Shopping is widely regarded as a major leisure time activity. The entertainment aspect of retail
industry is increasingly being recognized as a key competitive instrument in the present situation. Therefore,
retailers and shopping Centre developers are seeking ways to make shopping more of a leisure pursuit. The
purpose of this research is to explore the dimensions of leisure shopping behaviour associated with shoppers of
organized retail outlets in Kerala. The paper also figured-out the inter relationship between the shopping
entertainment with consumer demographics. The findings of this study may help retailers in developing
appropriate strategies to improve the store patronage behaviour by elevating the hedonic shopping value and
shopping enjoyment index among consumers
Recent Rrends in Organized Retail Sector-A Review of Consumer preference towa...professionalpanorama
Retailing is the transaction between the seller and consumer for personal consumption and
retailing in India came with evolutionary patterns from kirana store or mom or pop stores to
super markets and super markets to malls. Indian retail industry is ranked as one of the
biggest retail market in the whole world and second most attractive market for investment
after Vietnam. The government’s initiative to allow 51 percent foreign direct (FDI) in
organized and multi-brand retail has been a subject for now. Rajasthan's economy is
primarily agricultural and pastoral. Jaipur, the capital of Rajasthan, is a fast growing city of
Rajasthan and organized retail is also becoming the part of this growth. This paper provides
detailed information and tries to find out the preference of consumers towards organized
retail sector; it also examines the growing awareness and brand consciousness among
Jaipur’s young buyers and prospective consumers. This paper explores the role of the
government of Rajasthan in growth of organized retail sector and the needs of further
reforms. It also includes the retail formats in Jaipur, recent trends, opportunities and
challenges of retail stores of Jaipur.
Recent trends in organized retail sector a review of consumerTapasya123
Retailing is the transaction between the seller and consumer for personal consumption and
retailing in India came with evolutionary patterns from kirana store or mom or pop stores to
super markets and super markets to malls. Indian retail industry is ranked as one of the
biggest retail market in the whole world and second most attractive market for investment
after Vietnam. The government’s initiative to allow 51 percent foreign direct (FDI) in
organized and multi-brand retail has been a subject for now. Rajasthan's economy is
primarily agricultural and pastoral. Jaipur, the capital of Rajasthan, is a fast growing city of
Rajasthan and organized retail is also becoming the part of this growth. This paper provides
detailed information and tries to find out the preference of consumers towards organized
retail sector; it also examines the growing awareness and brand consciousness among
Jaipur’s young buyers and prospective consumers. This paper explores the role of the
government of Rajasthan in growth of organized retail sector and the needs of further
reforms. It also includes the retail formats in Jaipur, recent trends, opportunities and
challenges of retail stores of Jaipur.
A Study of Consumer Behavior towards Grocery Retailing in Delhi Region of Na...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Recent Rrends in Organized Retail Sector-A Review of Consumer preference towa...professionalpanorama
Retailing is the transaction between the seller and consumer for personal consumption and
retailing in India came with evolutionary patterns from kirana store or mom or pop stores to
super markets and super markets to malls. Indian retail industry is ranked as one of the
biggest retail market in the whole world and second most attractive market for investment
after Vietnam. The government’s initiative to allow 51 percent foreign direct (FDI) in
organized and multi-brand retail has been a subject for now. Rajasthan's economy is
primarily agricultural and pastoral. Jaipur, the capital of Rajasthan, is a fast growing city of
Rajasthan and organized retail is also becoming the part of this growth. This paper provides
detailed information and tries to find out the preference of consumers towards organized
retail sector; it also examines the growing awareness and brand consciousness among
Jaipur’s young buyers and prospective consumers. This paper explores the role of the
government of Rajasthan in growth of organized retail sector and the needs of further
reforms. It also includes the retail formats in Jaipur, recent trends, opportunities and
challenges of retail stores of Jaipur.
Recent trends in organized retail sector a review of consumerTapasya123
Retailing is the transaction between the seller and consumer for personal consumption and
retailing in India came with evolutionary patterns from kirana store or mom or pop stores to
super markets and super markets to malls. Indian retail industry is ranked as one of the
biggest retail market in the whole world and second most attractive market for investment
after Vietnam. The government’s initiative to allow 51 percent foreign direct (FDI) in
organized and multi-brand retail has been a subject for now. Rajasthan's economy is
primarily agricultural and pastoral. Jaipur, the capital of Rajasthan, is a fast growing city of
Rajasthan and organized retail is also becoming the part of this growth. This paper provides
detailed information and tries to find out the preference of consumers towards organized
retail sector; it also examines the growing awareness and brand consciousness among
Jaipur’s young buyers and prospective consumers. This paper explores the role of the
government of Rajasthan in growth of organized retail sector and the needs of further
reforms. It also includes the retail formats in Jaipur, recent trends, opportunities and
challenges of retail stores of Jaipur.
A Study of Consumer Behavior towards Grocery Retailing in Delhi Region of Na...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Customer Perception Towards Traditional and Modern Retailinginventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Traditional markets in Indonesia were created so that people from all walks of life can fulfill their needs, especially staple food products, without having to spend a lot of money. However, the prices of food products in different markets vary depending on the consumers of the particular market. The aims of this article were to compare the price difference of staple food products in several traditional markets and to find out the factors that cause the price difference. The data were collected by carrying out a survey to five traditional markets around Jakarta regarding the prices of ten staple food products. The data were analyzed quantitatively using statistical calculation ANOVA from SPSS version 22, and also qualitatively to discuss several factors underlying the price differences. Results revealed that price differences of staple food products were not only caused by market location, but other factors such as pricing strategy and consumer specification. This research implied that traditional markets were still chosen by Indonesian consumers to fulfill their needs because of the competitive price.
The study of Factors Affecting Consumer Preferences of Shopping at Organized ...IJAEMSJORNAL
The organized retail sector has experienced profound shift in the last decade due to change in the social, cultural & business environment. The primary focus of this research paper is consumer behavior & their shift towards organized retail shopping from traditional unorganized retail shopping taking into consideration of their purchasing pattern as well as shift in their perception which changes during their course of organized retail shopping experience. And also to check the hypothesis that the consumers prefer organized retail because of heavy discounts, ease of access and service delivery.This paper also highlights the challenges faced by retail industry.
A Comparison of customer satisfaction between hyper stores and convenience St...deshwal852
The Indian retail sector is going through a transformation and the emerging market is witnessing a significant change in its growth pattern. Both existing and new players are experimenting with new retail formats. Consumers today can shop for goods and services in a wide variety of stores. The bestknown types of retailer are departmental store, hyper market, super market, convenience stores, discounter and cash and carry. This study is an attempt to compare the level of customer satisfaction buying grocery products in hyper stores and convenience stores. In the present study the sample of 100 respondents was taken. Convenient sampling technique was used. The sample was drawn from South-
West Delhi. Interpretation of result was done on the basis of mean, standard deviation and ‘t’ test. Results indicate that there is significant difference in customer satisfaction between hyper stores and convenience stores.
A Study on Customer Perception on Retail Services in Select Organized Retail ...Sunil Krishna
Organized retailing in India has been maturing by passing
through many trends with the entry of many big players
trying to build and strengthen their retail business. And in
the light of this situation some feel that the perception of
the customer may loose out their existence. The study
revealed that although organized retail is relatively new
concept in the semi urban area, yet a clear cut perception
has been establishes in the minds of shoppers in semi
urban areas like kadapa city, A.P. In this regard, the data
was collected on 11 factors about the organized retail
store.
Buying behaviour of working adults towards branded apparel in select indian c...Shubha Brota Raha
The Indian apparel market has demonstrated resilience and growth in an environment characterized by slow economic growth. The domestic apparel market, which was worth INR 207,400 crore (~USD 38 billion) as of 2012, is expected to grow at a compound average growth rate (CAGR) of 9% over the next decade. After food and grocery, it is the 2nd biggest category under organized as well as unorganized retail. Further, on 7 December 2012, the Federal Government of India allowed 51% FDI in multi-brand retail in India.
The face of Indian apparel market is changing very fast. A new class of customers with more money to spend, and a growing passion for fashion, has been generated by swift development and rising urbanization. In India’s high-growth, fast-changing retail clothing market, one can see significant new growth opportunities for foreign and domestic players. Much has been talked about all these issues viz. future of apparel retail in India, the impact of foreign players on the domestic apparel retailers etc. But we should not forget that customers are the end beneficiary of all the retail activities. As a democratic country with high growth rates, the consumer spending has risen sharply as the youth population (33 percent of India‘s population is below the age of 15) has seen a significant increase in its disposable income. The apparel fashion plays a paramount role in shaping apparel consumerism. As lifestyles change, fashion in India is becoming more diversified, as in the Western countries. Technology, ideas and lifestyles are moving concurrently and quickly. Indian market has high complexities in terms of a wide geographic spread and distinct consumer preferences varying by each region necessitating a need for localization even within the geographic zones. Companies and brands that offered monotonous and mundane products for years, have now multiplied their product ranges and new appealing styles, shapes and forms are being launched each season by them. Hence, it becomes crucial to find out the perception of customers towards the various retail developments in apparel segment and the factors responsible for choosing a particular apparel store.
In the view of the above, an attempt was made not only to analyze the customers’ perception towards various retail developments in apparel segment but also to find out their buying behaviour with special reference to three select regions in India – Delhi & NCR, Mumbai and Bangalore.
Customer Perception Towards Traditional and Modern Retailinginventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Traditional markets in Indonesia were created so that people from all walks of life can fulfill their needs, especially staple food products, without having to spend a lot of money. However, the prices of food products in different markets vary depending on the consumers of the particular market. The aims of this article were to compare the price difference of staple food products in several traditional markets and to find out the factors that cause the price difference. The data were collected by carrying out a survey to five traditional markets around Jakarta regarding the prices of ten staple food products. The data were analyzed quantitatively using statistical calculation ANOVA from SPSS version 22, and also qualitatively to discuss several factors underlying the price differences. Results revealed that price differences of staple food products were not only caused by market location, but other factors such as pricing strategy and consumer specification. This research implied that traditional markets were still chosen by Indonesian consumers to fulfill their needs because of the competitive price.
The study of Factors Affecting Consumer Preferences of Shopping at Organized ...IJAEMSJORNAL
The organized retail sector has experienced profound shift in the last decade due to change in the social, cultural & business environment. The primary focus of this research paper is consumer behavior & their shift towards organized retail shopping from traditional unorganized retail shopping taking into consideration of their purchasing pattern as well as shift in their perception which changes during their course of organized retail shopping experience. And also to check the hypothesis that the consumers prefer organized retail because of heavy discounts, ease of access and service delivery.This paper also highlights the challenges faced by retail industry.
A Comparison of customer satisfaction between hyper stores and convenience St...deshwal852
The Indian retail sector is going through a transformation and the emerging market is witnessing a significant change in its growth pattern. Both existing and new players are experimenting with new retail formats. Consumers today can shop for goods and services in a wide variety of stores. The bestknown types of retailer are departmental store, hyper market, super market, convenience stores, discounter and cash and carry. This study is an attempt to compare the level of customer satisfaction buying grocery products in hyper stores and convenience stores. In the present study the sample of 100 respondents was taken. Convenient sampling technique was used. The sample was drawn from South-
West Delhi. Interpretation of result was done on the basis of mean, standard deviation and ‘t’ test. Results indicate that there is significant difference in customer satisfaction between hyper stores and convenience stores.
A Study on Customer Perception on Retail Services in Select Organized Retail ...Sunil Krishna
Organized retailing in India has been maturing by passing
through many trends with the entry of many big players
trying to build and strengthen their retail business. And in
the light of this situation some feel that the perception of
the customer may loose out their existence. The study
revealed that although organized retail is relatively new
concept in the semi urban area, yet a clear cut perception
has been establishes in the minds of shoppers in semi
urban areas like kadapa city, A.P. In this regard, the data
was collected on 11 factors about the organized retail
store.
Buying behaviour of working adults towards branded apparel in select indian c...Shubha Brota Raha
The Indian apparel market has demonstrated resilience and growth in an environment characterized by slow economic growth. The domestic apparel market, which was worth INR 207,400 crore (~USD 38 billion) as of 2012, is expected to grow at a compound average growth rate (CAGR) of 9% over the next decade. After food and grocery, it is the 2nd biggest category under organized as well as unorganized retail. Further, on 7 December 2012, the Federal Government of India allowed 51% FDI in multi-brand retail in India.
The face of Indian apparel market is changing very fast. A new class of customers with more money to spend, and a growing passion for fashion, has been generated by swift development and rising urbanization. In India’s high-growth, fast-changing retail clothing market, one can see significant new growth opportunities for foreign and domestic players. Much has been talked about all these issues viz. future of apparel retail in India, the impact of foreign players on the domestic apparel retailers etc. But we should not forget that customers are the end beneficiary of all the retail activities. As a democratic country with high growth rates, the consumer spending has risen sharply as the youth population (33 percent of India‘s population is below the age of 15) has seen a significant increase in its disposable income. The apparel fashion plays a paramount role in shaping apparel consumerism. As lifestyles change, fashion in India is becoming more diversified, as in the Western countries. Technology, ideas and lifestyles are moving concurrently and quickly. Indian market has high complexities in terms of a wide geographic spread and distinct consumer preferences varying by each region necessitating a need for localization even within the geographic zones. Companies and brands that offered monotonous and mundane products for years, have now multiplied their product ranges and new appealing styles, shapes and forms are being launched each season by them. Hence, it becomes crucial to find out the perception of customers towards the various retail developments in apparel segment and the factors responsible for choosing a particular apparel store.
In the view of the above, an attempt was made not only to analyze the customers’ perception towards various retail developments in apparel segment but also to find out their buying behaviour with special reference to three select regions in India – Delhi & NCR, Mumbai and Bangalore.
A Study on Customer Purchasing Behaviour on Durable Goods in Kukatpally, Hyde...ijtsrd
The consumer durable goods industry is operating in a highly competitive, complex and rapidly changing business environment. The consumer buying preferences are rapidly changing and moving towards high-end technology products. Products which were once considered luxury items have become a necessity because of the changing lifestyle and rising income levels. The consumer is brand-conscious, but not necessarily brand-loyal. Buyers tend to exhibit different types of buying behavior when they are in the process of purchasing goods and services and the behaviors witnessed are influenced by the type of product he she wants to buy. It is a very long process where the consumer makes the final decision whether or not to buy the product. This is called buying decision making. There are various factors which influence consumer decision making which include demographic socio-economic and cultural status etc. The major factors that affect consumer buying behavior are age, gender, income, social influence. In addition, from the product side price, durability, brand name, product features, after sales service etc., may also have a great impact on decision making. This project deals with the study on the factors that affect the consumer purchase behavior on Durable goods. This study is helpful for both business firm to maintain good customer relationship and for the consumer also as he need not look for more alternatives. Dr. E. Murali Darshan | Boosa Ravi Teja "A Study on Customer Purchasing Behaviour on Durable Goods in Kukatpally, Hyderabad" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21493.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/consumer-behaviour/21493/a-study-on-customer-purchasing-behaviour-on-durable-goods-in-kukatpally-hyderabad/dr-e-murali-darshan
An Investigation into Shopping Behavior of Customers towards Modern Retail St...IJMTST Journal
The study is intended to analyze the general shopping habits and behaviors of customers towards modern
retail stores. The objective of the study is to understand the factors affecting the shopping behavior of
customers towards modern retail stores. The research is aimed at exploring the reasons for preferring
modern retail stores to traditional kirana store, their usual preferences in purchasing various items, their
behavior in planning the visits to these stores, the benefits sought by them shopping at these stores and their
overall opinion towards these modern retail stores. A survey with a sample size of 120 from Vijayawada city
was conducted using a structured questionnaire. The data so collected was analyzed using statistical tools
and the results were presented. The findings of the study prove that there is a long way for modern retailers
to go. There is ample scope for these modern retailers to capture the market, as a majority of the middle-class
just started shifting their preference from kirana stores to modern retail formats. Stores also require
introducing in-store sales promotions to turn casual shoppers into serious buyers. Stores may also require
luring window-shoppers. Stores also require offering value-added services such as order-by-phone, mail
orders and home-delivery to mitigate the image that stores are not conveniently located. Providing improved
training for the staff proves to be very effective in serving shoppers better.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Study of Influencing Attributes in the Context of Purchasing Behaviour in the...ijtsrd
A study was conducted to observe the impact of impulse purchase factor on shoppers Purchase Volume in the Punecity Departmental stores. This study explored the situational impulse purchase factors namely, Store environment, Store distance, Store density and Store shopping duration. The model was tested with data collected from a consumer survey carried out in the Pune departmental stores. Further, it was studied using the statistical tool SPSS. The outcome of the study was that more the purchaser spent in the store (shopping duration) the more is the impulse purchase volume. This model may help the retail managers to understand better the situational factors of impulse purchasers and to increase sales volume. Rahul Wagh | Dr. Anil Dongre"Study of Influencing Attributes in the Context of Purchasing Behaviour in the Retail Stores with Special Reference to Pune City" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd8308.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/8308/study-of-influencing-attributes-in-the-context-of-purchasing-behaviour-in-the-retail-stores-with-special-reference-to-pune-city/rahul-wagh
The hyperbolic cut-throat competition prevailing in the present scenario have made the life of the
retailers cumbersome than ever. Myriad retailers are offering merchandise similar to each other causing the
retailers to use visual merchandising in order to dissimilate their offerings from other retailers, sometimes
making their standards inimitable that customers
Similar to Determinants of Leisure Shopping Behaviour: An Empirical study among Consumers of Organized Retail Formats in Kerala (20)
The effect of functionalized carbon nanotubes on thermalmechanical performanc...journal ijrtem
The new approaches for preparing nanocomposite coating by modificated carbon nanonotubes
(CNTs) and epoxy resin was done in the study. thermal-mechanical performance of nanocomposite coating was
investigated and the results were reported in this paper. The physic-chemical techniques such as Differential
scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize the thermal
performance of Epoxy nanocomposite coating. The test techniques for mechanical properties of paint coating as
adhesion, hardness, impact resistance and bending strength were employed in the work. The results indicated
that CNTs were dispersed in epoxy coating with only ratio of 0.1 wt% enhanced the Glass Transition
Temperature (Tg), decomposition temperature of epoxy coating and improved mechanical properties
significantly. Also functionalized CNTs can be reinforced thermal-mechanical of the epoxy coating better than
neat CNTs.
Development Issues and Problems of Selected Agency in Sorsogon, An investigat...journal ijrtem
: The study venture on the developing issues and problems of selected agency in the province of
Sorsogon with an end-view of identifying solution towards achieving effective delivery of services to the
public. The agencies covered by the study are the employers of the students enrolled in Public Administration
512 subject in the graduate school program of the Sorsogon State College 1st semester SY 2016. Guided by a
structured matrix questionnaire and checklist, the class spearheaded by the assigned focal person per
identified respondent-agency conducted a focus group discussion covering sequentially the issues and
problems besetting the organization. It likewise pursued how does it affects the management & performance of
the office and ultimately identifying possible solutions out of the issues and problems. Result revealed that
most pressing problems and issues of the selected agency in the province of Sorsogon covers; (a) understaffed,
(b) poor communication, (c) poor implementation of the policy, and (d) poor performance feedback
mechanism in the system
Positive and negative solutions of a boundary value problem for a fractional ...journal ijrtem
: In this work, we study a boundary value problem for a fractional
q, -difference equation. By
using the monotone iterative technique and lower-upper solution method, we get the existence of positive or
negative solutions under the nonlinear term is local continuity and local monotonicity. The results show that we
can construct two iterative sequences for approximating the solutions
Organic foods refer to products that are grown naturally or produced by methods that comply
with the standards of organic farming. They are not only environmentally friendly, they are also healthy. Many
people believe organic foods are healthier than conventional food. Today, organic foods have become very
popular and everyone wants to know about their benefits. This paper provides a brief introduction on organic
foods and their pros and cons.
Molecular computers are systems in which molecules or macromolecules individually mediate
information processing functions. Molecular computing provides an alternative to computing using silicon
integrated circuits. It aims at developing intelligent computers using biological molecules as computational
devices. It is a promising means of unconventional computation owing to its capability for massive parallelism.
It offers to augment digital computing with biology-like capabilities. This paper provides a brief introduction to
molecular computing.
Industry 4.0 refers to the current trend of automation and deployment of Internet technologies
in manufacturing. This includes using machine-to-machine and Internet of Things (IoT) deployments to help
manufacturers implement increased automation, improved communication and process monitoring. This trend
of Industry 4.0 (sometimes referred to as the 4th Industrial Revolution) affects most processes and people
throughout society. This paper provides a brief introduction to Industry 4.0.
With mounting concerns over the state of our planet, there is continuing demand that chemists
and chemical engineers should develop greener chemical processes and products. In the 1990s, with the
growing awareness of the hazardous impacts of the chemical industry, the green chemistry revolution was
launched by American chemists Paul T. Anastas and John Warner. Green chemistry is the kind of chemistry that
seeks to minimize pollution, conserve energy, and promote environmentally friendly production. This paper
provides a brief introduction to green chemistry
Rural Livelihood and Food Security: Insights from Srilanka Tapu of Sunsari Di...journal ijrtem
Food security is the foremost need of every human society. It is a fundamental right and
government responsibility but still food insecurity is prevalent in rural areas of least developed nations. To cope
with food insecurity, undertaking diverse income generating activities is common as well as key strategy adopted
by rural people. The objective of this study is to assess rural livelihood and food security status of a remote island
named Srilanka Tapu of Sunsari district. A random sampling technique was used to collect primary data from 40
rural household heads using semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive methods were used for analyzing. The
findings revealed that the food security situation of the Tapu is insecure. Most basic infrastructures and social
services needed for people livelihood such as road, electricity sufficient food availability, education, healthcare,
sanitation, etc. were found to be extremely poor. Most of the households are small scale farmers involving
themselves in diverse livelihood activities which are mostly temporary, low-skilled and low paying. However,
people are fulfilling their food needs at every cost but are highly vulnerable to food insecurity. Also, their lives
security is equally vulnerable because of disastrous Koshi River flooding which occurs every year in the Tapu.
The findings therefore critically suggest that food security of remote and vulnerable human settlements should be
at top priority in policy formulation and implementation level. The study also recommends a need for an in-depth
research for making evidence based policy interventions for improvement of diversify rural livelihood along with
sustainable environment
Augmented Tourism: Definitions and Design Principlesjournal ijrtem
After designing and implementing several iterations of implantations of augmented reality(AR) in
tourism, this paper takes a deep look into design principles and implementation strategies of using AR at
destination tourism settings. The study looks to define augmented tourism from past implementations as well as
several cases uses designed and implemented for tourism. The discussion leads to formation of frameworks and
best practices for AR as well as virtual reality(VR) to be used in tourism settings. Some main affordances include
guest autonomy, customized experiences, visitor data collection and increased electronic word-of-mouth
generation for promotion purposes. Some challenges found include the need for high levels of technology
infrastructure, low adoption rates or ‘buy-in’ rates, high levels of calibration and customization, and the need for
maintenance and support services. Some suggestions are given as to how to leverage the affordances and meet
the challenges to implementing AR for tourism
A study on financial aspect of supply chain management journal ijrtem
The more common approaches used in the SCM consider only the physical logistic operations
and ignore the financial aspects of the supply chain. The main objective to incorporate financial aspects in
supply chain management is to strengthen managerial decisions concerning financial flows in supply chains,
while empirical knowledge about financial supply chain management (FSCM) is in its early stages. This paper
presents a model for FSCM which financial planning in addition to operation planning is decided in it. The
main contribution of this paper is to define two approaches for Financial Supply Chain Management and to
compare them. This financial approaches are: Traditional financial approach and new financial approach.
Traditional financial approach integrates physical goods flows and financial flows. New financial approach
considers in making decisions other financial indicators such as market to book value, liquidity ratios, capital
structure ratios, and return on equity, sales margin, turnover ratios and stock security ratios, among others.
Moreover, the new approach applies the change in equity instead of the traditional approach measures of profit
as the objective function to be maximized in the presented model. To show the attributes of the presented
approaches, the results of the new approach and the traditional approach is compared. The findings indicate
that the traditional approach leads to lower change in equity compared to the financial approach. Also, the
results clearly reveal the better improvement of using the new approach over the traditional approach, and
convince the decision makers to take advantage of the new approach
Existence results for fractional q-differential equations with integral and m...journal ijrtem
This paper concerns a new kind of fractional q-differential equation of arbitrary order by
combining a multi-point boundary condition with an integral boundary condition. By solving the equation which
is equivalent to the problem we are going to investigate, the Green’s functions are obtained. By defining a
continuous operator on a Banach space and taking advantage of the cone theory and some fixed-point theorems,
the existence of multiple positive solutions for the BVPs is proved based on some properties of Green’s functions
and under the circumstance that the continuous functions f satisfy certain hypothesis. Finally, examples are
provided to illustrate the results.
The following Project shows the benefits of a research established into a multi-products
warehouse belongs to an automotive industry supplier. The main goal was applied a tool recognizing the rules
for distribution and material storage. Once the research was completed, the benefits were, the idle times
reduction per hours/week by the two initial processes. The politics for storage assignment and location, propose
a system to improve the space into this areain order to avoid material management and flow issues. It is
important to mention, the system proposed could be applied into warehouses with storage size and space
restricted by sorting area, also different material types, production settings and physical specifications for
which set warehouses with traditional management of distribution without slack, involves lack of materials,
pieces without records, incorrect location assigned, stock error.
Study of desalination processes of seawater from the desalination plant of La...journal ijrtem
: The use of water for food purposes requires excellent physicochemical quality. To contribute to
the control of water quality. Water treated by reverse osmosis is aggressive and demineralize can not be used
directly as a source of drinking water. The objective of this work is to study, physics-chemical analyzes of raw
water, pretreated osmosis and treated (permeate) and produced water (reservoir) at the desalination plant of
seawater Laayoune (SDL), located in southern Morocco. For this, we have followed several qualitative
parameters such as pH, conductivity, turbidity.
Effect of Cash Management on The Financial Performance of Cooperative Banks i...journal ijrtem
This paper analyses the effect of cash management on the financial performance of cooperatives
banks in Rwanda. A descriptive research design was used. The population comprised of 148 employees of ZIGMA
CSS from which a sample of 108 employees was determined using Solvirn and Yemen’s formula. Data was
collected from both primary and secondary sources using questionnaires and document analysis. Data was
presented using frequency tables from which analysis was made. A multi regression analysis was used to analyse
relationship between the variables. The results from the survey revealed that ZIGMA CSS uses various cash
management techniques in the cash management. The results further revealed a strong relationship between cash
management and financial performance of ZIGMA CSS. The study concludes that cash management is a key tool
in the financial management of the banks since cash forms the biggest asset of the bank. Cooperatives banks
should ensure that they develop policies in effective cash management.
Technical expertise on the cause of engine failure of the Mitsubishi Pajero S...journal ijrtem
The article concerns the case of the damage to the Mitsubishi Pajero Sport engine and the
methodology a technical expert applied to identify a direct cause of failure. The engine failure occurred while a
vehicle was being repaired to eliminate air conditioning malfunction and engine overheating. When repairing, it
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disassembly works have been done. The procedure of evaluating the key characteristics on individual parts, their
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Clustering based Time Slot Assignment Protocol for Improving Performance in U...journal ijrtem
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Sidi Boughaba Lake, part of a wetland complex of Morocco (Ramsar site in 1980) is located on
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between tractor with the trailer and a bicycle which was riding by cyclist at the age of 80. Apart from the described
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The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
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CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
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Determinants of Leisure Shopping Behaviour: An Empirical study among Consumers of Organized Retail Formats in Kerala
1. Invention Journal of Research Technology in Engineering & Management (IJRTEM)
ISSN: 2455-3689
www.ijrtem.com Volume 2 Issue 5 ǁ May 2018 ǁ PP 22-28
|Volume 2| Issue 5 | www.ijrtem.com | 22 |
Determinants of Leisure Shopping Behaviour: An Empirical
study among Consumers of Organized Retail Formats in Kerala
1,
Naibi Kurian, 2,
S Ganesan, 3,
Sreejith S
1
Research Scholar, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
2
Firebird Institute of Research in Management, Coimbatore, India
3
School of Legal Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, India
ABSTRACT: Shopping is widely regarded as a major leisure time activity. The entertainment aspect of retail
industry is increasingly being recognized as a key competitive instrument in the present situation. Therefore,
retailers and shopping Centre developers are seeking ways to make shopping more of a leisure pursuit. The
purpose of this research is to explore the dimensions of leisure shopping behaviour associated with shoppers of
organized retail outlets in Kerala. The paper also figured-out the inter relationship between the shopping
entertainment with consumer demographics. The findings of this study may help retailers in developing
appropriate strategies to improve the store patronage behaviour by elevating the hedonic shopping value and
shopping enjoyment index among consumers.
KEYWORDS: leisure shopping behaviour, hedonic shopping value, organized retail sector, factor analysis
I. INTRODUCTION
The Indian retail sector is highly fragmented with an estimated 12 to 15 million outlets. Its overall size is estimated
to be US$ 672 billion in 2017, with a CAGR of 15% over the past 5 years, which is much higher than the growth
of the Indian GDP in the same period and is expected to reach US$ 1.1 trillion in 2020 (Ernst and Young Report,
2017). The Indian retail sector is dominated largely by the unorganized sector. Traditionally retailing was focused
more on the basic necessities rather than luxury (Sengupta, 2008). In terms of retail institutions, it was mainly
mom-and-pop stores (Kirana stores) run by individuals and the wet markets or bazaars. All these stores were
having counter-service; self-service was not a feasible option. Even in the early sixties, it was reported that ‘there
is not a single supermarket in all of India’ (Westfall and Boyd, 1960).
The share of organized retail sector in India is only 7% of the total retail industry, which is very low compared
with that in other countries, such as the US (85 per cent) and is growing at a CAGR of 20-25 per cent per year
(Deloitte Report, 2017). This indicates strong growth potential for organised retail in India. With the evolution of
retail modernization and rapid changes in the buying behaviour of consumers, there remains a need among Indian
businesses to understand the changing behaviour of consumers towards shopping in these organized retail outlets.
Also, it is necessary for retailers to be aware of shoppers’ motivations and to understand ways of attracting the
consumers (Sinha and Banerjee, 2004).
Retailers are looking for opportunities to create shopping as leisure activity, because consumers are engaging with
more on leisure. Retailers face fierce competition to capture their customers and their spending too. Defining
leisure is a broad concept. Simply differentiating leisure and work or considering it same as to recreation that can
be termed as any experience satisfying virtually (Torkildsen, 1992). Lewis and Bridger (2000) indicate an
increasing trend of time pressure on customers, or more precisely a growing group of those who feel time
pressured and who tend to be more affluent others. Schiller (1999) argue that “mainstream retailing” that
consisting of routinely and regularly purchased goods, is increasingly being put under a time squeeze, partly
because of longer working hours and higher female participation rates in the labour market, and partly because
holidays and other leisure activities are taking an increasing share of consumers’ time and money. He describes,
“Leisure shopping” as the mirror image of mainstream retailing where the outing is not so much a means to an
end as the whole point, and shopping is only part of the experience.
II. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
There are many types of shopping behaviours and shopper types (Dholakia, 1999). Broadly, shoppers are divided
into two categories based on their objectives which are markedly different. Utilitarian shoppers are those
according to whom shopping is a form of work or a task which is to be accomplished (Babin et al., 1994; Batra
and Athol, 1991), until they make a purchase. The other category constitutes of hedonistic shoppers who give
importance to enjoyment and excitement they experience during the shopping trip.
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These kinds of shoppers consider shopping as a leisure activity and derive pleasure from it, along with the purchase
of products (Rook, 1987). Previous researches have also stated that majority of shoppers combine both utilitarian
and experiential values during their shopping activities (Nicholls et al., 2000) (Nichols et al., 2002). According to
Babin et al. (1994), developed market economies have consumers with high levels of hedonic shopping values;
however, these values are less noticeable in less developed countries (Millan and Howard, 2007).
Statement of the Problem: Shopping has become one of the most common leisure activities in today’s world
and leisure shopping is mostly related with high street shops and shopping malls (shopping for leisure, 2008).
Elizabeth Howard (2007) confirms leisure shopping is not best conceptualized as part of a continuum from
purposive to leisure oriented. Leisure shopping is a recent strategy of retailers and innovative concern; it is a
course of action making individuals experience the ‘joy of shopping’. It is argued that leisure shopping needs to
be acknowledged as a multifaceted activity that may be performed in various ways and embody different types of
consumer meanings. It is also argued that there is a need to focus more on the influence of retail environments on
individuals engaged in leisure shopping (Backstrom, 2006). Consumers may also experience and pursue leisure
shopping in different ways on different occasions. It has been argued that high levels of hedonic shopping value
might be more pronounced in developed market economies, and less noticeable in less developed economies
(Babin, B.J., Darden, W.R., Griffin, M., 1994). Till date, there has been very limited research on the shopping
habits of consumers in the less developed economies of the world, India being one of them. Here the researcher
attempts to fill these gaps, thereby investigating the leisure shopping behaviour of the Indian consumers. So it is
very essential for exploring the consumer behaviour associated with leisure shopping behaviour in Kerala, since
Kerala is a state which experiences the increase in middle class disposable income because of foreign remittance
and various other factors.
III. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
a. To analyse the determinants of leisure shopping behaviour among shoppers of organized retail formats
in Kerala
b. To evaluate the impact of shopper profile on leisure shopping behaviour
Research Methodology: Descriptive research design is used for carrying out the study. This study describes
consumer attitude and shopping habits while shopping at organized retail stores and shopping malls in Kerala.
This study is focused to trace down the factors which are influencing the hedonic shopping behavior and its
impacts on consumer demographics. The geographic focus of the study will be Kerala and the population may be
defined as people shopping from organized retail outlets. Both primary and secondary data will be using in this
study. The scope of World Wide Web for collecting data may be exploited. Secondary data may be explored from
the available source of secondary literature. Primary data will be collect from the respondents, using a pre-tested
questionnaire. The population may be defined as those people, shopping from organized retail outlets in Kerala.
The data was collected at organized retail stores across five selected cities in Kerala state. These outlets belong to
retail format category of convenience stores, supermarkets and hypermarkets. A total of 72 valid responses were
obtained from the survey.
IV. RESULTS
Profile of respondents: Demographic profile of the respondents based on their gender, marital status, number of
family members and monthly household income were considered in this study. The table furnished below shows
the summary of the respondent’s profile. A total of 72 valid responses obtained from the survey conducted at 15
retail stores across the five cities of Kerala. Out of these, 22% were male respondents and 78% female. 72% of
the respondents participated in this survey were married, 17% were unmarried and 11% were widowed/ separated.
For 8% of the respondents participated in this survey, the number of family members in their family were 2, for
22% it is 3, for 31% of respondents had 4 family members at their residence and for 39% it is more than 4. 42%
of the respondents had less than INR 60,000 monthly family income. About 14% of the respondents had a family
income of more than INR 200,000. The profile of the respondents is summarised in Table 1.
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Table 1: Profile of Respondents
Gender
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid
Male 16 22.2 22.2 22.2
Female 56 77.8 77.8 100.0
Total 72 100.0 100.0
Marital Status
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid
Married 52 72.2 72.2 72.2
Unmarried 12 16.7 16.7 88.9
Widowed/ Separated 8 11.1 11.1 100.0
Total 72 100.0 100.0
Number of Family Members
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid
Up to 2 members 6 8.3 8.3 8.3
Three 16 22.2 22.2 30.6
Four 22 30.6 30.6 61.1
More than four 28 38.9 38.9 100.0
Total 72 100.0 100.0
Monthly Household Income
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid
Less than 60,000 30 41.7 41.7 41.7
60,0000 - 100,000 20 27.8 27.8 69.4
100,000 - 200,000 12 16.7 16.7 86.1
More than 200,000 10 13.9 13.9 100.0
Total 72 100.0 100.0
Source: Survey Data
Determinants of Leisure Shopping Behaviour: Factor analysis output generated extracted only those factors
which had the Eigen values greater than 1. Factors were labelled on the basis of their salient loadings. The list of
extracted factors is given in the below tables.
Table 2: Factor Analysis
Component Initial Eigenvalues Extraction Sums of Squared
Loadings
Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings
Total % of
Variance
Cumulative
%
Total % of
Variance
Cumulative
%
Total % of
Variance
Cumulative
%
1 2.693 44.887 44.887 2.693 44.887 44.887 2.151 35.849 35.849
2 1.375 22.915 67.803 1.375 22.915 67.803 1.917 31.954 67.803
3 .982 16.359 84.162
4 .558 9.296 93.457
5 .255 4.249 97.706
6 .138 2.294 100.000
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
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Table 3: Component Matrix
Component
1 2
I enjoy shopping more than most people do .868 .228
Shopping is entertaining to me .790 -.542
I love to go shopping when I can find time .740 .443
Shopping is a good way for me to relax .732 -.590
Shopping is not a way I like to spend my leisure time .372 .574
Shopping is a waste of time .306 .393
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
a. 2 components extracted.
Table 4: Rotated Component Matrix
Component
1 2
Shopping is entertaining to me .954
Shopping is a good way for me to relax .940
I love to go shopping when I can find time .814
I enjoy shopping more than most people do .732
Shopping is not a way I like to spend my leisure time .679
Shopping is a waste of time .498
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.
The dimensions of leisure shopping behaviour among shoppers are classified
into two on the strength of factor analysis.
Hedonic Shopping Value: The factor with maximum variance of 44.887% of total variance with Eigen value of
2.693 was named as ‘Hedonic Shopping Value’. Four variables had high factor loading on this factor. Hedonistic
shoppers who give importance to enjoyment and excitement they experience during the shopping trip. Therefore,
an elevated hedonic value provides more fun & enjoyment. These kinds of shoppers consider shopping as a leisure
activity and derive pleasure from it, along with the purchase of products. Hedonic value is more subjective and
personal and results more from fun and playfulness than from task completion
Shopping Enjoyment: The factor with maximum variance of 22.915% of total variance with Eigen value of
1.375 was named as ‘Shopping Enjoyment’. Two variables had high factor loading on this factor.
Shopping enjoyment can be viewed as the pleasure that a consumer derives from the shopping process/activities.
It has been determined that consumers who enjoy shopping spend more time per trip, which can cause higher
spending.
Hedonic Shopping Value Vs. Shopping Enjoyment: The mean ranks for the two dimensions of leisure shopping
behaviour, hedonic shopping value and shopping enjoyment, are summarised in the following table.
Table 5: Ranks – Leisure Shopping Behaviour
Shopper N Mean Rank
Leisure Shopping Behaviour
Shopping Enjoyment 72 71.92
Hedonic Shopping Value 72 73.08
Total 144
The mean rank for hedonic shopping value (73.08) is higher than that of shopping enjoyment (71.92). This
difference is statistically analysed using Independent-Samples Mann-Whitney U Test.
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Table 6: Hypothesis Test Summary
Null Hypothesis Test Sig. Decision
1
The distribution of Leisure
Shopping Behaviour is the same
across categories of Shopper.
Independent-Samples
Mann-Whitney U Test
.867
Retain the null
hypothesis.
Asymptotic significances are displayed. The significance level is .05.
From the above table, it is evident that there is no significant difference in the mean ranks of the two dimensions
of leisure shopping behaviour. The null hypothesis retained with significance level, P > 0.05.
Impact of leisure shopping behaviour on shopper demographics: The leisure shopping behaviour among
different shopper categories were statistically analysed using Independent-Samples Kruskal-Wallis Test and
Independent-Samples Mann-Whitney U Test
Hedonic Shopping Value among Shopper Categories: The gender, marital status, number of family members
and monthly household income of the respondents were the four grouping variables for the test. The hedonic
shopping value was tested statistically using Independent-Samples Kruskal-Wallis Test.
It is proven that, there is not much difference in the hedonic shopping value among shopper demographics.
Shopping Enjoyment among Shopper Categories: The shopping enjoyment among different shopper
demographics were tested statistically using Independent-Samples Kruskal-Wallis Test. The result shows that
there is not much differences in shopping enjoyment in gender and house hold income. But for ‘marital status’
and ‘number of family members’ categories, the shopping enjoyment differs according to respondent
demographics and discussed in the following session.
Marital Status: The following table describes the mean rank of shopping enjoyment according to the marital
status of respondents. The category ‘Widowed/ Separated’ has the highest mean rank of 48.50, followed by
‘Unmarried category’ with 46.67. ‘Married’ people has the lowest mean shopping enjoyment score of 32.31.
Table 7: Shopping enjoyment
Marital Status N Mean Rank
Shopping Enjoyment
Married 52 32.31
Unmarried 12 46.67
Widowed/ Separated 8 48.50
Total 72
The differences in the mean ranks of the respondents were tested for statistical evidence and the summery is
shown in the below table.
Table 8: Hypothesis Test Summary
Null Hypothesis Test Sig. Decision
1
The distribution of Shopping
Enjoyment is the same across
categories of Marital Status.
Independent-Samples
Kruskal-Wallis Test
.022
Reject the null
hypothesis.
Asymptotic significances are displayed. The significance level is .05.
The difference in the shopping enjoyment had proven statistically for the shopper marital status. The shopping
enjoyment is highest for ‘widowed/ separated’ shoppers followed by ‘unmarried’ shoppers. The ‘married’
consumers have the lowest shopping enjoyment.
Number of Family Members: The following table describes the mean rank of shopping enjoyment for each
respondent groups. The highest score of 57.50 is for respondents had only two members in their family, followed
by respondents with four members and the rank is 38.59. The shopping enjoyment is least for respondents having
three members in their family with a score of 31.88
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The differences in the mean ranks of respondent groups were tested for statistical evidence using Independent-
Samples Kruskal-Wallis.
Table 10: Hypothesis Test Summary
Null Hypothesis Test Sig. Decision
1
The distribution of Shopping
Enjoyment is the same across
categories of No. of Family
Members.
Independent-
Samples Kruskal-
Wallis Test
.048
Reject the null
hypothesis.
Asymptotic significances are displayed. The significance level is .05.
The above table clearly shows that there are statistically significant differences among the shoppers according to
their family size for shopping enjoyment at 95% confidence level. That is the shopping enjoyment is the highest
for shoppers having only two members in their respective family followed by shoppers having four members at
home. The shopping enjoyment is the lowest for families with three members.
V. MAJOR FINDINGS
The study found that leisure shopping behaviour among the organized retail outlet shoppers have two dimensions
namely, hedonic shopping value and shopping enjoyment. The shopping enjoyment differs with ‘marital status’
and ‘household size’ of the shoppers. The shoppers with ‘two or less members’ in their family enjoys their
shopping trips at organized retail formats more than that of other categories. Similarly ‘widowed/ separated’
shoppers’ shopping enjoyment is the highest, followed by ‘unmarried’ consumers. But the hedonic shopping
value according to shopper demographics is similar in nature.
VI. CONCLUSION
This paper explores the factors influencing on consumers’ leisure shopping behaviour in organized retail outlets
and shopping malls. It has been found that the demographic variables of shopper have some influence on the
leisure shopping behaviour. Given the results, marketing experts should pay attention to the role of personal
characteristics and demographics when formulating the communication messages. Further research on shopping
enjoyment and hedonic shopping value could focus on enriching the existing demographic dimensions with some
additional personal, cultural, socio-economical and/or situational (categories of) factors.
REFERENCES
1. Ann Marie Fiore, Jihyun Kim, 2007. An integrative framework capturing experiential and utilitarian
shopping experience. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management.
2. Anon., 2007. An integrative framework capturing experiential and utilitarian.
3. Anthony, K., 1985. The shopping mall: A Teenage Hangout.
4. Arnold, M.J., Reynolds, K.E., 2003. Hedonic shopping motivations. Journal of Retailing.
5. Backstrom, K., 2011. Shopping as leisure: An exploration of manifoldness and dynamics in consumers
shopping experiences. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services.
6. Ballenger, D.N., Korgaonkar, P.K., 1980. Profiling the recreational shopper. Journal of Retailing.
7. Bellenger, D.N., Robertson, D.H., Greenberg, B.A., 1977. Shopping center patronage motives. Journal of
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8. Howard, E. S. E., 2007. Shopping for pleasure? Shopping experience of Hungarian consumers.
International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management.
Table 9: Shopping enjoyment
No. of Family Members N Mean Rank
Shopping Enjoyment
Upto 2 members 6 57.50
Three 16 31.88
Four 22 38.59
More than four 28 33.00
Total 72
7. Determinants of Leisure Shopping Behaviour: An Empirical…
|Volume 2| Issue 5 | www.ijrtem.com | 28 |
9. Rajagopal, 2007. Leisure Shopping Behaviour and Recreational Retailing: A Symbiotic Analysis of
Marketplace Strategy and Consumer Response. Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing.
10. Seth, J., 1983. An integrative theory of patronage preference and behaviour.
11. Victoria Rosanna Ragel, Saranya Ariyanayagam, 2014. Leisure Shopping in the Supermarket Setup: A
Behavioural Study. The IUP Journal of Marketing Management.
12. Wakefield, Kirk L., & Baker, Julie. , 1998. Excitement at the mall: Determinants and effects on shopping
response. Journal of Retailing.
Naibi Kurian, et al. “Determinants of Leisure Shopping Behaviour: An Empirical Study among
Consumers of Organized Retail Formats in Kerala.” Invention Journal of Research Technology
in Engineering & Management (IJRTEM), vol. 2, no. 5, 20 May 2018, pp. 22–28.,
www.ijrtem.com.
