Describe two ecological roles of fungi. Related concepts decomposer.pdf
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Describe two ecological roles of fungi. Related concepts: decomposers, mycorrhizal symbiont. Solution Fungi as Decomposers Fungi join bacteria as the primary decomposers in different ecosystems. They feed on the organic remains of dead plants. They release special enzymes that break down lignin, a structurally complex substance in wood. Because of their ability to break down wood, fungi are considered the major wood decomposers in forests. To absorb organic matter, fungi release acids to melt organic matter, and then they suck the acid back together with the melted organic matter. Decomposing organic matter is considered by ecologists as the major ecological role of fungi. Plant-Fungi Symbiosis The symbiotic association between a vascular plant root and fungi is called mycorrhiza. In this association, fungi colonize the roots of a plant and gain access to their tissues. The fungi build a connection to the roots in such a way that they can exchange nutrients with each other. Plants provide mycorrhizal fungi shelter and a supply of carbohydrates; in return, mycorrhizal fungi improve the plant’s absorption capabilities for water and nutrients. Mycorrhizal fungi have a larger surface-area ratio compared to roots, so they have higher absorptive capacity for water and minerals. They make it easier for plants to absorb water and minerals in soils that are dry and with low mineral concentration. Without mycorrhiza, it would be difficult for plants to absorb water and minerals from such soils. It is estimated that about 90% of plants depends on mycorrhizal fungi for survival..
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Luthans and Doh explains the importance of communication, they explained the importance of
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2. Trees with facultative endomycorrhiza act as first invader in waste lands as pioneer in plant succession.
3. The application of mycorrhizal fungi in forest bed enhances the formation of mycorrhizal association that prevents the entry of fungal root pathogens. This method is very much effective in the root of Pinus clausa against Phytophthora cinnamoni infection.
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result that each species is embedded in a complex network of interactions. Consequently, the
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ecological interactions involve flagship species and keystone species as in the case of Macaca
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vice Principal Sir
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asset is maintained..
Dr. P has a culture of stem cells and she wants them to specialize i.pdf
Dr. P has a culture of stem cells and she wants them to specialize into heart muscle cells for
treating a patients who suffered a heart attack that weakened his heart muscle. What will she
need to do to coax the stem cells into becoming heart muscle cells?
A. She will need to add certain chemicals to the culture, stimulating the cells to specialize.
B. She will need to expose the cells to human blood.
C. She will need to insert the cells into an embryo in the location where the heart would normally
develop.
D. She will need to zap the culture of cells with electricity, resembling the electrical signals of
the heart.
E. She will need to insert human heart genes into the nucleus of the stem cells.
Solution
Question : Dr. P has a culture of stem cells and she wants them to specialize into heart muscle
cells for treating a patients who suffered a heart attack that weakened his heart muscle. What will
she need to do to coax the stem cells into becoming heart muscle cells?
Answer: B. She will need to expose the cells to human blood..
Differential equations using phase plane analysis. Task 1 (Romeo .pdf
Differential equations using phase plane analysis. Task 1 (Romeo and Juliet). Let R and J be
variables which measure the love/hate that Romeo and Juliet, respectively, have for the other
star-erassed lower. We consider their relationship as described by a system of the form The
parameters a, b,c, d determine the evalution of their relationship ower time. The signs of the
variables a, b determine what kind of lover Romeo is, Of course, the signs of the variables c, d
play exactly the same roles for Juliet. For each arrangement of passible signs of a,b explain how
Romeo\'s feelings for Juliet change depending on the current state of things. Then make up a
descriptive name for the kind of lover Romeo is given those variables. (Remember that these
apply to Juliec just as well, so if you would rather, yau may work with J, e, d.) Please remember
that the sign of a number is either positive, negative, or zero Explore the different kinds of things
that happens when you pair poten- tial Romeos and Juliets. Which kinds of pairs are doomed to
terrible fates? Which pairs make for happy coll What interesting things ples? you say?
Solution
(1) dR/dT = aR+bJ = f(R,J) form here T is time
dR/dT = (1)(aR+bJ) dR/(aR+bJ) = dT {let us take J value as constant though it is given as a
variable consider nly this equation}
integrate on both sides we get 1/a ln(aR+bJ) + k = T
similarly in second equation if we take R as constant we get 1/d ln(cR+dJ) + k\' = T
we get aR+bJ = e^(a(T-k)) that is an exponential form
it comes closer to 0 only when a value is large and negative J value also similarly comes as
exponential form e^(d(T-K\'))
a(+ve) , b(+ve) love increases ; a(+ve), b(-ve) love increases so much with time
a(-ve) , b(+ve) love increases (since in equation -ve on both sides so get cancelled)
a(-ve) , b(-ve) love depends on b and J numerical values same thing applies to equation dJ/dT
(2) above we can see that in three cases love only increases with time only in 4th case it depends
on juliet when he is totally negative for her similarly for juliet only in one case it depends on
romeo
so we can conclude that love only increases with time and the couple in which love exists at least
with one will remain happy.
Develop a stack in c with dynamic memory allocation. Use the followi.pdf
Develop a stack in c with dynamic memory allocation. Use the following structure to create a
stack:t
typedef struct Element
{
char c;
struct Element *next;
} Element_Type, *Pointer_Type;
You need to develop the following functions:
1) push(): demands two arguemnts of which the first nominates a pointer. For example,
push(&x, ‘A’) to push ‘A’ onto stack X. You need to allocate memory for a new element.
2) pop(): pops and returns the element on the top of the stack and frees the memory space which
was occupied by the element.
3) peep(): simply returns the character value of the top element of the stack. No pointers are
disturbed.
4) displayAll(): prints all character values of all elements of the stack from top to bottom.
void push(Pointer_Type *q, char ch){……}
char pop(Pointer_Type *q){……}
char peep(Pointer_Type *q){……}
void displayAll(Pointer_Type *q){……}
Test your stack and all functions with at least 10 elements.
Solution
#include
#include
#include
struct Element
{
char c;
struct Element *next;
};
struct Element *start=NULL;
void push()
{
char ele;
struct Element *new_ele,*temp;
int i=0;
for(temp=start;temp!=NULL;temp=temp->next)
{
i++;
}
if(i==10)
{
printf(\"Stack Overflow\");
getch();
}
else
{
new_ele=(struct Element *)malloc(sizeof(struct Element));
printf(\"Enter value for Element: \");
scanf(\"%c\",&new_ele->c);
new_ele->next=start;
start=new_ele;
}
}
void pop()
{
struct Element *temp,*temp2;
int i=0;
for(temp=start;temp!=NULL;temp=temp->next)
{
i++;
}
if(i==0)
{
printf(\"Underflow\");
getch();
}
else
{
temp2=start->next;
start=temp2;
printf(\"\ ***The value has been poped***\ \");
}
}
void display()
{
struct Element *temp;
printf(\"\ ****Stack Values****\ \");
for(temp=start;temp!=NULL;temp=temp->next)
{
printf(\"%c\ \",temp->c);
}
getch();
}
void peep()
{
struct Element *temp;
int pos,i=0,j=0;
printf(\"Please enter the position number: \");
scanf(\"%d\",&pos);
for(temp=start;temp!=NULL;temp=temp->next)
{
i++;
}
if(pos>i)
{
printf(\"\ Over Limit\ \");
getch();
}
else
{
temp=start;
for(j=0;jnext;
}
printf(\"\ The value of position %d is :%c\",pos,temp->c);
getch();
}
}
int main()
{
int ch;
while(ch!=6)
{
printf(\"\ 1.Push\ \");
printf(\"2.Pop\ \");
printf(\"3.Peep\ \");
printf(\"4.Display\ \");
printf(\"5.exit\ \");
printf(\"Enter your choice:\");
scanf(\"%d\",&ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1: push();
break;
case 2: pop();
break;
case 3: peep();
break;
case 4: display();
break;
case 5: exit(0);
}
}
return 0;
}.
Define a struct type that represents a smartphone. The struct should.pdf
Define a struct type that represents a smartphone. The struct should store the following data:
model (a character array of size 30), color (a character), and storage space (an integer). The type
should be renamed from struct smartphone to Smartphone.
Solution
struct smartphone {
char model[30];
char color;
int storageSpace;
};
typedef smartphone Smartphone;.
Changes in the economy have determined that for the EZ shipping comp.pdf
Changes in the economy have determined that for the EZ shipping company, a surcharge will be
assessed on all packages that meet certain criteria. The surcharge is a function of the
characteristics of the package and the zip code to which it is sent.
1. The regular charges for shipping are calculated as follows:
For all weights five pounds and under, the shipping cost is $12.00.
For weights over five pounds, the charge is calculated as follows:
If length * width * height + weight is:
greater than 5 and less than or equal to 15, the shipping cost is 14.00
greater than 15 and less than or equal to 34, the shipping cost is 17.00
greater than 34 and less than or equal to 45, the shipping cost is 21.00
greater than 45 and less than or equal to 60, the shipping cost is 33.00
greater than 60, the shipping cost is 105.00
2. The additional charges are calculated as follows:
If the first digit of the zip code is a \"4\" then there is an additional surcharge of 5% on
the shipping cost.
If the first digit of the zip code is a \"6\" then there is an additional surcharge of 9% on the
shipping cost.
For all other zip codes there is an additional surcharge of 14% on the shipping cost.
3. Finally, if the zip code is even, then there is an additional surcharge of 2% of the shipping
cost.
Write a program that allows the user to input (in this order) the zip code, weight, length, width
and height of the package then prints out the following:
The zip code and dimensions of the package
The shipping cost
The surcharge
The total shipping cost (shipping cost plus surcharge(s))
I have written out the code and have been able to get it to run but when I added in the 2% for
even numbers portion of my code every thing went weird with my outputs. Every thing still
compiles and works but I am not recieving the outputs I desire. Any help remedying this would
be greatly appreciated.
import java.util.Scanner;
//allows use of scanner for keyboard inputs
public class Shipping
// Class titling
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
{
int zip;
double weight;
double length;
double width;
double height;
double surcharge;
double surcharge2;
double shippingCost;
//Variables that will need defining for the shipping process
Scanner keyboard = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println(\"Hello, Welcome to EZ Shipping services! \ Please input the important
details of your shipment when prompted\");
System.out.println(\"What is the weight of your package? \");
weight = keyboard.nextDouble();
System.out.println(\"What is the length of your package? \");
length = keyboard.nextDouble();
System.out.println(\"What is the width of your package? \");
width = keyboard.nextDouble();
System.out.println(\"What is the height of youre package? \");
height = keyboard.nextDouble();
//Print outs for package detail inputs
double packages=length*width*height+weight;
//Package variables combined and stored
{
shippingCost = 12;
//Stock sipping cost 12$
}
if (weight >5)
{
if (packages >=5.1 || packages <= 1.
Broadly speaking, the economy consists of households, firms, governm.pdf
Broadly speaking, the economy consists of households, firms, government, and financial
institutions. Name two parts, areas, or types of government that can have influence over the
economy
Solution
Explanation:
- Financial policy:
Monetary Policy of any government can have major impact on economy of a nation since it has
the power to stimulate the economy and change the way economy behave. Financial policies are
performing major part in economy and it can make or break economy. How the taxes are levied
can majorly impact economy. Financial policies move control the flow of the money and it can
inject new money flow in system to revive it.
- Fiscal Policy:
Another major player in stimulating and impacting economy at it best is fiscal policy. Fiscal
policy mainly works to overcome from struggling economy and reduce the inflation in market.
Interest rate is popular tool to control the flow money through changing interest rates..
A committee consists of 13 Republicans and 16 Democrats. How many dif.pdf
A committee consists of 13 Republicans and 16 Democrats. How many different subcommittees
of 5 can be formed if the subcommittee must consist of 4 Republicans and 1 Democrats?
Solution
Total Republican = 13
Total democrats = 16
We need to select 4 Republican and 1 democrats.
Number of different subcommittee = 13C4 * 16C1
= 13!/(4!*9!) * 16!/(1!*15!)
= 11440.
2. July 01 Record the dividend received from the foreign subsidiary..pdf
2. July 01 Record the dividend received from the foreign subsidiary.
3. December 31 Record the equity in the net income of the foreign subsidiary.
4. December 31 Record the amortization of the differential. On January 1, 20X5, Pirate
Company acquired all of the outstanding stock of Ship Inc., a Norwegian company, at a cost of
$167,400 Ship\'s net assets on the date of acquisition were 700,000 kroner (NKr). On January 1,
20X5, the book and fair values of the Norwegiarn subsidiary\'s identifiable assets and liabilities
approximated their fair values except for property, plant, and equipment and patents acquired.
The fair value of Ship\'s property, plant, and equipment exceeded its book value by $18,000. The
remaining useful life of Ship\'s equipment at January 1, 20X5, was 10 years. The remainder of
the differential was attributable to a patent having an estimated useful life of 5 years. Ship\'s trial
balance on December 31, 20X5, in kroner, follows: Debits Credits NKr 160,000 218,000
277,000 609,000 Cash Accounts Receivable (net) Inventory Property, Plant & Equipment
Accumulated Depreciatiorn Accounts Payable Notes Payable Common Stock Retained Earnings
Sales Cost of Goods Sold Operating Expenses Depreciation Expense Dividends Paid Total NKr
167,000 91,000 209,000 430,000 270,000 745,000 421,000 125,000 61,000 41,000
NKr1,912,000 NKr1,912,000
Solution
TotalCash32,000Accounts Receivable43,600Inventory55,400Property, plant, &
machinery121,800Cost of Goods Sold84,200Operating expenses25,000Depreciation
Expense12,200Dividends Paid8,200Total382,400Total Debits382,400Accumulated
Depreciation33,400Accounts Payable18,200Notes Payable41,800Common Stock86,000Retained
Earnings54,000Sales149,000
Total382,400.
You have isolated a new virus, determined it has a lipid envelope,.pdf
You have isolated a new virus, determined it has a lipid envelope, and wish to characterize the
mechanism of entry. Discuss the important research questions you would ask and the types of
experiments you might use to address the questions.
You have isolated a new virus, determined it has a lipid envelope, and wish to characterize the
mechanism of entry. Discuss the important research questions you would ask and the types of
experiments you might use to address the questions.
Solution
Answer: (There may be several questions related to the attachment and entry process, a few have
been discussed)
The first encounter between a virus and a target cell occurs at the plasma membrane. It is here
that viruses first engage binding and entry receptors to initiate the infection process.
Specific research questions on the mechanism of entry of this virus may be:
1. Adhesion and attachment:
While normally non-specific in nature, different glycosphingolipids on the viral surface have
been reported to confer cell specificity: the sialyllactose moiety on human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV) membrane gangliosides, for instance, has been suggested to promote uptake of HIV
into mature dendritic cells (mDCs).
So, it can be asked whether the mechanism of entry is through specific glycosphingolipids and
new roles of these glycosphingolipids?
Experiments: Using liposomes to mimic the lipid composition and size of the virus, it can be
demonstrate whether gangliosides are the key molecules that mediate liposome uptake.
Liposome and VLP (virus like particle) capture assays on cultured cells, confocal microscopy
and neuraminidase assay with VLP and LUV (large unilamellar vescicles) can be used for the
investigation.
2. Lipid-mediated signalling for entry:
Low-density lipoprotein receptors, negatively charged phospholipids and gangliosides have all
been shown to assist entry of different viruses. Low-density lipoprotein receptors, also known as
cholesterol receptors, are used by several members of the Flaviviridae family, including hepatitis
C virus (HCV).
The interaction is likely to occur through lipoproteins associated with the virion, such as
cholesteryl esters and apolipoproteins (ApoB and ApoE) acquired during the assembly and
budding of virus.
So, it can be determined whether the LDL receptor acts as a receptor for this new virus and
whether the endocytosis of the virus correlated with the level of LDL receptors?.
Investigation of endocytosis of the virus by cultured cells in vitro can be demonstrated to have
LDL receptors with the use of anti-LDL receptor antibody or DiI-LDL uptake. These cell lines
can then be inoculated with a high titer virus positive serum. Intracellular viral RNA then can be
detected by using ISH.
To determine whether endocytosis of the virus correlated with the level of LDL receptor
expression on cells, the well known modulatory effect of lipoproteins on the LDL receptor can
be used to increase the number of LDL receptors (up-regulate) on cel.
Write the Java source code necessary to build a solution for the pro.pdf
Write the Java source code necessary to build a solution for the problem below:
Create a MyLinkedList class. Create methods in the class to add an item to the head, tail, or
middle of a linked list; remove an item from the head, tail, or middle of a linked list; check the
size of the list; and search for an element in the list.
Create a test class to use the newly created MyLinkedList class. Add the following names in to
the list: James, John, Michael, Peter, Allison, Daniel, George, Simon, Jason, and Mark. Your
program should allow the user to enter a name from the console, and then search to see if the
name exists in the list.
Solution
Hi, Please find my implementation.
Please let me know in case of any issue.
public class MyLinkedList {
static class Node{
String data;
Node next;
Node(String d){
data = d;
next =null;
}
}
private Node head;
public MyLinkedList() {
head = null;
}
public void append(String data){
if(head == null)
head = new Node(data);
else{
Node temp = head;
while(temp.next != null)
temp = temp.next;
temp.next = new Node(data);
}
}
public void addFront(String data){
Node newNode = new Node(data);
newNode.next = head;
head = newNode;
}
public void removeFromLast(){
if(head == null || head.next == null)
head = null;
else{
Node temp = head;
while(temp.next.next != null)
temp = temp.next;
temp.next = null; // removing last element
}
}
public void removeFirst(){
if(head == null)
return;
else
head = head.next;
}
public boolean search(String data){
Node temp = head;
while(temp != null){
if(temp.data.equals(data))
return true;
temp = temp.next;
}
return false;
}
public void addAtMiddle(String data){
Node slow = head;
Node fast = head;
Node prev = null;
Node newNode = new Node(data);
if(head == null || head.next == null){
newNode.next = head;
head = newNode;
return;
}
while(fast != null && fast.next != null){
fast = fast.next.next;
prev = slow;
slow = slow.next;
}
if(prev != null)
prev.next =newNode;
newNode.next = slow;
}
public void removeAtMiddle(){
Node slow = head;
Node fast = head;
Node prev = null;
if(head == null || head.next == null){
head = null;
return;
}
while(fast != null && fast.next != null){
fast = fast.next.next;
prev = slow;
slow = slow.next;
}
prev.next = slow.next;
}
public void display(){
Node temp = head;
while(temp != null){
System.out.print(temp.data+\" \");
temp =temp.next;
}
System.out.println();
}
}
public class MyLinkedListTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
MyLinkedList list = new MyLinkedList();
list.addAtMiddle(\"James\");
list.display();
list.addAtMiddle(\"John\");
list.display();
list.addAtMiddle(\"Michael\");
list.display();
list.addAtMiddle(\"Peter\");
list.display();
list.addAtMiddle(\"Allison\");
list.display();
list.addFront(\"Daniel\");
list.display();
list.append(\"George\");
list.display();
list.addFront(\"Simon\");
list.display();
list.append(\"Jason\");
list.display();
list.addAtMiddle(\"Mark\");
list.display();
list.removeAtMiddle();
list.display();
list.removeFirst();
list.displ.
Why is agrobacterium tumfaciens useful to Kant biologists Describ.pdf
Why is agrobacterium tumfaciens useful to Kant biologists? Describe in detail the steps a
researcher must take to get the desired DNA to hitch a ride on the back of Agro.
Why is agrobacterium tumfaciens useful to Kant biologists? Describe in detail the steps a
researcher must take to get the desired DNA to hitch a ride on the back of Agro.
Solution
Reasons
Agrobacterium has a special plasmid called Ti (Tumor inducing) plasmid.It has TDNA (transfer
DNA) which has the capability of transferring into the the plant cell and induce tumors.
It is naturally attracted towards the wound site by chemicals
It can transfer foreign to plants
The Vie gene will induce the tumorogenic pathway
Method
Explants are a small portion of a plant. E.g.: seedling, protocols, leaf disc etc
A wound is created in explant and incubated with Agrobacterium and acetosyringone.
Acetosyringone is a phenolic product which attracts the Agrobacterium towards the wound.
The explant and Agrobacterium are co cultivated and are transferred to a selective medium
which contains antibiotic.
The presence of antibiotic resistant gene in the Explants will enable the selection and it is
transferred to a media which develops the transformed cell to a callus.
On adding appropriate plant nutrients, roots and shoots are generated. These are transferred to a
pot or field to develop into a adult plant..
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Describe two ecological roles of fungi. Related concepts decomposer.pdf
- 1. Describe two ecological roles of fungi. Related concepts: decomposers, mycorrhizal symbiont. Solution Fungi as Decomposers Fungi join bacteria as the primary decomposers in different ecosystems. They feed on the organic remains of dead plants. They release special enzymes that break down lignin, a structurally complex substance in wood. Because of their ability to break down wood, fungi are considered the major wood decomposers in forests. To absorb organic matter, fungi release acids to melt organic matter, and then they suck the acid back together with the melted organic matter. Decomposing organic matter is considered by ecologists as the major ecological role of fungi. Plant-Fungi Symbiosis The symbiotic association between a vascular plant root and fungi is called mycorrhiza. In this association, fungi colonize the roots of a plant and gain access to their tissues. The fungi build a connection to the roots in such a way that they can exchange nutrients with each other. Plants provide mycorrhizal fungi shelter and a supply of carbohydrates; in return, mycorrhizal fungi improve the plant’s absorption capabilities for water and nutrients. Mycorrhizal fungi have a larger surface-area ratio compared to roots, so they have higher absorptive capacity for water and minerals. They make it easier for plants to absorb water and minerals in soils that are dry and with low mineral concentration. Without mycorrhiza, it would be difficult for plants to absorb water and minerals from such soils. It is estimated that about 90% of plants depends on mycorrhizal fungi for survival.