The dengue virus is an arbovirus transmitted by mosquitoes that causes dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever. It has four different serotypes and was first reported in Asia, Africa, and North America in 1780. The virus infects cells like phagocytes and targets tissues including the heart, liver, and brain. Symptoms of dengue hemorrhagic fever include fever, headache, vomiting blood, and plasma leakage. While there is no specific treatment, prevention efforts focus on eliminating mosquito breeding sites and repellents. Global warming and urbanization have contributed to the virus's spread to new areas, putting over 2.5 billion people at risk worldwide.

1. Dengue Virus
By: Inna Gnipp and
Hamza Iqbal

2. Dengue Declassified
 Family: Flaviviridae
 Genus: Flavivirus
 Species: Dengue virus

3. What is the Dengue Virus?
 Arbovirus
 Arthropod, Mosquito, born
 (Aedes aegypti)
 It is a pathogen that causes
 Dengue fever (DF)
 Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF)
 Can lead to Dengue shock syndrome (DSS)
 Has four different serotypes (DEN-1,2,3,4)
 First reported epidemics in 1780 in Asia, Africa,
and North America

4. Target tissues
 Dengue induces cytokine production in cells
 Cytotoxic factor effects endothelial cells
involved in most of the following:
 Heart
 Liver
 Kidneys
 Lungs
 Intestines
 Spleen
 Lymph nodes
 Brain
 Skin (inflammatory rashes)

5. Symptoms: DHF
 Fever
 Headache
 Muscle and joint pain
 Dehydration
 Nausea and/or Haematemesis (vomiting of blood)
 Epistaxis (Bleeding from the nose, mouth, or gums)
 Haematuria (Blood in Urine)
 Pain behind the eyes
 Plasma leakage
 Respiratory distress
 Petechia (Skin rash) and/or Purpura (Lesions)

6. Diagnostic tests
 Virus isolation by infection of mice using
infected mosquitoes
 Detection of IgM antibodies in the blood by
PCR or Viral isolation (Serology)
 ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunoabsorbent
assay)
 Thrombopenia
 Raised hematocrit

7. Pathogenesis and infection
process of Dengue
 Humans are initially infected through a mosquito vector
 Initial interaction with cell occurs with the viruses ability
to infect cell
 Primary target, Phagocytes
 Virus uses cell receptor molecule to enter cell
 Cell receptor molecules include:
 Glycosaminoglycan
 Heparan Sulfate (Expressed in almost all cell types)
 Virus replicates in target organs
 Infects white blood cells and lymphatic tissues
 Virus is released and circulates in blood
 Alternate mosquito then bites host and receives virus

9. Prevention:
There is no specific treatment
Relieving symptoms and
complications:
 Plasma volume replacement
 Sedatives for restless patients
 Blood transfusion with
patients with significant blood
loss
 Aspirin should be avoided
 All efforts of control are aimed
against mosquitoes
 Elimination of breeding areas
 Actions to prevent mosquito
bites (repellant, nets, and
vapors)
 Vaccinations are pending
 Problem is that the
vaccination needs to prevent
all four serotypes
Treatment:
DHF

10. Epidemiology
 Affects humans
 Is prominent in tropical environments
 Ideal for Mosquito habitats
What is promoting the disease?
 Global warming is causing climate changes which is
causing the disease to move to more environments
 (higher altitudes and amplitudes)
 More habitats for mosquitoes to thrive in
 Spread has been increased by urbanization and
population growth
 Inability of mosquito control in countries is also a major
factor

11. Morbidity and Mortality
 More than 2.5 Billion people live in areas
that have a risk of infection
 Over 100 million cases of Dengue
infection are reported each year globally
 500,000 cases pertain to DHF
 DHF has a 5% fatality rate for those
infected
 People at high risk are children and the
elderly

13. Bibliography
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