This document discusses the use of design methods in public and social innovation. It notes that there has been a large push over the last decade to apply design thinking to public services. However, it also notes some criticisms of design methods. The document examines the strengths of design, such as understanding user experiences, ideation, rapid prototyping and visualization. It also discusses some weaknesses, such as high costs, lack of implementation skills, and failure to learn from other fields. Overall, it argues that design has potential to contribute when used as part of multidisciplinary teams that can address its limitations and learn from other approaches to innovation.
Andrea is the Chief Designer at Cornwall Council with responsibility for service design and innovation. In this talk Andrea will discuss the challenges and successes of engaging a Local Authority in design practices. Having directed the multi award-winning social enterprise ‘Designs of the Time’ (Dott Cornwall) for two years, Andrea will also consider the value of design as a way of encouraging new approaches to local government innovation.
This talk focuses on the meaning of design, providing an overview of the history of Made in Italy, contemporary design for austerity and opening up cutting-edge design frontiers towards sustainability and social innovation. Beyond Italy, I shared my international experiences, uniting the knots of the design landscape worldwide, to finally zoom into textile artisanship in East Midlands, rescuing local heritage.
Open Prototyping - An early stage process modelDrew Hemment
An early stage process model for open prototyping – Version 1.0.
FutureEverything has developed a model we call open prototyping. Our labs create concepts and prototypes that spark imagination and ask questions about the implications of new technology. Ideas can then be demonstrated at the scale of a city through our festival.
Open prototyping is to develop and test a concept or process through input of external contributors. Our projects are open to many contributors and also are often made with a public audience in mind. They benefit from the co-creation of many external contributors and the interface to a real public.
Read blog post http://futureeverything.org/news/open-prototyping-alpha
FutureEverything and University of Dundee
CityVerve Design Principles and ProcessDrew Hemment
CityVerve Design Principles and Process, Briefing Document, 27 July 2016
A briefing document for participants in CityVerve detailing human centred design principles and process proposed in the project.
Authors: Drew Hemment, Simone Carrier, Matt Skinner
Andrea is the Chief Designer at Cornwall Council with responsibility for service design and innovation. In this talk Andrea will discuss the challenges and successes of engaging a Local Authority in design practices. Having directed the multi award-winning social enterprise ‘Designs of the Time’ (Dott Cornwall) for two years, Andrea will also consider the value of design as a way of encouraging new approaches to local government innovation.
This talk focuses on the meaning of design, providing an overview of the history of Made in Italy, contemporary design for austerity and opening up cutting-edge design frontiers towards sustainability and social innovation. Beyond Italy, I shared my international experiences, uniting the knots of the design landscape worldwide, to finally zoom into textile artisanship in East Midlands, rescuing local heritage.
Open Prototyping - An early stage process modelDrew Hemment
An early stage process model for open prototyping – Version 1.0.
FutureEverything has developed a model we call open prototyping. Our labs create concepts and prototypes that spark imagination and ask questions about the implications of new technology. Ideas can then be demonstrated at the scale of a city through our festival.
Open prototyping is to develop and test a concept or process through input of external contributors. Our projects are open to many contributors and also are often made with a public audience in mind. They benefit from the co-creation of many external contributors and the interface to a real public.
Read blog post http://futureeverything.org/news/open-prototyping-alpha
FutureEverything and University of Dundee
CityVerve Design Principles and ProcessDrew Hemment
CityVerve Design Principles and Process, Briefing Document, 27 July 2016
A briefing document for participants in CityVerve detailing human centred design principles and process proposed in the project.
Authors: Drew Hemment, Simone Carrier, Matt Skinner
How design is shaping thinking at the heart of GovernmentAndrea Cooper
RSA Bicentenary lecture 2015 - What is the role of design thinking in Government? This talk was first given in October 2015 at the Royal Society of Art. It looks at how design approaches are being used to open up policy-making, enabling a wider group of people to shape ideas at the heart of Government.
CityVerve Human Centred Design InductionDrew Hemment
CityVerve Human Centred Design, Induction Workshop, 27 July 2016
Selection of slides from the Human Centred Design induction workshop for project teams with whom FutureEverything will be working in CityVerve.
Authors: Drew Hemment, Simone Carrier, Matt Skinner
In the digital age, good design doesn’t just result in products, it results in new relationships.
What does it really mean to be “digital”? How do non-software organisations thrive in today’s disruptive landscape? What are the key components that make for a digital transformation?
In his keynote, Alvaro introduces the necessary components for today's organisations to thrive through Strategic Design and Experience Strategy.
Workshop | Planet Centric Impact Mapping
As designers, we are part of creating or redesigning products and services for real people, that will experience them. Even if we don´t think about it, each decision we make will affect someone, and too often we have a narrow perspective on who that someone is. In this workshop, you will learn more about the unintended consequences of design, and who it is important to reflect on the unintended consequences of design for people, society and the planet. So, how do we become more aware of the potential and the power within each decision?
Using a real project case, and split into groups, Idun Aune and Emily Lin will introduce some concrete tools on how to investigate the impact, positive or negative, of your concept. They will then teach you how to build impact strategies to address these impacts; either to reduce negative ones or enhance positive ones.
By the end of the workshop, you will be more aware of, and equipped to take responsibility for what you create, and control how you use design.
The socio economic impact of creative products and services developing the cr...Joana Cerejo
The socio-economic impact of creative products/services: developing the creative industries through design thinking.
Design thinking, although it has been growing in popularity, is still seen with some distrust, given that its impact is difficult to quantify and its benefits are subjective. This paper wants to address that distrust and contribute to clear it by providing some information about what it can do for companies by taking a look at creative products and services. First, we review the meaning of creative products and services, the concept of innovation, introduce design and some of its applications, as well as its economic impact and move to the meaning of design thinking. Second, we discuss the literature review and establish our findings. Finally, we end with our conclusions and contributions.
Service design futures - how to create 'sociable services'Andrea Cooper
Service design is changing, but how? here's some ideas from a talk I gave at the Institute for Government to Chief Executives of London Local Authorities.
"Codesign Tools and Techniques” - Alessio Ricconois3
World Usability Day Rome 2015 - intervento di Alessio Ricco
~
Il codesign é una metodologia di progettazione che coinvolge direttamente gli stakeholder rendendoli parte attiva del processo di design per poter realizzare insieme un prodotto usabile e che sia aderente alle loro aspettative. Vedremo alcuni degli strumenti che il facilitatore puó utilizzare per migliorare il processo di collaborazione, di dialogo e ascolto all’interno del team di progettazione.
Members Event
Become a member!
https://www.service-design-network.org
Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/sdnetwork
Or on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/2933277
Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ServiceDesignNetwork/
Behind-the-scenes on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/servicedesignnetwork/
Unboring Service Design with Craft & CreativityFITC
Save 10% off ANY FITC event with discount code 'slideshare'
See our upcoming events at www.fitc.ca
OVERVIEW
This talk takes a look at the emerging role of service design and how creativity can make a difference. With business models changing rapidly, focus is shifting from product to services and brands are looking for new ways to strengthen the relationship they have with people.
Daniël from Achtung! & Kraftwerk explores how service design can create an emotional connection using creativity & craft. He will focus on the importance of good insights, storytelling creativity, prototyping and awesome execution. With a show and tell of work-in-progress, final pieces and inspiring work from others.
Target Audience
Designers, creatives, technologists, strategists, producers and brand owners.
Five things audience members will learn
How design can change behaviour.
How brands can earn their place in peoples lives.
How collaboration is the new competition.
How we connect services and storytelling.
How the future is shaped today.
What happens when everything is connected to everything.Duncan/Channon
2012 RE:DESIGN/Creative Directors Conference, Portland. Abstract: Digital technology and the social web have collapsed the practice (or at least the impact) of brand identity development, advertising, and user-experience design into a creative singularity. A discussion on managing an agile design process (among other things) to keep up.
Présentation à destination des personnes rencontrées à Londres, lors du voyage d'étude sur l'innovation sociale organisé par la 27e Région à Londres, du 11 au 13 mai.
How design is shaping thinking at the heart of GovernmentAndrea Cooper
RSA Bicentenary lecture 2015 - What is the role of design thinking in Government? This talk was first given in October 2015 at the Royal Society of Art. It looks at how design approaches are being used to open up policy-making, enabling a wider group of people to shape ideas at the heart of Government.
CityVerve Human Centred Design InductionDrew Hemment
CityVerve Human Centred Design, Induction Workshop, 27 July 2016
Selection of slides from the Human Centred Design induction workshop for project teams with whom FutureEverything will be working in CityVerve.
Authors: Drew Hemment, Simone Carrier, Matt Skinner
In the digital age, good design doesn’t just result in products, it results in new relationships.
What does it really mean to be “digital”? How do non-software organisations thrive in today’s disruptive landscape? What are the key components that make for a digital transformation?
In his keynote, Alvaro introduces the necessary components for today's organisations to thrive through Strategic Design and Experience Strategy.
Workshop | Planet Centric Impact Mapping
As designers, we are part of creating or redesigning products and services for real people, that will experience them. Even if we don´t think about it, each decision we make will affect someone, and too often we have a narrow perspective on who that someone is. In this workshop, you will learn more about the unintended consequences of design, and who it is important to reflect on the unintended consequences of design for people, society and the planet. So, how do we become more aware of the potential and the power within each decision?
Using a real project case, and split into groups, Idun Aune and Emily Lin will introduce some concrete tools on how to investigate the impact, positive or negative, of your concept. They will then teach you how to build impact strategies to address these impacts; either to reduce negative ones or enhance positive ones.
By the end of the workshop, you will be more aware of, and equipped to take responsibility for what you create, and control how you use design.
The socio economic impact of creative products and services developing the cr...Joana Cerejo
The socio-economic impact of creative products/services: developing the creative industries through design thinking.
Design thinking, although it has been growing in popularity, is still seen with some distrust, given that its impact is difficult to quantify and its benefits are subjective. This paper wants to address that distrust and contribute to clear it by providing some information about what it can do for companies by taking a look at creative products and services. First, we review the meaning of creative products and services, the concept of innovation, introduce design and some of its applications, as well as its economic impact and move to the meaning of design thinking. Second, we discuss the literature review and establish our findings. Finally, we end with our conclusions and contributions.
Service design futures - how to create 'sociable services'Andrea Cooper
Service design is changing, but how? here's some ideas from a talk I gave at the Institute for Government to Chief Executives of London Local Authorities.
"Codesign Tools and Techniques” - Alessio Ricconois3
World Usability Day Rome 2015 - intervento di Alessio Ricco
~
Il codesign é una metodologia di progettazione che coinvolge direttamente gli stakeholder rendendoli parte attiva del processo di design per poter realizzare insieme un prodotto usabile e che sia aderente alle loro aspettative. Vedremo alcuni degli strumenti che il facilitatore puó utilizzare per migliorare il processo di collaborazione, di dialogo e ascolto all’interno del team di progettazione.
Members Event
Become a member!
https://www.service-design-network.org
Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/sdnetwork
Or on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/2933277
Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ServiceDesignNetwork/
Behind-the-scenes on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/servicedesignnetwork/
Unboring Service Design with Craft & CreativityFITC
Save 10% off ANY FITC event with discount code 'slideshare'
See our upcoming events at www.fitc.ca
OVERVIEW
This talk takes a look at the emerging role of service design and how creativity can make a difference. With business models changing rapidly, focus is shifting from product to services and brands are looking for new ways to strengthen the relationship they have with people.
Daniël from Achtung! & Kraftwerk explores how service design can create an emotional connection using creativity & craft. He will focus on the importance of good insights, storytelling creativity, prototyping and awesome execution. With a show and tell of work-in-progress, final pieces and inspiring work from others.
Target Audience
Designers, creatives, technologists, strategists, producers and brand owners.
Five things audience members will learn
How design can change behaviour.
How brands can earn their place in peoples lives.
How collaboration is the new competition.
How we connect services and storytelling.
How the future is shaped today.
What happens when everything is connected to everything.Duncan/Channon
2012 RE:DESIGN/Creative Directors Conference, Portland. Abstract: Digital technology and the social web have collapsed the practice (or at least the impact) of brand identity development, advertising, and user-experience design into a creative singularity. A discussion on managing an agile design process (among other things) to keep up.
Présentation à destination des personnes rencontrées à Londres, lors du voyage d'étude sur l'innovation sociale organisé par la 27e Région à Londres, du 11 au 13 mai.
How Design Theories Evolved from User-Centered Design to Design Thinking.pdfWorxwideConsulting1
From textiles to architectural drawings to digital devices, every product is created with a function—and a user— in mind. Around mid-twentieth century, designers began considering “human factors” (also called ergonomics) to products, services, and interfaces to address human users’ needs. It has led to the evolution of designing theories and shift in designer’s point of attention.
Let’s see how?!
The if sends out a report over what is trending in design every year. This is the 2023 version. Is is a very prestigious organisation and they look at the industry as a whole to analyse the trends and where the market is moving. Using that info they argue and summarize the biggest 5 areas in design
Over the past decade “Design Thinking” has gained currency, initially within design agencies and their commercial work, in design education, and now within the public
and third sector. Design Thinking, as a methodology, it is claimed, solves problems – no matter what they are, no matter how hard. In the context of a wide-ranging critique of public service provision as costly, bureaucratic and often ineffective it is hardly surprising that some are looking to Design as the perfect partner for the Big Society. In this essay
we start by outlining the similarities between Design Thinking and the Big Society. Our attention then shifts to the messy and complex world of social problems and the potential of Design Thinking to intervene. We draw a distinction between the personal troubles of individuals and social problems, and argue that for Design Thinking to work within the latter, it needs to expand its conceptual toolbox. We argue for a refocus away from coming up with solutions to designing problems: for Design to actively, purposefully and reflexively participate in the making and molding of social problems. We then examine some of the features of Design that make it a strong candidate for being involved in such an activity as well as explore the demands that this will inevitably make on Design and designers.
A few slides from a class session in the Carnegie Mellon School of Design, "Foundations of Practice for Social Design." I'm putting them up for folks who arrived here from my "notes on participatory design' on medium.com.
A lecture by Outi Kuittinen for The New School’s Transdisciplinary Design MA program on how to use co-creation as a strategic tool for change.
Email: outi.kuittinen(a)demoshelsinki.fi Twitter: @outikookoo
Produsage and Beyond: Exploring the Pro-Am InterfaceAxel Bruns
Staff Seminar
Thursday 29 Oct., 2-4 p.m.
Seminar Room, Journalism & Media Research Centre, 1-3 Eurimbla St (corner High St), Randwick
The concept of produsage (Bruns 2008) describes the user-led collaborative approach to content creation which is prevalent in open source, citizen journalism, and the Wikipedia, as well as many other social media spaces. While many produsage projects have emerged initially to challenge dominant players in industry, their successful establishment as viable and sustainable alternatives also opens the door for an exploration of manageable cooperative arrangements between industry and community. Many challenges remain for such Pro-Am (Leadbeater & Miller 2004) models, however - not least an often deep-seated sense of mutual distrust -, and successful Pro-Am models may be most likely to succeed when sponsored by trusted third parties (public broadcasters, NGOs). This presentation explores pitfalls and possibilities in the Pro-Am space.
Social Innovation & Open Innovation - Coaching Material for Social Entrepreneursikosom GmbH
Definition of Social Innovation, Open Innovation and Co-Design in Social Business contexts. This slide is part of the project "CE-RESPONSIBLE " by Interreg Central Europe. Hear the presentation at www.net4socialimpact.eu
Portraits robots-démarches inno départements-2017Stéphane VINCENT
7 Départements partenaires se sont prêté au jeu du portrait-robot de leur fonction ou démarche d’innovation : Quelles visions et valeurs ? Quelles activités ? Quelles méthodes ? Quelle organisation (équipe, budget, lieu, communication …) ? Quelle gouvernance ?
Dossier documentaire séminaire "design des usages/usage de design"Stéphane VINCENT
Ce dossier documentaire vise à rendre compte des démarches participatives conduites par la Ville de Nantes et Nantes Métropole depuis 2010 avec les apports du design de services et à livrer la synthèse des enseignements de l'usage du design dans la coconstruction des politiques publiques : pourquoi solliciter le design ? À quel moment ? Quels sont ses apports ? Y a-t-il des préalables ?
Ce document est la restitution de l'expérience "Les Aventuriers de l'Innovation Publique", menée par La 27e Région pendant la Semaine de l'Innovation Publique à l'automne 2016.
Présentation réalisée par Nacima Baron, chercheuse au sein de la Chaire Gare à l'Ecole des Ponts, lors de la conférence "Les gares, terrains d'innovation sociale" le 27/01/17 à La 27e Région.
1. A flood of initiatives to use design methods is underway around the world.
The hope is that these will advance public and social innovation and achieve
creative solutions beyond the reach of conventional structures and methods.
Some of the momentum originates in firms offering distinctive techniques:
IDEO and Frog, Thinkpublic and Engine have been amongst the pioneers.
Public bodies have also promoted design, including Mindlab in Denmark, SITRA
in Finland with its Helsinki Design Lab, the Design Council in the UK and Region
27 in France. Umbrella organisations like the Design Management Initiative and
collaborative programmes like DESIS have also played a part. Interest in these
various methods has grown in tandem with rising interest in social innovation.
Within the public sector the imperative to improve user experiences has
combined with acute pressures to raise productivity.
So could good design deliver both quality and diversity? Strong advocacy by the design
community has paid off in terms of interest.1
Indeed the language of user–led design, and
recognition of the need to apply design thinking to public services has become fairly
commonplace, and a recent survey of social innovation methods in use around the world found
many with design elements.2
But the strong push over the last decade has also prompted some criticisms, often in reaction
to over–inflated claims. There is very little hard evidence on what works – and some resistance
to formal evaluations let alone more rigorous methods such as randomised control trials. The
advocates of design methods have been unclear about whether they are primarily promoting
methods derived from product design, promising policymakers some of the magic of Apple
iPads, Dysons and Toyota hybrids, or whether they are echoing the ideas promoted by Herbert
Simon and others a generation ago that see all public service as involving aspects of design:
policy design, organisational design, service design, and role design.3
Design methods have also
been criticised for their uneven usefulness: they can work well for some stages of the innovation
process but less so for others, and some of the weaknesses of design methods have been
exposed by their application to novel fields. Moreover, despite the apparent interest, the majority
DESIGN IN PUBLIC AND
SOCIAL INNOVATION
WHAT WORKS AND WHAT
COULD WORK BETTER
Geoff Mulgan January 2014
2. 2 DESIGN IN PUBLIC AND SOCIAL INNOVATION
WHAT WORKS AND WHAT COULD WORK BETTER
of design being done in public services does not involve designers or (many) design methods:
the latter remain consigned to fairly marginal pilots and experiments, and there are still few signs
of public services building up the capacities needed to be good commissioners of design.
So what’s going right and what’s going wrong? Is design a key to more efficient and effective
public services, or a costly luxury, good for conferences and consultants but not for the public?
Now is a good moment to take stock of what is working and what could be working better,
and in this paper I look at the elements of the design method; the strengths of current models;
some of their weaknesses and the common criticisms made of them; and what might be the way
forward.4
As I will show design has a great deal to contribute – but the grandiose claims made at
times over the last decade have often been more a hindrance than a help. Designers now need to
find a humbler tone, to pay more attention to results, to attend to the ‘deep craft’ that’s needed
for successful public innovation, and to recognise that they are most likely to achieve their best
within teams bringing together complementary skills.
Strengths of the design method in social innovation and public service
Design promises to bring flair and delight to services that can seem dull, homogeneous, and
unresponsive, and it has done so before. There is a clear line of continuity between some of the
claims made by 19th
century designers such as William Morris, advocates of a generation ago
such as Victor Papanek,5
and today’s arguments for more ecological and human–centred design.
A century ago Bauhaus modernism saw itself as a radical democratic movement that would
use mass manufacture to improve the lives of the people, offering an alternative to mediocrity.
Industrial designers who had made good products available to everyone went on, a few
generations later, to meld mass production and craft production so that a vastly wider variety of
distinctive objects became available at affordable prices, a move which effectively repelled the
critics of numbing conformity in mass production and standardisation.
Public services aspire to a comparable mix of variety and affordability. Most of the work of
designers in public services and social issues has used methods associated with product design
and applied them directly to very different problems. Its methods generally combine four main
elements.
Understanding user experiences: a first set help with understanding, and getting to the roots
of the problem that needs to be solved. Designers have adapted some of the methods of
ethnography to see how the world looks and feels to the users of services, tools that were
at times used in public services but more often forgotten. The use of stories, videos, picture
boards to map the real experience of being a patient or a welfare claimant invariably provide
new insights. Under the banner of ‘user–led design’ designers have also adapted some of the
methods of social movements – like the disability rights movement – which have always involved
people in need in shaping new alternatives. As they’ve found, serious engagement with end users
of any kind brings new insights to the surface, showing how apparently well–designed systems
often fail to take account for the fine grain of daily life. Individual services may work well but the
whole service journey does not, whether for a patient with a life threatening condition, or a pupil
passing through schools and colleges.
There are of course plenty of designers who practise very different methods – using their own
skills to imagine, reinvent and recombine. The most visible example is Apple’s Jonathan Ive who
is sceptical of user engagement on the grounds that the designer’s job is to jump ahead of public
perceptions of want and need. But the emphasis on user engagement has generally had an
enlivening effect on public servants. These methods bring freshness and clarity to public services
that often take their existing frameworks for granted. Design quickens thinking. It bridges the
gap between thought and action,6
and it can bring to the fore the micro–politics of services and
the question of who is defining the purposes of services.
3. 3 DESIGN IN PUBLIC AND SOCIAL INNOVATION
WHAT WORKS AND WHAT COULD WORK BETTER
Ideation: the next set of tools move on from diagnosis to ideas. Tools for creativity can sound
opaque and mysterious, or superficial. But the serious analysis of design has shown that
relatively straightforward tools can have a big impact on creativity, helping teams develop
much longer menus of options. For example, IDEO’s methods can be deconstructed into simple,
incremental steps.7
My own experience of service design in the social field and around public
services has confirmed for me that a series of easily used steps can help teams to come up with
much more radical ideas.
The table summarises a version I developed, along with examples. The usual method is to draw
on a range of inputs – ethnographic, economic etc. – and then apply each of these approaches
listed below to the problem or service being considered so as to generate menus of new options.
SOCIAL DESIGN TOOLS™
Inversion (peasants become bankers, patients become doctors)
Integration (personal advisers, one stop shops, portals, speeding flow)
Extension (extended schools, outreach)
Differentiation (segmenting services by groups, or personalisation)
Addition (getting GPs to do a new test, libraries running speech therapy)
Subtraction (no frills, cutting targets, decluttering)
Translation (airport management into hospitals, business planning into families)
Grafting an element from one field into another, creating a new fusion
(coaching into a secondary school)
Creative extremism (pushing ideas and methods to their furthest boundaries)
Random inputs (e.g. dictionaries, Yellow Pages)
^
∫
x
∂
+
–
t
g
∞
r
Rapid prototyping: Once new ideas begin to crystallise, they can be tried out fast, again an
approach that is alien to mainstream bureaucratic practice. Designers tend to favour rapid
prototyping; learning fast by doing things rather than very detailed planning, and today we have
not only rapid prototyping of things, using new tools such as 3D printers, and not only the tools
of CAD, but also a third generation of prototyping tools that allow fast, collaborative creation
of new systems and services. Rather than spending years perfecting a new service model or
strategy the best way to improve it is often to do it on a small scale, and for real. This has always
been the way in some of the crafts, and architects such as Christopher Alexander8
have long
advocated this approach for buildings too – using mock–ups of structures and putting them in
4. 4 DESIGN IN PUBLIC AND SOCIAL INNOVATION
WHAT WORKS AND WHAT COULD WORK BETTER
situ to see whether they really do feel right. It comes naturally to social entrepreneurs, and to
some innovators in the professions (Michael Young, for example, always believed in what we now
call rapid prototyping, starting small–scale precursors of what became NHS Direct or the Open
University partly to learn what works, and partly to create momentum).
Visualisation: during each of these stages design methods tend to be very visual – and graphic
designers have played an important role in both the practice and promotion of design. Clear
visualisations of problems, and of potential solutions, can have a surprising impact in cultures
dominated by blocks of prose, and the occasional data chart. I’ve often been struck by the
influence achieved by some very small projects thanks to good visual communication – even
when otherwise very similar ones have achieved better results. Bold, clear, visualisations have a
powerful impact on otherwise sceptical civil servants, and good branding helps ideas to travel.
Systems: finally, designers have adopted ideas from systems thinking, partly in response to
earlier criticisms that portrayed designers as coming up with overly discrete product or service
ideas. Systems thinking prompts us to ask the right question rather than taking questions at face
value. What, for example, is the real problem of non–attendance at school? Is it a failure on the
part of schools themselves, of families or of young people? Do the real causes lie in the fact that
lessons are boring, or that popular culture devalues hard work? Or take street homelessness.
Is the underlying problem a lack of housing or is it in fact more to do with mental illness, drink
and drugs or family breakdown? Or what of the apparent rise in mental illnesses across the
developed world? Is it just an artefact of the statistics, since we now measure things that weren’t
measured in the past? Is it an effect of stress, the waning of religion and the family? Or is it, as
some recent research suggests, the long–term effect of the very pharmaceutical products that
were meant to address the problems of mental illness in the first place? Getting the questions
sharply focused is the necessary condition for getting the answers right, and, in general, the
more we can think systemically rather than in institutional and disciplinary silos the more likely
it is that we will achieve results. In each of these cases the fact that designers aren’t parti pris or
part of a powerful profession gives them a distance to see and say things that the incumbents
can’t. Often having a designer involved strengthens the innovators within the system: it
legitimises the things they want to say.9
Weaknesses of design projects and methods
It should already be clear that design methods are best understood as a synthesis of methods
drawn from many fields, including product design itself, that together helpfully mitigate the
traditional limitations of public policymaking. So what are the weaknesses?
The first set of complaints are about cost – highly paid consultants jet in from London or
Los Angeles to work in poor communities, using methods that may work for electronics
manufacturers or sports goods but turn out to be ill–suited to the cash–constrained realities of
the poor. This is a particular complaint in the developing world but it’s also been a problem in
the UK and other rich countries where very well paid designers have been parachuted into poor
areas to help redesign children’s services or hospitals.
A second typical complaint echoes the general complaint about consultants – that they appear
to be committed but disappear as soon as the money stops flowing. This would arguably matter
less if there wasn’t such an emphasis on users’ voice and needs in design rhetoric. Because
the usual unit of design work is the project, it’s often hard to demonstrate impact. Some have
responded by focusing instead on the development of sustainable ventures – this allows for a
longer period of development, and greatly enhances the prospects for long–term impact.
The third set of complaints criticise designers for not matching their skills in creativity with
skills in implementation. Many would concede that design methods widen the menu of options
available to public services. But they warn that lack of attention to economics – ensuring that
ideas are cost–effective – and lack of attention to organisational issues and cultures, condemns
too many ideas to staying on the drawing board. So for example, it’s common to see new ideas
which claim to save money for the public sector by preventing future costs – prison numbers
5. 5 DESIGN IN PUBLIC AND SOCIAL INNOVATION
WHAT WORKS AND WHAT COULD WORK BETTER
or hospital admissions. But the costings tend to be simplistic; to ignore the knock–on effects
on other services; or the sort of evidence that policymakers might require, such as trials with
proper control groups. Much of the evidence on what helps innovations to diffuse has yet to be
integrated into design thinking.10
The fourth set of complaints warn that designers are poor at learning. They are eloquent on why
other fields and disciplines need them, but not so good at recognising what they might need
to learn from others. A tendency to reinvent the wheel is particularly striking in some cases –
the freshness that is often a virtue can turn into a vice, as very old ideas are reimagined and
presented as if they are brand new, and without regard to the lessons learned from their past
failure.
I’ve several times sat in meetings with designers and design promoters, alongside policymakers,
where the same pattern has repeated. The policymakers grudgingly accepted that they might
have quite a bit to learn from the designers; but the designers appeared baffled when it was
suggested that they might have something to learn from the policymakers, or from the many
other organisations and fields with claims to insight into service design: social entrepreneurs,
professions, consultancies, IT, policymakers. There are plenty of exceptions to this rule: but
overblown claims that design methods are uniquely placed to tackle complex, holistic problems
has not always helped to inspire a culture of collaboration and mutual learning.
The challenge
Many of the criticisms of designers are unfair. Good designers recognise that their skills only
become useful when combined with other complementary skills. Most have avoided the risks
of hubris. But even so, we’re still left with a challenge: how can we mobilise the best of design
without amplifying its weaknesses? The answers are likely to have to do with team management,
skills, formation, and use.
1. Teams engaged in design need a full mix of skills to ensure awareness of organisational,
economic, political and social contexts, and they need project managers who are genuinely
multilingual across a range of fields and disciplines.
2. Some designers, at least, need to combine design skills with other key skills (economics,
policy, social knowledge), in a ‘T’ shape, to reduce the risks identified above.
3. Alongside more skilled people we need better methods – that use design within project
frameworks that improve their prospects for implementation. A fair amount of work has
been done in this area, but there is a need for more systematic experimentation and evalu-
ation. Just as important, project management methods need to be adapted to ensure that
they are both cheaper, and leave behind stronger skills in the organisations and communities
that will implement the designs (not least because innovation is a constant, evolutionary
process, and even the best ideas need to be adapted in the light of experience).
Design in the context of innovation
Finally, we need a different kind of conversation. The style of many events in the last decade,
which simply showcased and promoted design, needs to give way to something more like
conversation and mutual learning. In particular design needs to learn from the larger study of
innovation. Figures such as Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Gary Hamel and Clayton Christensen have
tried to understand some of the common patterns of innovation, such as the role of disruption
or the relatively poor performance of very successful innovations in their early phases of
competition with more mature, and more optimised, incumbents.11
There has also been a recent
surge of interest in open innovation12
and user–driven innovation,13
both of which are interesting
examples of ideas with a long history in the social field being adapted to business. All touch
on design. The connections are even more striking in the case of arguably the most impressive
6. 6 DESIGN IN PUBLIC AND SOCIAL INNOVATION
WHAT WORKS AND WHAT COULD WORK BETTER
recent attempt to provide a structured analysis of technological change. Brian Arthur’s work
suggests that technology often starts with observation of natural phenomena – such as light,
heat and motion in the case of physical technologies, and social interactions in the case of
social ones. It then seeks to replicate, or otherwise mimic these in ways that amplify their power,
and comes to be organised in architectures that include sub–systems and components, each
of which can evolve in tandem. And it has its own logic of evolution, as advances in one field
prompt advances in another, or as an entirely new domain of knowledge is brought to bear on a
particular problem.
Brian Arthur emphasises in particular the ‘deep craft’ that is key to sustained technological
innovation. Much of this has to be intuitive, built up from a feel for the elements that are brought
together in a service or product, and from experience of what does and doesn’t work. Here we
see a much broader notion of design than that brought by product designers. The deep craft
needed for innovation in fields like education or health is as likely to have its roots in psychology
as in engineering; in social dynamics as much as physical ones. But so far, this broader notion of
design lacks champions – and in many fields there is a lack of people with the skills to straddle
the different domains of knowledge so crucial for effective design.
Conclusions
At their best design methods and design thinking catalyse people to see issues and possibilities
in a fresh way. They spark creativity and help us to spot the possible connections between
things, which so often become obscured by the silos of daily life which dominate governments
and businesses alike. But we’re at a fascinating moment when design needs to learn as well as
teach if its full potential is to be realised. If it does, it could become one of the defining fields of
the next few decades. If it doesn’t it risks being seen as a fad that failed.
Geoff Mulgan is Chief Executive of Nesta and author of ‘The Art of Public Strategy’ Oxford
University Press, 2009.