presentation we’re exploring how fragrances evolved over centuries, what ingredients were used for them and where new trends stemmed from along the way.
Indonesia is one of the world's largest producers and exporters of essential oils, producing over 4,000 tons annually. Around 85% of global patchouli oil consumption comes from Indonesia, with production between 1,000-1,500 tons per year and average exports of 1,057 tons annually. The business plan proposes establishing a 30-acre patchouli oil plantation and production facility in Indonesia to capitalize on the country's large natural resources and demand from the perfume, fragrance, health, and cosmetics industries. The operation would produce a variety of patchouli oil products for local and international markets.
The Distillation of Essential Oils Part 2Murray Hunter
This document discusses the process of distilling essential oils through steam distillation. It describes the stages of distillation, including initial heating, saturation, and vaporization of constituents. The document also outlines different types of distillation like water distillation. Key aspects covered include the role of steam properties, pressure, plant material properties, and distillation stages in efficiently extracting essential oils.
This document provides an overview of the wines of France, including classifications, regions, and styles. It discusses:
- The 1855 classification system in Bordeaux that set certain wines apart and established Bordeaux's prestige.
- French wine laws that classify wines by region of origin and quality standards, ranging from vin de table to the strictly regulated Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée wines.
- Key regions like Bordeaux, Burgundy, Rhone, Champagne, and their predominant grapes, styles, and top producers.
- Factors that influence French wines like terroir, blending traditions, and history of development in each region.
This document provides information about turmeric processing from various stages like washing, cooking, drying, polishing, grading, grinding and value addition processes like turmeric oil extraction and curcumin extraction. It includes details of machinery used in each process with specifications and capacities. Benefits of turmeric, curcumin and value added products are highlighted. A flow chart depicting the overall turmeric processing is presented along with output details at each stage. Global curcumin market outlook is also summarized. Contact details of the engineering company specializing in turmeric processing equipment are provided at the end.
Processing and value added products of Turmeric and GingerSOUVICKBANIK1
The document summarizes information about turmeric and ginger processing and value-added products. It discusses turmeric and ginger varieties, production, harvesting, common uses, and processing steps like curing, drying, polishing to produce dried rhizomes, turmeric/ginger powder, oils, and oleoresins. It also mentions value-added products for both turmeric and ginger including uses in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food due to anti-inflammatory and other health benefits of compounds like curcumin. The speaker is Souvick Banik from the Department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops discussing these topics.
Este documento fornece uma introdução sobre fragrâncias, explicando conceitos como composição de notas, famílias e níveis de concentração de fragrâncias. Também apresenta as principais fragrâncias da linha Mary Kay, incluindo seus atributos e notas. Por fim, traz curiosidades sobre fragrâncias e desafia o leitor a experimentar as fragrâncias Mary Kay e apresentá-las para clientes.
India is the largest producer and consumer of spices in the world. Spices play an important role in the Indian economy and improving incomes of rural people. Some key points:
- Pepper accounts for 34% of global spice trade by volume, followed by chillies at 22% and seed spices at 17%.
- India is the largest producer of many major spices, including turmeric, ginger, cardamom, cumin, and chili pepper. It is also the second largest producer of nutmeg.
- Spices derive their flavors from compounds like eugenol, piperine, capsaicin, and gingerol. Major spices and their dominant flavor compounds are listed.
The growing Demand for Essential Oils for Agricultural ApplicationsMurray Hunter
The document discusses the growing demand for natural products in agricultural applications. It outlines three main factors driving changes in agriculture: 1) consumers demanding chemical-free food, 2) contamination of water and soil from conventional farming, and 3) unsustainability of current practices. This is leading to a shift towards more organic and sustainable farming using natural products like essential oils, plant extracts, and enzymes. Specific examples discussed include using essential oils and betaines to reduce crop stress, neem-based insecticides, and farmers producing their own fertilizers and pesticides through fermentation.
Issues in developing essential oils - farm to marketMurray Hunter
1) The document discusses issues and challenges with developing a new essential oil industry in Malaysia, including the country's steep learning curve in this area and barriers such as regulatory approval.
2) Essential oils are volatile compounds extracted from various plant parts and used in foods, fragrances, and other products, but the market is dominated by synthetic materials.
3) Specific challenges for Malaysia include limited biodiversity of essential oil crops, few experts in natural product chemistry, and the complexity of building a sustainable essential oils industry.
Perfume is created from essential oils that are extracted from natural ingredients like flowers, fruits, woods, and leaves. The manufacturing process involves collecting these raw materials, extracting their oils through steam distillation or other methods, and blending the oils together. Perfume provides benefits such as making one smell good, boosting confidence, enhancing mood, increasing attraction, and improving health, though it can also have adverse effects like causing skin problems, carcinogenicity, aggravating lung diseases, affecting the brain, and causing sinus problems.
The document discusses the history and influence of spices on world trade and cuisine. It describes how ancient civilizations like the Egyptians, Romans, and Spanish Empire dominated spice trade routes and incorporated spices into their diets and cultures. The Columbian Exchange following 1492 resulted in new food crops and spices being introduced around the world, influencing regional cuisines. Modern times have seen a shift away from natural spices towards synthetic flavors in large-scale food processing due to predictable supply and lower costs.
Segmentation and Targeting Strategy for a Wine ClubPrakarsh Gupta
Cooper's Hawk, a wine and dining restaurant chain, saw a 4.64% decrease in total revenue from year 1 to year 2. Their wine club revenues decreased slightly while restaurant revenues decreased more. They have many competitors both direct and indirect. A segmentation analysis divided customers into 6 segments based on their total revenue and length of membership. The highest spending "Vintage Full-Bodied" segments contributed the most revenue and saw a small revenue increase, while the second highest spending "Unripe Full-Bodied" segment saw the largest revenue decrease.
This document provides instructions for how to taste wine by first decoding the label to understand the producer, vintage, variety, and region. It then guides the reader in examining the wine's color and texture by sight, identifying aromas by smell, and describing flavors, sweetness, and textures experienced during tasting. The goal is to thoughtfully analyze the wine's characteristics using sight, smell, and taste.
The document provides information about various types of perfumes such as ittars, fragrances, essential oils, and concentrates. It discusses the history of perfumes originating from the Middle East over 1,300 years ago. Various flower extracts like rose, jasmine and orange blossoms are used to create perfumes. The document also outlines the different types of perfumes based on concentrate levels - concentrated perfume, eau de parfum, eau de toilette, and eau de cologne. It proposes concepts for an upscale perfume retail store called "Maysa" including vision, target customers, product range, store layout, and branding and promotion strategies.
The history of perfume dates back to ancient Egypt and was closely linked to religious worship. Archaeologists recently discovered the world's oldest perfume from 4000 years ago in Cyprus. Major perfume brands like Chanel, Guerlain and Opium represent different styles of perfume and are reflective of the beauty and culture of perfume.
Cold-pressed oils are extracted from fruits, vegetables, seeds and nuts through pressing without heat to preserve nutrients. They contain antioxidants and beneficial fatty acids but have a shorter shelf life than refined oils which use heat and chemicals. Cooking with cold-pressed oils provides heart benefits and reduced disease risk due to fatty acid profiles and antioxidants. While superior nutritionally, cold-pressed oils must be stored properly due to limited shelf life compared to refined oils.
The document discusses a group's plan to start producing and marketing non-vegetarian pickles. It summarizes that pickles are an important part of Indian cuisine and enhance the taste of meals. The group's mission is to provide quality non-veg pickles to meet market demand and ensure customer satisfaction. While non-veg pickles are more nutritious and tasty than vegetarian options, they have shorter shelf lives and are more expensive. The group plans to promote their chicken, fish, prawn, and mutton pickles in Gurgaon through direct distribution, retailers, and sampling. They see market potential due to current low availability of non-veg pickles and aim to boost sales.
Projects on Cosmetics, Perfumery Compounds, Flavours & Essential Oils, Essential Perfume Oil, Cosmetics Fragrances, Perfumes & Fragrances, Aromatic Oils, Chemicals, Attar, Essences, Toiletries, Nail Polish, Hair Care, Personal Care, Skin Care, Makeup, Beauty Products
Cosmetics
Cosmetics are substances or products used to enhance or alter the appearance or fragrance of the body. Many cosmetics are designed for use of applying to the face and hair. They are generally mixtures of chemical compounds; some being derived from natural sources (such as coconut oil), and some being synthetics. Common cosmetics include lipstick, mascara, eye shadow, foundation, rouge, skin cleansers and skin lotions, shampoo, hairstyling products (gel, hair spray, etc.), perfume and cologne.
See more
https://goo.gl/54HtTt
https://goo.gl/1tkwKw
https://goo.gl/zdNV9Y
https://goo.gl/EUctPh
https://goo.gl/ZFj765
https://goo.gl/ek1pHz
https://goo.gl/XJVX2K
https://goo.gl/mzuGhf
https://goo.gl/pdDk9s
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Cosmetics Manufacturing Business Plan, How to Start Cosmetics Industry, Cosmetics Manufacturing Business, Business Plan for Cosmetics Manufacturing, Cosmetics Manufacturing Plant, How to Start Cosmetics & Toiletries Manufacture, Cosmetics Manufacturing, How to Start Your Own Cosmetics Manufacturing Business, Cosmetics Manufacture, Start Your Cosmetics Manufacturing Business, Cosmetics Manufacturing Business Plan in India, Cosmetics Manufacturing Industry, Business Opportunities in Cosmetics Industry, Personal Care & Cosmetic Manufacturing, Beauty and Personal Care in India, Opportunities for Beauty and Personal Care Industry, Project Report on Indian Cosmetic Industry, India's Growing Cosmetics Industry, Beauty and Grooming Industry, Personal Care & Cosmetics Products, How Perfume Is Made, Perfumery Compounds (Fragrance Oil) Manufacturing Plant, Aromatic Perfumery Compound, Industrial Perfumery Compounds, Perfumery Compounds & Fragrances, Perfume Production Process, Perfume Manufacturing Business, Perfumery Compounds Manufacturing, Perfumery & Essential Oils, Manufacture of Perfumes, Perfume Production Process, Flavor & Fragrance Industry, How are Essential Oils Extracted?, Extraction Methods of Natural Essential Oils, Production of Essential Oils, Manufacture of Essential Oils, Methods of Extracting Essential Oils, Essential Oil Extraction Process, How Essential Oils are Produced, How to Produce Essential Oils, Essential Oil Production, How to Make Essential Oils, Making Essential Oils, Methods of Essential Oil Extraction, Methods of Producing Essential Oils, Manufacturing Essential Oils
Sales and Distribution Management of Bayer Crop Science Limited Dr. Asokendu Samanta
Abstract: Go-to-market systems, with multiple marketing channels that link suppliers with their customers, have radically evolved beyond simple advertising or salesperson marketing channels. The present report discusses on the sales and distribution management of Bayer Crop Science Limited, who has been producing various products in the filed of crop protection for more than a century. Data on sales and distribution of Bayer are collected through a face to face interview (shown in Appendix) with the Manager, Sales and Support of Bayer. The pros and cons of the system are discussed, critically analyzed and findings are listed in conclusions.
Its a Presentation on a case study based on Sula Wines, How it works, what are the Wine making steps, what is contract farming and who was the founder behind this great success.
Learn and discover the history of perfume from ancient times and middle ages all the way to the modern times.
Fragrances have been used in various forms since ancient times to convey messages, emotions and evoke memories. The use of scented products throughout human history dates back to the Stone Age when perfumes were largely made using plant extracts and oils. From Egypt to Rome, fragrance has had an undeniable impact on society. Today, scent remains an important part of peoples' lives – from a simple spritz of perfume before heading out for the day to wearing your beloved grandmother’s signature scent when you want to feel close with her memory. In this presentation we’re exploring how fragrances evolved over centuries, what ingredients were used for them and where new trends stemmed from along the way.
Indonesia is one of the world's largest producers and exporters of essential oils, producing over 4,000 tons annually. Around 85% of global patchouli oil consumption comes from Indonesia, with production between 1,000-1,500 tons per year and average exports of 1,057 tons annually. The business plan proposes establishing a 30-acre patchouli oil plantation and production facility in Indonesia to capitalize on the country's large natural resources and demand from the perfume, fragrance, health, and cosmetics industries. The operation would produce a variety of patchouli oil products for local and international markets.
The Distillation of Essential Oils Part 2Murray Hunter
This document discusses the process of distilling essential oils through steam distillation. It describes the stages of distillation, including initial heating, saturation, and vaporization of constituents. The document also outlines different types of distillation like water distillation. Key aspects covered include the role of steam properties, pressure, plant material properties, and distillation stages in efficiently extracting essential oils.
This document provides an overview of the wines of France, including classifications, regions, and styles. It discusses:
- The 1855 classification system in Bordeaux that set certain wines apart and established Bordeaux's prestige.
- French wine laws that classify wines by region of origin and quality standards, ranging from vin de table to the strictly regulated Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée wines.
- Key regions like Bordeaux, Burgundy, Rhone, Champagne, and their predominant grapes, styles, and top producers.
- Factors that influence French wines like terroir, blending traditions, and history of development in each region.
This document provides information about turmeric processing from various stages like washing, cooking, drying, polishing, grading, grinding and value addition processes like turmeric oil extraction and curcumin extraction. It includes details of machinery used in each process with specifications and capacities. Benefits of turmeric, curcumin and value added products are highlighted. A flow chart depicting the overall turmeric processing is presented along with output details at each stage. Global curcumin market outlook is also summarized. Contact details of the engineering company specializing in turmeric processing equipment are provided at the end.
Processing and value added products of Turmeric and GingerSOUVICKBANIK1
The document summarizes information about turmeric and ginger processing and value-added products. It discusses turmeric and ginger varieties, production, harvesting, common uses, and processing steps like curing, drying, polishing to produce dried rhizomes, turmeric/ginger powder, oils, and oleoresins. It also mentions value-added products for both turmeric and ginger including uses in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food due to anti-inflammatory and other health benefits of compounds like curcumin. The speaker is Souvick Banik from the Department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops discussing these topics.
Este documento fornece uma introdução sobre fragrâncias, explicando conceitos como composição de notas, famílias e níveis de concentração de fragrâncias. Também apresenta as principais fragrâncias da linha Mary Kay, incluindo seus atributos e notas. Por fim, traz curiosidades sobre fragrâncias e desafia o leitor a experimentar as fragrâncias Mary Kay e apresentá-las para clientes.
India is the largest producer and consumer of spices in the world. Spices play an important role in the Indian economy and improving incomes of rural people. Some key points:
- Pepper accounts for 34% of global spice trade by volume, followed by chillies at 22% and seed spices at 17%.
- India is the largest producer of many major spices, including turmeric, ginger, cardamom, cumin, and chili pepper. It is also the second largest producer of nutmeg.
- Spices derive their flavors from compounds like eugenol, piperine, capsaicin, and gingerol. Major spices and their dominant flavor compounds are listed.
The growing Demand for Essential Oils for Agricultural ApplicationsMurray Hunter
The document discusses the growing demand for natural products in agricultural applications. It outlines three main factors driving changes in agriculture: 1) consumers demanding chemical-free food, 2) contamination of water and soil from conventional farming, and 3) unsustainability of current practices. This is leading to a shift towards more organic and sustainable farming using natural products like essential oils, plant extracts, and enzymes. Specific examples discussed include using essential oils and betaines to reduce crop stress, neem-based insecticides, and farmers producing their own fertilizers and pesticides through fermentation.
Issues in developing essential oils - farm to marketMurray Hunter
1) The document discusses issues and challenges with developing a new essential oil industry in Malaysia, including the country's steep learning curve in this area and barriers such as regulatory approval.
2) Essential oils are volatile compounds extracted from various plant parts and used in foods, fragrances, and other products, but the market is dominated by synthetic materials.
3) Specific challenges for Malaysia include limited biodiversity of essential oil crops, few experts in natural product chemistry, and the complexity of building a sustainable essential oils industry.
Expanding the Malaysian Herbal Industry by Developing the Farmer-Government-U...Murray Hunter
The document discusses the herbal products industry and value chain. It provides a figure showing the family tree of herb derivatives from raw herbs to bioactive compounds. It also defines various types of herbal products including nutritional supplements, nutraceuticals, dietary supplements, herbal medicines, and homeopathic medicines. Additionally, it outlines issues in the industry around obtaining finance, technology, skills, business models, and challenges facing farmers. It also examines causes of issues including lack of ideas, education, resources, and will. Finally, it depicts the essential oil value chain and options for farmers and producers along the chain from production to consumers.
Developing essential oils in Malaysia - A list of potential oils to develop. (This is a 2006 presentation to MIFB Agro-Business Conference, PWTC Kuala Lumpur, July 2006)
Established in 2007, CEMARA AYU is a specialist in spa consultancy, training, and retail of spa equipment, supplies, and accessories in Malaysia. As a spa expert, CEMARA AYU offers comprehensive spa management and operational solutions. It opened its first showroom boutique called OMBAK BALI in Kuala Lumpur, featuring a range of spa products and souvenirs. CEMARA AYU provides hotels, resorts, and spas with furniture, tools, linens, oils, and other items needed for daily spa operations.
The document discusses the flavours, fragrances, and essential oils industry including definitions, the nature of the industry, uses and markets, natural product chemistry, extraction methods, and regulatory requirements. It also covers topics like the olfactory system, classification of fragrances, essential oil production models, and potential research areas and careers in the industry.
The document summarizes the Australian truffle industry and provides context for an upcoming truffle festival in Melbourne. It notes that Australia has become the 4th largest producer of black truffles, with over 200 growers producing over 8 tonnes annually from 600 hectares. However, it also outlines several challenges facing the industry, including production uncertainties, economic viability challenges for small growers, and increasing global supply putting downward pressure on prices. The upcoming Truffle Melbourne festival aims to help build consumer familiarity with truffles in order to develop the domestic market and culinary tourism opportunities around truffles in Australia.
Your most comprehensive market report available today covering over 100 essential oils from around the world...Lemon, Orange, Lime, Lavender, Tea Tree to name just a few....
The document summarizes The Treedom Group, which invests in and manages agarwood plantations and produces agarwood oil. It has several subsidiaries that focus on different aspects of the business:
- Treedom Investments acts as the international investment and distribution arm.
- Asia Forestry Management focuses on plantation management in Thailand.
- Asia Forestry Distillery produces products from the plantations, including valuable agarwood oil.
The Treedom Group has over 60,000 agarwood trees planted across 60 plantations in Thailand. It harvests the trees, extracts agarwood oil through distillation, and sells graded oil products worldwide.
This document provides information on various mint species cultivated in India including Japanese mint, peppermint, spearmint, and bergamot mint. It discusses the botanical characteristics, chemical constituents, varieties, cultivation requirements, production, and market for each species. India is a leading global producer of mint oils, especially Japanese mint oil which contains high levels of menthol. The document outlines opportunities to increase value from mint cultivation through developing additional high-value products from constituents of mint oil.
In India, palmgur industry dates back about 4000 year and it was practiced as an essential village industry. This industry occupies a premier place in the list of cottage industries of our country.According to the khadi and village industries commission the additional utilization of even 14% of palmyrah wealth of india will provide employment to about 2 lakh persons. The palmyrah industry is earning valuable forigen exchange also.
It is observed that the palmyrah is growing mainly in the state of Tamil Nadu , Andhra Pradesh , Bihar and Karnataka. The information available with the palmgur adviser to the khadi and village industries commission reveals that over 5.09 crores of palmyrah trees exist in Tamil Nadu.
Palmyrah trees exist in all the districts except the niligiris district. By understanding the significance and importance of palmyrah in Tamil Nadu. The state government aptly declared it as the state tree.
Tamil Nadu , has the highest share of production of palm products in the country. The products of the industry are Neera , palmgur , palmcandy , palm fruits , sugar , palmcola , palm fiber , palm leaf and palmyrah timber.
Palm jaggery is made from the extract of palmyra trees called Neera. Palmyra tree is a monocot plant belonging to the family palm palmaceae , its scientific name is Borassus flabellifer. In india , it is found abundantly in the state of Tamil Nadu and its distribution extents in the states of Karnataka , kerela , Goa , Maharashtra , and Gujarat .
The palm gur industry mainly belongs to traditional artisians who know the art of climbing tall trees. This is a seasonal industry and it can be started with meager financial investment. Nearly 1.7 milion persons involved in the palmgur production and the total production is nearly 1.28 million tones.
Keeping in view the nature and historical background of the Palm Gur Industry where poor tapper artisans and women from weaker sections below poverty line are mostly engaged, this Industry needs to be treated at par with Khadi Programmes for which necessary policy support may be given for its survival/development. On the line of the State Government of Tamil Nadu where the palm is treated as a ‘State Tree’, policy support also needs to be given in other concerned States where plenty of palms are available.
In consideration of the progress of technical developments in various spheres of this Industry and the existence of yet untap-ped vast potential for further development of this Industry on a wider scale with implications in producing Wealth from Waste and offering employment to a large number of persons mostly dispersed in rural tracts all over country, this traditional knowledge based industry deserves to be propagated, promoted and encouraged .
Dr Dev Kambhampati | USAID- WATH- Shea Butter Value ChainDr Dev Kambhampati
This document summarizes the shea butter value chain in West Africa. It describes how shea butter has traditionally been extracted and used in Africa. Now, international markets exist for shea butter as an edible fat and in personal care products. However, the shea industry faces issues around quality control during production and constraints in regional trade. Several initiatives aim to improve the industry by addressing these challenges and supporting producers. The document recommends that WATH identify strategic partners and suitable clients to help increase the export readiness of shea butter entrepreneurs entering international markets like the US personal care industry.
Samaple chapters from Essential OIls: Art, Science, Agriculture, Industry & Entrepreneurship: A focus on the Asia-Pacific Region
http://www.amazon.com/Essential-Oils-Agriculture-Entrepreneurship-Asia-pacific/dp/1607418657/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1276006892&sr=1-1
The Treedom Group has over a decade of experience in agarwood plantation management and oud oil production in Thailand. They operate plantations covering over 850 acres and a factory that can produce up to 960 kg of oud oil per year. Treedom implements stringent quality control and certification procedures to ensure their oud oil meets international standards and is sustainably and legally sourced according to CITES regulations. They target the growing global demand for oud oil, which is driven mainly by the perfume industry and valued customers in the Middle East, Europe, and Asia.
This document provides an overview of almonds, including their introduction to India, production cycles, global and Indian market scenarios, major trading centers and factors influencing prices. It notes that almonds are highly nutritious and an integral part of Indian culture. While India's annual domestic production is only 1200 tons, its consumption is growing 20% annually with over 95% of almonds consumed being imported, mainly from California. The global production is led by the US at over 1.4 million tons annually.
Elementary Essential Oil - Sandalwood PlantationsJohn Smith
- Australian sandalwood plantations were established over 15 years ago to supply sandalwood oil to the market as an alternative to wild harvesting. These plantations are now starting to produce oil.
- There are over 20,000 hectares of Australian sandalwood plantations in Western Australia producing Santalum spicatum, and over 12,000 hectares of Indian sandalwood plantations in northern Australia producing Santalum album.
- Production from Australian sandalwood plantations is expected to peak at 30,000-40,000kg of oil per year by 2025, helping stabilize prices, while Indian sandalwood plantations could produce over 150,000kg of oil annually starting in 20
The document discusses Australian sandalwood plantations and their potential impact on the sandalwood oil market. It notes that both Indian sandalwood (Santalum album) and Western Australian sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) plantations have been established across thousands of hectares in Australia over the past 15+ years. While these plantations are expected to significantly increase future sandalwood oil supply, their impact has been unpredictable due to the time needed to mature and variability in oil yields. The author expects that oil production from Australian plantations will start to have a stabilizing effect on prices beginning in 2018, but that wild harvesting of Western Australian sandalwood will continue for 10-12 more years
This document provides an overview of shea butter production and marketing in Ghana. It begins with the biology of the shea tree, explaining where it grows, its lifecycle, cultivation practices, and the traditional 12-step process for making shea butter from harvested nuts. It then discusses the various traditional and industrial uses of shea butter, as well as an overview of the shea market and value chain. The remainder of the document offers guidance for working with shea butter producer groups, including stories from the field, details on registration and equipment, and a list of supporting organizations.
Introduction:
Vanisa Sandalwood Farms private limited offers the potential benefits on a widespread basis and aid transparency investments. Vanisa has full know-how technology to grow sandalwood plants under the guidance of Agricultural experts, biologists, R&D Specialists, Wood Scientists. We dedicated to enforce best practice principles in all aspects and strive for excellence in all transactions. Our main objective is environmental care increase fauna, respect & transparency by strong environmental ethics.
Vision:
* To protect the living organism by Green Revolution, to suppress the Global Warming; to increase Rural Employment by Growing Sandalwood.
* Low investment with High profitability with moral values and social responsibility
The document discusses oil palm processing and the Nigerian oil palm industry. It notes that oil palm is mainly produced in southern Nigeria and its fruit contains palm oil and palm kernel oil. Nigeria's oil palm industry is valued at 221 billion naira and employs 4 million people directly, though local demand of 2 million metric tonnes far exceeds domestic supply of 0.6 million metric tonnes. The industry attractiveness for investors depends on factors such as low buyer power, varying supplier power, threats from substitutes, barriers to entry, and minimal competitive rivalry.
This document summarizes a study that examined the viability of shea butter extraction as a livelihood for women in Nigeria, using Kwara State as a case study. 120 women involved in shea butter processing were surveyed. Results found that most were married, engaged in shea butter extraction as a major or minor occupation, and were members of local cooperatives. Cost and returns analysis showed average gross revenue was N776.58 per kg of processed shea nuts, with total costs of N521.50 and net income of N255.08. Constraints included inadequate capital, poor packaging/markets, low domestic consumption, insufficient water supply, and high equipment maintenance costs. The study recommends better market access, provision of financial
Robbie Commens - Is Australian macadamia production really a unique cropping ...MacadamiaSociety
The document discusses a study tour taken by Robbie Commens to Hawaii, California, and Mexico to understand why Australia's macadamia production practices differ from other regions and crops. Some key findings were that Australia's 7-month harvesting period is significantly longer than other tree nut crops, wheel sweepers could reduce harvesting losses, and canopy management should be considered from orchard planning stages to extend commercial life. The tour highlighted opportunities to improve efficiency and increase Australia's macadamia yields and production through adopting practices for shorter harvesting, reducing losses, and taking a longer-term approach to orchard design.
Varietal improvement and conservation nursery production; the key to a succ...MacadamiaSociety
This document discusses nursery production for the apple industry. It notes that nurseries play an equally important role as growers and processors in ensuring high quality trees. Poor quality nursery stock can negatively impact orchards for their lifetime. The document then provides details on nursery production methods in Australia, including seed germination and an 18-24 month growing period before sale. It also discusses opportunities to improve nursery accreditation standards and the need for more research and development funding focused on nursery practices.
Analysis of determinants of growth in the oil palm industry in niger delta of...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the determinants of growth in the oil palm industry in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. It conducted interviews with 63 respondents including oil palm farmers and staff of Bayelsa Palm. Regression analysis found that net income, owner's equity, and borrowed funds were significant determinants of growth in the industry. However, the industry still faces challenges of crude implements and labor intensiveness that hinder its growth, despite its historical economic importance for Nigeria and potential for employment and production. The study aims to identify factors that can promote increased growth in the oil palm industry in Bayelsa State.
This research proposal presents a study on the cost benefit analysis of producing and processing Java and Ceylon citronella. The document provides background on citronella and outlines the research methodology. It discusses the problem statement of farmers being unable to acquire capital for citronella expansion. The aims are to analyze costs of production and processing for both Java and Ceylon citronella and to estimate actual costs and benefits. The methodology describes land preparation, planting, harvesting, oil extraction process and data collection. The expected outcome is farmers gaining knowledge on costs and benefits to improve citronella production in Ghana.
Similar to Developing essential oils in south-East Asia (20)
The document summarizes the key components of Malaysia's alleged "deep state", including the Special Branch of the Royal Malaysian Police. The Special Branch conducts widespread surveillance across many aspects of Malaysian society and politics, and has been accused of involvement in enforced disappearances. It also monitors Malaysians abroad, influences other countries' security agencies, and uses security laws for political ends such as detaining activists. However, the deep state is described as heterogeneous without centralized coordination.
Investigative Capacity Building Workshop 3.pptxMurray Hunter
This document provides information about Murray Hunter's background in investigative journalism and open-source intelligence. It discusses:
- Hunter's personal journey into investigative journalism through his work in business, academia, and writing.
- The scope and necessary traits of investigative journalism, including having vision, objectivity, and patience. Investigative journalists seek facts and truth, not activism.
- Different types of journalistic writing like investigative pieces, analysis, op-eds, and narratives.
- Sources of information like first-hand experience, public records, whistleblowers, and putting pieces together.
- Observations about staying focused on familiar topics, having objectives, consequences, and media outlet restrictions. B
This document discusses the rise of local currencies as an alternative to national currencies. It notes that historically, most trade was conducted using local currencies until the 20th century when larger national currencies became dominant. However, over 2,000 local currencies have recently been launched by communities around the world. Local currencies aim to promote local economic development by encouraging spending within the community. They have had mixed success, though the Berkshire currency in Massachusetts is held up as a notable example. Local currencies could potentially serve as a tool for local microeconomic management and crowd-funded lending to small local businesses neglected by large banks. They may help challenge the dominance and centralized power of national banking systems.
The New Rules of Running for the Over 50sMurray Hunter
This document discusses new rules of running for people over 50 based on the changing demographics of runners. It argues that competition for over 50s is focused on personal goals rather than beating others. It also suggests that over 50s can run more marathons per year without injury risks due to lower intensity training. The document recommends training in 10-12 day cycles with more rest, and emphasizes the importance of diet, rest, and listening to one's body for this age group.
This document summarizes an article about the growing popularity of marathon running among people over 50 in Asia. It notes that while running events in Western countries mainly attract those under 50, marathons in Asia have significantly more participants aged 50 and over, around 30% in some cases. This is because many Asians retire earlier and take up running as a new challenge and way to socialize. Running long distances has become a popular pastime for older Asians and transformed the demographic profile of marathon participants in the region.
The document discusses the opportunity to develop a premier business school focused on ASEAN business. Key points:
- There is a lack of business education programs that provide hands-on, practical experience of business within ASEAN countries.
- A consortium of ASEAN universities could jointly create such a school, tapping new student markets and assisting the region's economic development.
- The school would offer various MBA and short courses taught by industry professionals, giving students unmatched access and understanding of ASEAN business.
- By pooling resources across multiple universities, the school would have a large virtual campus and draw on a diversity of knowledge across the region.
1) Natural building techniques like rammed earth, cob, and mud bricks fell out of use in the 20th century but have seen a revival as people seek more sustainable housing options.
2) Using natural building materials and communal construction methods can empower communities by developing new skills, boosting self-reliance, and fostering cooperation.
3) Natural building has the potential to alleviate poverty by reducing housing costs and debt, while projects involving renewable energy and organic farming can help develop alternative local economies.
This document contains an idea into opportunity appraisal form to evaluate a business idea. It consists of 10 sections that assess different aspects of the idea including the idea itself, required technology, resources, skills, networks, business model, and more. Each section contains 5 multiple choice questions related to that aspect with scores ranging from 1 to 5. The total possible score is 250. Scores are interpreted on a scale from outstanding to poor to evaluate the strength of the opportunity.
Dependent origination as a natural governing lawMurray Hunter
The following paper explains the concept of dependent origination and its place in Buddhist Dharma
(teaching).Dependent origination is then described as a heuristic and discussed in relation to James Lovelock’s
GAIA hypothesis, the solar system, the economic system, the social environment, event phenomena and
entrepreneurial opportunity, consciousness and self concept, and the ethical standpoint.
When there is this, that is
With the arising of this, that arises
When this is not, neither is that
With the cessation of this, that ceases
- Law of Universal Nature
The document provides an overview of the skills, competencies, and capabilities required at different stages of developing an essential oil venture. It outlines technical competencies needed for activities like screening, propagation, cultivation, harvesting, extraction, product development, and commercialization. It also discusses strategic, organizational, relationship, and opportunity competencies required for management, marketing, sustaining the enterprise, and adapting to ensure survival. Finally, it includes a self-assessment checklist to evaluate technical competencies like botany, plant physiology, chemistry skills, and engineering knowledge relevant to different phases of the essential oil development process.
Entrepreneurship as a means to create islamic economyMurray Hunter
This document discusses the need to develop entrepreneurship as a means to create an Islamic economy. It notes that much of the Muslim community lives in poverty with little economic opportunity or integration. It argues that an Islamic model of business and entrepreneurship is needed that is compatible with Islamic principles and can address the socio-economic problems faced by Muslim societies. Currently, business education models are biased toward western theories and do not provide spiritual or intellectual guidance based on Islamic concepts. The document advocates developing an entrepreneurial pedagogy for the Muslim community to enhance faith and opportunity through business compatible with Islamic laws and values.
Entrepreneurship as a means to create islamic economyMurray Hunter
This document summarizes an academic paper presented on entrepreneurship as a means to create an Islamic economy. It discusses the current socioeconomic situation of the global Muslim community, noting that most Muslims represent the bottom 20% economically. It advocates for the right type of education that can empower Muslims and "make a difference". The paper also outlines an Islamic model of entrepreneurship that converges Western ethics with Islamic principles such as permissible and prohibited economic activities. It argues that implementing this model can help develop an Islamic economy.
Competitive collaboration in halal industryMurray Hunter
The document discusses opportunities in the global halal industry and strategies for competitive advantage. It notes that the current global halal market is estimated at $5-14 billion annually and growing over 35% per year. However, Muslim consumers represent diverse markets with varying incomes, tastes, and stages of development. The document advocates differentiation and value creation through branding, new technologies, and novel products as ways to gain competitive advantage. It also emphasizes the importance of integrating concepts of sustainability, ethics and community benefit with Islamic concepts of halal and toyib to develop integrated supply chain advantages.
Australia in “Asian Century” or Is It Lost inMurray Hunter
This document discusses Australia's relationship with China and the US in the context of the "Asian Century". It makes three key points:
1) Australia aims to strengthen economic ties with Asia but its strategy lacks substance and takes a one-sided view that does not consider giving back to Asia.
2) The white paper reaffirms loyalty to the US despite China now being more important economically. This risks upsetting China which prefers independent partners.
3) Successive Australian governments have followed US foreign policy closely in hopes of a close presidential relationship, but this may not be in Australia's best interests and China would prefer a more independent partner.
The document discusses an Islamic business revolution occurring in Southern Thailand. Young Thai Malay entrepreneurs are developing innovative business models based on Islamic principles to serve the large Muslim population. Cities like Hat Yai are transforming into vibrant Islamic business centers. These entrepreneurs see potential in integrating their religious beliefs into business. Their businesses appeal not just to Muslims. They are having success where a dependent mindset has inhibited growth in neighboring Malaysia.
ASEAN Nations Need Indigenous InnovationMurray Hunter
The document discusses how ASEAN nations need to develop indigenous innovation to transform their economies but are doing little currently. It notes that ASEAN economies have relied on government infrastructure projects, foreign direct investment, and local conglomerates, but there is little innovation. Research and development lag far behind other major economies. To develop innovation capabilities, ASEAN nations will need to rethink economic policies, abandon assumptions, and nurture a culture that encourages creativity, meritocracy, collaboration, and risk-taking. Education systems and workplaces will need reform to develop an innovative society and workforce.
Missed Opportunities: Inward Focus on Domestic Issues and Parochialism May Le...Murray Hunter
Missed Opportunities: Inward Focus on Domestic Issues and Parochialism May Lead to a Start-up Delay or “Watered Down” ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) in 2015
From Europe to the US Japan and onto China: The evolution of the automobile i...Murray Hunter
This document provides a historical overview of the evolution of the automobile from its origins in Europe in the late 18th century to its development in the US and Japan and more recently in China. It discusses early steam-powered vehicles and developments that led to gasoline-powered internal combustion engines. Pioneers like Daimler, Benz, and Ford are credited with important innovations that advanced automotive technology and popularity. The document also outlines the parallel development of key components like rubber tires by Thomson, Dunlop, and Michelin. It concludes by noting the recent rise of Chinese automakers like BYD, Lifan, and Geely as the fourth generation of modern automobile manufacturers.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
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1. Developing Essential Oils in South-East Asia
Murray Hunter
School of Bioprocess Engineering
Northern Malaysian University College of Engineering
murray@kukum.edu.my
Introduction
The essential oil industry in Australia has been slowly declining for many years. Mid last century,
the eucalyptus industry moved to Spain, South America and China. The peppermint industry
failed to grow with any momentum in North-East Victoria and Central Tasmania and all the major
players in the tea tree industry have ceased production, leaving only small and medium family
concerns surviving. Developing an essential oil plantation in Australia is a massively expensive
undertaking, due to high capital set up, maintenance and processing costs. Droughts and water
regulations by local authorities have put undue burdens on those entrepreneurial enough to ‘have
a go’ in this industry. New crop development in Australia has also been smeared through too
many tax minimization schemes and mismanagement, which has made potential investors shy
away from alternative agricultural investments.
The development of essential oil and other natural product plantations, unless they are a small
family affair, would appear to be daunting due to the costs involved. Australia’s potential
competitive advantage in agriculture relies on product differentiation through developing
innovative products for niche markets, rather than aggregate cost competitiveness. Developing
niche natural products also runs into the gambit of European regulation which puts prohibitive
costs in the way of gaining registration for potential new products. This article will look at essential
oil development in Australia and South East Asia and examine the issues involved in developing
production in the South-East Asian region, one of the most favourable places for future natural
product production due to its diverse climate range, relatively low establishment and
maintenances costs and proximity to the large European, US and Japanese markets, not
forgetting the large market existing in the region itself.
Is essential oil production a ‘sunset’ industry in Australia?
Before looking at the essential oil industry in South-East Asia and its potential, it is necessary to
examine the current state of the Australian industry and its directions.
William McCartney estimated the production of essential oils in Australia in 2003 in the table 1
1
below .
Table 1: Estimated Current Production of Essential Oils in Australia (2003)
Annual
Essential Oil Production Major Production Centres
(tonnes)
i
Tea Tree 405 New South Wales, Queensland
Eucalyptus Cineole type 120 Victoria, Western Australia, New South
Citronellal type 0.7 Wales, Queensland
Citrus Orange 35-45 Victoria (Mildura), South Australia (Berri)
Lemon 4-8 Victoria (Mildura), South Australia (Berri)
Mandarin 3-4 Victoria (Mildura), South Australia (Berri)
i
This figure is dramatically lower now.
2. Grapefruit 4-8 Victoria (Mildura), South Australia (Berri)
Mints Peppermint 20 Victoria, Tasmania
Spearmint
Sandalwood 12 Western Australia
Fennel 12 Tasmania
Parsley 8 Tasmania
Dill 2 Tasmania
Lavender Lavender 1.5 Tasmania, Victoria, New South Wales
Lavandin 0.5 Victoria
Lemon Myrtle 8.4 New South Wales, Queensland
Leptospermum petersonni 4.3 New South Wales, Queensland
Boronia 0.1 Tasmania
Other Oils 2.4
In monetary terms, Australian essential oil production (farmgate) is approximately a $15.0 million
per annum. This is about 1.2% of total world production.
Australia’s position in production and market for each essential oil are summarized below.
Eucalyptus oil production is primarily made up of Eucalyptus polybractea or Blue Mallee, which
is a cineole type. There is also some production of other cineole types, including E. smithii and E.
radiata. This oil competes with the lower yielding E. globules which is cultivated commercially for
oil in China, Spain, Portugal and Brazil. Small quantities of Corymbia citriodora are cultivated, but
the oil cannot compete internationally with production from China. Other varieties are also
produced for aromatherapy and tourist products, including E. viridis, E. cneorifolia and E. dives.
The eucalyptus industry is over 100 years old and enjoyed its peak production period during the
1940’s when over 1000 tonnes was produced annually. Production has declined to present levels
due to the development of anti-biotics after World War II and competition from foreign producers.
Today only two main producers remain. These producers (GR Davis in West Wyalong, NSW &
Felton Grimwade & Brickford in Inglewood, Victoria) have switched from wild harvesting of
eucalyptus to plantation style production, developed high oil yielding planting stock with
universities, introduced mechanical style harvesting to decrease labour and improve cost
competitiveness. Both companies also import, refine and trade in oil and other value added
2
products . Another major production area is along the Western Australian wheat belt.
Current Australian production is less than 5% of total world production and is marginally
3
profitable. The industry has been subject to a number of booms and crashes over the years .
Whether Australia can become a major player again will depend upon the success of developing
a cost advantage over other producers, the ability and success of Australian companies in
developing markets for high grade and other value added products and the prevailing market
price levels in the future.
Tea Tree Oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) was one of the success stories in Australian essential oil
production during the mid 1980’s with prices topping $65/kg. This attracted large numbers of new
growers entering the industry (in excess of 350), until production exceeded demand and prices
tumbled to less than $10/kg. This has shaken out the industry and the largest producers have all
ceased production, leaving small and medium sized producers to supply the market. Prices have
been creeping up again this year and are reaching the $20/kg mark and still increasing, however
many large customers including some of the major European and US retail chains who carried
the product have discontinued it, due to lack of confidence in future supply. Likewise many major
personal care companies have also switched to other natural additives in their product ranges,
leaving the task ahead for producers to convince the cosmetic and retail industries to support the
4
product again . This unstable period has opened the door for producers in countries like China to
step up production and compete with Australian producers.
3. Citrus oils are produced as a bi-product of the large citrus industry centred around the Riverland
in South Australia, Murray Valley in Victoria and Riverina in New South Wales. Approximately 50-
60 tonnes of citrus oils are produced annually and most of this oil is consumed domestically,
which is less than 10% of domestic demand. The main oils produced include orange, lemon,
grapefruit and mandarin. Citrus oil production is not internationally competitive with the US,
Brazilian, Italian and Argentinean industries because of the much larger scale processing facilities
5
in those countries, leading to better economies of scale .
Peppermint oil (Mentha piperita) production was established in the Derwent and Huon Valleys in
Tasmania during the 1970’s and in the Ovens Valley, Victoria during the 1980’s. Approximately
20 tonnes of oil are produced annually and sold to customers in Australia and overseas.
Peppermint oil is purchased on its olfactory and taste profile by confectionary manufacturers.
Players in this industry have been able to develop their niche customers, through their blends of
the oil. Farmers involved in the production of this oil have decreased over the years leaving only a
small core of committed farmers to this crop. It doesn’t appear that this crop will be dramatically
expanded over the next few years. Spearmint oil (Mentha spicata) which is cheaper than
peppermint oil is also grown in very small quantities.
Peppermint harvesting in Myrtleford, Victoria6
Sandalwood oil (Santalum spicatum) production was redeveloped during the 1990’s from
scattered wild collection over the wheat belt area of Western Australia, to a planned industry,
7
partly in response to salinity problems . Sandalwood tree stock is both wild and plantation based.
The industry has been able to redevelop because of over-utilised wild stocks of Santulum aibum
in India, the existence of the species in Western Australia over sparse areas, the long length of
growth times (50 years) of the tree, preventing other entrants, and efficient processing and
extraction methods employed by the producers. Thus Western Australia controls a scarce genetic
resource, which enables industry viability. Sandalwood oil is used in fine fragrance, attars and
incense and is exported to Europe, Middle East, Asia and USA.
Lavender oil (cultivar of Lavandula angustifolia) was first produced in Australia by C. K. Denny at
the Bridestow Estate in 1921. The plantation currently produces approximately 1.5 tonnes of oil
per annum which is valued by particular customers around the world for its specific olfactory
profile. The remainder of the oil is sold locally and used in products sold at the estate which is a
major tourist attraction in the region. A number of small scale farmers in other parts of Australia
are also producing small quantities of lavender oil.
Lemon Myrtle oil (Backhousia citriadora) is increasingly popular for its sharp citrus profile oil and
the leaves are highly valued for the production of boutique lemon teas. The tree is difficult to
propagate and develop into large scale plantations, so expansion of this industry is slow. There is
4. not enough oil or leaf stock to satisfy the requirements of potential major users, i.e., tea
manufacturers at this point of time.
Lemon tea tree (Leptospermum petersonii) is produced by a number of growers in New South
Wales and Queensland for use in cosmetics and insect repellents. The essential oil is more
limited for use as a flavouring material than lemon myrtle because of its citronellal content,
modifying the sharpness and sweetness of the citral constituent, so the market is more limited.
There is currently excess supply of this oil as demand is not increasing at the same rate of
production.
The Tasmanian oils. In the 1980’s a unique partnership was formed between the Government of
Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Essential Oils of Tasmania (EOT) and farmers cooperatives to
develop selected herb oils in current use by the flavour and fragrance industry and new local
bush herbs for the international market. This initiative attracted over proportionate funding from
the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC) to develop this industry.
The project commercialized a number of oils in existing international trade including fennel oil,
parsley oil, peppermint oil and dill weed oil. An investment was made in a solvent extraction plant
and boronia absolute (Boronia megastigma) and black current bud concrete were
commercialized. Local plants have also been developed into essential oils and absolutes,
including kunzea oil (Kunzea ambigua) and Tasmanian black pepper concrete (Tasmannia
8
lanceolata) . The project had successfully developed and commercialized a number of natural
products suited for particular market niches and maximized the value of their products through
application of solvent extraction technology. It will be interesting to see the future growth of this
project given the specialty approach taken and the number of times the company has changed
ownership in the last few years.
A number of other oils for specialty markets are also produced in Australia, including a native
mint (Prastanthera spp.),for dried herbs and oil (around 500 kg per annum), white cypress
(Callitris glaucophylla) a hardy timber tree native to the North Coast of Queensland, where small
amounts (100-200 kgs) of oil are produced as insect repellent, blue cypress (Callitris intratropica),
which was heavily promoted as a therapeutic oil for cosmetic applications, but failed to gain wide
acceptance due to formulation difficulties (300-600 kg), emerald cypress (Callitris columellris),
around 10-30 kg per annum, other Malaleuca species, Australian nerolina (Melaleuca
quinquenervia), Australian Rosalina (Melaleuca ericifolia) and Melaleuca linarifolia and dissitifolia.
In most cases, the Australian essential oil industry was developed by passionate, entrepreneurial
pioneers who were single minded and determined to develop their industries. These people are
legends on the Australian scene and played a paramount role in making the industry what it is
today. However, faced with international competition, these plantations have had to adapt to the
realities of the international environment and develop strategies to cost minimize production
through mechanizing maintenance, harvesting and extraction, value add production through
specialty products, develop niche products and niche markets, value add their business through
other activities like tourism and enter into the general trading of the oils, sourced from other
producers, both locally and overseas to survive. The original businesses that exist today earn
their revenue from these expanded sources, rather than basic essential oil production. In general
over the last 60 years, the Australian essential oil industry has become a niche and specialty
player in the international market, rather than a volume supplier supported by competitive cost
advantage.
International interest in things indigenous to Australia enhances the market environment for
Australian niche production of essential oils. However, establishment costs with rigorous
regulation and more regulatory scrutiny in the EU through REACH, the SCCP and BPD, with
requirements for GMP, HACCP, ISO and other certifications makes small boutique production
difficult. In many cases new essential oils will have to be almost completely financed by the
individuals or companies concerned due to the reluctance of financial institutions to lend on what
they see as speculative ventures due to a poor history of new crop development. Also hindering
5. future new oil development is the cut back in government funded research in this sector over the
last few decades.
The International Essential Oil Market
Before focusing on the South-East Asian region, the following is a brief summary of the segments
of the international essential oil market.
Flavour, fragrance and pharmaceutical applications for essential oils was the traditional market,
with the major trade in the hands of relatively a few major organisations. Essential oils are not an
end product, but an intermediate material used in the production of other products, therefore
demand for these commodities are of a derived nature, influenced by a number of factors, that
are extremely difficult to measure. For example, a citrus oil used in the fragrance for shampoo or
cosmetic ultimately derives its demand from the sum of demand for the all end consumer
products, containing the essential oil within the fragrance, on the market. Measuring this demand
after taking into account consumer demand, changing tastes and preferences, corporate
decisions as to branding and formulation are almost impossible to calculate.
Over the last thirty years, the natural product revival encouraged many cosmetic companies use
essential oils rather than compound fragrances directly into their products. This has become a
major market where Australian tea tree oil was one of the major beneficiaries. Linked to this trend
is the aromatherapy market, which has almost doubled in aggregate demand for natural materials
in this category, over the last twenty years. However, future growth of the aromatherapy market is
under question due to some outlandish claims made about the therapeutic benefits of essential
oils, forcing regulatory authorities to heavily scrutinize in this area. Consequently, European
ii iii iv
Regulatory Authorities like REACH , SCCP and BPD , have begun challenging the safety of
9
many essential oils and asking producers to put up a case, as why they should continue to be on
the market without safety warnings on labels. This will slow down growth in the European market,
although Asian markets are growing very rapidly to compensate for this.
Another market for essential oils is as a feedstock to catalyse or isolate a pure aroma chemical
for industry use. Examples of this would include the isolation of eugenol from clove oil, cineole
from eucalyptus oil and terpenin-ol-4 from tea tree oil. Through new applications of biotechnology
this market may grow in the near future.
Many essential oils, particularly those with anti-microbial properties are finding application in
agricultural chemicals as fungicides. These products are organically certifiable and with the global
growth in organic farming, markets are growing exponentially in this application. Further, new
10
uses as plant anti-stress agents are being developed, which will enhance demand for a number
of essential oils. Agricultural application of essential oils is a future high growth area.
11
Figure 1 shows the size and break-up by use sector of the international essential oil market .
ii
Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemical
iii
The Scientific Committee on Consumer Products – previously called the SCCNFP: Scientific Committee
on Cosmetic & Non Food Products) is an expert committee set up under the EC Health and Consumer
Protection DG. SCCP reports to the EC H&CP Scientific Steering Committee on matters relevant to the EC
countries in their defined area. The committee comprises a diverse range of experts in toxicology from
industry, the medical fields and tertiary institutions
iv
Biocidal Products Directive
6. World Farmgate value of Essential Oil
Production (USD)
Cosmetics, 70, 7%
Agrochemicals, 60,
6%
Intermediates, 90,
8%
Flavour &
Pharmaceutical, fragrance, 550, 51%
120, 11%
Aromatherapy, 180,
17%
Current Essential Oil Production in the South East Asian Region
The production of essential oils in the various countries of the South-East Asian region is varied
in its stages of development and adopted different strategies due to different historical
backgrounds, stages of development, sizes of domestic markets, awareness about the industry
and bases of competitive advantage. This paper will cover Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Laos,
Cambodia and Vietnam. The Philippines is a negligible producer of essential oils, even though
many still believe ylang ylang is actually produced there.
Indonesia
Indonesia is considered one of the world’s major producers of tropical essential oils, over USD
$65 million per annum. Most of the essential oils produced compete on the international market
with other producers, based on a competitive cost advantage, benefiting from the low labour and
capital cost base that subsistence farming provides to the industry. This base also provides the
industry with a very elastic supply of product according to prevailing world prices. Indonesia has
been involved in the production of essential oils since early colonial times and thus has strong
links with the international market and also a large domestic market which is often turned to in
times of low prices.
Essential oils Indonesia produces include cajuput, cananga, cassia, citronella, clove leaf, ginger,
12
gurjun balsam, nutmeg, palmarosa, patchouli, sandalwood, vetiver oils and vanilla resinoid .
Some Massoia bark oil is also produced and eugenol is refined from cloveleaf oil and sold as a
natural aromatic chemical.
Cajuput oil is produced in the Moluccan Islands, East Java and parts of Sumatra from natural
13
stands. Production varies according to demand and varies from 70-150 tonnes per annum .
There are over 160,000 Ha. of Ylang trees cultivated around East Java, producing around 120
7. 14
tonnes of oil . Indonesia is the major world producer of cassia oil (Cinnamomum burmanii),
15
producing over 40,000 tonnes in 2000 . Indonesia also ranks as the largest producer of patchouli
oil from both small holder and plantation production in Sumatra, and Java. About 1,100 tonnes
are produced annually. Nutmeg production in Indonesia dominates world supply with 300-500
tonnes produced annually in Sulawasi, Moloccu Islands and Aceh in Northern Sumatra. Most
production is small holder enterprise. Citronella production has fallen over the last 10 years in
Indonesia due to poor viability, even for small holders. Annual production is around 200 tonnes
with the main production areas Sumatra and West Java. Cultivation of clove trees is extensive to
supply buds for the kretek (Indonesian cigarette) industry. However clove leaf oil is still produced
as a by-product of the bud production, averaging over 1000 tonnes per annum. Approximately 15
tonnes of sandalwood oil are produced in West Timor and Sumba Islands. Vetiver production is
declining in West Java from competition from vegetable farming and production has slipped over
the last 10 years from 1000 tonnes to 40 tonnes. Indonesia is the second largest producer of
vanilla to Madagascar with the industry based in Bali. It is a very labour intensive crop and takes
over 3 years for the vines to grow to fruit bearing age. Once harvested they must be stored for
long periods of time to develop their fragrance. About 150 tonnes of resinoid is produced
annually.
A Patchouli Still in Sumatra
Malaysia
Malaysia’s agriculture sector is primarily based on palm oil and rubber. The country has
developed a strong competitive advantage in these crops and established a well managed estate
sector. However one of the disadvantages with this success is the lack of interest in other
potential new crops. Essential oil production has been a curiosity and is not attracting serious
mainstream interest. One of the major hindrances of essential oil development in Malaysia is lack
of international market knowledge and until the last decade the small domestic consumer market,
thus making it unfeasible to develop a local market for domestically produced essential oils.
8. Tea Tree cultivated in Perlis, Malaysia
With renewed national interest in agriculture and the biotechnology sector, essential oils are
being viewed seriously again. There is currently around 200 hectares of tea tree plantation in
Malaysia, producing small commercial quantities, which is consumed in the local market. This
may expand over the next few years. There is also some very minor production of patchouli,
citronella and lemongrass used in the local herb and aromatherapy industries.
Thailand
Unlike Indonesia and Vietnam, interest in Thailand is mainly in producing herbs and traditional
remedies. Essential oils are cultivated in a number of projects in small quantities for
aromatherapy products and sold at retail level, thus maximizing their value and integrating
cultivation and production with agro-tourism. These activities are strongly supported by the Royal
16
family as with the Non-Commissioned Royal Project on essential oils . Oils produced include
Lime (Citrus aurantifolia), Lemongrass, Tangerine (Citrus reticulate), Ginger, Tuberose
(Polianthes tuberose Linn.), Tumeric, Vetiver, Grapefruit (Citrus maxima var. racemosa), sweet
basil, clove, citronella, Galanga (alpinia galangal), Jasmine, Kaffir Lime (Citrus hystrix), and
Champaka. Many novel essential oils like Plai oil (Zingiber cassumunar) have been developed for
use in herbal therapies and small quantities of oil are marketed internationally to the
aromatherapy market.
(insert photo 3)
Domestic sales of essential oil based cosmetics
Is a growth market in Thailand
A company (Phurua Natural Oils) is operating in the highlands of Loei Province utilizing a new
solvent extraction technology developed by Dr. Peter Wilde of the UK. The benign solvent
employed (HFC 134a or 1,1,1,2 - tetrafluoroethane), is a liquefied gas. It was originally developed
as the "green" replacement for CFC refrigerants (the use of which was curtailed under the
Montreal Convention). Because the process operates entirely at ambient temperature, the
products are of unsurpassed quality, not damaged by heat (cooked) nor vacuum stripped (as is
the case when attempting to remove less volatile solvents such as gasoline and alcohol) nor
17
exposed to acids (as with SCFE CO2 products) . A modern plant is operating there producing
high value flower and plant extracts for the US and European markets. Products produced
include Arabia Coffee Bean extract (Coffea arabica L.), Champaka Absolute (Michellia champaca),
9. Ginger Extract (Zingiber officinalis L), Rose Absolute (Rosa damascena Miller), Jasmine Absolute
(Jasminum sambac L) and Tuberose absolute (Polianthes tuberosa L.).
A worker preparing rose flowers for extraction
Laos
Loas is a landlocked country between Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam. The country produces
around 100 tonnes of bezoin resin, integrated with shifting agricultural practices, of which about
40 tonnes are exported to France. A variant of sassafras oil from Cinnamomum camphor is
produced and exported to Vietnam and China. Agarwood is produced by some of the tribal
communities in the country. This has been undertaken through wild collection. Currently
plantations are being developed to step up production of agarwood.
Timber is currently a large industry in Laos
leaving large amounts of unused land available
Cambodia
Cambodia is a relatively new producer of essential oils with the economy rapidly developing after
many years of war. Most land is idle and rural populations are looking for activities to earn a
stable income. Currently three essential oils are being produced. Cajuput oil is produced from the
wild in Southeast Svay Rieng province. Production of around 100 tonnes per annum is estimated,
which is sold to neighbouring Vietnam. It is also estimated that between 100-200 tonnes of
sassafras oil is also produced and being sold into Vietnam. Pilot production of tea tree and
18
lemongrass oils are also being undertaken in the country .
10. A still for cajuput oil in Cambodia
Vietnam
The cultivation of essential oils dates back to colonial times, however this industry was destroyed
during the Vietnam War. Under Government support the industry recommenced in the early
1980’s, focusing on exporting to the then Soviet Union and China. Oils developed through this era
included basil, cornmint (Mentha arvensis) and citronella oils. With the Government allowing
farmers to decide what to grow themselves, production of essential oils followed prices. Citronella
production varies between 200-500 tonnes per annum and has taken up much of the market that
Indonesian production has dropped. Sassafras oil was produced from wild growing plants in Lam
Dong Province, but banned in 2000 because of depletion of the forest. Now sassafras oil is
purchased from neighboring Laos and Cambodia to supply the international market. Between 20-
40 tonnes of basil oil (methyl chavicol type) are produced annually and exported to France.
Around 150 tonnes of cajuput oil are produced for the local medicinal market each year. Vietnam
is reported to also produce star anise, cassia, Litsea cubeba, patchouli, palmarosa, tea tree,
19
Eucalyptus citriadora, ginger and agarwood oils .
As mentioned at the beginning of this section, the established essential oil industry in Indonesia
developed through a long history of trade links with trading companies from the country of their
past colonial master. This continued to be a sustainable industry because of natural competitive
cost advantage and large domestic market. However not many new essential oils are being
developed and commercialized. The case is similar in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. Although
these industries died out during political instability and war, they have been re-established under
trade promoted through the now defunct communist block in the 1980s. Entrepreneurs both local
and foreign are primarily responsible for the development of new essential oils in Cambodia and
Laos. Malaysia’s agriculture is heavily influenced by focus on palm oil and rubber and thus has
been very slow to develop essential oils and development has relied upon entrepreneurs with the
passion and interest in this industry. Essential oil development in Thailand was also like Malaysia,
slow, but recently focused on value adding agro-products as a market channel, seeking to
develop domestic demand rather than focus on the international market. Other development in
Thailand is focused on high value and specialty products.
The Potential to Develop Essential Oils in the Region
Until recent times, discussion and focus on developing essential oils in the region concentrated
on the international flavour and fragrance industry. The key to essential oil development in the
region was seen by many experts in the flavour and fragrance industry as an exercise in
competing with other producers in other countries on competitive advantage and looking for
11. 20
markets where there was dramatic growth in demand . However demand for essential oils in the
flavour and fragrance sector has dropped dramatically as a percentage, as other application
sectors have grown outside the traditional market. If an enterprise rather than an economic
approach is taken to developing essential oils, many new opportunities emerge for essential oil
production in the region. These opportunities are strengthened more by the continuing resilient
growth of local South East Asian economies and their domestic consumer markets. What we
have seen from the Australian industry review is that developing essential oil production based on
competitive cost advantage is difficult even with adequate research and development backing
and modern planting, harvesting and processing technologies. Those successful in the Australian
industry are those who value add into specialty and niche products and maintain small boutique
production. Successful producers have ventured into agro-tourism and developed their own
consumer products. Thursday Plantations in Northern NSW is a very good example of this. While
21
the tea tree industry struggled to survive, Thursday Plantations just grew and prospered .
Although now they produce very little oil themselves, they are supporting local growers. Thai
producers are following this model and growing successful businesses, while in Malaysia
producers are trying to follow the extensive estate model to develop competitive cost advantage
and not succeeding.
The development of new markets over the last twenty years (aromatherapy, cosmetics,
agricultural applications), both in specific country domestic niches and internationally is opening a
new Pandora’s box of opportunities for small scale boutique industry development, rather than
traditional large scale competitive cost advantage development aimed at exporting and competing
22
with other third world producers .
Developing a Project
12. There are many advantages of developing essential oil projects in the South-East Asian region.
These advantages are primarily;
1. A large area of biodiversity where it is estimated that over 70% of the world’s flora
23
species are located in this region ,
2. A wide variety of climates from tropical, monsoonal and temperate,
3. Adequate water in most of the region for farming,
4. Low land and infrastructure costs (almost 1/10 of cost in Australia),
5. A growing level of natural product research and development, particularly in Indonesia,
Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam,
6. Large tax exceptions and other positive incentives and grants available in some
countries,
7. Rapidly growing populations, disposable income levels and consumer markets,
8. Finance available through Government owned banks, International financial institutions
and venture capitalists, and scope to develop integrated projects.
The rest of this paper will examine the major issues in regards to developing an essential oil
project in South East Asia.
Type of Project Strategy
Most recent new promoters and investors to the natural product industries (herbs and essential
oils) tend to be individuals and companies with specific interest in downstream activities like
cosmetic or traditional medicine. They view the project as a source of materials for their own use
in marketing other products utilizing essential oils. Thus scale is small and profitable in the view of
the whole enterprise. For example, United Plantations Bhd. in Malaysia produces tea tree oil for
their own soap manufacture. Any excess is marketed as a material to other users.
Other small plantations produce essential oils as an integrated herb and tourism project, where
essential oils become an important image part of the whole project. This is very popular in
Thailand. Some of these projects like the Royal Projects in Thailand and the Kelantan Womens’
24
Project in Malaysia are community groups organized to produce essential oils and herbs for
manufacture into consumer products.
Most plantations set up to cater directly for the global market have seemed to fail in
commercialization, unless they are producing specialty products with demand in Europe or the
US. Potential development strategies are summarized in Table 2 below;
Table 2: Potential Entry Strategies for Essential Oil Production
Strategy Advantages Disadvantages
Large scale cultivation • Low cost base in Indonesia, • Low cost countries like
for international market Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam Indonesia struggling to
maintain competitive
advantage
• Most projects based on this
strategy in both Australia and
S. E. Asia failed to be
sustainable
• Competition based on price
in buyers market
New Essential Oils • No or little competition in early • Registration cost of new
stages products for F&F, cosmetic
• Novelty has a marketing story and pharmaceutical
behind it – cosmetics & industries very high
aromatherapy
13. Integrated Project as part • Adds synergy to the business • Business complexity greatly
of another business/ • Costs distributed across whole increases
agro-tourism/ business
consumer products • Production becomes part of
the marketing strategy
• Develop own market for
production
Community • Low entry financial costs • High organizational
Empowerment • Assist in providing sustainable resources required
project/small holder income for communities in
supply on buy back poverty
• Becomes part of companies
social responsibility activities
• Marketing benefits
Reasons for Failure of Projects
Before going any further it is apt to mention the major reasons for failures of projects. The type of
project failure risks may differ slightly from country to country, but the general reasons are listed
as follows;
1. Cultural Understanding (or misunderstanding): Each country has a unique culture
with different values and those working with local Governments, companies, communities
and individuals must understand the beliefs and values that are important in each
country. Failure to do so can result in sometimes un-repairable misunderstandings.
2. Politics: Brian Lawrence listed politics as one of the major reasons for project failure in
projects in many countries. This does not just include issues with political figures but
politics and misunderstood agendas of Government agencies, corporations and
25
individuals, one may have to deal with .
3. Regulation: Getting new essential oils registered requires many studies with
internationally recognized monographs prepared. This may cost more than the market is
worth.
4. Market: Many new ventures have failed because they did not analyse the market
correctly and found when production came online there was a glut of oil and they were
not able to get the projected price in the market.
5. Identifying the Wrong Essential Oils to Produce: Many projects have failed because
they just produced the wrong essential oils and couldn’t sell them competitively in the
marketplace.
6. Poor Weather: Many projects have failed because of poor weather, drought, unusual
temperatures which are all variables outside of the control of the producer. The el nino
effect is beginning to influence the region again which could lead to prolonged droughts
in some areas.
7. Poor Infrastructure: Many ventures fail because infrastructure has not being completely
developed such as land preparation, irrigation, efficient harvesting and processing
26
facilities .
8. Finance: Some ventures run out of finance before the crop is ready for harvest and
processing, a long time lag between harvest, processing and sale, or just poor estimation
of project costs during planning and
9. Incorrect Chemotype: Many ventures have failed because of just selecting the incorrect
chemotype of the plant species they are cultivating. This problem occurred in a basil oil
project in the Ord River scheme in Western Australia during the 1980s.
Ease of Entry into South East Asia – Investment Regulations
14. South East Asia is a diverse region with each country having different investment regulations
and modes of doing business. Each country also has differing incentives, R&D levels and
available land. Table 3 summarises the different investment and business climates of each
country in the region.
Table 3: Summary of Investment Climates in Selected South East Asian Countries
Investment Land Infra Costs Finance Grants & R&D Local
Regulation Availability Availability Incentives Capability Market
Size
Indonesia Up to 100% Very limited Depend on Foreign 5 year tax Excellent Extremely
equity but location Banks exception R&D large
cannot own Institutes
land
Cannot
engage in
local market
activities
directly
Malaysia Can own Plentiful Relatively Local 10 year tax Excellent Moderately
100% (40% (can obtain inexpensive Banks & holiday R&D sized but
foreign grants) Govt Various Institutes large
equity Agencies, financial herbal
eligible for VC grants for market
financial commerciali
grants) zation &
R&D
Thailand Require Very limited Relatively Local N/A Excellent Large and
board of in private inexpensive Banks & VC R&D growing
investment hands Institutes especially
permission herbs
Cambodia 100% Plentiful Require Foreign Up to Very limited Very small
equity (Can obtain outside Banks negotiation local
allowed grants) assistance market
Laos 100% Plentiful Require Foreign Exemption Very limited Very Small
equity (Can obtain outside Banks of local
allowed grants) assistance equipment market
import
duties
7 year tax
exception
Vietnam Up to 100% Plentiful Relatively Foreign Tax Good R&D Large
upon (Can obtain inexpensive Banks incentives Institutes market &
approval of grants) rapidly
FIB growing
Going Alone or Finding a Partner
Finding a partner may be advisable due to inexperience in operating in the chosen country.
There are a number of options with advantages and disadvantages. Government agencies
and semi Government organizations are common partners in South East Asian development
projects in all the countries concerned. One must be very careful that your vision and
objectives are the same as the agency’s. Another problem when dealing with a statutory body
is personnel will be moved around from time to time and the group you negotiated with may
not necessarily be the same group you work with. In South East Asia one must also be aware
of individual personal agendas, which if not understood and addressed could lead to future
difficulties. Government Agencies in the two socialist countries may be extremely formal and
bureaucratic. Large public companies are another option and there are also a number of
intracompany political dynamics that need to be looked out for. Small business and
individuals are another group and building up personal relationships and clearly defining both
parties roles is extremely important if misunderstandings in the future are to be avoided.
15. Finally cooperatives and community groups are another option and negotiating with these
forms of organizations require patience and re-explaining a number of times.
The author with the Vice President of the
Lao Peoples Democratic Republic
discussing essential oil development
Communication in South East Asia is completely different than in the West. Many deals and
ventures have failed to conclude and materialize because of misunderstanding the culture,
values, beliefs and expressions of these. Generally Asians seek harmony with a group and
prefer not to be confrontational in negotiations. Thus agreement with a nod may not mean
that they are in agreement with you and your idea. Western cultures accept up front
discussion, where the verbal message contains all the meaning, whereas Asian culture there
is need not just to focus on the content, but the tone, expression, ambiguous language and
27
actions to understand what is really meant . Many of the more conservative Chinese
businesspeople in South East Asia will toss around various ideas and scenarios over a
number of meetings over a period of time, where westerners will feel they are getting no-
where. This is the process building up a relationship with the one they will be working with on
a long term project and this process is much more important than any future contract signed
28
between the parties , as the person during this process will be continually sizing up the
other’s commitment, ideas, thoughts, honesty and vision. Without understanding the culture
and in particular its values and beliefs, one will not really be able to understand what is really
going on. One recent potential investor to the region commented “I feel that I am in a parallel
universe….we have got nowhere”.
Another important point in the selection of partners is that many people that one may meet
and negotiate with may have little idea about essential oils and the concepts being conveyed
and little experience in negotiating with foreigners. This will be the case with some
Government agencies in Indonesia, Laos, Vietnam and even parts of Malaysia. Private
businesspeople may be in the same position, so the process of negotiation will take a long
period and great patience and many visits maybe required.
It is normal in this region that the negotiation period could take up to two years. A lesson can
be learnt from Japanese investors in South East Asia. When they come, they know the
language and are quite comfortable staying long periods of time in the country concerned to
expedite and finalise this process. A number of short visits to the region will not achieve much
until all parties really know each other and compromise on a common vision.
The Development Process
16. The rest of this paper will describe the major issues involved in developing a project. It is
assumed that the crops have already been selected. The following comments refer to a
project between 20-100 Ha in size. It is best to develop a complete plan and budget before
touching the land so that all work required is estimated and budgeted for. In addition to a
financial budget, a manpower and resource budget is necessary. This means that every input
required for the project must be sourced prior to requirement, so it is available when needed.
This is very important during nursery, planting, maintenance, harvesting and processing work
and for organic farming where bio-materials will be required to convert into mulches and
fertilizers.
Land Selection
Site selection is a very crucial issue as the conditions and available infrastructure and access
to transport and communications greatly varies across the region. Important issues are the
suitability of the soil for the type of crops that are planned to be cultivated, the drainage of the
land, availability of water for irrigation, access to available labour, access to transport, access
to support services like engineers for building and servicing equipment and prior use of the
land.
Land selection will have a crucial bearing on the cost of the project. Developing drainage,
irrigation systems, land preparation and other infrastructure as fences to keep out cattle, etc.,
is very time consuming and costly. Soil types can vary over a single parcel of land and this
must be surveyed before a plantation schematic is designed.
If the project is going to be developed with agro-tourism in mind, then the project should be
relatively accessible to high traffic tourist areas in the region. These areas include West Java,
Central Java, Bali, Melaka, Penang, Terengganu, Kelantan, Sabah & Sarawak, Trang,
Phuket, Krabbi, Hua Hin, Chang Mai, Nong Kwai, Udon Thani, Vientiene, Hue and Danang
for example. Climate is very different in each area ranging from tropical, monsoonal with
specific and long dry periods, sub tropical and temperate.
Land Development
Actual land development once the final site is selected can take up to a year before anything
can be planted. Fields need to be leveled and a gradient for rain run-off established with
adequate drainage to ensure fields are not water logged. Poor fertility soil patches need to be
identified and corrected. Irrigation ponds are required and must be coordinated with the
drainage system. Roads for workers and equipment need to be developed around the fields.
A seed propagation facility and nursery needs to be established. Some sort of erosion control
strategy is required. Vetivert is a good crop to use to prevent embankments eroding.
A distillery and waste management area has to be build up and finally other infrastructure for
storing tractors and equipment, worker housing (if necessary) and facilities for tourists.
17. Almost complete Nursery
Building a pilot distillery plant
Reclaiming swampy land
Genetic Stock and Propagation
Crucial to the success of the project is identifying the correct genetic material to develop a
plantation from. Some essential oil bearing plants have a number of chemotype variants and
these must be correctly identified before increasing the population by propagation. There will
18. also be variances in yields and oil quality in different materials of the same species. These
issues can be examined through replicated experiments in the pilot stage of production.
Propagation usually is undertaken through seed, cutting and grafting, vegetative propagation
or tissue culture. Propagation and the nursery activities are costly and time consuming, so
the correct strategy must be selected to produce enough plants for the field at the minimum
cost. It is better to develop gradually and plant incrementally so that mistakes can be
identified earlier on, rather go all out for a single planting.
Once the nursery has been used for initial propagation, the complex can be utilized for further
experimentation of new species and variants. The nursery can become a profit centre for
contract growing of herb and exotic plants, especially if agro-tourism is also being developed.
Pilot Project
The pilot project is also part of crop selection to monitor the performance and growth of new
plants to the area. This process also enables examination of how some plants from the wild
domesticate in a plantation regime. Levels of nutrient and water application can also be
tested and monitored to determine the best practices needed to achieve the best quality and
yield of oil from the crop.
Basic questions that should be answered during this phase are;
a) Will the plant grow well in this environment?
b) Are there any climatic restrictions?
c) Can the plant be integrated with other crops?
d) What are the potential problems?
e) What are the economics of the crop?
f) Does the yield and quality look promising?
g) Does planting time affect the growth?
h) What are the optimum plant spacings?
i) What is the projected yield per Ha.?
j) What is the diurnal fluctuation in the oil yield?
Planting & Maintenance
Due to low labour costs, planting can be undertaken manually for crops that don’t require
replanting for many years. This is suitable for tree crops like eucalyptus and tea tree, etc. For
seasonal essential oil crops that require replanting every couple of years, small inexpensive
mechanical planters can be used. Plant spacings must be designed to take account of both
the area each tree requires for maximum bio-mass production and allow for mechanical
harvesting.
19. Manual plant of kesum (Persicaria odoratum)
Small scale planter
The single most perplexing issue in South East Asia is weed control. Conventional herbicides
can be used but really not conducive to the cultivation of herbs and essential oils, if we wish
to maintain the persona of a natural product. This is thus a very challenging task in this region
as weeds can literally grow 10 cm in 24 hours after rain. Plastic lining along the fields can be
utilized, manual weeding, butane burning or the use of cover crops. The author is
experimenting with a herbicide developed through enzymes. This produces as general
spectrum efficacy and has proved quite successful.
Field definitions, contours and drainage systems need to be maintained due to the high
volume of water through rainfall during the wet seasons. Time must be allocated after each
harvest to maintain the fields and drainage.
Pests & Diseases
Potential pest and diseases are usually identified during the pilot project, thus allowing time to
develop a strategy to combat this problem. Prevention is the best form of defense and South
East Asian is blessed with the neem (Azadirachra indica), which in four years of use in
various areas of the region, the author has found to be much more effective than
commercially available pesticides. Neem extracts can be prepared on site from both the
leaves and fruits and in an aqueous solution applied to the soil under the crops. Neem
extracts attack the pathology of insects in a different way to conventional insecticides, acting
29
to disrupt the insect lifecycle, preventing multiplication, rather than outright killing them . The
author has observed that neem has a much longer residual effect than conventional
insecticides and insects fail to develop any tolerance to the extract. By having your own trees
20. lining the roads and perimeter of the plantation, one can lower input costs in the maintenance
periods through producing your own extract and less need to spray crops.
Harvesting
Every crop will require a specific method of harvesting. Where possible the harvesting system
should be integrated with the distillation and processing system. There are a number of
systems around the world, some fully mechanized while others still rely on traditional and
manual methods. How fully mechanized the project should develop depends upon land size
and economics of the crop.
Taking a harvest of tea tree to distillery
Extraction Processing
Distillation is an age old process and plants around the world vary in their sophistication, as
some of the pictures accompanying this article denote. Most plantations start with a very
simple system and over time and experience periodically upgrade their systems as they
learn. The mint industry in the Ovens Valley, Victoria built three systems before they went to
highly mechanized bin harvesting system. Distillation of essential oils is as much an art,
learnt by experience and particular processes vary according to the crop and even factors
like how much moisture is in the bio-mass.
One critical issue to distillation is the fuel source to develop heat energy to produce steam for
the process. Diesel is the usual choice on modern plantations, although subsistence farmers
in Indonesia, Vietnam and Laos use firewood. The cost of distillation is the highest single cost
in producing essential oils. Bio-fuels are an area of extensive research in the region and at
Prince Songkhla University (PSU) in Thailand, a small bio-diesel conversion unit has been
developed that is adequate for the production for a single farm environment, utilizing
30
feedstocks like Jatropha curcas . In this situation some land should be allocated in the
project for cultivation of a bio diesel feedstock. Other possibilities could include the use of
spent rice paddy husk or palm oil refuse as an energy source.
21. Running the distillery at night
Farm scale bio diesel plants
Organic Farming
Organic farming means different things to different people and it is growing in South East
Asia, not for the same reasons as in the west. Organic farming in South East Asia lowers the
cost of inputs and assists in creating better incomes to the farmers. In many places organic
farming is still practiced as slash and burn, but this is not sustainable. Organic farming as well
as a means to provide chemical free produce is a whole mindest about solving everyday
problems of farmers who face the problem of maintaining sustainability of their land. Organic
farming is way to maintain soil fertility and prevent soil erosion, control pests and diseases
and utilize wastage back onto the farm.
Organic farming methods vary greatly from location to location because of different critical
issues that need to be addressed by farmers in each locality. Heavily influencing what types
of practices can be used is what bio-materials and wastes are available in each location.
Specific recipes for fertilisers and mulches are developed from what is available. The
common theme is integration and a holistic approach to farm management with the objective
of maximizing sustainability.
Organic essential oils are a small market segment but have a market value up to three times
of conventionally produced oils. In the aromatherapy and cosmetic markets, organically
22. produced oils are more important. This is an advantage for niche essential oil production in
South East Asian, as input costs are less for organic farming than conventional farming.
Newly completed facilities for organic
fertilizer preparation
Regulation & Approvals
As a flavour and fragrance ingredient used in the international market, any new essential oils
must be of the GRAS list (Generally Regarded as Safe). The EU has the REACH regulations.
In Australia a new essential oil will most probably require registration under the National
Industrial Chemical Notification and Assessment Scheme (NICNAS). As a cosmetic, personal
care and industrial oil, the material will have to be registered under the FDA in the United
States, SCCP in the EU, NICAS in Australia and with each relevant board in South East Asia.
Therapeutic ingredients must have a monograph listed in a pharmacopoeia and in Australia
under the Therapeutic Goods Act (TGA) and similar bodies in South East Asia. As an
insecticide, veterinary or agricultural material the product would be registered under the
Australian Pesticide and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) and similar authorities in
South East Asia.
If the oil is sold to other users in the manufacture of consumer products, they may require
ISO, GMP, GAP and HACCP accreditations. Halal, Kosher and organic certifications will also
be required if the relevant claims are made.
Downstream Activities
Tourism is one of the largest industries in the South East Asian region. Agro-tourism is
developing very successfully in Thailand and these tourist centres cater more for locals than
foreign tourists. Herb plantations have luxurious spas and accommodation and are very
popular. Tourism has become a major source of income, up to 60% of some projects. Most
places also sell their products through websites connecting their concept and theme to both
the tourism aspect and use these images and goodwill to launch consumer brands. The
tourism aspect of the project synergizes with the marketing of the products, thus turning the
project into a totally holistic business. This is not unique to South East Asia, some Australian
essential oil producers undertake this strategy, as do some of the essential oil production
houses in Grasse, France.
23. The cosmetic manufacturer can utilize this type of project to strengthen their image to the
consumer. The project is proof that the company is serious about sustainability and bringing
the consumer the naturalness purported on the labels. South East Asia is a source of herb
extracts and these are synergistic to essential oils in the marketplace. The emergence of bio-
active products utilizing enzymes is another growth area in the industry that can utilize
materials produced through the project.
Conclusion
The farm-gate value of Australian essential oil production is around AUD $15.0 million, but added
value is in excess of AUD $100 million with consumer products and integrated business activities
like agro-tourism. As a competitive cost advantage producer, the Australian industry record has
had its failures in the eucalyptus and tea tree oil industries. Indonesian production is primarily
commodity based essential oil production and trading and is subject to the cyclical price trends in
the market which destroys continuity of the industry. Products that are the result of wild collection
of bio-mass are under threat from over-exploitation. As a competitive cost advantage producer,
Indonesia is also struggling to sustain the production of a number of crops, even though it
dominates some markets and exports crude oils in excess of AUD $90 million per annum. Laos,
Cambodia and Vietnam are following the Indonesian strategy and those industries will prosper or
suffer according to prevailing prices in the market. Thailand has developed both niche and
specialty production returning to small scale production with a market they can control. This is
creating empowerment for some communities, where production is by the people and for the
people in community projects linked by the One Tambon One Product Program. This is a model
that one would expect to be emulated more in the future by communities in other countries as we
31
return to the philosophies of Schumacher in his revelation Small is Beautiful , rather than the
32
development economists telling the third world how to develop themselves . Kao et al reflects
the growing move by companies being concerned about society as follows, “If serving people is
the philosophy of the corporation, then the corporate value system must be the spirit that drives
the individual to act for the individual’s interest and the interest of the corporation, and thereby, of
33
society” .
New business models for new markets are allowing more innovation in essential oil production,
34
which was locked into a commodity item with a commodity mentality . Many essential oil
plantations around the world heavily rely on tourism as a primary source of revenue. South East
Asia is a very important tourist destination and there are many opportunities for projects to be
developed. As a cosmetic manufacturer trying to develop an edge in image with the consumer,
such projects may become very appealing where consumers want to know that the company
manufacturing the products they buy is really concerned with the environment, committed to
harmony with nature and helping the global community.
Consumer wants for the natural and exotic will continue to be a major theme in cosmetics and
personal care and essential oil production will be needed to cater for the quickly changing trends
in the market – that something new that consumers want and manufacturers look for. Scaling
down to boutique production through an integrated project or through communities in South East
Asia would be a corporate strategy that would make sense to some people. It is also likely with
70% of all flora species in the region that new natural materials are likely to require feedstocks
sourced from this region. Low cost biotechnology processes will allow small scale production of
many new specialty cosmetic products, which will have some influence on the markets in the near
future. South East Asia with this diversity and rapidly growing markets again after the recovery
from the 1997 crash, will be the location to develop business with more holistic strategies.
1
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25. 21
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26
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30
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32
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33
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34
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