This document provides an overview of the design process for a new diversion dam project on the Tarbela Dam in Pakistan. It discusses selecting the site, conducting site studies to understand the geology and foundation conditions, determining the appropriate dam type is an earth-fill dam, designing the embankment, investigating the reservoir area, conducting test fills, studying causes of dam failure, developing the flood hydrograph, and collecting basic hydrologic and meteorological data. The project will require detailed exploration of the foundation and subsurface conditions to support the earth-fill dam design and ensure the stability and safety of the new diversion dam.
The document provides details on the design of a new diversion dam project at the Tarbela Dam in Pakistan. It discusses selecting the site, conducting site studies and subsurface explorations, selecting an earth-fill dam type, and considerations for the embankment, foundation geology, reservoir investigations, test fills, flood hydrology, engineering design aspects like capacity and power calculations, penstock selection and construction details. Foundation conditions, causes of dam failures, and administrative requirements are also outlined.
project on dam and dam safety with application of geophysicsRIPU DAMAN SINGH
The document discusses dams and dam safety. It provides background on the history of dam construction, beginning with dams built by ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians. It then outlines the objectives of dams, including irrigation, water supply, flood control, hydroelectric power and more. The document also discusses important considerations for selecting suitable dam sites, such as foundation conditions, reservoir size and shape, and potential impacts. It describes the necessary investigations conducted to evaluate potential dam sites, including engineering surveys, geological and hydrological studies, and subsurface exploration.
This document summarizes key issues in the design and construction of embankment dams. It discusses common causes of embankment dam failures such as sliding due to high pore water pressure, seepage failures from hydraulic fracturing, and differential settlement causing cracks. It also outlines investigation, design, and construction processes for embankment dams and analyzes total and effective stress for stability evaluations.
This document summarizes key issues in the design and construction of embankment dams. It discusses common failure modes such as sliding due to high pore water pressure, seepage failures from hydraulic fracturing, and differential settlement causing cracks. It also examines the shear strength properties and testing of fill materials important for stability analyses. Earthquake damage patterns include liquefaction of foundations and various failure types in dam bodies depending on their configuration.
This document compares the design differences between water dams and tailings dams. Some key differences discussed include:
- Tailings dams must safely contain mine tailings and process water in perpetuity after closure, unlike water dams which typically have a 100 year design life.
- Seepage control is more critical for tailings dams due to environmental regulations around containment of contaminants from tailings.
- Tailings properties, such as higher specific gravity, can increase loading stresses on the dam compared to water.
- Tailings can be used advantageously in the design to reduce hydraulic gradients and piping risk, allow use of geosynthetic filters, and provide a seepage barrier, whereas water dams rely
Chapter 6 concrete dam engineering with examplesMohsin Siddique
This document provides an overview of concrete dam engineering. It begins by outlining the key learning outcomes which are to understand dam classification, selection criteria, ancillary works, and forces acting on dams. It then defines what a dam is and discusses the types of dams including gravity, arch, buttress, and embankment dams. It describes the various components of dams such as spillways and outlets. It also covers the forces acting on dams including primary loads from water, self-weight, and seepage, as well as secondary loads from sediment, thermal effects, and seismic loads. It concludes by discussing the analysis of gravity dams and safety criteria for overturning, sliding, crushing, and tension.
The document provides details on the design of a new diversion dam project at the Tarbela Dam in Pakistan. It discusses selecting the site, conducting site studies and subsurface explorations, selecting an earth-fill dam type, and considerations for the embankment, foundation geology, reservoir investigations, test fills, flood hydrology, engineering design aspects like capacity and power calculations, penstock selection and construction details. Foundation conditions, causes of dam failures, and administrative requirements are also outlined.
project on dam and dam safety with application of geophysicsRIPU DAMAN SINGH
The document discusses dams and dam safety. It provides background on the history of dam construction, beginning with dams built by ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians. It then outlines the objectives of dams, including irrigation, water supply, flood control, hydroelectric power and more. The document also discusses important considerations for selecting suitable dam sites, such as foundation conditions, reservoir size and shape, and potential impacts. It describes the necessary investigations conducted to evaluate potential dam sites, including engineering surveys, geological and hydrological studies, and subsurface exploration.
This document summarizes key issues in the design and construction of embankment dams. It discusses common causes of embankment dam failures such as sliding due to high pore water pressure, seepage failures from hydraulic fracturing, and differential settlement causing cracks. It also outlines investigation, design, and construction processes for embankment dams and analyzes total and effective stress for stability evaluations.
This document summarizes key issues in the design and construction of embankment dams. It discusses common failure modes such as sliding due to high pore water pressure, seepage failures from hydraulic fracturing, and differential settlement causing cracks. It also examines the shear strength properties and testing of fill materials important for stability analyses. Earthquake damage patterns include liquefaction of foundations and various failure types in dam bodies depending on their configuration.
This document compares the design differences between water dams and tailings dams. Some key differences discussed include:
- Tailings dams must safely contain mine tailings and process water in perpetuity after closure, unlike water dams which typically have a 100 year design life.
- Seepage control is more critical for tailings dams due to environmental regulations around containment of contaminants from tailings.
- Tailings properties, such as higher specific gravity, can increase loading stresses on the dam compared to water.
- Tailings can be used advantageously in the design to reduce hydraulic gradients and piping risk, allow use of geosynthetic filters, and provide a seepage barrier, whereas water dams rely
Chapter 6 concrete dam engineering with examplesMohsin Siddique
This document provides an overview of concrete dam engineering. It begins by outlining the key learning outcomes which are to understand dam classification, selection criteria, ancillary works, and forces acting on dams. It then defines what a dam is and discusses the types of dams including gravity, arch, buttress, and embankment dams. It describes the various components of dams such as spillways and outlets. It also covers the forces acting on dams including primary loads from water, self-weight, and seepage, as well as secondary loads from sediment, thermal effects, and seismic loads. It concludes by discussing the analysis of gravity dams and safety criteria for overturning, sliding, crushing, and tension.
The document discusses dams and hydraulic structures. It provides an overview of different types of dams including embankment, gravity, buttress, and arch dams. It emphasizes the importance of regular inspections and monitoring of dams to identify any signs of distress or changes in conditions. The document also discusses causes of dam failures, noting that embankment dams and older dams are more likely to fail than other types. Embankment dams from 1900 had around a 10% probability of failure while modern dams constructed after 1950 have less than a 0.04% chance.
Topics:
1. Reservoir Classification
2. Investigations
3. Selection of Site for Reservoir
4. Zones of Storage
5. Storage Capacity and Yield
6. Mass Inflow Curve & Demand Curve
7. Calculation of Reservoir Capacity
8. Reservoir Sedimentations
9. Life of Reservoir
10. Selection of Dam
This document discusses reservoir sedimentation and methods for managing sediment in reservoirs. It begins by describing physical processes in watersheds like weathering, erosion, and sediment yield. Methods for estimating sediment yield in a watershed are then presented. The document outlines three forms of sediment transport in rivers and describes depositional zones in reservoirs. Consequences of reservoir sedimentation include loss of storage capacity. Elements of sediment management include reducing sediment inflow, routing sediments, removal of deposited sediments, providing large storage volumes, and sediment placement. Case studies on sediment routing at the Three Gorges Dam and the Sanmenxia Key Water Control Project in China are also summarized.
Here are brief responses to your questions:
A dam is a barrier built across a watercourse for retaining water.
We build dams for water supply, irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, flood control, recreation etc.
The main forces exerted on dams are water pressure, earth pressure, temperature stresses. Proper design is needed to withstand these forces.
Common dam types are gravity dams, arch dams, buttress dams, embankment dams based on construction material and design.
Key site conditions are impermeable foundation, adequate drainage, stable abutments, sufficient storage capacity.
Geological parameters include type and
The document discusses various geological considerations for selecting dam sites, including:
1) Topography and competent rock formations are essential, with narrow valleys and rocks like granite or basalt preferred.
2) Geological structures like faults, joints, or unfavorable dips must be absent.
3) Factors like weathering, intrusions, fracturing, and alternating soft/hard beds can impact stability and require treatment.
4) Undisturbed horizontal strata or gently dipping strata upstream are most suitable, while downstream dips or complex folding can cause issues. Proper site selection and treatment are crucial to a dam's safety and cost-effectiveness.
The document discusses the importance of site investigation for building construction projects. Site investigation provides crucial information about soil, rock, and groundwater conditions that help determine appropriate foundation design and construction methods. It also identifies potential geological hazards. Proper site investigation assists in site selection and recommendations for mitigation measures to ensure safe and effective construction. Factors like accessibility, geology, environment, and costs are considered in site selection. Equipment and methods used in site investigations are also outlined.
1. The document discusses different types of embankment dams including earth-fill dams and rock-fill dams. Earth-fill dams are constructed using compacted earth and have a low-permeability core, while rock-fill dams use rock as the primary fill material.
2. Design criteria for embankment dams include considerations for the foundation conditions, suitable soil/rock materials, embankment slopes, and spillway capacity. Factors like settlement, compaction, permeability, and stability must be addressed in the design.
3. Failure modes of earth-fill dams include piping, which occurs when seepage forces exceed soil self-weight, causing destabilization and potential dam failure.
This document discusses different types of hydraulic structures used for water storage. It describes storage dams, which are structures built across rivers to store water for future use. The key components of storage dams are the dam structure itself to obstruct river flow, a spillway to discharge excess flood water, and outlets to withdraw stored water. Embankment dams, made of earth and/or rock fill, and concrete dams are the main types discussed. Embankment dams are more common due to technical and economic reasons. Earth-fill, rock-fill, gravity, buttress, and arch dams are further described as varieties of embankment and concrete dams.
This document provides an introduction and overview of dewatering methods used in construction projects. It discusses how the water table and groundwater conditions can impact foundations and excavations. Several key dewatering methods are described, including sumps, wells, well points, drainage galleries, and exclusion methods like ground freezing. Sumps involve pumping from perforated drums in a gravel-filled excavation and work best in fine-grained soils. Wells use large-diameter casings and pumps to dewater large areas to depth in permeable soils. Well points are smaller and more shallow but can effectively dewater coarse-grained soils through a vacuum system. Selection of the appropriate dewatering method depends on factors like soil type, excav
1) The document discusses various topics related to water resource engineering including embankment dams and gravity dams. It covers suitable sites for embankment dams, types of embankment dams, materials used in earthen dams, and causes of embankment dam failures.
2) Needs for dam construction include drinking water, flood control, irrigation, hydroelectric power and more. Embankment dams are built from soil, rock fill, or a composite. Types include earth dams, rock-fill dams, and composite dams.
3) Causes of embankment dam failures include hydraulic failures from overtopping, seepage failures from piping, and structural failures from shear stresses or earthquakes
Reservoirs are constructed by building dams across rivers and streams to form artificial lakes. They require careful planning and design based on investigations of the site geology, hydrology, and topography. Reservoirs can serve multiple purposes including flood control, irrigation, water supply, hydroelectric power, navigation, and recreation. Depending on their primary purpose, reservoirs are classified as storage, flood control, distribution, or multipurpose. Key considerations for reservoir planning and design include selecting a suitable dam site, determining the required storage capacity based on water demand and inflows, and investigating the geology of the foundation and basin.
The document discusses the dredging process and its effects. It provides an overview of different types of dredgers including mechanical dredgers like bucket ladder dredgers and grab dredgers, and hydraulic dredgers like suction hopper dredgers and cutter suction dredgers. It also discusses site investigation processes, soil classification, dredger selection, dumping grounds, effectiveness, impacts, and environmental effects of dredging. Dredging is necessary for activities like creating harbors and maintaining waterways, but can impact the environment through disturbed sediments and potential contamination. Careful planning is required to select the appropriate dredger and minimize negative impacts.
Management of hydrogeological risks in underground constructionsIRJET Journal
This document discusses management of hydrogeological risks in underground constructions. It begins with an abstract that outlines the importance of understanding and managing hydrogeological risks like groundwater when building underground structures. It then provides details on various case studies of underground construction projects around the world and the groundwater challenges they faced, as well as the dewatering and foundation design techniques used to overcome those challenges. Specific techniques discussed include diaphragm wall construction, dewatering using well points and deep wells, and waterproofing of basement areas.
Management of hydrogeological risks in underground constructionsIRJET Journal
This document discusses management of hydrogeological risks in underground constructions. It begins with an abstract that outlines the importance of understanding and managing hydrogeological risks like groundwater when building underground structures. It then provides details on various case studies of underground construction projects around the world and the groundwater challenges they faced, as well as the dewatering and foundation design techniques used to overcome those challenges. Specific case studies discussed include projects in Kuwait, Italy, Taiwan, Shanghai, and India.
Dams and Reservoirs -Hydraulics engineeringCivil Zone
Dams are barriers built across rivers or streams to control water flow for uses like irrigation, hydropower, and flood control. The main types are embankment dams made of earth or rock and concrete dams like gravity, arch, and buttress dams. Dams provide benefits like irrigation, power, flood control, and recreation but can also negatively impact river ecosystems and require relocation of people. Engineers consider factors like geology, material availability, and hydrology to select the optimal dam type and site for a given project. Ancillary structures like spillways and outlets control water release.
Reservoir engineering functions include determining hydrocarbon reserves and production rates. A reservoir engineer's role includes reserves estimation, development planning, and production optimization. Reserves are classified as proven or unproven. Reservoir properties like porosity and permeability control production potential. Porosity is measured from logs or cores, and permeability is measured from cores, well tests, or logs. Relative permeability curves describe fluid flow at partial saturations. Wettability and capillary pressure also impact fluid distribution and flow.
The document provides details about the Mumbai Coastal Road Project which includes construction of India's first undersea tunnel. Some key points:
1) A 2.07 km long twin tunnel is being constructed as part of the project, with 1 km being under the sea, making it unique from other tunnels worldwide.
2) India's largest Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) named 'Mavala' has been deployed to excavate the tunnel and broke excavation records.
3) The tunnels will be 11 meters in diameter and constructed using concrete segmental lining for structural support and stability.
4) Numerical analysis of stress redistribution during various construction stages and the long-term condition will be conducted
This document proposes an alternative design for constructing the foundations of a new pedestrian bridge across a harbour. It suggests using a temporary sheet pile wall cofferdam that would allow workers to build the pile group and pile cap at the riverbed level, avoiding the need for divers. The cofferdam design is sized at 10x10m and embedded 10m deep. Calculations are presented to check for piping, heaving, and structural failure. A finite element model is also used. It is determined that drains will be needed to reduce water pressures and piping risks. The design of the internal bracing structure and construction sequence are also considered. The cofferdam is concluded to be a feasible alternative construction method for the bridge
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
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The document discusses dams and hydraulic structures. It provides an overview of different types of dams including embankment, gravity, buttress, and arch dams. It emphasizes the importance of regular inspections and monitoring of dams to identify any signs of distress or changes in conditions. The document also discusses causes of dam failures, noting that embankment dams and older dams are more likely to fail than other types. Embankment dams from 1900 had around a 10% probability of failure while modern dams constructed after 1950 have less than a 0.04% chance.
Topics:
1. Reservoir Classification
2. Investigations
3. Selection of Site for Reservoir
4. Zones of Storage
5. Storage Capacity and Yield
6. Mass Inflow Curve & Demand Curve
7. Calculation of Reservoir Capacity
8. Reservoir Sedimentations
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This document discusses reservoir sedimentation and methods for managing sediment in reservoirs. It begins by describing physical processes in watersheds like weathering, erosion, and sediment yield. Methods for estimating sediment yield in a watershed are then presented. The document outlines three forms of sediment transport in rivers and describes depositional zones in reservoirs. Consequences of reservoir sedimentation include loss of storage capacity. Elements of sediment management include reducing sediment inflow, routing sediments, removal of deposited sediments, providing large storage volumes, and sediment placement. Case studies on sediment routing at the Three Gorges Dam and the Sanmenxia Key Water Control Project in China are also summarized.
Here are brief responses to your questions:
A dam is a barrier built across a watercourse for retaining water.
We build dams for water supply, irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, flood control, recreation etc.
The main forces exerted on dams are water pressure, earth pressure, temperature stresses. Proper design is needed to withstand these forces.
Common dam types are gravity dams, arch dams, buttress dams, embankment dams based on construction material and design.
Key site conditions are impermeable foundation, adequate drainage, stable abutments, sufficient storage capacity.
Geological parameters include type and
The document discusses various geological considerations for selecting dam sites, including:
1) Topography and competent rock formations are essential, with narrow valleys and rocks like granite or basalt preferred.
2) Geological structures like faults, joints, or unfavorable dips must be absent.
3) Factors like weathering, intrusions, fracturing, and alternating soft/hard beds can impact stability and require treatment.
4) Undisturbed horizontal strata or gently dipping strata upstream are most suitable, while downstream dips or complex folding can cause issues. Proper site selection and treatment are crucial to a dam's safety and cost-effectiveness.
The document discusses the importance of site investigation for building construction projects. Site investigation provides crucial information about soil, rock, and groundwater conditions that help determine appropriate foundation design and construction methods. It also identifies potential geological hazards. Proper site investigation assists in site selection and recommendations for mitigation measures to ensure safe and effective construction. Factors like accessibility, geology, environment, and costs are considered in site selection. Equipment and methods used in site investigations are also outlined.
1. The document discusses different types of embankment dams including earth-fill dams and rock-fill dams. Earth-fill dams are constructed using compacted earth and have a low-permeability core, while rock-fill dams use rock as the primary fill material.
2. Design criteria for embankment dams include considerations for the foundation conditions, suitable soil/rock materials, embankment slopes, and spillway capacity. Factors like settlement, compaction, permeability, and stability must be addressed in the design.
3. Failure modes of earth-fill dams include piping, which occurs when seepage forces exceed soil self-weight, causing destabilization and potential dam failure.
This document discusses different types of hydraulic structures used for water storage. It describes storage dams, which are structures built across rivers to store water for future use. The key components of storage dams are the dam structure itself to obstruct river flow, a spillway to discharge excess flood water, and outlets to withdraw stored water. Embankment dams, made of earth and/or rock fill, and concrete dams are the main types discussed. Embankment dams are more common due to technical and economic reasons. Earth-fill, rock-fill, gravity, buttress, and arch dams are further described as varieties of embankment and concrete dams.
This document provides an introduction and overview of dewatering methods used in construction projects. It discusses how the water table and groundwater conditions can impact foundations and excavations. Several key dewatering methods are described, including sumps, wells, well points, drainage galleries, and exclusion methods like ground freezing. Sumps involve pumping from perforated drums in a gravel-filled excavation and work best in fine-grained soils. Wells use large-diameter casings and pumps to dewater large areas to depth in permeable soils. Well points are smaller and more shallow but can effectively dewater coarse-grained soils through a vacuum system. Selection of the appropriate dewatering method depends on factors like soil type, excav
1) The document discusses various topics related to water resource engineering including embankment dams and gravity dams. It covers suitable sites for embankment dams, types of embankment dams, materials used in earthen dams, and causes of embankment dam failures.
2) Needs for dam construction include drinking water, flood control, irrigation, hydroelectric power and more. Embankment dams are built from soil, rock fill, or a composite. Types include earth dams, rock-fill dams, and composite dams.
3) Causes of embankment dam failures include hydraulic failures from overtopping, seepage failures from piping, and structural failures from shear stresses or earthquakes
Reservoirs are constructed by building dams across rivers and streams to form artificial lakes. They require careful planning and design based on investigations of the site geology, hydrology, and topography. Reservoirs can serve multiple purposes including flood control, irrigation, water supply, hydroelectric power, navigation, and recreation. Depending on their primary purpose, reservoirs are classified as storage, flood control, distribution, or multipurpose. Key considerations for reservoir planning and design include selecting a suitable dam site, determining the required storage capacity based on water demand and inflows, and investigating the geology of the foundation and basin.
The document discusses the dredging process and its effects. It provides an overview of different types of dredgers including mechanical dredgers like bucket ladder dredgers and grab dredgers, and hydraulic dredgers like suction hopper dredgers and cutter suction dredgers. It also discusses site investigation processes, soil classification, dredger selection, dumping grounds, effectiveness, impacts, and environmental effects of dredging. Dredging is necessary for activities like creating harbors and maintaining waterways, but can impact the environment through disturbed sediments and potential contamination. Careful planning is required to select the appropriate dredger and minimize negative impacts.
Management of hydrogeological risks in underground constructionsIRJET Journal
This document discusses management of hydrogeological risks in underground constructions. It begins with an abstract that outlines the importance of understanding and managing hydrogeological risks like groundwater when building underground structures. It then provides details on various case studies of underground construction projects around the world and the groundwater challenges they faced, as well as the dewatering and foundation design techniques used to overcome those challenges. Specific techniques discussed include diaphragm wall construction, dewatering using well points and deep wells, and waterproofing of basement areas.
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This document discusses management of hydrogeological risks in underground constructions. It begins with an abstract that outlines the importance of understanding and managing hydrogeological risks like groundwater when building underground structures. It then provides details on various case studies of underground construction projects around the world and the groundwater challenges they faced, as well as the dewatering and foundation design techniques used to overcome those challenges. Specific case studies discussed include projects in Kuwait, Italy, Taiwan, Shanghai, and India.
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Reservoir engineering functions include determining hydrocarbon reserves and production rates. A reservoir engineer's role includes reserves estimation, development planning, and production optimization. Reserves are classified as proven or unproven. Reservoir properties like porosity and permeability control production potential. Porosity is measured from logs or cores, and permeability is measured from cores, well tests, or logs. Relative permeability curves describe fluid flow at partial saturations. Wettability and capillary pressure also impact fluid distribution and flow.
The document provides details about the Mumbai Coastal Road Project which includes construction of India's first undersea tunnel. Some key points:
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2) India's largest Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) named 'Mavala' has been deployed to excavate the tunnel and broke excavation records.
3) The tunnels will be 11 meters in diameter and constructed using concrete segmental lining for structural support and stability.
4) Numerical analysis of stress redistribution during various construction stages and the long-term condition will be conducted
This document proposes an alternative design for constructing the foundations of a new pedestrian bridge across a harbour. It suggests using a temporary sheet pile wall cofferdam that would allow workers to build the pile group and pile cap at the riverbed level, avoiding the need for divers. The cofferdam design is sized at 10x10m and embedded 10m deep. Calculations are presented to check for piping, heaving, and structural failure. A finite element model is also used. It is determined that drains will be needed to reduce water pressures and piping risks. The design of the internal bracing structure and construction sequence are also considered. The cofferdam is concluded to be a feasible alternative construction method for the bridge
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CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
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This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
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1. Graduate School of Water Resources
Design of Diversion Dam in Tarbela Dam Pakistan
Designed by: Muhammad Shoaib
Student # : 2015730558
2. Introduction
Contents
1.Site Selection
2.Site Study
3.Dam Type selection
4.Embankment
5.Geology and foundation conditions
6.Reservoir investigations
7.Test fills
8.Study of causes of dam failure
9.Flood Hydrograph
10.Basic Hydrologic and Meteorological
11.Flood Hydrology Reports
12.Engineering Design
13.Penstock
14.Construction
3. The project is located at a narrow spot in the Indus River valley
at Tarbela in Haripur.
The main dam wall, built of earth and rock fill, stretches 2,743
meters (8,999 ft.) from the island to river right, standing 148
meters (486 ft.) high.
The spillways, located on the auxiliary dams, in turn consist of
two parts.
The main spillway has a discharge capacity of 18,406 cubic
meters per second (650,000 cu ft. /s) and the auxiliary spillway,
24,070 cubic meters per second (850,000 cu ft. /s).
Now a new diversion dam project is going to start on
Tarbela dam.
Introduction
(Tarbela Dam Pakistan)
5. Site Selection continues…..
(Site Selection Front view)
(Site Selection Back view)
(Site Selection top view)
Reasons for selecting this site
If from the selected point the river flows forward, it will flow
through the valley of steep mountains and will flow again in the
Indus River.
Advantages :
There is no need to make tunnel to divert the flow during
construction
Disadvantage/Environmental Issues:
A bridge will need to be constructed to replace the road to let the
river flow in Indus River.
6. 2.Site Study
First we will conduct detailed geological and subsurface explorations, which characterize the foundation,
abutments, potential borrow areas and type of Dam selection.
2.1 Geology of the Tarbela area:
The phyllite unit forms the base of the Kingriali Formation nearly
everywhere in the Tarbella area. This unit was called the "basal
conglomerate member" by Ali (1962, p. 34). It is a gray- and
brown-weathering phyllitic sequence of shale and siltstone.
Pebbles and cobbles in the conglomerate consist mainly of
Tanawal quartzite but also include phyllite, shale, and vein quartz.
The dolomite unit of the Tarbela area consists of dark-weathering
interlayered brown and gray microcrystalline dolomite.
In the Sherwan syncline, distinct layers of undolomitized gray
limestone are present within the dolomite.
7. 3.Dam Type selection
Site conditions lead to selection of an earth-fill dam
rather than a concrete dam (or roller-compacted
concrete dam) because it includes a wide stream valley,
lack of firm rock abutments, considerable depths of soil
overlying bedrock, poor quality bedrock from a structural
point of view, availability of sufficient quantities of
suitable soils.
The geology of the dam also supports the construction
of earthfill dam as Shale, Limestone, Siltstone and
dolomite are all soft minerals which when compacted
alongside the soil can produce a strong embankment.
Furthermore, the earthfill dams are the most common
type of dam, principally because their construction
involves the use of materials from required excavations
and the use of locally available natural materials
requiring a minimum of processing.
Moreover, the foundation and topographical
requirements for earthfill dams are less stringent than
those for other types
(Earthfill Embankment Dam)
8. 3.1 Technical requirements
The dam, foundation, and abutments must be stable under
all static and dynamic loading conditions.
Seepage through the foundation, abutments, and
embankment must be controlled and collected to ensure
safe operation
The freeboard must be sufficient to prevent overtopping by
waves and include an allowance for settlement of the
foundation and embankment.
The spillway and outlet capacity must be sufficient to
prevent over-topping of the embankment by the reservoir.
3.2 Administrative requirements
Environmental responsibility.
Operation and maintenance manual.
Monitoring and surveillance plan.
Adequate instrumentation to monitor performance.
Documentation of all the design, construction, and operational
records.
Emergency Action Plan: Identification, notification, and response
sub plan.
Schedule for periodic inspections..
(Dam Foundation)
9. 4.Embankment
Many different trial sections for the zoning of an
embankment should be prepared to study
utilization of fill materials; the influence of
variations in types, quantities, or sequences of
availability of various fill materials; and the relative
merits of various sections and the influence of
foundation condition.
4.1 Other Considerations
Other design considerations include the
influence of climate, which governs the length of
the construction season and affects decisions on
the type of fill material to be used.
10. 5.Geology and foundation conditions
The foundation is the valley floor and terraces on which the
embankment and appurtenant structures rest Gravel
foundations, if well compacted, are suitable for earthfill
dams.
Because gravel foundations are frequently subjected to
water percolation at high rates, special precautions will be
taken to provide adequate seepage control or effective
water cutoffs or seals. The liquefaction potential of gravel
foundations will be investigated.
5.1 Comprehensive field investigations and/or laboratory testing will be required
where conditions such as those listed below are found in the foundation:
Deposits that may liquefy under earthquake shock or other
stresses.
Weak or sensitive clays.
Dispersive soils.
Varved clays.
Organic soils.
(Weak or sensitive clay)
11. 5.2 Subsurface investigation for foundations should develop the following data
Subsurface profiles showing rock and soil materials and geological formations, including presence of
faults, buried channels, and weak layers or zones. The RQD is useful in the assessment of the
engineering qualities of bedrock.
5.2.1 Fault
To the researchers knowledge, there has as yet been no
historic case of an operating dam being displaced by a
fault during an earthquake, although there have been some
"near misses."
This good record of worldwide performance is particularly
remarkable in view of the fact that many if not most dams
are located in river canyons whose courses are controlled
by preferential erosion along underlying faults and joints.
Not surprisingly, almost all foundations for large dams
display some faults, however minor, and the geologic and
seismologic challenge is to determine whether such faults
are likely to rupture during the life of the structure (i.e., are
they "active"?) and, if so, with what displacements, with
what geometries, with what magnitudes, and with what
likelihoods
(Real time example of fault)
12. 6. Reservoir investigations
The sides and bottom of a reservoir should be
investigated to determine if the reservoir will
hold water and if the side slopes will remain
stable during reservoir filling, subsequent
drawdowns, and when subjected to
earthquake shocks
7.Test fills
In the design of earth and rock-fill dams, the construction of test embankments can often be of
considerable value and in some cases is absolutely necessary.
Factors involved in the design of earth and rockfill dams include the most effective type of compaction
equipment, lift thickness, number of passes, and placement water contents; the maximum particle size
allowable; the amount of degradation or segregation during handling and compaction; and physical
properties such as compacted density, permeability, grain-size distribution, and shear strength of
proposed embankment materials.
13. 8.Study of causes of dam failure
An understanding of the causes of failure is a critical element in the design and construction process for new
dams and for the evaluation of existing dams.
The primary cause of failure of embankment dams in the is overtopping as a result of inadequate spillway
capacity.
The next most frequent cause is seepage and piping. Seepage through the foundation and abutments is a
greater problem than through the dam.
Therefore, instrumentation in the abutments and foundation as well as observation and surveillance is the
best method of detection.
Other causes are slides (in the foundation and/or the embankment and abutments) and leakage from the
outlet works conduit
8.1 Other factors that increase the likelihood of internal erosion and backward erosion
piping incidents developing at a given site include:
Conduits constructed across abruptly changing
foundation
Circular conduits constructed without concrete
bedding
Conduits with an excessive number of joints
Excavations made to replace unsuitable
foundation
Conduits with compressible foundations
Conduits located in closure sections in
embankment dams
14. 9.Flood Hydrograph
Design-flood hydrographs or parts thereof (peak or volume) are required for sizing the hydraulic features of
a variety of water control and conveyance structures.
In the case of dams and their appurtenant features, flood hydrographs are required for the sizing of
spillways and attendant surcharge storage spaces
9.1 PMF Hydrograph
The PMF (probable maximum flood)
hydrograph represents the maximum runoff
condition resulting from the most severe
combination of hydrologic and
meteorological conditions considered
reasonably possible for the drainage basin
under study.
The PMF is used by design and
construction organizations as a basis for
design in those cases where the failure of
the dam from overtopping would cause
loss of life or widespread property damage
downstream.
15. 10. Basic Hydrologic and Meteorological
Data-compilation and analysis of hydrologic and meteorological data accumulated during and after severe
flood events is necessary for every flood hydrology study
10.1 Hydrologic Data
10.1.1 Recorded Stream flow Data
These data are collected primarily by the (Pakistan Geological Survey) at continuous recording stream flow
gauging stations. Generally, these publications present the stream flow in terms of the average daily flow for
each day for the period the stream gauge has been in operation
10.1.2 Peak Discharge Data
Because the cost of installing, operating, maintaining, compiling, and publishing the data is high, there
are relatively few continuous-recording stream gauges, considering the number of rivers and streams
in the Pakistan
10.2 Meteorological Data
Systematic acquisition of precipitation data is accomplished primarily through the efforts of the NWS (National
Weather Service). The NWS maintains a network of “first order” weather stations. Each station in this network
collects continuous precipitation, temperature, wind, and relative humidity data.
16. 11.Flood Hydrology Reports
Envelope curves
Reservoir routing criteria
Antecedent flood
Frequency analysis
Probable maximum flood
Snowmelt
Loss rates
Unit hydrograph
Storm study
Basin description
General
Summary of study results
Authority
17. 12.Engineering Design
12.1Dam Capacity
Dam capacity = [Reservoir Length x Reservoir Width (at the
dam) x Depth of the Water (maximum)] / 3
In our case Reservoir Length = 900 meter
Reservoir Length = 257 meter feet
Dam height = 15.20 meter
Total Dam capacity = 900*257*15.20
= 3,515,760 cubic meter.
Average pressure = γ * h/2 = 9.81 * 15.20/2 = 74.556
Length along which pressure acts =
L = h/sin θ = 15.20/ sin 60 = 49.86 m
Force = pA = 257 * 74.556 * 49.86= 955362.07 KN
Center of pressure = h/3 from bottom
= 15.20/3 = 5.06 m
12.2 Force & Center of Pressure
18. Where:
A is the catchment area in hectares (ha)
R is the average annual rainfall in millimeters (mm)
Y is the runoff as a percentage of annual rainfall
A= 23.13 Ha R=750 mm (average per year) Y= 7.5 %
Therefore runoff = 23.13*23.13*750*7.5
= 3,009,357 Liters.
Note: Indus basin has never experienced a rainfall of more than
800 mm/year.
12.3 Catchment runoff
Catchment runoff = 100 *A*R*Y liters
12.4Volume of Embankment
V = D/6[A1+4M+A2]
Where M is the area of the cross-section midway
between A1 and A2.
Height = 15.20 Meter.
Bottom Length is 2/H.
Bottom Length = 10.13 Meter
D = 2.5 meter
Dam Width = 257 Meter
Bottom Length = 10.13-2.5=7.63A1 = 17.007* 257=
4370.79 meter square
A2=A1 M= 2.5*257=642.5 meter square
V = 4370.79/6[4370.79+4(642.5) +4370.9]
Volume of Embankment = 8,240,250 Cubic Meter
19. 12.5 Power of Dam
Power The electric power in kilowatts (one kilowatt equals 1,000 watts).
Height of Dam The distance the water falls measured in feet.
River Flow The amount of water flowing in the river measured in cubic feet per second.
Efficiency
How well the turbine and generator convert the power of falling water into electric power. While for
newer, well operated plants this might be as high as 90% (0.90).
11.8 Converts units of feet and seconds into kilowatts.
Power = (Height of Dam) x (River Flow) x (Efficiency) / 11.8
Power = (49.992 feet) x (70962 cubic feet per second) x (0.80) / 11.8 = 258,002 kilowatts
To get an idea what 258,002 kilowatts means, let's
see how much electric energy we can make in a year.
Since electric energy is normally measured in kilowatt-
hours, we multiply the power from our dam by the
number of hours in a year.
Electric Energy = (258,002 kilowatts) x
(24 hours per day) x (365 days per year) =
2,260,097,520 kilowatt hours.
The average annual residential energy use in the
Pakistan is about 1,500 kilowatt-hours for each person.
So we can figure out how many people our dam could
serve by dividing the annual energy production by 1,500.
People Served = 2,260,097,520 kilowatts-hours / 1,500
kilowatt-hours per person) = 1,506,731.68people.
20. 13.Penstock
Metal pipes will be used in the construction of conduits.
Steel is a strong alloy of iron and carbon that contains lower
carbon content than cast iron (lower than 2 percent).
The amount of carbon determines the steel’s hardenability.
Advantages of using Steel pipes
Welded joints provide water tightness
High compressive and tensile strength
Flexible and deformable under stress
High modulus of elasticity to resist buckling loads
Various types of joints possible
Flanges provide a rigid connection to gates and valve
Has the ability to be easily used as a redundant system
Disadvantages of Steel pipes
High material costs
Requires a concrete encasement for
significant and high hazard embankment
Requires special linings at reservoirs
The proper selection of linings and
coatings and any associated
maintenance are required to prevent
corrosion.
21. 14.Construction
14.1 Construction of road to access the site
14.2 Leveling and excavation of the damsite
The site need to be leveled and the required ditching
should be done to make the site ready for the
embankment construction and ultimately dam
construction
22. 14.3 Clearing
The area to be covered by the embankment* should be pegged out prior to commencement of any works.
The embankment and the area to be excavated should be cleared and grubbed.
Topsoil should be heaped in areas outside of the area to be covered by the embankment and all trees,
scrub and roots removed.
Topsoil should be placed in layers not exceeding 200 mm and planted with grass if it is to be left for a
considerable time (more than 6 months).
14.4 Foundation construction
14.4.1 Grouting
Grout holes for the cut-off curtain are drilled to a depth where the grout curtain will effectively seal off the
seepage of water beneath the proposed data
23. 14.5 Installing penstocks
Then the next step is the installing of Penstock.
14.6 Embankment compaction
All fill material for the embankment should be placed
in layers (or lifts) no greater than 150mm thick.
The largest size particle should not be greater than
1/3rd the height of the lift, that is, 50mm.
Each layer should be thoroughly compacted before
the next layer is place
The compaction effort achieved should be on
average 98% Standard Maximum Dry Density
The minimum compaction effort should be 95%
Standard MDD
The material forming the embankment should be
placed with sufficient moisture to ensure proper
compaction
Before each additional 150mm lift is added to the
embankment, the preceding lift should be scarified to
ensure that the two lifts are properly joined
A wheeled scraper or truck should be used for
placing the clay on the dam site
(Installing the Penstock)
(Compaction of Embankment)
24. 14.7 Settlement of the embankment
Settlement of soil banks is common and an allowance must be made for settlement of the dam embankment.
The embankment may settle to a level where it is overtopped by water and failure will result.
Or overtime settlement may result in the height of the embankment becoming lower than the spillway.
14.8 Vegetation
Topsoil should be spread over the exposed surfaces
of the embankment to a depth of at least 150mm and
sown with pasture grass to establish a good cover as
soon as possible.
Never allow any vegetation larger than pasture grass
to become established on or near the embankment.
Tree roots, especially eucalyptus tree roots can
cause the core to crack resulting in the failure of the
dam.
As a rule of thumb, trees and shrubs should be kept
to a minimum distance of 1½ times the height of the
tree away from the embankment of the dam.
This especially applies to eucalypts.
(Vegetation on Embankment)
25. 14.9 Spillway
The purpose of the spillway is to pass flood flows without overtopping the dam wall. Particular attention must be
paid to providing adequate width and depth (or freeboard) of the spillway as per the specifications given in the
dam permit.
The following guidelines apply to spillways:
The absolute minimum width of a spillway is three meters.
Minimum spillway dimensions are given on the permit.