Alcoholism has became the one of the leading cause for kidney and liver diseases. In India alcoholism is the root cause of poverty, unemployment, domestic conflicts, occupational disputes and deaths all together. Several Indian studies have shown the increased risk of suicide due to alcohol dependency. Thus it has became the global cause for depletion of human species all way round. Awareness, prevention, promotion, restoration and maintenance of health should be held up as essential base to work on for diverting the substance use/abuse and misuse and directing towards the sober community norms step by step to reduce intoxication, dependency, tolerance, conditioned learning and addiction as a whole.
Alcoholism has became the one of the leading cause for kidney and liver diseases. In India alcoholism is the root cause of poverty, unemployment, domestic conflicts, occupational disputes and deaths all together. Several Indian studies have shown the increased risk of suicide due to alcohol dependency. Thus it has became the global cause for depletion of human species all way round. Awareness, prevention, promotion, restoration and maintenance of health should be held up as essential base to work on for diverting the substance use/abuse and misuse and directing towards the sober community norms step by step to reduce intoxication, dependency, tolerance, conditioned learning and addiction as a whole.
All drugs, including alcohol, chemically alter the mind and body. As a result, use of drugs and/or alcohol can impair motor skills, hinder judgment, distort perception, decrease reaction time and interfere with other skills necessary to do a job safely and efficiently.
Alcohol is a CNS depressant drug that is used socially in our society for many reasons (e.g., to
enhance the flavor of food, to encourage relaxation and conviviality, for feelings of celebration, and as a
sacred ritual in some religious ceremonies). Therapeutically, it is the major ingredient in many
OTC/prescription medications. It can be harmless, enjoyable, and sometimes beneficial when used
responsibly and in moderation. Like other mind-altering drugs, however, it has the potential for abuse and,
in fact, is the most widely abused drug in the United States (research suggests 5% to 10% of the adult
population) and is potentially fatal. Frequently, the client in a residential care setting has been using alcohol
in conjunction with other drugs. It is believed that alcohol is often used by clients who have other mental
illnesses to assuage the pain they feel. The term “dual diagnosis” is used to mean an association between
the use/abuse of drugs (including alcohol) and other psychiatric diagnoses. It may be difficult to determine
cause and effect in any given situation to determine an accurate diagnosis. However, it is important to
recognize when both conditions are present so that the often-overwhelming problems of treatment are
instituted for both conditions.
This plan of care addresses acute intoxication/withdrawal and is to be used in conjunction with CP:
Substance Dependence/Abuse Rehabilitation.
ANTI-DRUG CAMPAIGN (TYPES/EFFECTS/HOW TO OVERCOME DRUGS)czarinaCervo
this is all about drugs and on how to avoid or stop drug abuse, through this slideshow, viewers can be aware about the effects and the negative things that drugs can do to our body.
Drug addiction is a chronic disease characterized by drug seeking and use that is compulsive, or difficult to control, despite harmful consequences.
Brain changes that occur over time with drug use challenge an addicted person’s self-control and interfere with their ability to resist intense urges to take drugs. This is why drug addiction is also a relapsing disease.
Relapse is the return to drug use after an attempt to stop. Relapse indicates the need for more or different treatment.
Most drugs affect the brain's reward circuit by flooding it with the chemical messenger dopamine. This overstimulation of the reward circuit causes the intensely pleasurable "high" that leads people to take a drug again and again.
This is a presentation made for the teaching of the danger of drug abuse, it is expository teaching that reprimands the youth on the need to keep away from drugs (illegal drugs).
Their sanity and mental health should be prioritized more than any other thing.
It is a most read for every youth out there.
All drugs, including alcohol, chemically alter the mind and body. As a result, use of drugs and/or alcohol can impair motor skills, hinder judgment, distort perception, decrease reaction time and interfere with other skills necessary to do a job safely and efficiently.
Alcohol is a CNS depressant drug that is used socially in our society for many reasons (e.g., to
enhance the flavor of food, to encourage relaxation and conviviality, for feelings of celebration, and as a
sacred ritual in some religious ceremonies). Therapeutically, it is the major ingredient in many
OTC/prescription medications. It can be harmless, enjoyable, and sometimes beneficial when used
responsibly and in moderation. Like other mind-altering drugs, however, it has the potential for abuse and,
in fact, is the most widely abused drug in the United States (research suggests 5% to 10% of the adult
population) and is potentially fatal. Frequently, the client in a residential care setting has been using alcohol
in conjunction with other drugs. It is believed that alcohol is often used by clients who have other mental
illnesses to assuage the pain they feel. The term “dual diagnosis” is used to mean an association between
the use/abuse of drugs (including alcohol) and other psychiatric diagnoses. It may be difficult to determine
cause and effect in any given situation to determine an accurate diagnosis. However, it is important to
recognize when both conditions are present so that the often-overwhelming problems of treatment are
instituted for both conditions.
This plan of care addresses acute intoxication/withdrawal and is to be used in conjunction with CP:
Substance Dependence/Abuse Rehabilitation.
ANTI-DRUG CAMPAIGN (TYPES/EFFECTS/HOW TO OVERCOME DRUGS)czarinaCervo
this is all about drugs and on how to avoid or stop drug abuse, through this slideshow, viewers can be aware about the effects and the negative things that drugs can do to our body.
Drug addiction is a chronic disease characterized by drug seeking and use that is compulsive, or difficult to control, despite harmful consequences.
Brain changes that occur over time with drug use challenge an addicted person’s self-control and interfere with their ability to resist intense urges to take drugs. This is why drug addiction is also a relapsing disease.
Relapse is the return to drug use after an attempt to stop. Relapse indicates the need for more or different treatment.
Most drugs affect the brain's reward circuit by flooding it with the chemical messenger dopamine. This overstimulation of the reward circuit causes the intensely pleasurable "high" that leads people to take a drug again and again.
This is a presentation made for the teaching of the danger of drug abuse, it is expository teaching that reprimands the youth on the need to keep away from drugs (illegal drugs).
Their sanity and mental health should be prioritized more than any other thing.
It is a most read for every youth out there.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
QA Paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka 2020Azreen Aj
QA study - To improve the 6th monthly recall rate post-comprehensive dental treatment under general anaesthesia in paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
Struggling with intense fears that disrupt your life? At Renew Life Hypnosis, we offer specialized hypnosis to overcome fear. Phobias are exaggerated fears, often stemming from past traumas or learned behaviors. Hypnotherapy addresses these deep-seated fears by accessing the subconscious mind, helping you change your reactions to phobic triggers. Our expert therapists guide you into a state of deep relaxation, allowing you to transform your responses and reduce anxiety. Experience increased confidence and freedom from phobias with our personalized approach. Ready to live a fear-free life? Visit us at Renew Life Hypnosis..
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
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Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
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Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...
dependency states.pptx
1. ALCOHOLAND OTHER
SUBSTANCE ABUSE .
Definitions .
Teetotaler: Person who do not drink alcohol at all
Social drinker: Person who drinks moderately
but who may get drunk from time to time.
Excessive drinker: Person who may drink
excessively and may show either by the
frequency with which they become intoxicated .
2. Tolerance: The need for markedly increased
amount of alcohol to achieve the desired effect.
Withdrawal: The development of symptoms like
morning shakes after cessation or deduction in
drinking alcohol.
Abuse of substance: Use of illegal substances
such as drugs, for purposes other than those fore
which they meant to be use or in excessive
amount, which lead to impairment in social or
occupational functioning, with the duration of the
abuse.
3. Alcohol :
Alcohol (ethyl alcohol or ethanol) is a
substance most intensively used for non-medical
purpose.
It can be produced by the growth of yeast in a
sugar-containing medium (fermentation).
Alcohol acts on every cell of the body; however
the CNS is its prime target.
Its effects occur more rapidly in the CNS than in
any other tissue of the body.
4. It affects every level of organization with in the
CNS from its chemistry to its molecular structure
and the integrated functions that govern thought
process, emotions, motor function and behavior.
A single dose of alcohol results in non - specific
general depression of the CNS and subsequent
behavioral changes. These changes are dose
dependent.
5. They are related to the blood alcohol
concentration (BAC).
However, some of the CNS changes may be
longer lasting.
Elimination of alcohol from the system, or a
marked decrease in BAC after long term use may
cause the alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS)
6. Characteristics of alcohol withdrawal
syndrome(AWS).
Characteristics of AWS include hyper-
excitability (opposite of depression)
evidenced by tremors and agitation,
convulsions, ataxia, dizziness, dilation of
pupils and hallucination.
The depression of the CNS by alcohol is
dependent on the amount consumed.
7. The effects on mood and behavior differ between
individuals and depend not only on the amount
consumed but also to a large extent, and the
mental state of the individual and their
environment.
Small amounts of alcohol will produce sedation
and relief of anxiety.
8. As the blood level increases, these symptoms
become more pronounced.
When a large amount is consumed depression,
inadequate muscular coordination (ataxia),
impaired psychomotor performance, and
inhibited or irresponsible behavior may be
manifested.
Excessive consumption will produce
unconsciousness and may be lethal in the
presence of other depressant drugs.
9. Alcohol is mainly absorbed directly in small
intestine, but also in stomach.
In the presence of food the rate of absorption
decreases.
Alcohol affects the organs of the body as
follows:
CNS: Alcohol depresses brain function including
behavior, cognition judgment, respiration,
sexuality and interferes with motor functions.
10. GIT (gastrointestinal tract): Alcohol erodes the
stomach and causes mucosa-gastritis, acute
pancreatitis, cirrhosis in the liver and alcoholic
hepatitis.
CVS: Alcohol may cause hypertension and
alcoholic cardiomyopathy (erosion of the wall of
the heart).
Kidney: Alcohol causes diuresis.
Eye: Alcohol causes pupilary dilation, hyper
reflexia.
11. Alcoholism
According to USA National Council on Alcoholism,
the alcoholic is powerless to stop the drinking that
seriously alters his normal living pattern.
Alcoholism describes as a physical condition
associated with a mental obsession.
Chronic alcoholism is a disabling disorder which
imposes on the sufferer physical, social and
psychological handicaps often of great severity.
12. Etiology
The precise causes of alcoholism are unclear;
psychological factors play an important role of
causation.
Alcoholism runs in families, various studies of
alcoholic groups reveal that up to:
- 50% of alcoholics have alcoholic fathers
- 30% alcoholics have alcoholic brothers
- 6% alcoholics have alcoholic mothers
- 3% alcoholics have alcoholic sisters
13. Heavy drinkers tend to come from heavy drinking
families and the children of alcoholics have a
higher risk of alcoholism than do children of
parents who are not alcoholics.
Alcoholism is common in men than in women
ratio of 5:2 and is mainly a disorder of middle
age.
The social complications due to alcoholism
include a high rate of marital separation and
divorce, job troubles including absenteeism,
high frequency of accident and economic
crimes.
14. Alcohol-related disorders
Medical complications could result from acute
effects of heavy drinking, chronic effects of heavy
drinking or withdrawal; nearly every organ system
can be affected directly or indirectly.
Gastritis, gastric ulcer, acute hemorrhagic
pancreatitis, liver cirrhosis, peripheral neuropathy
and amnestic syndromes.
15. Alcoholic paranoid psychosis and korsakoff-
syndrome (dementia) are generally not reversible.
Medical complications like cirrhosis, peptic ulcer
disease, thiamine deficiency and neurological
diseases like cerebral degeneration can occur.
16. Treatment
Alcoholism, when it is recognized, requires a
treatment program which has a total abstention or
to refuse as the main goal.
Sedatives are to be avoided and tranquilizers
used only during the withdrawal phase.
Antidepressants should be used if depression is
present.
The suicidal risk should always be considered,
Suicide is 60 times more common in alcoholics
than in non alcoholics.
17. Detoxification:
The patient is given chlorodiazepoxide
hydrochloride 20 - 25 mg four times daily, with
the dose depending on the severity of the withdrawal
symptoms.
Alcoholics who show signs of impending delirium,
tremors, hyper irritability, increased pulse rate and
high blood pressure require hospitalization for
detoxification.
Alcoholics who are seriously depressed, suicidal or
who are uncooperative also require a hospital setting
for detoxification.
18. Alcohol withdrawal symptoms occur several hours
after cessation of or reduction in prolonged heavy
alcohol consumption.
At least two of the following must be present
autonomic hyper-activity, hand tremor,
insomnia, nausea or vomiting, transient
illusions or hallucinations, anxiety, seizures
and agitation
19. Alcohol withdrawal delirium
Delirium tremens is the most severe form of the
alcohol withdrawal syndrome.
Among hospitalized patients about 5% develop
delirium tremor.
A transient organic psychosis may occur.
Delirium will occur within one week of the
cessation or reduction of heavy alcohol ingestion.
20. Additional features of withdrawal are:
1. Reduced wakefulness or insomnia
2. Perceptual disturbance (illusion, hallucination)
mostly visual but may be auditory.
3. Increased or decreased psychomotor activity
tremor is almost always present.
21. Treatment
Disalfiram-125-500 mg/day produces an
unpleasant reaction when the patient ingests
small amount of alcohol.
Appropriate medical treatment includes
:vitamins, fluid replacement, and antibiotics if
infection develops.
Tranquilizers with a pharmacological cross
tolerance to alcohol such as chlorodizepoxide
should be given in a dose of 25-50 mg every 2-4
hours.
22. Alcoholic amnestic syndrome (Wernicke
Korsakoff's syndrome) :
The essential feature of alcohol amnestic
syndrome is a short term memory disturbance
due to the prolonged heavy use of alcohol.
Other complications of alcoholism such as
cerebral signs, peripheral neuropathy and
cirrhosis may be present.
It rarely occurs before the age of 35 years.
23. Etiology
The irreversible memory deficit known as
Korsakoff’s psychosis often follows an acute
episode of Warnike's encephalopathy
manifested by a clinic traid:
I. Ataxia
II. Ophtalmoplegia and
III. Confusion.
Thiamine(VB1) deficiency malnutrition is a
predisposing factor.
24. Treatment :
The symptoms are usually irreversible; although
various degrees of recovery have been reported
with a daily regimen of 50-100 mg thiamin
hydrochloride.
Thiamine -100mg daily for 3 days may be given
to prevent Wernicke encephalopathy
25. Substance related disorders
A variety of substances may cause substance
related disorders including alcohol,
amphetamines and amphetamine-like substances
such as khat, cannabis cocaine, nicotine, opoids,
etc.
Khat, alcohol and cannabis (Hashish) are the
commonly used substances.
26. Khat.
The chewing of the stimulant leaf
khat is a habit that is widespread in certain
countries of east Africa and the Arabian.
It was noticed, long time ago, that the plant of
khat growing in some regions of East Africa
including Ethiopia.
It is evident from different studies that the medical
and psychosocial effects of khat chewing are
harmful both to the individual and the community.
27. Khat is used because of the effect it has on the
person’s psychic and physical condition.
Khat has an extreme social effect (individual
sociability and ease within social gatherings).
It provides a major motivation for people to
engage in social gatherings, and is used in all
major ceremonial occasions such as wedding and
religious holidays
28. It is now established that the effect of khat leaves
on the central nervous system (CNS) are
caused by cathionone, which exhibits properties
similar to those of amphetamine.
Further more phenylpenteyamine
merucathionone has been recently discovered in
khat leaves.
This makes a minor contribution towards khat’s
psychoactive effect.
29. Khat is known for producing amphetamine-like
effect.
It is an amphetamine-like substance with the
following behavioral and physical effects:
alertness, hyperactivity, irritability,
aggressiveness, agitation and hallucinations.
Other physical effects include mydriasis,
tremor, dry mouth,
tachycardia, arrhythmias, weight loss and
convulsions.
Patients can also develop psychotic disorder,
mood disorder, and sexual dysfunction and
30. The patient can also develop withdrawal
symptoms upon cessation of heavy use which
manifest with fatigue, sleep disorder, agitation
and craving for the substance
Treatment
For agitated patients, diazepam 5-10mg every
3hrs IM or P.O can be given.
31. Cannabis
Cannabis products include marijuana and
hashish.
Intoxicated patients may exhibit:
Anxiety
Dry mouth
Tachycardia Increased appetite (Rarely)
hallucinations
Treatment
Treatment includes providing reassurance in a
quiet place and diazepam may be given.
32. EPILEPSY
Learning objectives:
After this unit, the student should be able to:
1. Define epilepsy
2.Describe different classifications of epilepsy
3.Identify different clinical features of epilepsy
4. Diagnose epilepsy
5. Identify differential diagnoses of epilepsy
6. Explain appropriate medical and nursing
management of epilepsy
7.Give health teaching for clients and family members
(care takers) of epileptic patient.
33. Definition: Epilepsy is derived from the Greek
word ‘epilepsia’ which means to take hold of or
to seize. It is paroxysmal neurological disorder
causing recurrent episodes of:
1. Loss of consciousness
2. Convulsive movements or motor activity
3. Sensory phenomena or
4. Behavioral abnormalities
34. The following are important characteristics of
epilepsy:
Seizure A paroxysmal, uncontrolled, abnormal
discharge of electrical activity in the gray matter
with in the brain causes events that interfere with
normal function, a symptom rather than a
disease.
Prodromal phase: This Phase precedes some
seizures and may last minutes or hours: a vague
change occurs in emotional reactivity or affective
responses.
35. Aura: A brief sensory experience occurs e.g. a
feeling of weakness, dizziness strange
sensations in an arm or leg numbness, an odor
that occurs at the onset of some seizures
Epileptic cry: A cry, occurring in some seizures,
caused by a thoracic and abdominal spasm which
expels air through the narrowed spastic glottis.
Ictus, post ictus, post ictal refers to the time
immediately after a seizure during which the client
usually experiences some change in
consciousness, behavior, or activity.
36. Etiology
The etiology of seizures varies remarkably in
adults and includes:
1. - Brain tumor is the most common cause for
organic seizure (intracranial mass)
2. - Head injury
37. Clinical manifestations
There are various types and classifications of
seizures. They can be classified into two major
groups:
1.Generalized seizures:
- Tonic clonic seizures (grand mal)
- Absence (petit mall) -
- Minor motor seizures (akinetic, atonic)
38. 2. Partial seizures (focal epilepsy)
- Partial seizures with motor components
-Partial seizures with sensory components
- Partial seizures with complex symptoms
- Partial seizures that secondarily generalize
39. Diagnostic assessment
Assessment of a client experiencing seizures
involves:
- History: including, prenatal, birth, and
developmental history, family history, age of
seizure onset, trauma, illness and complete
description of seizure including precipitating
factors
- Psychosocial assessment, including mental
status examination - Complete physical
examination, including a detailed neurological
examination
- Skull radiographs
- EEG and CT scan to detect tumor
40. Medical management:
Medical management includes:
1- Eliminating factors that may cause or precipitate
seizures.
2- Improving the client’s physical and mental health
3 - Specific medical treatment, and Possible
surgical treatment.
The main focus in intervention for epilepsy is
preventing seizures from occurring
41. Drug treatment
Drug treatment include:
1. Phenobarbital 30 - 100 mg po/daily (for
grand mal epilepsy)
2. Phenytoin (dilantin) 100 mg po/day
3. Carbamazepine (tegretol)
Side effects of anti epileptic drugs include mental
dullness, ataxia, diplopia, hypertrophy of gums,
emotional and mental changes including
depression, irritability, impotence, withdrawal
seizures, if drug is not discontinued slowly
42. Nursing care help
the client identify factors that precipitate seizures
and ways of avoiding these factors. Such factors
include:
- Increased stress
- Lack of sleep
- Emotional upset and
- Alcohol use
43. Emotional effects of epilepsy
Clients with epilepsy often have a poor self-
image, they may experience:
- Feelings of inferiority
- Self-consciousness
- Guilt
-Anger
- Depression
44. Observation (assessment during the seizure
attacks): Nurses should make the following
observations during seizures:
Duration of the seizure (tonic clonic 30 - 60
seconds)
Were the seizure begun?
Did eyes deviate?
Were the respiration’s labored or frothy?
Was client incontinent?
Status epilepticus (persistent and uncontrollable
seizure).
45. Family education: The client's family needs to
know what to do for the client in the event of a
seizure, Nurses can advise the family about:
- Protecting the patient from self injury
- Loosening their clothing
- Protecting the patients head from impact and
sharp objects
- Not to restrain the patient forcibly during seizure.
- Not to insert hard object or finger in the mouth
- Position the patient to their side when the seizure
is over.