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Cereal breeding in ESA- Henry Ojulong, Eric Manyasa, Sam Njoroge, NARS partners

  1. Cereal breeding in ESA Henry Ojulong, Eric Manyasa, Sam Njoroge, NARS partners Regional Planning Meeting Harare 36-27 April 2917
  2. Biotic stresses Leaf diseases Leaf/foliar insect pests Striga Genetic resources Collection Conservation Characterization Utilization Limited use of productivity enhancements Underdeveloped Seed System Lack of varieties With preferred Attributes Abiotic stresses Drought Poor post Harvest handling Reduce grain quality Constraints in cereal value chain Unreliability of grain supply Poor market access
  3. Breeding strategy Crossing Program Local x Local Exotic X Local Exotic X Exotic (Biparental +Pedigree) Introduction and evaluation of exotic Lines and varieties Collection and evaluation of Landrace and farmer varieties On-farm Testing Farmer verification and Selection Preliminary Testing and Selection of usable landraces Population development and improvement (ms3), Hybrid making and Breeding for different objectives Generation Advance Breeding Nurseries Preliminary Testing and Selection On-station Advanced Testing On-station Multi-Location/Regional Testing On-farm Verification trials and Farmers selection (PVS) Variety Release and Promotion Seed Multiplication On-station Advanced Testing and Selection of Adapted types to 3 AEZ Preliminary Testing and Selection of usable landraces Preliminary Testing
  4. Collections • Finger millet 269 (Tanzania and Uganda) Characterization • Sorghum 400 • Pearl millet 157 • Finger millet 557 Rejuvenation • Sorghum 400 • Pearl millet 320 • Finger millet 400 Germplasm unique accession repatriation • Sorghum 799 • Finger millet 396 • Pearl millet 155 Germplasm collection and management
  5. Populations Finger millet Kiboko • 2377 lines for diverse traits at F2 • 245 Lines for micro nutrients at F2 • 562 lines for snapping trait at F3 • 157 lines for general at F4 Alupe • 258 lines for blast F3 • 96 lines for striga resistance at F3 • 64 lines nutrient traits at F5 • 88 lines for snapping trait at F4 To be advanced
  6. Sorghum •448 drought populations advanced to F2 at Kiboko •145 high Fe and Zn selections advanced to F3 at Kiboko and Alupe •424 Striga selections to F4 at Alupe •364 new hybrids •260 BC3S2 striga resistant hybrid parents (A/B) •251 BC3F2 striga and drought lines •To be advanced to the next generations Populations
  7. Sorghum Two trials (Short and medium maturity) evaluated in 6 locations across dryland agro-ecologies in Kenya and Tanzania Short duration 16 entries Across locations: • Gadam (2.436 t ha-1), • ZSV 3 (2.347 t ha-1), • Tharaka 6 (2.330 t ha-1), • IESV 214011 DL (2.273 t ha-1) • ICSL 71052 (2.214 t ha-1) Gadam selected for NPT in Tanzania Drought
  8. Drought Zimbabwe 7 varieties (6-7 t/ha at Matopos) selected for on farm testing Medium maturity trial (36 entries) Across the 3 sites: Grain yield range of 2.4 to 2.56 t ha-1. IESV 214002 DL, IESV 214007 DL, IESV 214013 DL, IESV 92043 DL, IESV 92043 DL and IESV 214003 DL • The trial will be repeated in 2016 in Tanzania. • IESV 214013 DL selected for on-farm testing both in Kenya and Tanzania
  9. Regional Hybrid Trial (25 entries) evaluated in Kenya and Tanzania in 5 locations • Best yielding • IESH 22023, • IESH 28001, • ATX 623 X IESV 91131 DL, • IESH 22002 • ATX 623 X KARI MTAMA 1 • Grain yield range 3.11 to 3.36 t ha-1. • Check ATX 623 x MACIA 2.9 t ha • Hybrid ATX 623 X IESV 91131 DL selected for PVS. Drought
  10. Malawi two locations Average grain yield between 2.9 to 6.0 t ha-1 Best hybrids • IESH 22011 • IESH 22005 • IESH 22002 Zimbabwe • Top 5 hybrids at Matopos had yields of 5.2 to 6.1 t ha-1 Drought
  11. Finger millet 25 entries evaluated in five (5) locations in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. • Yield range 0.85-1.8 t/ha • 20 out yielded improved check U15 (1.0 t/ha) • Best yielders: IE 5165, IE 501, IE 2030, IE 593, IE 2187 (1.3-1.8 t/ha) • To be advanced to PVS Drought
  12. Finger millet Malawi: 25 entries in 3 locations Average yield 0.6-1.9 t/ha, check 0.6 Best yielders (1.5-1.9 t/ha) KNE 688 KNE 669 U15 KNE 1034 KNE 1124 Gulu E To be taken on farm Drought
  13. Pearl millet 25 entries evaluated in 2 locations in Zimbabwe • Yield range 0.42-1.33 t/ha • Best yielders: range 1.06-1.33 t/ha – ICMV 221, – PMV 3, – SMDV 90031, SDMV 94005 • To be repeated as season was not good Drought
  14. Finger millet 25 entries evaluated at striga sick plots at Alupe. High Yielders • GBK-043153A, • GBK-029770A, • GBK-000410A, • GBK-029674A Suppressed striga emergency • GBK-043164A, • GBK-000414A, • GBK-02980A. Striga
  15. 80 blast lines evaluated in Kenya and Uganda (PYT) • Blast range 2-5 –resistant check 3 • Yield range 0.8-2.9 t/ha check 0.8 t/ha • Best 25 to be advanced to AYT Blast
  16. Early, Medium and Long duration finger millet accessions evaluated at 6 locations in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. Early duration Best performers: • IEFV00070 (2.3 t/ha) • GBK 011141A (2.3 t/ha) • Kal Dokolo (2.3 t/ha). Maturity groups
  17. Medium duration • IE 2093 (2.9 t/ha) • IE 6072 (2.9 t/ha), • IE 3070 (3.2 t/ha), • IE 615 (3.3 t/ha) • Kal (3.4 t/ha). Long duration trial. • IEFV00060 (2.0 t/ha) • IE 2589 (2.1 t/ha) • GBK 00835A (2.5 t/ha) • Quteke (3.3 t/ha) Maturity groups
  18. Finger millet Data from the regional finger millet trials shared with partners and used for submitting varieties to NPT for release. • Kenya 3 • Uganda 4 • Ethiopia ? • Tanzania 3 Generate data to facilitate release
  19. Kenya Agronomic data for 4 sorghum hybrids were provided to Kenya Seed Company. • IESH 22002, • IESH 22009, • IESH 22011 • IESH 22012 in DUS tests ting Egerton University • One hybrid (IESH 214015) for malting • 2 OPVs (IESV 91018 LT and IESV 93042 SH) for sweet stalk-livestock recommended for release Ethiopia • KARI Mtama 1 and IESV 23007 DL in NPT Generate data to facilitate release
  20. Finger millet • 29 nutrient dense genotypes (and improved check, U15) evaluated in three locations Tanzania, Calcium Range 487 to 957 mg/100gm. Highest: IE 3169, IE 3225, KNE 741,Iklulule,IE 2034 (813-957 mg/100gm) Nutrient accumulation across agro ecologies
  21. Iron Range: 10.61-23.3 t/ha Highest: IE 6952, IE 6321, Acc 32 (16.1 -23.3 mg/100gm) Zinc Range: 2.9-4;1 t/ha Highest : KNE 628, IE 6443, IE 2014,IE 2034 (3.9-4.1 mg/100gm). • Six accessions advanced to PVS across the locations. • KNE 741 and Acc 32 at advanced stages of release ans are already being promoted Nutrient accumulation across agro ecologies
  22. Sorghum • Four hybrids (IESH 22012, IESH 22022, ATX 623 x Macia and ICSA 12 x KARI Mtama 1) suitable malting • Five varieties and five hybrids were tested for feed quality tannin levels 0-1% Grain quality analysis
  23. Kenya: Sub humid • IESV 24029 SH and IS 21018 high grain yield, good grain colour and less bird damage. • IESV 24029 SH NPT by Kenya Seed Company as Kensorg 20. – 800kg of foundation seed produced and delivered under FTF-DTC project in 2015SR – 3.7 tons of seed produced for promotion in 2016 LR Tanzania • IESV 23010 DL Selected for NPT testing PVS IESV 24029 SH
  24. • Malawi: Sorghum – Varieties KARI Mtama 1, Macia, R 8602, IESV 92170 DL and IESV 23006 DL selected – To go into release process – ICRISAT and NARS partners to put together data to help in release. PVS
  25. Finger millet Victoria Lake zone: • KNE 628 High yield, high nutrient, big compact heads, Acc 32 IE 3779 selected for NPT Tanzania: Central • KNE 628, RW 123, Acc 32 Good yield, high Ca, Acc 14 good yield Malawi • IEFV0001, Acc 814, KNE 628, for high yield, early maturity, high nutrient content PVS
  26. Forum for Agro-vets, farmer group, community seed producers, seed companies and extension staff initiated; Over 40t certified seed sorghum sold by aggregators and agro-dealers in Kenya About 20 tons of QDS seed of sorghum and finger millet improved varieties through agro-vets in Kenya and Tanzania 25 farmer groups producing sorghum and finger millet QDS were facilitated to produce and market over 12, 000 Small Seed Packs (SSPs=0.5 to 1 kg) through agro-vets  Report on Effectiveness of SSPs and QDS commercialization prepared. Seed
  27. • Sorghum – Gadam hamam 5.4 tons – Kari Mtama 2 (IS 8193) 3.47 tons – IESV 24029 SH 4.5 tons • Finger millet – U15 1.2 tons – P224 1.3 tons • Pearl millet – ICSV 221 3.1 tons • Cowpea 1.6 tons • Greengram 1.5 tons Breeder and Foundation seed for FTF- DTC/SMU/SOMNI/HOPE
  28. Sorghum diseases in Tanzania and Uganda • Objective: Identify and update information on diseases of sorghum across major production areas in Tanzania and Uganda
  29. Methods • In Tanzania, 40 fields : Dodoma, Singida, Simiyu, Shinyanga, Mwanza, and Mara Provinces • In Uganda, 143 fields: Teso, Western, Northern, and West Nile agroecologies. • Farmers were purposively selected and at least 30 plants per field along two diagonal transects were visually assessed for disease and samples taken to the laboratory to confirm diseases observed.
  30. Results • In Tanzania, 16 diseases were identified and the most prevalent (% of fields) • leaf blight at 76%, • anthracnose at 56%, and rust at 43%. • In Uganda, 15 diseases were identified and the most prevalent were leaf blight at 55%, anthracnose at 43% and ladder leaf spot at 20%. • Disease prevalence differed significantly between Tanzania and Uganda
  31. Results cont.. • More prevalent in Tanzania was leaf blight (P = 0.0007), covered smut (P = 0.0002), rust (P < 0.0001), bacterial leaf blight (P = 0.0007), head mold (P < 0.0001), long smut (P < 0.0001). • In contrast, diseases more prevalent in Uganda than in Tanzania were anthracnose (P = 0.032), ladder leaf spot (P = 0.0018), head smut (P = 0.015), gray leaf spot (P = 0.0098), oval leaf spot (P = 0.001), and downy mildew (P = 0.001). • Generally, significant differences were observed in incidence of major diseases if the farmers grew local or improved varieties. • This is the first comprehensive sorghum disease survey report in over 15 years in both countries
  32. Opportunities • Climate change • Huge germplasm base (wild + cultivated)  Population improvement  Varieties/hybrids for multiple uses • New/emerging markets  Malting/Brewing  Feed (Unga Ltd)  Food (compositing)-  Nutritional facts o healthy foods (diabetics, weaning foods, confectioneries etc) o Noodles • Govt support  High value traditional crops  Seed subsidy  Open borders and markets
  33. Opportunities • Large population dependent on sorghum and millets • Strong partnerships developed along the value chain • Biotechnology - enhance breeding efficiency  Diversity studies  MAS
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