The document summarizes a project report on analyzing the performance of a stepped solar still augmented with charcoal and magnets. It includes the following key points:
1) The project aims to enhance the productivity of a stepped solar still for clean water production by increasing evaporation rate using charcoal and a static magnetic field.
2) Experiments show that distilled water production increased by 275ml, 350ml, and 125ml for 1cm, 2cm, and 3cm water depths respectively in the stepped still design.
3) Adding charcoal powder further increased production by 75ml, 75ml, and 50ml for the respective depths, as charcoal absorbs heat well.
4) Introdu
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
1. Studying the performance of this type of centrifugal pump
2. Calculating the theoretical efficiency of centrifugal pump and
compare with experimental efficiency of centrifugal pump
this is the experiment of fluid mechanics .FLOW OVER A SHARP CRESTED WEIR.experiment of weir.from this experiment we can learn discharge over the sharp crested weir and etc.
1) The document discusses fluid flow through orifices and mouthpieces. It describes the theory of small orifices discharging fluid using Bernoulli's equation and defines relevant terms like coefficient of velocity and coefficient of discharge.
2) Torricelli's theorem states the velocity of a discharging jet is proportional to the square root of the head producing flow. The theoretical discharge can be calculated using the orifice area and velocity.
3) Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating coefficients of velocity, discharge, and contraction for given orifice dimensions and fluid flow values.
1. The document describes an experiment conducted to determine hydrostatic pressure and the center of pressure acting on a plane surface using a hydrostatic pressure apparatus.
2. The experiment involved setting the apparatus at an angle, balancing it by adding weights, and measuring the water level as more weights were added.
3. Calculations were done to find theoretical and practical hydrostatic pressures using equations for the area, height, resultant force, and center of pressure. The results showed some difference between theoretical and practical pressures.
The document discusses open channel flow, providing definitions and key equations. It begins by defining an open channel as a channel with a free surface not fully enclosed by solid boundaries. Important equations for open channel flow are then presented, including Chezy's and Manning's equations for calculating velocity and discharge using variables like hydraulic radius, channel slope, and roughness coefficients. Factors influencing open channel flow like channel shape, surface roughness, and flow regime (e.g. laminar vs turbulent) are also addressed.
This document contains summaries of 4 problems involving forces on sluice gates and dams. The first problem is about calculating the magnitude and direction of forces on a semicircular sluice gate that is submerged in water. The second problem involves calculating the resultant force on a curved dam face where the water level is given. The third and fourth problems provide no details about the scenarios but indicate there are additional examples and solutions.
Fluid Mechanic Lab - Reynold's Number ExperimentMuhammadSRaniYah
1. The document summarizes an experiment conducted by Muhammad Sulaimon Rasul to determine different types of fluid flow (laminar, transitional, turbulent) using Reynolds apparatus.
2. The experiment measured the volume of water and time taken to fill a graduated cylinder for different flow rates. This was used to calculate Reynolds number to identify flow type.
3. All results showed Reynolds numbers less than 2000, indicating laminar flow for all trials according to the theoretical boundaries between flow types.
This 3-sentence summary provides the key information from the document:
The document summarizes a lab experiment on the energy equation for open channel flows. Students derived the specific energy equation and showed that critical depth is a function of flow per width. Data tables show critical depths calculated for two different flow rates, and graphs plot the depth-energy relationships. Calculated critical depths matched theoretical values with small differences likely due to measurement errors.
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
1. Studying the performance of this type of centrifugal pump
2. Calculating the theoretical efficiency of centrifugal pump and
compare with experimental efficiency of centrifugal pump
this is the experiment of fluid mechanics .FLOW OVER A SHARP CRESTED WEIR.experiment of weir.from this experiment we can learn discharge over the sharp crested weir and etc.
1) The document discusses fluid flow through orifices and mouthpieces. It describes the theory of small orifices discharging fluid using Bernoulli's equation and defines relevant terms like coefficient of velocity and coefficient of discharge.
2) Torricelli's theorem states the velocity of a discharging jet is proportional to the square root of the head producing flow. The theoretical discharge can be calculated using the orifice area and velocity.
3) Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating coefficients of velocity, discharge, and contraction for given orifice dimensions and fluid flow values.
1. The document describes an experiment conducted to determine hydrostatic pressure and the center of pressure acting on a plane surface using a hydrostatic pressure apparatus.
2. The experiment involved setting the apparatus at an angle, balancing it by adding weights, and measuring the water level as more weights were added.
3. Calculations were done to find theoretical and practical hydrostatic pressures using equations for the area, height, resultant force, and center of pressure. The results showed some difference between theoretical and practical pressures.
The document discusses open channel flow, providing definitions and key equations. It begins by defining an open channel as a channel with a free surface not fully enclosed by solid boundaries. Important equations for open channel flow are then presented, including Chezy's and Manning's equations for calculating velocity and discharge using variables like hydraulic radius, channel slope, and roughness coefficients. Factors influencing open channel flow like channel shape, surface roughness, and flow regime (e.g. laminar vs turbulent) are also addressed.
This document contains summaries of 4 problems involving forces on sluice gates and dams. The first problem is about calculating the magnitude and direction of forces on a semicircular sluice gate that is submerged in water. The second problem involves calculating the resultant force on a curved dam face where the water level is given. The third and fourth problems provide no details about the scenarios but indicate there are additional examples and solutions.
Fluid Mechanic Lab - Reynold's Number ExperimentMuhammadSRaniYah
1. The document summarizes an experiment conducted by Muhammad Sulaimon Rasul to determine different types of fluid flow (laminar, transitional, turbulent) using Reynolds apparatus.
2. The experiment measured the volume of water and time taken to fill a graduated cylinder for different flow rates. This was used to calculate Reynolds number to identify flow type.
3. All results showed Reynolds numbers less than 2000, indicating laminar flow for all trials according to the theoretical boundaries between flow types.
This 3-sentence summary provides the key information from the document:
The document summarizes a lab experiment on the energy equation for open channel flows. Students derived the specific energy equation and showed that critical depth is a function of flow per width. Data tables show critical depths calculated for two different flow rates, and graphs plot the depth-energy relationships. Calculated critical depths matched theoretical values with small differences likely due to measurement errors.
1) The document describes an experiment measuring the impact force of a water jet on flat and hemispherical surfaces.
2) The experiment calculates the theoretical and actual jet forces using formulas involving discharge rate, velocity, and surface area.
3) The results show that the force on a hemispherical surface is larger than a flat surface for the same amount of water, and that actual and theoretical forces are linearly related.
1) Open channel flow occurs when a surface of flow is open to the atmosphere, with only atmospheric pressure acting on the surface. Examples include rivers, streams, irrigation canals, and storm drains.
2) Open channel flows are classified based on whether the flow properties change over time (steady vs unsteady) or location (uniform vs non-uniform). Uniform steady flow has a constant depth at all locations and times.
3) The governing forces in open channel flows are inertia, viscosity, and gravity. Flow type is determined by the relative magnitudes of these forces, which can be laminar or turbulent depending on the Reynolds number, or subcritical or supercritical depending on the Froude number.
This document provides information about weirs and Parshall flumes. It discusses different types of weirs including sharp-crested weirs like rectangular and V-notch weirs, as well as broad-crested weirs. Formulas are provided for calculating flow rates over these structures. The document also introduces the Parshall flume, which can be used as an alternative to weirs for measuring flow rates while reducing head losses and sediment accumulation. Key features of the Parshall flume design and measurement principles are described.
1. The document describes an experiment to determine the reactions at supports of a continuous beam subjected to point loads and uniformly distributed loads. Reactions are measured using load cells and compared to theoretical calculations.
2. For a beam with a point load, measured reactions were within 12% of calculations. For a beam with uniform loading, measured reactions matched calculations within 4% except at one support where they matched exactly.
3. Differences between measured and calculated reactions are likely due to imperfections in the old laboratory apparatus and effects of airflow on measurements. The experiment successfully validated the theoretical reactions within an acceptable margin of error.
1. The document describes a problem involving the elongation of a tapered bar made of plastic that has a hole drilled through part of its length and is under compressive loads at its ends.
2. It provides the dimensions, material properties, and loads and asks for the maximum diameter of the hole if the shortening of the bar is limited to 8 mm.
3. The solution sets up an equation for the shortening of the bar in terms of the hole diameter and substitutes the given values to solve for the maximum hole diameter of 23.9 mm.
El documento presenta la deducción de las ecuaciones para calcular el empuje hidrostático sobre superficies planas. Se deduce primero la ecuación para una pared vertical rectangular, considerando el volumen de la cuña de presiones y el centro de gravedad. Luego se extiende a superficies inclinadas y con líquido en ambos lados, deduciendo fórmulas para cada caso mediante el uso de conceptos de geometría, trigonometría e hidrostática. Finalmente se presenta la ecuación general para calcular el empuje hidrostático
Here are the key steps to solve this problem using the Hardy Cross Method:
1. Select a loop (ABDE loop) and make initial guesses for the pipe flows (Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4)
2. Compute the head losses (hf1, hf2, hf3, hf4) in each pipe using the pipe characteristics and guessed flows
3. Compute the algebraic sum of the head losses around the loop. This will not equal zero initially.
4. Use the Hardy Cross formula to calculate flow corrections (ΔQ1, ΔQ2, etc.) needed to balance the head losses.
5. Update the pipe flows by adding the corrections.
6.
This document discusses different types of notches and weirs used for measuring flow rates of liquids. It provides formulas to calculate discharge over rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal, broad crested, narrow crested, and submerged/drowned weirs. Key points include: discharge over a triangular notch or weir is given by Q=8/15Cd tan(θ/2)√2gH(5/2); a broad crested weir has a width at least twice the head and discharge is maximized at Qmax=1.705CdL√2gH(3/2); submerged weirs are divided into a free section and drowned section to calculate total discharge.
This experiment aimed to determine the Reynolds number (NRe) as a function of flow rate for liquid flowing through a circular pipe. NRe was calculated for 6 trials with increasing flow rates. All trials had NRe below 2100, indicating laminar flow as observed by the smooth movement of dye in the pipe. As flow rate increased, NRe also increased but remained in the laminar flow regime. The results show that flow type depends on NRe, with laminar flow occurring at low velocities (NRe < 2100).
The document discusses energy losses in pipeline systems. It covers topics such as velocity profiles in pipes, sources of energy loss including shock losses at enlargements and contractions, friction losses, and examples of calculating losses. Bernoulli's equation is applied to analyze pressure and velocity changes between points along pipelines. Key sources of loss are friction against pipe walls and shocks caused by changes in pipe diameter.
This document summarizes an experiment comparing different flow meter types. The experiment used a rota meter, venturi meter, and orifice plate to measure the flow rate of water. Calculations were shown for three trials measuring the actual and theoretical flow rates to determine the discharge coefficient for each meter. Graphs showed the relationship between discharge coefficient and actual flow rate for the venturi meter and orifice plate. The coefficient was generally higher for the venturi meter compared to the orifice plate.
The shear box test is used to determine the shear strength of soils. The test involves placing a soil sample in a copper box and applying a load to create shear stresses on a failure plane within the sample. Measurements of deformation, load, and shear stress are recorded to calculate shear strength parameters like cohesion and angle of internal friction based on Coulomb's shear strength equation. The test aims to determine the failure strength on a predefined surface and provides important data on the shear properties of soils.
This document describes an experiment measuring center of pressure and hydrostatic force using a hydrostatic pressure system. Known masses were added to one end of the apparatus and water was added until the arm balanced, recording the water height. This process was repeated for partially and fully submerged surfaces. For partially submerged surfaces, center of pressure decreased linearly with water height while hydrostatic force increased as a power function. For fully submerged surfaces, center of pressure decreased as a power function of water height and hydrostatic force increased linearly. The experiment confirmed theoretical relationships between these variables and the water height.
The aim of the fluid flow rate experiment is to measure the fluid flow rate using a device called the hydraulic bench unit, which is also used to prove the Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration by measuring the overall pressure of the fluid flow.
This document provides an overview of turbulent fluid flow, including:
1) Turbulent flow occurs when the Reynolds number is greater than 2000 and involves irregular, random movement of fluid particles in all directions.
2) The magnitude and intensity of turbulence can be calculated based on the root mean square of turbulent fluctuations and the average flow velocity.
3) The Moody diagram relates the friction factor to the Reynolds number and relative roughness of a pipe to characterize head losses in turbulent pipe flow.
Through the lack of technical instruments for construction and measurement. A small attempt was made by the team to demonstrate the working of Parshall Flume and Discharge measuring Accessories with support for Dr.-Ing Ramesh Kumar Maskey, Kathmandu University (KU) as part of our hydro-power project.
This document provides information about the course ME 2204 - Fluid Mechanics and Machinery including units and dimensions of fluids, properties of fluids, concepts of system and control volume, and equations of continuity, energy, and momentum. It also includes sample questions related to fluids with definitions of terms like density, viscosity, surface tension, and hydraulic and energy gradients. Expressions are given for head loss due to friction in pipes, sudden expansion/contraction, and flow through pipes in series and parallel. Characteristics of laminar flow and the Hagen-Poiseuille formula are described.
This document provides objectives and information about pressure measurement techniques. It discusses piezometers, barometers, bourdon gauges, and several types of manometers. The key points are:
- Piezometers, barometers, bourdon gauges, and manometers can be used to measure pressure.
- Piezometers use the height of liquid in a tube to determine pressure. Barometers measure atmospheric pressure using the height of a mercury column.
- Bourdon gauges use the deflection of a curved tube to indicate pressure differences over 1 bar.
- Manometers like the simple and differential types utilize the relationship between pressure and liquid height to measure pressures.
This experiment measured the density and viscosity of fluids using different methods. Density of water was measured using a beaker, Eureka can, and density bottle, with the bottle found to be most accurate. Specific weights of glycerin and castor oil were also measured using a hydrometer. Viscosity was determined using a falling sphere viscometer with spheres of different sizes dropped in glycerin and castor oil. The viscosity of glycerin had high error likely due to low fluid level, while castor oil results were close to accepted values.
1) This document summarizes an experiment to determine the center of pressure on a partially submerged plane surface. Tables of recorded data show close agreement between experimental and theoretical values.
2) A second part of the experiment aimed to determine the position of the center of pressure of a fully submerged plane surface, but results showed a 75% discrepancy between experimental and theoretical values.
3) Factors like parallax errors, random errors, water impurities, and bubbles could explain the discrepancies. Careful measurement and repeated trials could improve accuracy. The findings are relevant to submarine hull design to withstand high hydrostatic pressures at depth.
The document describes a project report submitted by three students for their Bachelor of Technology degree. The report details the design of a moving bed reactor and simulation of the direct reduction process to produce sponge iron. Key equipment involved in the MIDREX process are described, including the shaft furnace reactor, reformer, and heat recovery unit. Mass and energy balances were used to model the shaft furnace and simulate the concentration and temperature profiles within the reactor.
This document is a dissertation submitted by Hea Yih Torng in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Engineering degree. The dissertation investigates the on-bottom stability of non-metallic submarine pipelines due to hydrodynamic loadings. Finite element analysis is used to determine the minimum weight of chain per unit length required to stabilize a non-metallic pipeline based on environmental conditions in the South China Sea. Hydrodynamic forces are calculated from wave and current data and applied to a pipeline model in ABAQUS to determine displacements.
1) The document describes an experiment measuring the impact force of a water jet on flat and hemispherical surfaces.
2) The experiment calculates the theoretical and actual jet forces using formulas involving discharge rate, velocity, and surface area.
3) The results show that the force on a hemispherical surface is larger than a flat surface for the same amount of water, and that actual and theoretical forces are linearly related.
1) Open channel flow occurs when a surface of flow is open to the atmosphere, with only atmospheric pressure acting on the surface. Examples include rivers, streams, irrigation canals, and storm drains.
2) Open channel flows are classified based on whether the flow properties change over time (steady vs unsteady) or location (uniform vs non-uniform). Uniform steady flow has a constant depth at all locations and times.
3) The governing forces in open channel flows are inertia, viscosity, and gravity. Flow type is determined by the relative magnitudes of these forces, which can be laminar or turbulent depending on the Reynolds number, or subcritical or supercritical depending on the Froude number.
This document provides information about weirs and Parshall flumes. It discusses different types of weirs including sharp-crested weirs like rectangular and V-notch weirs, as well as broad-crested weirs. Formulas are provided for calculating flow rates over these structures. The document also introduces the Parshall flume, which can be used as an alternative to weirs for measuring flow rates while reducing head losses and sediment accumulation. Key features of the Parshall flume design and measurement principles are described.
1. The document describes an experiment to determine the reactions at supports of a continuous beam subjected to point loads and uniformly distributed loads. Reactions are measured using load cells and compared to theoretical calculations.
2. For a beam with a point load, measured reactions were within 12% of calculations. For a beam with uniform loading, measured reactions matched calculations within 4% except at one support where they matched exactly.
3. Differences between measured and calculated reactions are likely due to imperfections in the old laboratory apparatus and effects of airflow on measurements. The experiment successfully validated the theoretical reactions within an acceptable margin of error.
1. The document describes a problem involving the elongation of a tapered bar made of plastic that has a hole drilled through part of its length and is under compressive loads at its ends.
2. It provides the dimensions, material properties, and loads and asks for the maximum diameter of the hole if the shortening of the bar is limited to 8 mm.
3. The solution sets up an equation for the shortening of the bar in terms of the hole diameter and substitutes the given values to solve for the maximum hole diameter of 23.9 mm.
El documento presenta la deducción de las ecuaciones para calcular el empuje hidrostático sobre superficies planas. Se deduce primero la ecuación para una pared vertical rectangular, considerando el volumen de la cuña de presiones y el centro de gravedad. Luego se extiende a superficies inclinadas y con líquido en ambos lados, deduciendo fórmulas para cada caso mediante el uso de conceptos de geometría, trigonometría e hidrostática. Finalmente se presenta la ecuación general para calcular el empuje hidrostático
Here are the key steps to solve this problem using the Hardy Cross Method:
1. Select a loop (ABDE loop) and make initial guesses for the pipe flows (Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4)
2. Compute the head losses (hf1, hf2, hf3, hf4) in each pipe using the pipe characteristics and guessed flows
3. Compute the algebraic sum of the head losses around the loop. This will not equal zero initially.
4. Use the Hardy Cross formula to calculate flow corrections (ΔQ1, ΔQ2, etc.) needed to balance the head losses.
5. Update the pipe flows by adding the corrections.
6.
This document discusses different types of notches and weirs used for measuring flow rates of liquids. It provides formulas to calculate discharge over rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal, broad crested, narrow crested, and submerged/drowned weirs. Key points include: discharge over a triangular notch or weir is given by Q=8/15Cd tan(θ/2)√2gH(5/2); a broad crested weir has a width at least twice the head and discharge is maximized at Qmax=1.705CdL√2gH(3/2); submerged weirs are divided into a free section and drowned section to calculate total discharge.
This experiment aimed to determine the Reynolds number (NRe) as a function of flow rate for liquid flowing through a circular pipe. NRe was calculated for 6 trials with increasing flow rates. All trials had NRe below 2100, indicating laminar flow as observed by the smooth movement of dye in the pipe. As flow rate increased, NRe also increased but remained in the laminar flow regime. The results show that flow type depends on NRe, with laminar flow occurring at low velocities (NRe < 2100).
The document discusses energy losses in pipeline systems. It covers topics such as velocity profiles in pipes, sources of energy loss including shock losses at enlargements and contractions, friction losses, and examples of calculating losses. Bernoulli's equation is applied to analyze pressure and velocity changes between points along pipelines. Key sources of loss are friction against pipe walls and shocks caused by changes in pipe diameter.
This document summarizes an experiment comparing different flow meter types. The experiment used a rota meter, venturi meter, and orifice plate to measure the flow rate of water. Calculations were shown for three trials measuring the actual and theoretical flow rates to determine the discharge coefficient for each meter. Graphs showed the relationship between discharge coefficient and actual flow rate for the venturi meter and orifice plate. The coefficient was generally higher for the venturi meter compared to the orifice plate.
The shear box test is used to determine the shear strength of soils. The test involves placing a soil sample in a copper box and applying a load to create shear stresses on a failure plane within the sample. Measurements of deformation, load, and shear stress are recorded to calculate shear strength parameters like cohesion and angle of internal friction based on Coulomb's shear strength equation. The test aims to determine the failure strength on a predefined surface and provides important data on the shear properties of soils.
This document describes an experiment measuring center of pressure and hydrostatic force using a hydrostatic pressure system. Known masses were added to one end of the apparatus and water was added until the arm balanced, recording the water height. This process was repeated for partially and fully submerged surfaces. For partially submerged surfaces, center of pressure decreased linearly with water height while hydrostatic force increased as a power function. For fully submerged surfaces, center of pressure decreased as a power function of water height and hydrostatic force increased linearly. The experiment confirmed theoretical relationships between these variables and the water height.
The aim of the fluid flow rate experiment is to measure the fluid flow rate using a device called the hydraulic bench unit, which is also used to prove the Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration by measuring the overall pressure of the fluid flow.
This document provides an overview of turbulent fluid flow, including:
1) Turbulent flow occurs when the Reynolds number is greater than 2000 and involves irregular, random movement of fluid particles in all directions.
2) The magnitude and intensity of turbulence can be calculated based on the root mean square of turbulent fluctuations and the average flow velocity.
3) The Moody diagram relates the friction factor to the Reynolds number and relative roughness of a pipe to characterize head losses in turbulent pipe flow.
Through the lack of technical instruments for construction and measurement. A small attempt was made by the team to demonstrate the working of Parshall Flume and Discharge measuring Accessories with support for Dr.-Ing Ramesh Kumar Maskey, Kathmandu University (KU) as part of our hydro-power project.
This document provides information about the course ME 2204 - Fluid Mechanics and Machinery including units and dimensions of fluids, properties of fluids, concepts of system and control volume, and equations of continuity, energy, and momentum. It also includes sample questions related to fluids with definitions of terms like density, viscosity, surface tension, and hydraulic and energy gradients. Expressions are given for head loss due to friction in pipes, sudden expansion/contraction, and flow through pipes in series and parallel. Characteristics of laminar flow and the Hagen-Poiseuille formula are described.
This document provides objectives and information about pressure measurement techniques. It discusses piezometers, barometers, bourdon gauges, and several types of manometers. The key points are:
- Piezometers, barometers, bourdon gauges, and manometers can be used to measure pressure.
- Piezometers use the height of liquid in a tube to determine pressure. Barometers measure atmospheric pressure using the height of a mercury column.
- Bourdon gauges use the deflection of a curved tube to indicate pressure differences over 1 bar.
- Manometers like the simple and differential types utilize the relationship between pressure and liquid height to measure pressures.
This experiment measured the density and viscosity of fluids using different methods. Density of water was measured using a beaker, Eureka can, and density bottle, with the bottle found to be most accurate. Specific weights of glycerin and castor oil were also measured using a hydrometer. Viscosity was determined using a falling sphere viscometer with spheres of different sizes dropped in glycerin and castor oil. The viscosity of glycerin had high error likely due to low fluid level, while castor oil results were close to accepted values.
1) This document summarizes an experiment to determine the center of pressure on a partially submerged plane surface. Tables of recorded data show close agreement between experimental and theoretical values.
2) A second part of the experiment aimed to determine the position of the center of pressure of a fully submerged plane surface, but results showed a 75% discrepancy between experimental and theoretical values.
3) Factors like parallax errors, random errors, water impurities, and bubbles could explain the discrepancies. Careful measurement and repeated trials could improve accuracy. The findings are relevant to submarine hull design to withstand high hydrostatic pressures at depth.
The document describes a project report submitted by three students for their Bachelor of Technology degree. The report details the design of a moving bed reactor and simulation of the direct reduction process to produce sponge iron. Key equipment involved in the MIDREX process are described, including the shaft furnace reactor, reformer, and heat recovery unit. Mass and energy balances were used to model the shaft furnace and simulate the concentration and temperature profiles within the reactor.
This document is a dissertation submitted by Hea Yih Torng in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Engineering degree. The dissertation investigates the on-bottom stability of non-metallic submarine pipelines due to hydrodynamic loadings. Finite element analysis is used to determine the minimum weight of chain per unit length required to stabilize a non-metallic pipeline based on environmental conditions in the South China Sea. Hydrodynamic forces are calculated from wave and current data and applied to a pipeline model in ABAQUS to determine displacements.
This document discusses the design of a hydraulic power pack for a special purpose 2-way boring machine. It was submitted by V.Veeranjaneyulu in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University. The power pack is designed to provide a firm grip and easy holding of workpieces for the 2-way boring machine. The document covers basics of hydraulics, calculations for sizing the pump, reservoir, and electric motor for the power pack, selection of hydraulic components, and analysis of hydraulic fluids using ANSYS software.
Flood modelling of Periyar basin using SWAT RithwikMohan2
The document discusses flood modeling of the Periyar basin in Kerala, India using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). It presents a project report submitted by four students to fulfill the requirements of a bachelor's degree in civil engineering. The report describes the methodology used, which included watershed delineation of the Periyar basin using a digital elevation model, land use/land cover maps and soil data to generate hydrologic response units. The SWAT model was set up, run and calibrated using the SWAT-CUP program to simulate monthly surface runoff. The calibrated model achieved satisfactory results in simulating the hydrological behavior of the Periyar basin.
This document is a project report submitted by Maung Wai Hin Tun to Curtin University as part of the requirements for a Bachelor of Engineering degree. The project examines the properties of hydrated cement paste containing microsilica and nano iron oxide particles. Seven mixtures were designed with different content percentages of nano and micro particles. Tests performed on the mixtures included compressive strength testing at various ages, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, setting time tests, and nano-indentation to determine properties such as strength, microstructure, setting behaviors, elastic modulus and hardness. Results from the tests revealed that mixtures with 2-3% nano iron oxide provided higher strength, durability, initial setting and stiffness, while 5% nano iron oxide
This document describes a project report submitted by three students for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering with a specialization in Energy Engineering. The report details the design, development, and testing of a low-cost concentrating solar collector for generating steam using Fresnel lenses. Key aspects of the project covered in the report include the engineering standards and design constraints considered, technical specifications of the system components, design calculations, implementation details, and a demonstration and cost analysis of the final system. Test results on the performance of the system in generating steam at different temperatures over time are also presented and discussed.
Modification and Testing of Parabolic Concentrator Solar Water Distiller Proj...Siddharth Bhatnagar
This document is a project report submitted for a Bachelor of Technology degree. It discusses the modification and testing of a parabolic concentrator solar water distiller. The goal is to enhance the efficiency and usability of an existing solar distiller design. This is achieved through the addition of microprocessor control and sensors for automated sun tracking, as well as a chain drive mechanism for improved operation. The distiller is powered by a battery and solar panel. Students conducted research, designed the modifications, fabricated the prototype, programmed the microcontroller, and experimentally tested the improved distiller. The results showed an increase in the annual usable capacity of the distiller.
This document is a report on site selection, system design, and pre-feasibility analysis for a small hydropower plant on the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) campus. It identifies three potential sites for the plant and evaluates them based on factors like accessibility, soil structure, proximity to demand, and activities in the area. Site B, located off a bridge along the Ayeduasi road, is selected as most suitable. The report then designs the various components of the system, including the dam, weir, trash rack, sedimentation chamber, penstock, turbine-generator set, and powerhouse, based on hydrological data and a design flow rate of 0.
Performance Evaluation of Small Hydro Power PlantGirish Gupta
This is a project on the study of small hydro power plant of Khairana, Ramgarh, Uttrakhand which is of the capacity 100 KW. This project is done under Center of Excellence, Technical Educational Quality Improvement Programme - II (COE, TEQIP-II) funded by Ministry of Human Resource and Developement, Government of India
Thesis - SEABED ELECTRIFICATION_Olawale Bamidele SAMUEL_Offshore and Ocean Te...Olawale B. SAMUEL, PMP®
This document is a thesis submitted by Olawale Bamidele Samuel to Cranfield University in partial fulfillment of a Master of Science degree in Offshore and Ocean Technology with Subsea Engineering. The thesis extensively discusses equipment, technologies, and topologies required for seabed electrification of offshore oil and gas fields. It analyzes various renewable and non-renewable power sources, how power can be transmitted from its source to the seabed, and the critical components involved. The thesis also reviews existing seabed power systems, considers current challenges, and discusses future technologies and topologies to further enable seabed electrification.
The document is a capstone project report on studying and analyzing tube failure in water tube boilers. It discusses boiler tube mechanisms, including the purpose of boiler tubes in carrying steam, water, and facilitating steam generation. It then covers a literature review on previous studies of boiler tube failure analysis, design and analysis, thermal analysis, fluid flow analysis, and structural analysis. The report outlines the objectives, scope and methodology of analyzing boiler tube failure through CAD modeling, mathematical modeling using ANSYS, and validating the results. It analyzes thermal, fluid flow and structural behavior of the boiler tube under different operating conditions to determine safe, risky and failure states. The study aims to reduce boiler tube failures by understanding failure causes and providing suitable design remedies
DESIGN, INSTALLATION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF PHOTO-VOLTAIC PUMPING SYST...Remilekun Akinwonmi
The need for constant renewable supply of electricity to effect the pumping of water at low cost brings about the use of solar energy. The use of photovoltaic pumping system in Funaab community will tackle some of the problems such as the steady increase in the price of fuel and the high maintenance associated with the many systems of pumping water that are currently used including engine powered pump. The objective of this project was Design, Installation and Performance evaluation of photovoltaic pumping system in FUNAAB community.
The water demand for the site was determined, and the daily solar insolation data was obtained using ‘Meteonorm’ software. The Component parameters for the PV pumping system were then designed include the pump flow rate and the hydraulic power, the hydraulic head, power rating of the PV module, orientation and direction of the PV module. Experiments to acquire a relationships between Photo-voltaic pump system outputs and solar-radiation intensity at different times during the day were carried out to determine periods of maximum pumping efficiency.
The maximum discharge logged 0.162m^3/h between 11AM to 2PM at PV power output of 727.5W/m^2 when a 300W solar module was connected to a DC pump discharging at 24.5 m water head. The system operated approximately 8 hours in the month of October. The linear relationships of solar radiation values (W/m2) with both pump discharge (m3/h) and DC motor power consumption (Watt) result showed that y = 0.0002x + 0.0385 and y = 0.0317x + 19.359.
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Desalination of water using solar energy #VNR VJIET
1. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF STEPPED SOLAR
STILL AUGMENTED WITH CHARCOAL AND MAGNETS
A Major-Project report
submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted by
AKHIL RAJEEV 17075A0301
D. NIKHIL KUMAR 17075A0305
SHIVA KUMAR 17075A0306
M. SURESH 17075A0310
K. DURGESH 17075A0311
Under the guidance of
Dr. K. Ajay Kumar, Associate Professor
2. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project report entitled “Performance
analysis of stepped solar still augmented with charcoal and magnets”
has been carried out at VNR VJIET, Hyderabad and submitted by
AKHIL RAJEEV 17075A0301
D.NIKHIL KUMAR 17075A0305
SHIVA KUMAR 17075A0306
M.SURESH 17075A0310
K.DURGESH 17075A0311
In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering to Jawaharlal Nehru
Technological University Hyderabad at VNR Vignana Jyothi Institute of
Engineering and Technology during the period of 2017-2020 is a record
of bonafide work carried out by them under my guidance and supervision.
The results embodied in this project have not been submitted to any other
University or Institute for the award of any degree.
Dr. K. Ajay Kumar Dr.G. Srinivasa Gupta
Project Guide Head of Department
Associate Professor Mechanical Engineering
Mechanical Engineering VNR VJIET
City Office: Vignana Jyothi, H.NO. 7-1-4, Adjacent to Colorama Printers, Begumpet, Hyderabad-500 016
Phone: 040-2374 0538, 2374 0558 Fax:040-2373 1555, Email: vignanajyothi@hotmail.com
3. iii
APPROVAL CERTIFICATE
Viva- Voice examination conducted for the dissertation work entitled
“Performance analysis of stepped solar still augmented with charcoal
and magnets” is conducted on , and the work is approved
for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical
Engineering.
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER
4. `
DECLARATION
We, the undersigned declare that the project report entitled
“Performance analysis of stepped solar still augmented with charcoal
and magnets” has been carried out and submitted in partial fulfilment of
the requirements for the Award of the Bachelor of Technology in
Mechanical Engineering at VNR Vignana Jyothi Institute of Engineering
and /Technology, affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological
University, Hyderabad is an authentic work and has not been submitted to
any other university.
Place: AKHIL RAJEEV
Date: D. NIHIL KUMAR
SHIVA KUMAR
M. SURESH
K. DURGESH
5. v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to our principal Dr.
C.D.Naidu, & Dr. G. Srinivasa Guptha Head of the Department of
Mechanical Engineering, VNRVJIET for their encouragement, which
went a long way in the successful completion of this project.
We express our gratitude to our guide Dr. K. Ajay Kumar,
Associate Professor for his valuable suggestions, constant encouragement
and support of our Endeavour.
Our cordial regards to our Major project coordinator Mr.Tiwari,
Assistant professor for his encouragement and moral support.
Finally, we thank our parents and friends who directly or indirectly
influenced us to propel the project to its completion.
6. vi
ABSTRACT
Water plays a significant role in all our everyday lives and its
intake is rising with each day owing to the enhanced quality of living of
humanity. Several people around the world are extremely concerned over
water shortages and pollution. The humanity's desire for fresh water can
only be fulfilled by desalination turning usable salt water into drinking
water. The desalination business will be made competitive in the event
that it is transformed as a renewable energy supply.
Solar based desalination is the most appealing and straightforward
procedure for desalination process yet endures low thermal effectiveness.
The objective of this project is to enhance the productivity of water for
the clean water production. A stepped type aluminium basin is provided
to increase the evaporation rate. Each step has a base area of 0.05m2
and a
total of 0.25m2
with a depth of 5cm each acts as a wall between two
steps. These walls acts as fins and increases the evaporation rate. It has
been observed that the distilled water production has increased by 275ml
for the 1cm depth, 350ml for 2cm and 125ml for 3cm depth.
Experiments were conducted by integrating this design with charcoal
powder (75µm) as charcoal acts as a good heat absorber and observed a
further increase of 75ml, 75ml, and 50ml respectively. Efforts were made
to increase further by introducing static magnetic field in the water along
with the charcoal powder and observed a significant rise in the heat
transfer coefficient. These tests were carried out for three different depths
of water i.e. for 1cm depth efficiency of 45.63%, for 2cm (55.75%) and
for 3cm depth (41.43%) and it can be observed that the 2cm depth is
more efficient.
Exergy analysis were conducted for the solar stills components that
is basin liner, water and glass cover and found out that the exergy
destroyed is maximum in the basin liner.
KEYWORDS: Solar still, stepped basin, static magnetic field, charcoal,
desalination, renewable energy, exergy.
7. vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL CERTIFICATE................................................................... iii
DECLARATION.......................................................................................iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................v
ABSTRACT ..............................................................................................vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS .........................................................................vii
LIST OF FIGURES...................................................................................ix
LIST OF TABELS.....................................................................................xi
NOMENCLATURE .................................................................................xii
CHAPTER 1 ...............................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction: ...................................................................................1
1.2 Working of Solar Still: ...................................................................1
1.3 Classification of solar stills:...........................................................2
1.4 Objectives:......................................................................................3
CHAPTER 2 ...............................................................................................4
LITERATURE SURVEY .......................................................................4
CHAPTER 3 ...............................................................................................6
THEORETICAL ANALYSIS.................................................................6
3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................6
3.2 Internal Heat transfer:.....................................................................7
3.3 Second law analysis of the still:.....................................................9
3.4 Exergy destruction of solar still components.................................9
CHAPTER 4 .............................................................................................12
Designing of solar still...........................................................................12
4.1 Design objectives: ........................................................................12
4.2 Design parameters:.......................................................................12
4.3 Design:..........................................................................................13
CHAPTER 5 .............................................................................................18
Experimental setup................................................................................18
CHAPTER 6 .............................................................................................22
8. viii
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS .........................................................22
CHAPTER 7 .............................................................................................42
CONCLUSION .....................................................................................42
CHAPTER 8 .............................................................................................44
REFERENCE ...........................................................................................44
9. ix
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3. 1 Working principle.......................................................................................6
Figure 3. 2 Schematic Representation...........................................................................7
Figure 4. 1 Dimensions of the rectangular basin.........................................................13
Figure 4. 2 SOLIDWORKSS model for rectangular basin..............................................14
Figure 4. 3 Dimensions of stepped still........................................................................14
Figure 4. 4 SOLIDWORKS Model for stepped basin .....................................................15
Figure 4. 5 Dimensions of the wooden insulation box, with glass..............................15
Figure 4. 6 SOLIDWORKS Model for the rectangular still ............................................16
Figure 4. 7 SOLIDWORKSS model for the stepped still.................................................16
Figure 4. 8 Cross section of the stepped still...............................................................17
Figure 4. 9 SOLIDWORKSS model of stepped still with Magnets ................................17
Figure 5. 1 SOLIDWORKS model of the stepped still with magnets........................18
Figure 5. 2 Pictograph of the still................................................................................19
Figure 5. 3 View of rectangular still representing thermocouple location
..............................................................................................................................20
Figure 5. 4 View of stepped still representing thermocouple location .......................20
Figure 5. 5 Pictograph of experimental setup .............................................................21
Figure 6. 1 Fluctuation of Solar Intensity and wind speed w.r.t time.........................22
Figure 6. 2 Fluctuation of basin temperature for the magnet with charcoal still
w.r.t time...............................................................................................................24
Figure 6. 3 Fluctuation of coefficient of total internal heat transfer with
respect to time.......................................................................................................25
Figure 6. 4 Fluctuation of Water, Glass and ambient temperature
w.r.t time...............................................................................................................26
Figure 6. 5 Fluctuation of distillate yield for three stills w.r.t time ............................27
Figure 6. 6 Fluctuation of evaporative heat transfer coefficient from
water to glass w.r.t time........................................................................................28
Figure 6. 7 Fluctuation of convective heat transfer coefficient from
water to inner glass w.r.t time...............................................................................29
Figure 6. 8 Fluctuation of radiative heat transfer coefficient from
water to inner glass w.r.t time...............................................................................29
Figure 6. 9 Fluctuation of coefficient of total internal heat transfer from
water to inner glass w.r.t time...............................................................................30
Figure 6. 10 Fluctuation of productivity of distillate w.r.t time..................................31
Figure 6. 11 Fluctuation of instantaneous efficiency w.r.t time .................................31
Figure 6. 12 Fluctuation of exergy efficiency.............................................................32
Figure 6. 13 Comparison of exergy of sun and total exergy destruction
w.r.t time...............................................................................................................33
10. x
Figure 6. 14 Fluctuation of exergy destruction of basin, water and glass
surface w.r.t time ..................................................................................................33
Figure 6. 15 Distribution of average exergy of the sun in a day.................................34
Figure 6. 16 Fluctuation of exergy destruction w.r.t depth of water...........................35
Figure 6. 17 Fluctuation of water temperature w.r.t time for 1cm depth....................36
Figure 6. 18 Fluctuation of total heat transfer coefficient with respect
to time for 1cm depth............................................................................................36
Figure 6. 19 Fluctuation of cumulative distillate yield w.r.t time for
1cm depth .............................................................................................................37
Figure 6. 20 Fluctuation of water temperature w.r.t time for 1cm depth....................37
Figure 6. 21 Fluctuation of total heat transfer coefficient with respect
to time for 1cm depth............................................................................................37
Figure 6. 22 Fluctuation of cumulative distillate yield with respect
to time for 1cm depth............................................................................................38
Figure 6. 23 Fluctuation of water temperature w.r.t time for 2cm depth....................38
Figure 6. 24 Fluctuation of water temperature w.r.t time for 2cm depth....................38
Figure 6. 25 Fluctuation of cumulative distillate yield with respect
to time for 2cm depth............................................................................................39
Figure 6. 26 Fluctuation of cumulative distillate yield with respect
to time for 2cm depth............................................................................................39
Figure 6. 27 Fluctuation of total heat transfer coefficient with respect
to time for 3cm depth............................................................................................39
Figure 6. 28 Fluctuation of cumulative distillate yield with respect
to time for 3 cm depth...........................................................................................40
Figure 6. 29 Fluctuation of water temperature w.r.t time for 3cm depth....................40
Figure 6. 30 Fluctuation of total heat transfer coefficient with respect
to time for 3cm depth............................................................................................40
Figure 6. 31 Fluctuation of cumulative distillate yield with respect
to time for 3 cm depth...........................................................................................41
11. xi
LIST OF TABELS
Tabel 4. 1 Specification of still.................................................................12
Tabel 4. 2 Thermo physical properties.....................................................13
Tabel 5. 1 Instruments used with its Range and Accuracy ......................20
13. 1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction:
Water occupies 70% of our world, so it is hard to believe that it is
still abounding, yet consuming fresh water, washing, irrigating and
farming is extremely rare, fresh water is just 3% of the world's surface,
although two-thirds of it is frozen or otherwise inaccessible
icefield (WorldWildLife). The rapid expansion of population,
urbanization and industrial revolution and the rather limited natural
resources of potable water are generally responsible for a growing scarcer
of freshwater in arid and remote regions, Groundwater contains high
salinity and over-contamination of arsenic in coastal areas (Saha, Dey
NC, Rahman M, Bhattacharya P, & d Rabbani GH, 2019).
1.2 Working of Solar Still:
“Solar Still is an instrument that enables the evaporation
condensation technique to harness solar energy to generate fresh drinking
water from saline water”(Asiful, Ashif, & Kironmoy, 2019).”Solar stills
can provide a response for those territories where there is plenty of solar
energy available but quality of water is not appropriate. This unit is
suitable for drinking water production. Solar stills are inexpensive and
have small maintenance costs but the solar issue remains poor
performance” [3].
“Solar Desalination is considered one of the safest and most widely
agreed methods for the conversion of seawater into clean water”. It is a
dependable strategy which produces “99.9% genuine purging of most
sorts of polluted water in developing countries”, sun based refining is
utilized to deliver drinking water, “solar distillation is used to produce
drinking water or to produce pure water for laboratories, batteries,
14. 2
hospitals and commercial products” (S. C. Bhatia & R. K. Gupta, 2019).
Conventional distillation devours enormous energy per unit of water and
the expensive filtration and deionization methodologies are even higher
and will not clean up the water by removing all contaminants, but solar
stills wholly reliant on sun and just use the free photon energy from the
sun. This process is entirely eco-friendly.
Desalination technology is split into two groups by a concept of the
distinction of salt and fresh water solutions. The separation of fresh water
through the stages adjusts through increasing the heat to the solution of
salt water is accomplished in advances of evaporative or thermal
desalination.1.3 Classification of solar stills:
15. 3
1.4 Objectives:
This project deals with the passive type solar stills which are
ancient technology and throughout the years it is being modernized in
every way possible to achieve highest efficiency while the yield is small,
our still continues to produces fresh water even when the sun goes down.
We are seeking to increase the solar performance in various ways:
By breaking the hydrogen bond, resulting in lower surface trndion
and rise in the water evaporation by the use of strong magnetic
field.
By using the stepped type basin to increase the exposure area and
also it brings the water surface closer to the inner glass cover there
by providing less thermal resistance.
By mixing saline water with the charcoal powder, more heat is tend
to get absorbed by the water and the evaporation rate is increased.
By varying depth of water
Developing exergic analysis and find out the performance of the
still
16. 4
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
(Apurba, 2018) [4] “carried out a solar-type basin test still using various
heat absorbing materials such as black ink, black dye solution on brackish
water and black tonner on brackish water surface, and it is observed that
14.7%, 20.4% and 27 % increase in the cumulative distillate yield by
using black ink, black dye and black tonner respectively”.
(Shukla, hailendra and Sorayan, & V.P.S, 2005) [18] had developed a
new technique for enhancement in the distillate output of passive solar
still by use of Jute cloth. They found that, jute cloth possesses a property
to increase evaporation due to reduction of saline water inside the basin.
They also compared and found good consensus between theoretical and
experimental results.
(Pankaj, Yash, Aman, & Dr.Dhananjay , 2019) [11] Two similar modern
solar stills with ferrous magnets in the one still to magnetize water were
tested experimentally and numerically. This magnetization contributed to
a 49.22 per cent higher distillate along with the higher internal coefficient
of heat transfer.
(Aliakbar, Reza, & Abazar, 2017) [3] The magnetic field effect on an rise
in water evaporation is recognized in these work experiments. Tangent
magnet field on the water-air interface shows no sensitive effect but the
magnetic field perpendicular to the air=water shows a rate up to 18.3
percent increase when magnetic field is less than 100 Mt. This effect is
described on the basis of the kinetic energy movement of water molecules
at the interface and power of Lorentz force splitting hydrogen bonds.
17. 5
(Sanjay Kumar & G. N. TIWARI, 1996)[14] “The heat transfer values of
C for the convective mass transmission of different grasshofs are
suggested as C=0.0322, n>0.4114 when grasshofs number is in this
range (1.794x106 < Gr<5.724x106) for the passive solar still and
C=0.0538, n=0.384 when grassofs number is in this range (5.498 x 106<
Gr < 9.128 x 106) for the active solar still. A thermal transfer for various
sites has been developed”.
(Abdenacer, Kaabir, & Nafia, Smakadji, 2007) [2]had conducted several
experiments on passive solar still by varying the water and glass
temperature on the efficiency and yield. They found that the temperature
of the glass cover is critical, which increases efficiency and return when
higher.
(Lucyna, Aleksandra, & Emil, 2007) [7] Over the process of a 5 minute
span they subjected water and electrolytic solutions to a low static
magnetic field and observed the magnetic field affects conductivity and
evaporation of liquids.
(Raj S.N & Tiwari G.N, 1983)[14] “They have investigated the
performance of a single solar basin with a flat plate collector. The daily
average distilled water production for this type is still found”.
18. 6
CHAPTER 3
THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
3.1 Introduction
Solar stills is an old technique where solar power is used to
generate fresh water through condensation. Water is ample yet very salty
in nature, very few are drinkable, solar stills also transforms salt water
into bottled water. In ancient days, the pit is sunk along the shores and the
transparent cover is put over the top of the pit, the water from the earth is
evaporated and collected on the inside of the transparent cover and flows
down as seen in Figure 3.1, the collection container is positioned inside
the pit to capture the purified water and then, at the end of the day, the
transparent cover is withdrawn and the water is stored. (Wikipedia,
2020).
Figure 3. 1 Working principle
19. 7
Figure 3. 2 Schematic Representation
The solar still is one of the methods which can use unpalatable
water for fresh water production. The basic working principles of solar
still distillation are evaporation, condensation and difference in basin
material temperature. Figure 3.2 shows the working principles of solar
still. The unpalatable water which is in the basin gets heated by the
absorption of solar thermal radiation. Due to this, convection current of
air is formed by the temperature effect and difference in the salt content
in the water. The rise in the temperature increases the evaporation rate
and the air current along with the moisture enhances condensation on the
transparent roof surface (Omid, MA, R, & Saad, 2015). The beads
condensate runs off through the straight forward slanted surface into an
assortment channel, which is associated in a container.
3.2 Internal Heat transfer:
The convective intensity of heat transfer between water and glass can
be described as:
20. 8
The relationship between the values of Nusselts, Grasshofs and Prandle
numbers are as follows (P.K. Nag, 2011)
The value of the ℎ , is (Raj S.N & Tiwari G.N, 1983):
The values of the partial vapour pressure is found by using the following
formula:
The coefficient of heat transfer due to the radiation from saline water to
the interior of the glass sheet is given as:
ℎ , = 𝜀 × 𝜎 × ((𝑇 + 273.15) + 𝑇 + 273.15 × (𝑇 + 𝑇 + 546.2)
The overall heat transfer rate from water to inner glass surface can be
evaluated as (Pankaj, Yash, Aman, & Dr.Dhananjay , 2019):
𝑞 = 𝑞 + 𝑞 + 𝑞 = ℎ × (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
21. 9
3.3 Second law analysis of the still:
Value of the exergy efficiency is calculated by:
𝜂 =
𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
=
𝐸
𝐸
The value of 𝐸 is (Petela, 2003):
𝐸 = 𝐼 1 +
1
3
𝑇
𝑇
−
4
3
𝑇
𝑇
Ts stand for Sun’s Temperature i.e. (5,777K) (Sivakumar & Ganapathy,
2014).
𝐸 = ℎ , (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) 1 −
𝑇
𝑇
3.4 Exergy destruction of solar still constituents
The combo of energy conservation law and non-exergy
conservation is used to find exergy equilibrium for any system or its
components
3.4.1 Basin liner
Exergy destroyed in the basin is give as:
τg, τw ,and αb are mentioned in nomenclature
22. 10
The gross coefficient of heat transfer between the atmosphere and the
aluminium basin is given by ℎ (W/m2
K) (Sivakumar & Ganapathy,
2014)
3.4.2 Saline water:
Exergy destroyed in the saline water is given as:
23. 11
3.4.3 Glass cover:
V stands for the wind speed in (m/s).
𝑇 Stands for sky temperature (K)
24. 12
CHAPTER 4
Designing of solar still
4.1 Design objectives:
For higher evaporation:
The basin is made into steps and separating walls acts as fins
This increases surface area.
Coating the surface area to carbon black.
Shallow water depth
For large temperature difference:
Making the joints leak proof
Using insulation like wood and thermocol to prevent heat
loss
Using high thermal conductive material as the basin material
for better heat transfer
Using less clear glass
Reducing the distance from the glass to the inner glass
cover.
4.2 Design parameters:
Tabel 4. 1 Specification of still
25. 13
Tabel 4. 2 properties of materials
4.3 Design:
The models were designed and developed in SOLIDWORKSS
Figure 4. 1 Dimensions of the rectangular basin
26. 14
Figure 4. 2 SOLIDWORKSS model for rectangular basin
Figure 4. 3 Dimensions of stepped still
27. 15
Figure 4. 4 SOLIDWORKS 3D Model of stepped type basin
Figure 4. 5 Dimensions of the wooden insulation box, with glass
28. 16
Figure 4. 6 SOLIDWORKS Model for the rectangular still
Figure 4. 7 SOLIDWORKSS model for the stepped still
29. 17
Figure 4. 8 Cross-sectional view of stepped still
Figure 4. 9 SOLIDWORKSS model of stepped still with Magnets
30. 18
CHAPTER 5
Experimental setup
During the experiments one still is equiped with rectangular basin and the
other 2 stills are equiped with the stepped type, one of the stepped type
still contains plain water and the other is tested either with charcoal or
(charcoal + magnet).
The magnets here used are permanent type 60 mm OD and 25 mm
ID ferrite ring magnets of 10 mm thickness. The magnets were mounted
in the stepped chamber such that the magnetic energy of the field is
uniformly spread.
Figure 5. 1 SOLIDWORKS model of the stepped still with magnets
1) Glass Cover, 2) Collection tube, 3)Plastic cover, 4) Measuring jar, 5)Wooden
Insulation, 6) Ferrite Ring Magnets, 7)Aluminium Still(Coated Black) 8)Slot with
rubber Gasket
The magnets used here are ideal for both heat absorption and water
magnetisation.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
31. 19
“5 K type temperature sensors are used for basin measurement,
atmospheric, inner glass, outer glass, water temperature in” all the 3 stills.
Different temperatures were recorded using temperature indicator during
the experiment, to find the velocity of the wind anemometer is used for
every 1 hour peiod. A graduated beaker is used for measurement of
distille output.
Figure 5. 2 Pictograph of the still
32. 20
Tabel 5. 1 Instruments used with its Range and Accuracy
Figure 5. 3 View of rectangular still representing thermocouple location
Figure 5. 4 View of stepped still representing thermocouple location
33. 21
Figure 5. 5 Pictograph of experimental setup
The setup was arranged such that all the three stills were facing
geographically south direction, the experiments were conducted in
Bacupally, Hyderabad and tests were conducted for 9 days, before the
experiment day the setup were arranged at 6:00pm, so that at the start of
experiment the conditions inside the still becomes steady state,
34. 22
CHAPTER 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The tests are conducted from 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. At the start of
the trial, the solar intensity was small. and the water inside the still less
than the ambient temperature and after few minutes water begin to
condensate on the inner part of glass and with the time the solar intensity
kept increasing till 12:00 h and it reduces It is observed that the basin
temperature varies according to the solar intensity peaking at 12:00 h and
distillate productivity also peaks around 12:00 and 13:00.
Figure 6. 1 Fluctuation of Solar radiation and wind speed w.r.t time
The experiments were carried out for 3 different depths that is 1cm,
2cm, 3cm and it is observed that the 2cm depth gives max distillate yield
but the 1cm evaporates quicker and after 13:00 h little to no water is left
35. 23
in the basin because the area is only 0.25m2
and the total output of
distillate yield is less when compared to the 2cm depth
The combinations of experiments were as follows:
Stepped type basin integrated with Charcoal and water
Rectangular type of convectional basin with plain water
Stepped type basin with plain water
To increase the productivity rate static magnetic field is introduced and
observed a significant increase in the heat transfer rate. So the following
combinations were used for 3 different depths
Stepped basin with magnet and charcoal
Rectangular basin with plain water
Stepped basin with plain water
Three stills were run simultaneously from 9:00h to 16:00 h and
observed the following temperatures
Basin temperature
Water temperature
Glass inside temperature
Glass outside temperature
Ambient temperature
36. 24
Figure 6. 2 Fluctuation of basin temperature for the magnet with charcoal still w.r.t
time
The fluctuation of the temperature of basin for three different
depths were shown in the fig 6.2 it clearly indicates that the peak
temperature is high for 2cm depth around 13:00h, at the beginning of
experiment temperatures of 1cm is higher this is because of less water
volume which in turn requires less heat to raise its temperature, as it can
be seen that the 3cm depth values of temperature are lower, this is due to
the large amount of water needed to be heated to increase its temperature.
37. 25
Figure 6. 3 Fluctuation of coefficient of total internal heat transfer w.r.t time
Fig 6.3 shows the fluctuation of coefficient of total internal heat
transfer w.r.t time, these fluctuations are for the magnet with charcoal
still, and it can be observed that it follows the same trend as the solar
intensity of radiation, with 2cm depth peaking at 13:00h and since heat
transfer coefficient depends on the temperatures, from 9:00h to 11:00h
the fluctuation for 1cm is greater than the rest and again from 15:00h 1cm
depth overtakes 2cm depth.
38. 26
Figure 6. 4 Fluctuation of Glass , Water, and ambient temperature w.r.t time
From the fig. 6.4 it can be observed that the temperature for the
saline water is higher than the inner glass sheet this is because the water
evaporated gets condensate at the glass surface and keeps the inside
surface cooler compared to the water temp. At 9:00h the inner glass
temperature of (mag+char) still is 5.12% higher than the (Rec) still, while
the water temperature of (mag+char) still is 10% higher than (Rec) still.
The maximum temperature for the water and inner glass achieved at
13:00h, and then they continue to fall. At 13:00h the temperature of the
saline water of (mag+char) still is leading (Rec) still by 14.54%, whereas
the (charcoal) still is leading by 7.27% and the salt water temperature at
the end of the trial of (mag+char) still is 47°C which is 4.44% higher
than the (Rec) still.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00
Temperature(oC)
Time (hr)
Tw(Rec)
Tci(Rec)
Tw(Charcoal)
Tci(Charcoal)
Tw(Mag+Char)
Tci(Mag+Char)
T amb
39. 27
Figure 6. 5 Fluctuation of distillate for three stills w.r.t time
The stepped basin with charcoal has distillate yield of 600ml at
16:00 h and this is due to charcoal being good absorber of heat and also
charcoal is good to absorb any odour in the water. It is observed at the
end of the experiment the total distillate amount in rectangular basin is
350ml, in the (magnet with charcoal) basin is 750ml This clearly shows
an increase in the efficiency.
It is detected that the output of (Magnet with charcoal) still is lower
or almost equal to the (rectangular) still at 9:00h, this is because of the
existence of magnets, which are also an energy consuming medium. The
productivity of this still overtakes at 11:00h. The accumulated distillation
production at the end of the experiment for the (magnet with charcoal)
still is 750ml which is 114.2% higher than the rectangular still, by using
the stepped basin without magnets the cumulative distillate output is
600ml which is 71.4% higher than the rectangular still, from above we
can conclude that the magnets have improved the cumulative distillate by
25% than compared to (charcoal) still.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00
Cumullativedistillate(ml)
Time (hr)
RECTANGULAR
BASIN
CHARCOAL
MAGNET WITH
CHARCOAL
40. 28
Figure 6. 6 Fluctuation of coefficient of evaporative heat transfer from water to glass
w.r.t time
It is witnessed from the fig 6.6, from 9:00h to 11:00h and at 16:00h
The measured values of hew are not really different between charcoal still
and the (magnet with charcoal) still, but after 11:00h the values of hew is
higher than the charcoal still. The maximum hew of (magnet with
charcoal) still is 20.58% higher than the charcoal still, this 20.58% shows
that the magnets increases the hew values.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00
Evapoarativeheattransfercoefficient
(W/m2-K)
Time (hr)
RECTANGULAR BASIN
CHARCOAL
MAGNET WITH CHARCOAL
41. 29
Figure 6. 7 Fluctuation of convective heat transfer coefficient from water to inner
glass w.r.t time
It is witnessed from the figure 6.7 that the maximum values of
coefficient of convective heat transfer for all the three stills are almost
equal and from 11:00h to14:00h the average coefficient of convective
heat transfer remains constant, 2.083 W/m2
-K.
Figure 6. 8 Fluctuation of coefficient of radiative heat transfer from water to inner
glass w.r.t time
0.0000
0.5000
1.0000
1.5000
2.0000
2.5000
9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00
Convectiveheattransfercoefficient
(W/m2-K)
Time (hr)
RECTANGULAR BASIN
CHARCOAL
MAGNET WITH CHARCOAL
5.60
5.80
6.00
6.20
6.40
6.60
6.80
7.00
7.20
7.40
7.60
9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00
Radiativeheattransfercoefficient
(W/m2-K)
Time (hr)
RECTANGULAR BASIN
CHARCOAL
MAGNET WITH CHARCOAL
42. 30
The values of hrw as a function of time is shown in the fig 6.8. It
has been observed that the maximum value of hrw is 3.17% higher than
the rectangular still. This is due to the increased temperature in the
(magnet with charcoal) still.
Figure 6. 9 Fluctuation of coefficient of total internal heat transfer from water to inner
glass w.r.t time
It can be observed from the fig 6.9 that the lowest energy transfer
from water to glass is due to the hcw and the highest is due to hew, and the
influence of the hrw is in between those two. “On average the overall
internal heat transfer rate for” (magnet with charcoal) still leads
rectangular still by 18.59%. This fig has a similar pattern to solar
intensity because the heat transfer is a function of temperature and
fluctuation of temperature depends on intensity of solar radiation. “As
solar light decreases the temperature differential between the water and
the glass sheet raises, which raises the rate of evaporation”.
0
5
10
15
20
25
9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00
Totalinternalheattransfer
coefficient(W/m2-K)
Time (hr)
RECTANGULAR BASIN
CHARCOAL
MAGNET WITH CHARCOAL
43. 31
Figure 6. 10 Fluctuation of productivity of distillate w.r.t time
The fig 6.10 indicates the fluctuation of productivity for all the
three stills as a function of time. It is detected that the amount of distillate
output produced per hour is low at 10:00h this is because heat gets
observed by the ferrite magnets but after 11:00h the productivity
drastically increases and peaks at 13:00h and the productivity decrease
after 13:00h.
Figure 6. 11 Fluctuation of instantaneous efficiency w.r.t time
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00
Productivityofdistillatewater
(ml/hr)
Time (hr)
RECTANGULAR BASIN
CHARCOAL
MAGNET WITH CHARCOAL
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00
InstantaneousEfiiciency(%)
Time (hr)
RECTANGULAR
BASIN
CHARCOAL
MAGNET WITH
CHARCOAL
44. 32
The figure 6.11 indicates the fluctuation of instantaneous
efficiencies of all the three stills in variation of time. At 9:00h the
efficiency of (magnet with charcoal) still is “lesser by 40.34% when
compared with (charcoal) still at 11:00h the output is relatively less”, so
the instantaneous efficiency at 11:00 h is almost equal to the charcoal
still, after 11:00h it changes drastically and the efficiency peaks at
13:00h, the maximum instantaneous efficiency at 13:00h of the (magnet
with charcoal) still leads by 110.3% as compared to the conventional or
rectangular still with plain water. The use of magnets along with the
charcoal increases the efficiency by 37.8%.
Figure 6. 12 Fluctuation of exergic efficiency
The output of the energy is improved over time and peaks at about
13:00. having magnetic field along with the charcoal increases the
exergetic efficiency by 57.9% , the fluctuation of the exergetic
differences w.r.t time for the (magnetic with charcoal) still is plotted in
the fig 6.13
45. 33
Figure 6. 13 Comparison of exergy of sun and total exergy destruction w.r.t time
Figure 6. 14 Fluctuation of exergy destruction in the saline water, glass surface and
w.r.t time
The highest amount of exergy destruction stays in the rectangular
basin, water and glass 1257.33 W, 80.18 W, and 79.89 W, respectively
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00
Exergy(w/m2)
Time(hr)
Toatal Exergy descruction Exergy of sun
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00
Exergy(W/m2)
Time (hr)
Basin (rec)
Water (rec)
Glass (rec)
Basin
(mag+char)
Water
(mag+char)
Glass
(mag+char)
46. 34
and for the (magnet with charcoal) still the values are 843.07 w, 151.25
W, 87.39 W respectively.
Figure 6. 15 Distribution of average exergy of the sun in a day
The pie diagram represents the average exergy distribution of one
day (here it is from 9:00h to 16:00h) for the (magnet with charcoal) still
and it can be observed that on an average 65% of the exergy gets
destroyed where the exergy destruction by the basin constitutes 51%, the
saline water constitutes 9% and the glass constitutes 5%.
35%
51%
9%
5%
Exergy
of sun untilised
Exergy destruction
in Basin
Exergy destruction in
saline water
Exergy destruction
in glass
47. 35
Figure 6. 16 Fluctuation of exergy destruction w.r.t water depth
Fig 6.16 indicates the fluctuation of average exergy destruction in a
day w.r.t the water depth, the exergy destruction for the glass cover are
47.6W/m2
, 52.6 W/m2
, and 28.8 W/m2
for 1cm, 2cm and 3cm
respectively and it can be observed that exergy destruction in water and
glass remains low compared to basin liner irrespective of the depth of
water and Glass and water exergy destruction increases with the lower
saltwater depth.
The following charts represent the fluctuation of temperatures,
coefficients of heat transfer and cumulative heat distillate for both
combinations for 1cm 2cm and 3cm, it follows the same trend as
explained above. But it is observed that the 3cm depth has the lowest
results because of its huge volume which requires more heat than
compared to its counterpart 1cm and 2cm depths
532.9
606.4
338.1
106.6 108.1
61.4
47.6 52.6
28.8
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 1cm 2cm 3cm
ExergyDestruction(W/m2)
Water Depth (cm)
Exergy destruction
in Basinliner
Exergy destruction
in water
Exergy destruction
in Glass
48. 36
Figure 6. 17 Fluctuation of water temperature w.r.t time for 1cm depth
Figure 6. 18 Fluctuation of coefficient of total heat transfer w.r.t time for 1cm depth
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Temperature(oC)
Time (hr)
RECTANGULAR BASIN
STEPPED BASIN
STEPPED BASIN WITH
CHARCOAL
49. 37
Figure 6. 19 Fluctuation of cumulative distillate w.r.t time for 1cm depth
Figure 6. 20 Fluctuation of water temperature w.r.t time for 1cm depth
Figure 6. 21 Fluctuation of total heat transfer coefficient w.r.t time for 1cm depth
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Cumulativedistillateyeild
(ml)
Time (hr)
RECTANGULAR
BASIN
STEPPED BASIN
STEPPED BASIN
WITH CHARCOAL
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Temperature(oC)
Time (hr)
RECTANGULAR
BASIN
CHARCOAL
MAGNET WITH
CHARCOAL
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
9:00 10:0011:0012:0013:0014:0015:00 16:00
TotalheattransferCoefficient
W/m2K)
Time (hr)
RECTANGULAR
BASIN
CHARCOAL
MAGNET WITH
CHARCOAL
50. 38
Figure 6. 22 Fluctuation of cumulative distillate yield w.r.t time for 1cm depth
Figure 6. 23 Fluctuation of water temperature w.r.t time for 2cm depth
Figure 6. 24 Fluctuation of water temperature w.r.t time for 2cm depth
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Cumulativedistillateml
Time (hr)
RECTANGULAR
BASIN
CHARCOAL
MAGNET WITH
CHARCOAL
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Temperature(oC)
Time (hr)
RECTANGULAR BASIN
STEPPED BASIN
STEPPED BASIN WITH
CHARCOAL
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
TotalHeatTransfer
Coefficient
Time (hr)
RECTANGULAR BASIN
STEPPED BASIN
STEPPED BASIN WITH
CHARCOAL
51. 39
Figure 6. 25 Fluctuation of cumulative distillate yield w.r.t time for 2cm depth
Figure 6. 26 Fluctuation of cumulative distillate yield w.r.t time for 2cm depth
Figure 6. 27 Fluctuation of coefficient of total heat transfer w.r.t time for 3cm depth
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Cumulativedistillateml
Time (hr)
RECTANGULAR
BASIN
STEPPED BASIN
STEPPED BASIN
WITH CHARCOAL
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Temperature(oC)
Time (hr)
RECTANGULAR BASIN
STEPPED BASIN
CHARCOAL
52. 40
Figure 6. 28 Fluctuation of cumulative distillate yield w.r.t time for 3 cm depth
Figure 6. 29 Fluctuation of temperatures of water w.r.t time for 3cm depth
Figure 6. 30 Fluctuation of total heat transfer coefficient w.r.t time for 3cm depth
0
100
200
300
400
500
CumulativeDistillate(ml)
Time (hr)
RECTANGULAR BASIN
STEPPED BASIN
CHARCOAL
0
10
20
30
40
50
Temperature(oC)
Time (hr)
RECTANGULAR BASIN
CHARCOAL
MAGNET WITH
CHARCOAL
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
Totalheattransfer
Coefficient(W/m2K)
Time (hr)
RECTANGULAR
BASIN
CHARCOAL
MAGNET WITH
CHARCOAL
53. 41
Figure 6. 31 Fluctuation of cumulative distillate yield w.r.t time for 3 cm depth
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Cumulativedistillateyeild(ml)
Time (hr)
RECTANGULAR
BASIN
CHARCOAL
MAGNET WITH
CHARCOAL
54. 42
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
Three stills were experimentally investigated with one of them
having a rectangular basin and the other two with stepped basin, one of
the stepped basin is tested with plain water and the other with charcoal
mixed water of 2500 ppm and the same were experimented again but with
the 3rd
still being the combination of charcoal powder (75µm) and static
magnetic field, which is achieved by placing 10 ferrite ring magnets. This
setup was tested for 3 different depths of water that is 1cm, 2cm, 3cm.
“Significantly higher internal heat transfer and greater distillate
production were achieved with the use of charcoal”. The combination of
static magnetic field with the charcoal has increased as anticipated. On
the basis of experiment and theoretical study the following observations
were made::
2cm depth of water gives the maximum distillate output
The stepped basin has increased the distillation efficiency greatly
over the rectangular basin.
For the stepped basin of (magnet with charcoal still) peak
productivity at 13:00 h is 150ml, 175ml 75ml for 1cm, 2cm and
3cm respectively and it can be observed that the 2cm still has
highest productivity
The use of charcoal in the stepped basin observed a significant rise
in the coefficient of evaporative heat transfer.
It was noticed that the measures improved the water production of
the purified water by 84.61 percent for 2 cm deep
By integrating the charcoal powder with magnetic field has
increased the distilled output further by 23% than compared to the
rectangular basin for the 2cm depth.
55. 43
The efficiency boost attributed to the existence of a static magnet
field is attributed to the intermolecular forces' decrease i.e. for
water it is weakening of hydrogen bonds (Lucyna, Aleksandra, &
Emil, 2007).
“The partial pressure difference between water and inner
condensation of the phases has been increased considerably by the
water magnetisation relative to the rectangular basin”
The maximum efficiency has increased by 37.81% by using
charcoal and magnet in the stepped still for the 2cm depth.
The study reveals that the lost main exergy is in the basin liner
accompanied by a saline water and glass.
56. 44
CHAPTER 8
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