The document discusses global health and human development by introducing definitions of developed and developing countries according to the WHO. It describes how the WHO classifies countries into mortality strata (A through E) based on child and adult mortality rates to help target health interventions. Developed countries tend to have very low mortality, high GDP, and strong infrastructure, while developing countries generally have higher mortality, lower wealth, and less access to resources and technology. Many factors influence a country's development level making clear distinctions difficult.
Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) Strategic Plan 2014-2019. Learn more about PAHO's core functions, health initiatives, goals and challenges in finding solutions to health problems throughout the Americas.
Income inequalities in health presentationPrashanth N S
Presentation on socio-economic inequalities in health in India made at the National Seminar on Health Equity Evidence and Priorities for Research in India conducted by the Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences & Technology (SCTIMST), Trivandrum in 2015
Disparities in Health Care: The Significance of Socioeconomic StatusAmanda Romano-Kwan
This research paper discusses the disparities in the health care system, with a specific focus on socioeconomic status and how it affects the access and availability of quality care.
Population explosion is the phenomenon of the size of a population tending to a very large number in a finite interval of time is called population explosion i.e., rapid increase in population for a long time may be termed as "population explosion".
Birth rate is much higher than the death rate for long time may lead to population explosion.
The literal meaning of population is "the whole number of people or inhabitants in a country or region".
The main factors affecting the population change are the birth rate, death rate and migration.
Migration is the number of people moving in (immigration) or out (emigration) of a country, place or locality.
The population change is calculated by the formula:
Population change = (Births + Immigration) - (Deaths + Emigration)
Population explosion or overpopulation refers to a condition where an organism's numbers exceed the carrying capacity of its habitat.
Every sixth person on globe today is every Indian.
India adds about 10 lakh persons to its population every fortnight.
India adds one Australia every eight months.
By 2045 or earlier, India would overtake china as the world's most populous country.
49% of the increase in India's population is from four states Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, UP.
Understand why hospitals must take the lead in eliminating disparities in care
Learn about the various dimensions of health care disparities. This presentation provides a background on the factors contributing to health care disparities, the ways in which race, ethnicity and language (REaL) data may be applied to improve health equity, as well as strategies through which to enhance the collection of REaL data.
Authors: Bohr D, Bostick N
Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) Strategic Plan 2014-2019. Learn more about PAHO's core functions, health initiatives, goals and challenges in finding solutions to health problems throughout the Americas.
Income inequalities in health presentationPrashanth N S
Presentation on socio-economic inequalities in health in India made at the National Seminar on Health Equity Evidence and Priorities for Research in India conducted by the Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences & Technology (SCTIMST), Trivandrum in 2015
Disparities in Health Care: The Significance of Socioeconomic StatusAmanda Romano-Kwan
This research paper discusses the disparities in the health care system, with a specific focus on socioeconomic status and how it affects the access and availability of quality care.
Population explosion is the phenomenon of the size of a population tending to a very large number in a finite interval of time is called population explosion i.e., rapid increase in population for a long time may be termed as "population explosion".
Birth rate is much higher than the death rate for long time may lead to population explosion.
The literal meaning of population is "the whole number of people or inhabitants in a country or region".
The main factors affecting the population change are the birth rate, death rate and migration.
Migration is the number of people moving in (immigration) or out (emigration) of a country, place or locality.
The population change is calculated by the formula:
Population change = (Births + Immigration) - (Deaths + Emigration)
Population explosion or overpopulation refers to a condition where an organism's numbers exceed the carrying capacity of its habitat.
Every sixth person on globe today is every Indian.
India adds about 10 lakh persons to its population every fortnight.
India adds one Australia every eight months.
By 2045 or earlier, India would overtake china as the world's most populous country.
49% of the increase in India's population is from four states Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, UP.
Understand why hospitals must take the lead in eliminating disparities in care
Learn about the various dimensions of health care disparities. This presentation provides a background on the factors contributing to health care disparities, the ways in which race, ethnicity and language (REaL) data may be applied to improve health equity, as well as strategies through which to enhance the collection of REaL data.
Authors: Bohr D, Bostick N
Principles and Concepts Development
What is the real meaning of development?
Why do some countries develop and others remain poor?
What are the sources of development and how do we measure development?
Does historical record of development help us understand it better?
What are the most influential theories of development and are they compatible?
Is development process of developing nations independent or interdependent with that of developed nations?
Definition of Economic Development: 1950s
In economic terms, development is the capacity of a nation to generate and sustain an annual increase in its GNP of 5% or more.
Traditional economic measures:
GDP: is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time
Y=C+I+G+NX
GNP: is the market value of all final goods and services produced by permanent residents of a country in a given period of time
GNP= GDP+ net factor income from abroad
1) To know how countries pass through different stages of population growth as shown in the five stages of the Demographic Transition Model (birth rate, death rate and natural population changes) and how it changes population structure
2) To understand the impact of increasing urbanisation, agricultural change, education and the emancipation of women on the rate of population growth
3. To know how to construct a population pyramid
4. To understand how to interpret population characteristics from a pyramid and how to predict likely future changes in a population.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
1. Unit 4 Outcome 1Unit 4 Outcome 1
Introducing global health andIntroducing global health and
human developmenthuman development
Chapter 8 p.264 -268Chapter 8 p.264 -268
Dot point 1Dot point 1
““definitions of developed anddefinitions of developed and
developing countries according todeveloping countries according to
the WHO, including high/lowthe WHO, including high/low
mortality strata”mortality strata”
2. Developed countriesDeveloped countries p.266p.266
• Developed (industrialised): well
developed industry, mining or
agriculture sectors, healthy
economy based on trade
• High Gross Domestic product
(GDP): total value of goods and
services produced by a country
in a year = one indicator that a
country is developed
• Therefore: flourishing economy,
established healthcare,
education system, high literacy
and immunisation rates
• eg of countries = Australia, New
Zealand, USA, Canada, Japan,
Sweden, Italy, UK, ...
3. Developing countriesDeveloping countries p. 266p. 266
• Less developed and generally
have a low GDP
• Less access to technology, poor
industry, limited trade
• Infrastructure poorly developed
• Business /finance system is
weak
• High rates of poverty caused by
debt, colonisation, international
trade arrangements, may be
impoverished through war,
conflict or natural disasters
• Thus have limited healthcare
facilities, low literacy rates
• Short life expectancy, high
morbidity, low literacy and
immunisation rates
• eg countries = Afghanistan,
Thailand, Vanuatu, Zimbabwe,
China, Cambodia, Bangladesh,...
4. It is difficult to classify a country asIt is difficult to classify a country as
either developed or developingeither developed or developing
because they may have somebecause they may have some
features that are common to bothfeatures that are common to both
groupings.groupings.
There are many factors thatThere are many factors that
contribute to development, such ascontribute to development, such as
health status and health systems,health status and health systems,
economics (including the level ofeconomics (including the level of
wealth or GDP), environmentalwealth or GDP), environmental
health, and education.health, and education.
5. WHO regionsWHO regions
• The WHO have grouped countries into 6
regions
- Based on geographical location
- These regions may include both
developed and developing countries
- It is difficult to categorise all countries as
developed or developing, many levels
• UN has not established a formal
definition.
• WHO uses the following to categorise
them:
- High mortality developing countries
- Low mortality developing countries
- Developed countries
6.
7.
8. WHO Mortality Strata p266-267WHO Mortality Strata p266-267
• The WHO has also classified its member states (there areThe WHO has also classified its member states (there are
more than 190) into five mortality strata.more than 190) into five mortality strata.
• Statistics for child and adult mortality are analysed and theStatistics for child and adult mortality are analysed and the
countries are classified accordingly.countries are classified accordingly. Child mortalityChild mortality refersrefers
to the mortality rates of children under five years per 1000to the mortality rates of children under five years per 1000
live births.live births. Adult mortalityAdult mortality refers to the mortality of malesrefers to the mortality of males
aged between 15 and 59.aged between 15 and 59.
• Classifying the countries by mortality rates alone putsClassifying the countries by mortality rates alone puts
countries with other countries experiencing similar healthcountries with other countries experiencing similar health
outcomes. Health campaigns and interventions can then beoutcomes. Health campaigns and interventions can then be
devised for each strata in order to improve the healthdevised for each strata in order to improve the health
outcomes of their respective populations.outcomes of their respective populations.
9. VCAA…VCAA…
The WHO classifies countries into five mortality strata basedThe WHO classifies countries into five mortality strata based
on the mortality rates of children under five years of age andon the mortality rates of children under five years of age and
adults. (adult male mortality ages 15–59 years old)adults. (adult male mortality ages 15–59 years old)
•• Mortality strata A – very low child mortality and low adult mortality.Mortality strata A – very low child mortality and low adult mortality.
•• Mortality strata B – low child mortality and low adult mortality.Mortality strata B – low child mortality and low adult mortality.
•• Mortality strata C – low child mortality and high adult mortality.Mortality strata C – low child mortality and high adult mortality.
•• Mortality strata D – high child mortality and high adult mortality.Mortality strata D – high child mortality and high adult mortality.
•• Mortality strata E – high child mortality and very high adult mortality.Mortality strata E – high child mortality and very high adult mortality.
•Countries in A strata considered developed, while those
in strata D or E considered developing
•It is more difficult to label strata B or C
Table 8.1 – WHO member states by region and strata p. 267Table 8.1 – WHO member states by region and strata p. 267
10. Exam Question 2010Exam Question 2010
• Section A,Section A, Question 4Question 4
• List two characteristics used by the WorldList two characteristics used by the World
Health Organization (WHO) to describe aHealth Organization (WHO) to describe a
developing country.developing country.
• 1.1.
• 2.2.
(2 marks)(2 marks)
11. AnswerAnswer
• Characteristics used by the World Health OrganizationCharacteristics used by the World Health Organization
(WHO) to describe a developing country include (any two(WHO) to describe a developing country include (any two
of): Note – must state if the characteristic is high/lowof): Note – must state if the characteristic is high/low
•• under-five mortality rateunder-five mortality rate
•• adult mortalityadult mortality
•• child mortalitychild mortality
•• infant mortalityinfant mortality
•• incomeincome
•• adult literacyadult literacy
•• life expectancylife expectancy
•• level of economic developmentlevel of economic development
•• gross domestic product.gross domestic product.
12. Exam Question 2012Exam Question 2012
a. Select one developing country from the table and usea. Select one developing country from the table and use
13. Answer:Answer:
• Following is a possible approach to answering this question.Following is a possible approach to answering this question.
- Afghanistan is a high-mortality strata developing country.- Afghanistan is a high-mortality strata developing country.
The life expectancy is low (68yrs), the Under-5 mortalityThe life expectancy is low (68yrs), the Under-5 mortality
rate per 1000 people is very high(199 deaths per 100) andrate per 1000 people is very high(199 deaths per 100) and
maternal mortality is high (1400 per 1000 000), whichmaternal mortality is high (1400 per 1000 000), which
supports high mortality strata.supports high mortality strata.
• Students needed to select a developing country –Students needed to select a developing country –
Afghanistan, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Chad – or no marksAfghanistan, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Chad – or no marks
could be awarded.could be awarded.
• Many students were able to state that the developingMany students were able to state that the developing
country was Strata E or D, given the statistics.country was Strata E or D, given the statistics.
14. Question:Question:
• Explain how the WHO strata levels canExplain how the WHO strata levels can
assist in providing aid programs.assist in providing aid programs.
• Answer:Answer:
• The WHO strata levels can assist in providing aid
programs by being using the strata information to predict
where services may be needed in the future and plan
their projects accordingly, for example in areas with very
high and high child mortality rates immunisation
programs could be implement.
16. Contributing Reasons?Contributing Reasons?
DebtDebt
• International debt a concern for developing
countries
• Problem begins in 1970’s and 80’s when large
loans were made to poor nations by other
countries & financial institutes such as World
Bank
• Encouraged to borrow funds to build
infrastructure such as transport systems &
grow crops for export to improve economy
• However many governments made poor use of
the $; purchased weapons, extravagant
buildings
• As a result when price of oil and farming
equipment increased & returns for crops were
low....were not able to earn enough $ to repay
debt
• Too many countries spend their $ on repaying
debt
17. ColonialismColonialism • Level of poverty stems back
to 18th
or 19th
century
• Colonisers: Britain Spain,
Portugal, Holland, and
France exploited the raw
materials and resources of
the colonies in order to
develop and support their
own trade industries
• Gold, and other valuable
materials were mined, cash
crops such as tobacco and
coffee were planted, and
local populations were used
as cheap labour
18. • Before colonisation a large proportion of the
countries were self-sufficient
• Europeans arrived: locals were made to
work for the new masters, or grow cash
crops for low wages
• Food shortages developed due to land now
unavailable for previous use
• As a result many families left the countryside &
moved to towns & cities to search for
employment
• Resulted: low paying jobs, food supply
uncertain, crowded & unsanitary, disease
• Small pox introduced by colonial powers, many
deaths
• Many previously colonised countries have today
regained their independence - East Timor in
Western Pacific Region....hard to rebuild...
19. TradeTrade
• Many developing countries dependMany developing countries depend
on exports for incomeon exports for income
• While international trade hasWhile international trade has
potential to help poorer nationspotential to help poorer nations
combat poverty, it is often wealthiercombat poverty, it is often wealthier
countries that benefit more from thecountries that benefit more from the
trade arrangementstrade arrangements
• Because of the small range ofBecause of the small range of
agricultural or mining exportsagricultural or mining exports
available, developing countries areavailable, developing countries are
vulnerablevulnerable in global marketin global market
• Buyer has control of priceBuyer has control of price
• Weather problems or diseased cropsWeather problems or diseased crops
may force developing countries tomay force developing countries to
sell products at a lower pricesell products at a lower price
• Taxes placed on imported processedTaxes placed on imported processed
foods affect their involvement infoods affect their involvement in
world marketworld market