The European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), one of FAO’s oldest Commissions, came into being on the 12th June 1954, with the pledge of the sixth founding member state to the principles of a coordinated and common action against Foot-and-mouth Disease.

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DETECTION OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE
VIRUS O/ME-SA/IND-2001E IN JORDAN
M. Ababneh, W. Hananeh, Z. Ismail, M. Hawawsheh, M. Al-Zghoul, N. Knowles and C. van Maanen

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Jordan
• Total surface area of
Jordan is 89.2 km2
• 90% of this area
considered as semi-
arid
• Jordan geographical
areas: the highlands,
the Jordan Valley
and the eastern
desert.

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Jordan - governorates

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Jordan Livestock Population
Animal spp Population
Sheep 3,096,645
Goat 1,035,252
Cattle 82,400

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livestock production systems
• Cattle: The intensive production system is
dominant in the eastern semi-arid area of
Jordan.
• Holstein Friesian 96%
• 50% of cattle population in large scale and
average-size farms.
• Small-scale production system in north part
of Jordan valley with average of 20 dairy
cows.

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livestock production systems
• Sheep and goat: The “traditional” system of
the village Bedouins, movements are
seasonal. 70% of sheep and goats are in this
system ( semi-extensive transhumant).
• Intensive system: governmental stations,
private farms.
• Fattening system: a seasonal trade
associated with the Ramadan and Haj.

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FMD history Jordan
• Asia-1 isolated from FMD outbreak in 1961
• SAT 1 in 1962
• A in 1978
• O was reported in 1999
• Outbreaks 2006: O and A, samples were sent to
Pirbright
• Vaccine used after 2006 contains O1 Manisa, O ME-
SA PanAsia 2, A 22/Iraq/1964, A Iran 2005.
• Nationwide outbreaks in 2017
• New strain O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e was confirmed.

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Governorate Number of
outbreaks
Animal spp involved
Amman 8 6 sheep and 2 goat farms
Madaba 6 6 sheep farms
Balqa 1 1 sheep farm
Zarqa 9 9 cattle farms
Ajlun 6 3 cattle, 2 goat, 1 sheep farms
Irbid 5 4 cattle, 1 sheep farms
Almafraq 1 1 sheep farm
Jordan valley 5 1 cattle, 4 sheep/goat farms
Maan 2 1 cattle and 1 sheep farm
Tafila 11 1 cattle and 10 sheep farms
Reported FMD outbreaks Jordan 2017

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2017 FMD outbreak – clinical signs

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Date
outbreak
period
No. of
vaccinated
Farms
Case
Fatality
rate*
No. of
affected
animals
Total
No. of
animals
Animal species
affected
Location (No.
of Farms
affected )
January 25th –
March 6th
217
(46%)
47230503 sheep flocksAmman (8)
53(68%)784003 sheep and goats
flocks
25(55%)452402 goats flocks
March 4 –6th15(50%)301001 sheep flockIrbid (5)
4(19%)21744 cattle flocks
Feb 23th –
March 10th
5/91(0.03%)29818409 cattle flocksAlzaraqa (9)
Feb 28th–
March 10th
3 months
before the
outbreak
4(11%)35351 cattleAltafilah (11)
4/10629(67%)943236610 sheep flocks
Feb 14th –
March 5th
1 month
before the
outbreak
0(0%)1515CattleMaan (3)
15(35%)43200Sheep and goat
15(53%)2850goat
Feb 12th –
March 18th
5/6123(77%)16019006 sheep flocksMaddaba (6)
Feb 12th –
March 9th
1/30(0%)52523 cattle flocksAjloun (6)
1/258(76%)754502 sheep flocks
0(0%)101001 goat
Feb 24th
14(50%)28150Sheep flockAlbalqa (1)
Feb 23th –
March 6th
126(77%)1634002 sheep flocksJordan Valley
(5) 94(63%)1502552 sheep and goat
0(0%)15151 cattle flock
Feb 20th
15(30%)502001 sheep flockAlmafraq (1)

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• Official recommendation triannual vaccinations for cattle and
biannual vaccinations for small ruminants
• Vaccine used contains O1 Manisa, O ME-SA PanAsia 2, A
22/Iraq/1964, A Iran 2005
• Actual vaccination coverage not known
• 8/19 (42%) of affected cattle farms had been vaccinated
• 10/26 (39%) of affected sheep farms had been vaccinated
• 0/10 affected goat farms or mixed farms had been vaccinated
• VM tests against isolates of sublineage O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d
indicated that the O/PanAsia-2 and O/IND/R2/75 vaccines
showed a good match with the O-Ind-2001d sublineage
• VM tests between the O/PanAsia-2 vaccine strain used in
Jordan and the O/JOR/1/2017 isolate have not yet been done.
FMD and vaccination status

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O/BHU/8/2016 (MG972482)
O/BHU/9/2016 (MG972483)
O/BHU/10/2016 (MG972484)
O/NEP/17/2015 (KY449050)
O/NEP/5/2016 (KY449053)
O/NEP/6/2016 (KY449054)
O/NEP/14/2016 (MG972562)
O/NEP/28/2015 (KY449052)
O/NEP/27/2016 (MG972569)
O/NEP/19/2015 (KY449051)
O/NEP/12/2016 (MG972560)
O/NEP/10/2016 (MG972558)
O/BAN/LK/Sa-248/2015 (KY077612)
O/UAE/2/2016 (MG972607)
O/BAN/GKa-236(pig)/2015 (KX712091)
O/BHU/2/2016 (MG972480)
O/XJBC/CHA/2017 (KY696708)
O/Zabaikalskiy/3/RUS/2016 (MG972584)
O/NEP/7/2016 (KY449055)
O/BAN/TG/Ba-268/2015 (KY077621)
O/BAN/SI/Sh-234/2015 (KY077610)
O/MYA/3/2016 (MG972516)
O/MUR/19/2016 (MG972510)
O/MUR/24/2016 (MG972515)
O/SAU/1/2016 (MG972593)
O/SAU/17/2016 (MG972598)
O/SAU/10/2016 (MG972597)
O/JOR/1/2017 (MH053353)
O/UAE/1/2015 (MG972605)
O/SAU/18/2015 (MG972589)
O/SAU/19/2015 (MG972590)
O/SAU/20/2015 (MG972591)
O/SAU/22/2015 (MG972592)
e
O/BHU/3/2009 (KM921814)
O/UAE/1/2014 (KM921877)
O/BAN/GA/Ka-213/2014 (KY077606)
O/BAR/8/2015 (MG972469)
O/BAR/14/2015 (MG972472)
O/NEP/1/2014 (KM921861)
d
cO/UAE/4/2008 (KM921876)
aO/KUW/3/97 (DQ164904)
bO/OMN/7/2001 (DQ164941)
Ind-2001
Srl-97
PanAsia
PanAsia-2
O1/Manisa/TUR/69 (AY593823)
ME-SA
SEA
EA-3
EA-4
WA
EA-1
EA-2
CATHAY
ISA-1
ISA-2
EURO-SA

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FMD outbreak summary
• All outbreaks confirmed by National Ref Lab in Jawa
• Strain identified :O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e (J.U.S.T
research lab in collaboration with WRLFMD Pirbright)
• Number of submissions to reference laboratories for
full characterization: 0
• Therefore no vaccine matching data available
• Response to outbreaks: Mass vaccination 2 million,
quarantine, treatment affected animals, biosecurity
and raising the awareness of farmers.

19. O/ME-SA/Ind-2001
Pool 1
Pool 2
Pool 3
Pool 5
Pool 4
FMD-free (without vaccination)
Sporadic
Endemic
Long-distance “trans-pool” movements from Pool 2
• A/ASIA/G-VII
• Emerged in 2015
• Rapid spread in parts of West EurAsia
• Gap in vaccine coverage
• O/ME-SA/Ind-2001
• Emerged in 2013
• Expanding range of this lineage (East Asia and Middle East)
• Serotype Asia 1
• 2017: first reports of this serotype in Southeast Asia >10 years

20. • Sequence data indicates that there have been
multiple “escapes” from the Indian sub-continent
Spread of O/ME-SA/Ind-2001:
Sri Lanka
2014
2013
Iran (2009)
2013Libya
North Africa
Tunisia
Algeria
Morocco
2014
Bahrain (2015x2)
Saudi Arabia (2013)
Jordan (2017)
UAE(2014
and 2015)
Laos (2015)
Vietnam (2015)
Thailand (2016)
Myanmar (2016)
China (2017)
Russia (2016)
Mongolia (2015/17)
South Korea (2017)
Malaysia (2018)
Mauritius (2016)
Pool 2Full genome sequence analysis:

21. Vaccines for O/ME-SA/Ind-2001
O 3039 O1 Manisa O/TUR/5/2009
Mostly
matched
86%
Some
Matches
33%
Almost all
matched
95%
Many vaccine suppliers use multivalent vaccines
in vitro vaccine matching:
42 field isolates from Africa, Middle East and southeast Asia:
Potency testing in cattle:
• PD50 study [CVL/WRLFMD/IZSLER]
• O-Manisa – heterologous protection ~ 3PD50

22. • Cases in Israel and Palestine
• FMD cases in cattle during
February 2017
• Outbreaks in cattle in/close
to the Gaza Strip
• Sequence links to recent
cases in Egypt
• Recent reports of other
FMDV serotypes in Israel
O/EA-3 moving in/to the Middle East

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Approach to FMD control to date
• Control measures were implemented: mass
vaccination, ring vaccination, quarantine of infected
flocks and epidemiological investigation
• There was no official control strategy for FMD
• In 2006 outbreaks field isolates were shipped to
Pirbright. Vaccine matching was done consequently.
• In 2017 no samples were shipped to Pirbright (political
sensitivities)
• A Risk Based Strategic Plan has been developed with
assistance of EuFMD and has been submitted to the
OIE/FAO FMD working group.

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Who needs to be trained?
PC Practitioner Network24
Livestock
owners
Field veterinarians and para-
veterinarians
Regional veterinary services
Central
veterinary
services

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Iterative process – don’t give up!

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Acknowledgements
• Jordanian Veterinary Services
• Jordan University of Science and Technology
• WRLFMD
• EuFMD

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Thank you for your attention! Questions?