Board of directors is the decision-making organ in the organization that faces complex tasks
pertaining to strategic-issue processing. It comprises of directors from various backgrounds
hence face interaction difficulties that can prevent them from fulfilling their tasks. This study,
will investigate whether the board diversity influences CSR and firm reputation in Kenya. This
will capture the boards’ monitoring and resource provision abilities; and it will be in line with
Agency and resource dependency theories. The general objective to the study is to establish
whether board diversity influences firm’s CSR and corporate reputation in Kenya. There have
been studies on how board diversity on firm performance and CSR but no paper has been
published looking at the corporate reputation and more over concerning gender diversity on
boards in developing countries.The number of women in the board has a significant impact on
corporate social responsibility and corporate reputation. Women bring a number of strengths to
the board including an increased sensitivity to CSR and participative decision-making styles
and these benefits contribute to enhanced corporate responsibility strength ratings.This study
makes a theoretical contribution to the corporate governance literature by analysing board
diversity within the framework of two major theories Agency and Resource. This study also
makes a theoretical contribution to the diversity and governance literature by providing a better
understanding of the relationships between board gender, professional and experience diversity
andfirm’s CSR and reputation.This study will be beneficial to the management of corporations
and top management in decision making especially on the issue of SCR and the firm’s
reputation. It will also lay ground for more studies to be conducted in Kenya and other
developing nations.
CSR Practices by Private University-A Study on Leading University Sylhet, Ban...IOSRJBM
The main purpose of doing business for any organization is to earn profit. But only profit motive does not make a firm or organization long term sustainable. Now- a- day’s organization does not only busy with profit making but they are more concern for social development also. In that case as an institution education sector also not sit idle they are also involve in social development. They think themselves as a valuable member of the society. As are doing their business activities within the society and the entire stakeholder are from society, so it is impossible to ignore their contribution. The aim of this paper is to explore how academic institutions practices Corporate Social responsibilities in Bangladesh. For this Leading University has been chosen in this case because it does not only provide the quality education and fulfill the academic needs not only in Sylhet but also across the Sylhet. Leading university think along with providing quality education, social development is essential. In keeping with global evolution CSR has gained a lot of attention. It is one of the important mechanisms that affect society positively and develop relationship with stakeholders. CSR not only help leading university to gain the competitive advantages but also help to gain good image. As well as students also gain practical experience of their study of CSR course.
Managerial perceptions on corporate social responsibility in select companies...inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility on the Performance of Banks in Ken...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
CSR Practices by Private University-A Study on Leading University Sylhet, Ban...IOSRJBM
The main purpose of doing business for any organization is to earn profit. But only profit motive does not make a firm or organization long term sustainable. Now- a- day’s organization does not only busy with profit making but they are more concern for social development also. In that case as an institution education sector also not sit idle they are also involve in social development. They think themselves as a valuable member of the society. As are doing their business activities within the society and the entire stakeholder are from society, so it is impossible to ignore their contribution. The aim of this paper is to explore how academic institutions practices Corporate Social responsibilities in Bangladesh. For this Leading University has been chosen in this case because it does not only provide the quality education and fulfill the academic needs not only in Sylhet but also across the Sylhet. Leading university think along with providing quality education, social development is essential. In keeping with global evolution CSR has gained a lot of attention. It is one of the important mechanisms that affect society positively and develop relationship with stakeholders. CSR not only help leading university to gain the competitive advantages but also help to gain good image. As well as students also gain practical experience of their study of CSR course.
Managerial perceptions on corporate social responsibility in select companies...inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility on the Performance of Banks in Ken...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Analysis of the effects of economic corporate social responsibility on financ...inventionjournals
The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect economic corporate social responsibility on Financial performance. The study was guided by the following objectives: To analyze the effect of innovational CSR cost on financial performance, to examine the effect of social quality practices spending on financial performance ,to find out the effect of corporate entrepreneurship spending on financial performance and to examine the effect of financial literacy expenditure CSR on financial The study was guided by Stakeholders theory, Shareholder theory and Shareholder-Based Financial Performance theory. This study used quantitative research approaches. Quantitative research is generally associated. Collecting and converting data into numerical form so that statistical calculations can be made and conclusions drawn. This study will employ descriptive research design. The target population used was 100 and sampling procedure used was stratified. The study used primary (collected using questionnaires) and secondary data (trend analysis). To test the validity of the research instruments the questionnaires prepared and submitted to the supervisor and other research experts. In order to test the reliability of the instrument used in this study, the researcher used test retest method. Descriptive and inferential statistics method was used for data analysis and interpretation regression model was used to analyze the effect between variables. The study recommended that companies should ensure effective sustainability programs which include social responsibility, They should also ensure effective social programs are accomplished through cause-related marketing and corporate philanthropy, they should also create initiative which has beneficial relationship between the corporation and society, they should also should ensure corporate governance which is the framework of rules and practices by which a board of directors and embrace accountability, fairness, and transparency in a company's relationship with its stakeholders. For further research the study suggests that more studies should be done on economic social responsibility and corporate governance, economic social responsibility and financial literacy.
Corporate Social Responsibility and Profitability in the Banking Sector: The ...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
In this article, we explore the relationship between corporate social responsibility and profitability with particular reference to Ethiopian financial industry. In line with this, the paper investigated the practice of corporate social responsibility and its impact on profitability in two private banks in Ethiopia. The study used two sampling phases. The first one is to sample out the two banks among the sixteen private banks operated in the country and the second phase is to select number of respondents within the selected banks. According to National Bank of Ethiopia, (NBE, 2020) annual report among the sixteen private commercial banks operated in the country, six of them were operated in the industry for more than 20 years and two banks namely Dashen and United banks were randomly selected for the study. The study used questionnaires as an instrument for data collection and the Cronbach alpha test was used to test the reliability of the instrument. Correlation analysis was carried out to identify the nature of strength and direction of the relationship between the independent variables (philanthropic, ethical, legal and economic responsibilities) and the dependent variables (profitability), regression analysis was also employed to determine the degree in which the dependent variable can be predicated or explained from the independent variables. The finding reveals that ethical, philanthropic, legal and economic responsibilities of CSR dimension have a positive and significant impact on profitability of the banks. Furthermore, the overall finding of the study suggested that CSR practice of banks has a significant impact on the level of their profitability. The study recommends that banks should improve their efforts exerted towards their CSR practice in order to enhance their profitability.
The Impact of Corporate Sustainability on Organizational Processes and Perfor...Sustainable Brands
This 2011 report is a must-read for sustainability executives and a valuable go-to resource for engaging senior management in the benefits of sustainability integration.
Abstract
We investigate the effect of corporate sustainability on organizational processes and performance. Using a matched sample of 180 US companies, we find that corporations that voluntarily adopted sustainability policies by 1993 -- termed as High Sustainability companies -- exhibit by 2009, distinct organizational processes compared to a matched sample of firms that adopted almost none of these policies -- termed as Low Sustainability companies. We find that the boards of directors of these companies are more likely to be formally responsible for sustainability and top executive compensation incentives are more likely to be a function of sustainability metrics. Moreover, High Sustainability companies are more likely to have established processes for stakeholder engagement, to be more long-term oriented, and to exhibit higher measurement and disclosure of nonfinancial information. Finally, we provide evidence that High Sustainability companies significantly outperform their counterparts over the long-term, both in terms of stock market as well as accounting performance.
Task Environment and Organisational Responsiveness in Nigerian Banksijtsrd
The study examined the effect of organizational responsiveness on environmental challenges, with the core objective of ascertaining the responsiveness of the banks to environmental challenges in Nigeria. The survey study adapted a structured questionnaire to generate data that were analyzed using simple percentages and Pearson correlation analytical tools. Results showed that customers, competitors and suppliers are the major task environmental forces that influence the banks, while planning, forecasting, changing of domain and lobbying are measures through which the banks respond to the challenges of the task environment. The study concludes that all the task environment is a threat to the provision of financial services by banks in Nigeria. The study recommends that bank management should devise strategy that will take advantage of the opportunity and counter threats emanating from the environment, as well as set up mechanism for collecting relevant information and managing the dynamic nature of the environment. Umelue, Ogochukwu Gloria | Akwaeze, Alex Emeka ""Task Environment and Organisational Responsiveness in Nigerian Banks"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23833.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/operations-management/23833/task-environment-and-organisational--responsiveness-in-nigerian-banks/umelue-ogochukwu-gloria
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A Study on Linkage between Corporate Social Responsibility and Return on Net ...iosrjce
The purpose of the present paper is to study the linkage of CSR initiatives taken by the Indian
companies and its impact on their RONW. For this purpose, various financial parameters have been used like
Return on net worth, profit before tax and earning per share. Researchers have taken a sample of 5 private
companies namely Tata Steel Company, RIL, Mahindra & Mahindra, Infosys and Larsen and Toubro to
examine the relationship between corporate social responsibility and RONR by considering their financial
statement of five years (from March 2010 to March 2014). The logic behind to take such samples is that these
are big private key players with respect to Indian business. After getting all the data, an analysis on the
relationship between CSR and other financial parameters like EPS, PBT and RONR are tested by Regression
analysis and ANOVA. Irrespective of this general outcome, the current study depicts evidence that there is a
insignificant relationship between CSR and Return on Net Worth (RONR) in case of these companies.
FSIBL is an Islamic financial
institutions in Bangladesh that contributes
towards the development of the society
through CSR activities. In this report,
Carroll’s four parts model, ICSR model and
other relevant models are used in
analyzing and discussing the CSR practices
of FSIBL.
Essay on Gender Diversity in the Workplace
We Need Diversity in the Workplace Essay
Diversity in Workplace
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Why Is Diversity In The Workplace Important?
Diversity In The Workplace
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Diversity In The Workplace
Diversity In The Workplace
The Importance Of Diversity In The Workplace
Diversity in the Workplace Essay
Essay on Diversity in the Workplace
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Workplace Diversity In The Workplace
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Analysis of the effects of economic corporate social responsibility on financ...inventionjournals
The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect economic corporate social responsibility on Financial performance. The study was guided by the following objectives: To analyze the effect of innovational CSR cost on financial performance, to examine the effect of social quality practices spending on financial performance ,to find out the effect of corporate entrepreneurship spending on financial performance and to examine the effect of financial literacy expenditure CSR on financial The study was guided by Stakeholders theory, Shareholder theory and Shareholder-Based Financial Performance theory. This study used quantitative research approaches. Quantitative research is generally associated. Collecting and converting data into numerical form so that statistical calculations can be made and conclusions drawn. This study will employ descriptive research design. The target population used was 100 and sampling procedure used was stratified. The study used primary (collected using questionnaires) and secondary data (trend analysis). To test the validity of the research instruments the questionnaires prepared and submitted to the supervisor and other research experts. In order to test the reliability of the instrument used in this study, the researcher used test retest method. Descriptive and inferential statistics method was used for data analysis and interpretation regression model was used to analyze the effect between variables. The study recommended that companies should ensure effective sustainability programs which include social responsibility, They should also ensure effective social programs are accomplished through cause-related marketing and corporate philanthropy, they should also create initiative which has beneficial relationship between the corporation and society, they should also should ensure corporate governance which is the framework of rules and practices by which a board of directors and embrace accountability, fairness, and transparency in a company's relationship with its stakeholders. For further research the study suggests that more studies should be done on economic social responsibility and corporate governance, economic social responsibility and financial literacy.
Corporate Social Responsibility and Profitability in the Banking Sector: The ...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
In this article, we explore the relationship between corporate social responsibility and profitability with particular reference to Ethiopian financial industry. In line with this, the paper investigated the practice of corporate social responsibility and its impact on profitability in two private banks in Ethiopia. The study used two sampling phases. The first one is to sample out the two banks among the sixteen private banks operated in the country and the second phase is to select number of respondents within the selected banks. According to National Bank of Ethiopia, (NBE, 2020) annual report among the sixteen private commercial banks operated in the country, six of them were operated in the industry for more than 20 years and two banks namely Dashen and United banks were randomly selected for the study. The study used questionnaires as an instrument for data collection and the Cronbach alpha test was used to test the reliability of the instrument. Correlation analysis was carried out to identify the nature of strength and direction of the relationship between the independent variables (philanthropic, ethical, legal and economic responsibilities) and the dependent variables (profitability), regression analysis was also employed to determine the degree in which the dependent variable can be predicated or explained from the independent variables. The finding reveals that ethical, philanthropic, legal and economic responsibilities of CSR dimension have a positive and significant impact on profitability of the banks. Furthermore, the overall finding of the study suggested that CSR practice of banks has a significant impact on the level of their profitability. The study recommends that banks should improve their efforts exerted towards their CSR practice in order to enhance their profitability.
The Impact of Corporate Sustainability on Organizational Processes and Perfor...Sustainable Brands
This 2011 report is a must-read for sustainability executives and a valuable go-to resource for engaging senior management in the benefits of sustainability integration.
Abstract
We investigate the effect of corporate sustainability on organizational processes and performance. Using a matched sample of 180 US companies, we find that corporations that voluntarily adopted sustainability policies by 1993 -- termed as High Sustainability companies -- exhibit by 2009, distinct organizational processes compared to a matched sample of firms that adopted almost none of these policies -- termed as Low Sustainability companies. We find that the boards of directors of these companies are more likely to be formally responsible for sustainability and top executive compensation incentives are more likely to be a function of sustainability metrics. Moreover, High Sustainability companies are more likely to have established processes for stakeholder engagement, to be more long-term oriented, and to exhibit higher measurement and disclosure of nonfinancial information. Finally, we provide evidence that High Sustainability companies significantly outperform their counterparts over the long-term, both in terms of stock market as well as accounting performance.
Task Environment and Organisational Responsiveness in Nigerian Banksijtsrd
The study examined the effect of organizational responsiveness on environmental challenges, with the core objective of ascertaining the responsiveness of the banks to environmental challenges in Nigeria. The survey study adapted a structured questionnaire to generate data that were analyzed using simple percentages and Pearson correlation analytical tools. Results showed that customers, competitors and suppliers are the major task environmental forces that influence the banks, while planning, forecasting, changing of domain and lobbying are measures through which the banks respond to the challenges of the task environment. The study concludes that all the task environment is a threat to the provision of financial services by banks in Nigeria. The study recommends that bank management should devise strategy that will take advantage of the opportunity and counter threats emanating from the environment, as well as set up mechanism for collecting relevant information and managing the dynamic nature of the environment. Umelue, Ogochukwu Gloria | Akwaeze, Alex Emeka ""Task Environment and Organisational Responsiveness in Nigerian Banks"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23833.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/operations-management/23833/task-environment-and-organisational--responsiveness-in-nigerian-banks/umelue-ogochukwu-gloria
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A Study on Linkage between Corporate Social Responsibility and Return on Net ...iosrjce
The purpose of the present paper is to study the linkage of CSR initiatives taken by the Indian
companies and its impact on their RONW. For this purpose, various financial parameters have been used like
Return on net worth, profit before tax and earning per share. Researchers have taken a sample of 5 private
companies namely Tata Steel Company, RIL, Mahindra & Mahindra, Infosys and Larsen and Toubro to
examine the relationship between corporate social responsibility and RONR by considering their financial
statement of five years (from March 2010 to March 2014). The logic behind to take such samples is that these
are big private key players with respect to Indian business. After getting all the data, an analysis on the
relationship between CSR and other financial parameters like EPS, PBT and RONR are tested by Regression
analysis and ANOVA. Irrespective of this general outcome, the current study depicts evidence that there is a
insignificant relationship between CSR and Return on Net Worth (RONR) in case of these companies.
FSIBL is an Islamic financial
institutions in Bangladesh that contributes
towards the development of the society
through CSR activities. In this report,
Carroll’s four parts model, ICSR model and
other relevant models are used in
analyzing and discussing the CSR practices
of FSIBL.
Essay on Gender Diversity in the Workplace
We Need Diversity in the Workplace Essay
Diversity in Workplace
Diversity In The Workplace
Diversity In The Workplace
Why Is Diversity In The Workplace Important?
Diversity In The Workplace
Diversity In The Workplace
Diversity In The Workplace
Diversity In The Workplace
The Importance Of Diversity In The Workplace
Diversity in the Workplace Essay
Essay on Diversity in the Workplace
Diversity In The Workplace
Workplace Diversity In The Workplace
Diversity And Discrimination In The Workplace
Diversity In The Workplace
Diversity In The Workplace
Diversity In The Workplace
Diversity In The Workplace
With the increasing call for businesses to be commercially successful while achieving positive outcomes for society and the environment. HCLI explores what makes for exemplary leadership of sustainable businesses - and HR's role in making this a reality.
For HR Leaders that recognise that a strong purpose creates a better place to work, engages employees and attracts talent
Download the full report at: https://www.hcli.org/research/doing-well-and-doing-good-asia
Report- Impact of CSR on financial performance of the companyBindu Priya Pasham
A team of dedicated professionals from IIM Udaipur, Futurescape and Economic Times have worked on the CSR study of 2015 and has listed India’s top 100 companies for CSR in the year. The top 5 companies and the bottom top 4 companies of the list i.e. 95-99 companies will be considered. The financial data of those companies will be taken and ratios will be performed, so that we come to know whether CSR policy has benefited the companies financially or not.
There is an increasing call for businesses to be commercially successful while achieving positive outcomes for society and the environment. HCLI explores what makes for exemplary leadership of sustainable businesses.
For leaders who want practical insights to evolve their businesses with speed and scale - making the leap to being purpose-led, profitable and sustainable.
Download the full report at: https://www.hcli.org/research/doing-well-and-doing-good-asia
Running head: CSR BRIEF 1
2
CSR BRIEF
CSR BriefJared LinscombeMGT/426
December 6, 2017
Martin PayCSR Brief
Organizations can be responsible for the things that will affect the organization either internally or externally. Corporate Social Responsibility is a processed evaluation that initially aids the companies analyze and understand their responsibility to the society, customers, the surrounding as well as the staff of the organization. Walt Disney Company has grown to be the world largest entertainment and Information Company. In this “CSR Brief” summary, I will summarize Walt Disney Company culture. I will also display characteristics that have given Walt Disney Company the ability to be a learning organization as well as explain how Walt Disney Culture and learning organizational abilities support from a change initiative.
Review & Research
Culture is defined as the way people do things around here. It provides direction, whether intentional or in reality, on the things that should be done, how we should do them and as to why they are done that way. Culture pervades every firm, and it has the power to either sustain or wipe out even the most vital change strategies.
In the aftermath of the latest encounter regarding our organizational process, it was discovered that our organization was in fact utilizing the “Process” change model was it successful? In some ways I can say yes, and in others it was a communicational disaster. I can also truthfully state that having our delegation removed proved to be a lesson in not only humility but in Strategic Change, and once the decision was made the effects were swiftly and without recourse (Serrat, 2017).
Now that there are three other selected delegating agencies that will thoroughly review our departments’ decisions in the above three areas (personnel, contracting, technology). I then realized in that moment, our culture had changed.
My Company’s Ability as a Learning Organization
One may ask how you deal with such a drastic change. Was there a design model during this shift? And because we are all aware that creating a culture consist of various mindsets and attitude and behaviors (Serrat, 2017).
This change became not only a Power Culture but a Role Culture as well. Power cultures are known to be demanding of its leaders and its people within the organization. And the implementation of the Role Culture forced a non-existent collaboration among upper management and its leaders. And by doing so it did not allow a “processing time for staff and employees to process.
Did this Decision Support or Detract from a Change Initiative?
According to O’Connor (2017), “Firms need to change their structure in order for them to be able to accommodate internal expansions as well as have a chance to adjust and adapt to external factors,” I feel that this decision did indeed detract, meanin ...
Sugarcane Company’s performance has remained to be one of the challenging facts in the growing companies in Kenya today. The delays in harvesting operations are attributed to uncoordinated and unpredictable harvesting and transport schedules; and inefficiencies in mill operations. Therefore, the main aim of the study is to determine the influence of Sustainability Management Systems CSR on firm performance of selected sugarcane companies in Kenya. The study is guided by Corporate Social Performance Theory. This study used ex- post facto research design. Ex- post facto research design determines and reports the way things are. The target population was 528 employees. This study therefore sampled 228 respondents. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 10 managers, 24 supervisors, 38 accountants and 156 clerks from the 7 sugarcane companies because they have specific information concerning the effects of corporate social responsibility practice on firm performance of selected sugarcane companies in Kenya. Pilot study was done in order to test for validity and reliability of the research tools. The pilot study was done in Trans-Mara Sugar Company found in rift Valley region of Kenya. For inferential statistics, correlation and multiple regression was used for comparative analysis between frequencies of corporate social responsibility practice on firm performance. The study findings indicated that sustainability management systems have an effect on firm performance. The government will use this study in establishing policies that would ensure improvement in firm performance of sugarcane processing firms among other firms in Kenya. The study recommends that the companies should encourage sustainability management systems since sustainable management systems is an important mechanism for improving corporate sustainability performance. It can generate business value through measurement and management of sustainability risks and opportunities. The study recommends further researchers to study on corporate social responsibility strategy and financial performance of firms in Kenya which the study didn’t cover.
Communication Week 3Part One Answer question, roughly 100-150.docxclarebernice
Communication Week 3
Part One: Answer question, roughly 100-150 words, citing must be APA style
Explain the role of gender conversational rituals. Elaborate on the topic and share several ways you, or someone you know, has had to adapt to gender differences in communication (include examples).
Part Two: Answer question, citing must be APA style
1. Describe successful listening skills and process that can aid communication. How can these skills help you to become an effective leader in your workplace?
Your response should be at least 200 words in length.
2. List at least three ways leaders can work with people who are less argumentative and people who are highly argumentative to enhance work communication.
Your response should be at least 200 words in length.
3. Discuss the factors that affect responsiveness. Give an example of several responding strategies.
Your response should be at least 200 words in length.
4. What are some factors that affect an individual’s willingness to communicate? List at least three ways that leaders can work with a low willingness to communicate individual.
Your response should be at least 200 words in length.
From the milestone one, the plan of the changes in the workforce structure, tradition and culture of the organization arrived after a systematic research and considerations of the factors in human service delivery. The report addressed concerns regarding the growing concerns about the culture of the organization. Recommendations were made to pave the way for the retention of some of the managerial workforce and recruitments of new staffs on merit. The changes outlined in the plan report were as a result of the systemic plan to improve the organization working structure that would improve the human service delivery. The new structure will only remain relevant if all the staff and structure work towards achievements of the objectives outlined in the mission statement.
The research was conducted in various worlds’ leading companies and specifically on the Coca-cola company, Inc. Coca-cola is a private corporation. Nonetheless, its workforce structure was found as a relevant benchmark for any organization. According to the piece of the research work on structure and culture, it was observed that structuring an organization does not only involve organizing internal relationships but it also the external relationships too. This involves creating sustainable and reliable partners. About our agency, which offers human services, it would, therefore, be necessary to create a workable workforce and partners and volunteers that can steer the organization to higher scales. This involves looking for funding groups and donors and staff that can reach the final beneficiaries.
From a case study at Coca-cola Great Britain (which reflects the culture of The Coca-Cola Company as a whole), the greatest emphasis is on the teamwork and empowerment. That creates an important aspect of culture in an organization that sees it ...
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
THE INFLUENCE OF ORGANIZATIONAL INNOVATION CLIMATE, CORPORATE CULTURE AND TEA...indexPub
This research focuses on the influence of organizational innovation climate, corporate culture, and team synergy on the innovative leadership of sports instructors at a Chinese university. Sample sampling was used to select from the university population using a variety of probability-based random selection methods. The sample size was approximately 50 undergraduate sports instructors per facility, with ten percent of all professors chosen for in-depth interviews in a qualitative research study.
The Impact of Shared Values, Corporate Cultural Characteristics, and Implemen...CSCJournals
Firms' implementations of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) strategies have gained attention worldwide in recent years. Because engaging in CSR may impact the profitability from the resultant cost increases, firms often deliberate in the CSR decision-making process. When carrying out decisions, they may consider how social values can be created when pursuing economic interests. Corporate culture is a soft power that facilitates cohesion, enabling a firm to exhibit a common direction in its operations. Therefore, differences in corporate culture characteristics impact a firm's implementation of CSR activities and communication of related policies, which in turn affects the firm's competitiveness. This study used a questionnaire survey method to survey employees of firms listed in the 2015 and 2016 CSR Award List compiled by Common Wealth Magazine. Employees of firms listed in the "large enterprises," "medium-sized enterprises," and "little Giant" categories served as the research subjects. A total of 430 questionnaires were distributed, with each company receiving 3-5 questionnaires. Subsequently, 323 valid questionnaires were returned. Descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, and regression analysis were conducted to examine the effects of shared values, corporate cultural characteristics (CCC), and CSR activities on innovative behavior (IB). Results showed that strategic thinking of shared values had a significant and positive effect on CSR strategies, and different corporate cultural characteristics were significantly related to CSR strategies. Second, shared values, CCC, and CSR activities correlated positively with IB. indicating that the employees held a common consensus to include CSR in their firm's core operations in order to implement CSR through the strategic thinking of shared values and develop a sustainable corporate culture. Doing so enhances firms' competitiveness, creates social welfare, and instigate employees' innovative behavior.
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Organizations and their internal functions are incredibly dependent on the culture which they framed to align their business activities. Learning in organizations redefines the intentions and business processes of organizations. Therefore, religion is one of the strong determinants or evidence to estimate whether business activities are running on a safe platform or not. But culture will not be the same at all because culture will get influenced by the ideologies, values, beliefs, strategies, and other business aspects. In which leaders tend to run their organizations to reach markets effectively, improve their sales, and achieve core objectives. However, there are four kinds of organizational culture in which each has its significance.
Clan culture
Clan culture is a kind of nature in which organizations that have adopted that culture will tend to nourish and improve the abilities of employees and individuals. It strongly reflects that such organizations believe in the development of organizations through personal interests and efforts. The primary domain of this culture is "accomplishing things together and combined efforts".
Adhocracy culture
Organizations relied on such kinds of cultural values that are likely to take up risks and explore things to create innovations to reach markets with the first of its kind products. The main motive is to " design and implement things first".
Market culture
Most organizations have adopted a market-oriented culture in which organizations trade their outcomes to people who are in need. The ultimate motive of this culture is to get the assigned job done" (Burcu Guneri Cangarli, 2012).
Hierarchy culture
Companies which are having a hierarchical structure of culture are very likely to control business operations with contained and focused strategies. The more if such cultured organizations are to "do things rightfully".
The common assumptions regarding culture are to be right to their rules and the company's regulations, whereas more deep-seated cultural assumptions are associated with the core business objectives. It can be explained that achieving business objectives by attaining customer satisfaction is one of the exams to reflect that (Gabriel, 2015).
References
Burcu Guneri Cangarli. (2012). Multidimensionality of organizational culture and its relationship with bureaucratic, market, clan and output control in MNCS. African journal of business management, 6(6). https://doi.org/10.5897/ajbm11.615
Gabriel, K. (2015). Organizational Development, Organizational Culture and Organizational Change. SSRN Electronic Journal.https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2686104
2nd one :
Organizational issues are the most common obstacles that often stifle organizations to perform their activities smoothly. Leaders are accountable to eradicate these problems and facilitate employees to continue their work and efforts. But a comm.
Buyer supplier development is important to organizations in management of contracts by minimizing operation costs in order to increase firm performance. However, the increasing number of complaints regarding failed attempts to deliver goods and services at the right time has made it impossible for some governmental projects to be completed at the stipulated time. Therefore, the study sought to assess the effect of supplier buyer development on performance of contract management unit in Uasin Gishu County Government.
School effectiveness-and-improvement-contribution-of-teacher-qualification-to...oircjournals
School examination results the world over are arguably the most important measure of perceived success or failure of a candidate. It has been pointed out by the Nyanza Provincial Education Board that the province’s performance in examinations and the quality of education in general is unsatisfactory and inadequate.
The ways in which drama is used today may differ in a number of respects from the ways it has been used in the past. This study was designed to investigate the influence of instructional drama on the development of ECDE learners in Elgeyo Marakwet County. The study was guided by Piaget’s Cognitive development theory and utilized a cross-sectional descriptive survey research design.
An assessment-of-the-gender-in-general-and-trousers-for-women-in-particularoircjournals
The Bible is the standard for Christianity yet the scriptures do not seem to give a normative direction in matters of dressing in general and women’s attire in particular. The main objective of this paper was to examine the Biblical teaching on dressing in general, and for women in particular. The literature review was carried out using themes drawn from the objective. The study was guided by the liberal feminism theory. This theory was used to establish if there were individual rights and equal opportunities as a basis for social justice and reform in Church.
School learning resources are arguably one of the
most important influencers of students’ scores in
national examinations and hence affect each
individual school’s effectiveness. It had been pointed
out by the Nyanza Provincial Education Board that
the province’s performance in examinations and the
quality of education in general is unsatisfactory and
inadequate. A confidential document entitled the State
of Education in Nyanza Province points out factors
such as inadequate physical facilities, as one of the
factors impacting negatively on school performance in the province. The study sought to investigate the perceived
contribution of school learning resources on students’ scores
Influence of budgetary allocation on performance of youth group project in th...oircjournals
The need to empower youth for a better tomorrow is connected both, to the financial elevation as well as increment of the standard of living. Therefore, the study sought to establish the influence of budgetary allocation on performance of youth group project in the county government of Uasin Gishu. The study was guided by budget theory. The study employed the use of survey design in order to accomplish the research objectives. The accessible population for the study was 375 representatives of different youth groups and 65 officials of devolved fund initiative in Uasin Gishu County. Sample size was computed using the Fishers formula. Proportionate sampling was applied to select respondents. The researcher employed the use of questionnaire and interview schedule to collect data from participants. This study used descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics were done using frequency percentages, means and standard deviation of each variable. The coefficient of variation were used where data were skewed. Correlation and regression were used to show the relationship between the dependent variable and the whole group of independent variables. The results of the study were presented using Tables and figures. The study found that budgetary allocation has a positive and a significant influence on performance of youth group project in the county government of Uasin Gishu (β1=0.154, p<0.05). The study concluded that the amount disbursed to youths is equally distributed and done in time. Funds disbursements are based on projects types and the youth can compete competitively by accessing enough amount of money to finance their businesses. The study recommends that the training programs on entrepreneurship should be enhanced and be made compulsory before the group is funded. This will ensure that the youth will be able to make the right decision on investments as well as on proper accounting of their financial resources.
School effectiveness-and-improvement-contribution-of-teacher-qualification-to...oircjournals
School examination results the world over are arguably the most important measure of perceived success or failure
of a candidate. It has been pointed out by the Nyanza Provincial Education Board that the province’s performance in
examinations and the quality of education in general is unsatisfactory and inadequate. The paper sought to determine
the contribution of teacher qualification to students’ scores. The study adopted the Theory of Organisational Climate
which defines organisational climate as the human environment within which an organization’s employees do their
work. A case study and survey design was used. Purposive sampling was used to identify the four schools under study
and form three students. Simple random sampling was used to select the respondents of the study. Data was analyzed
using both qualitative and quantitative using descriptive statistics in particular percentages and means. The study
found that teachers’ qualifications affect teaching ability while knowledge of teachers’ subject was among the major
teacher factors contributing to students’ academic achievements.
Land use-cover-trends-climate-variability-nexus-in-the-njoro-river-catchmentoircjournals
Anthropogenic activities have consequences on the land use/cover trends in the watershed and subsequently on the hydrological characteristics of rivers through intertwine of climate variability. The interplay between land use changes and climate variability are seen as contributory causes of catchment degradation in Kenya. The land use/cover changes increase impervious ground surfaces, decrease infiltration rate and increase runoff rate thereby affecting the hydrological characteristics of rivers. This study considers the interactions between climate variability and land use/cover changes in the river Njoro catchment in Kenya. The River Njoro drains into the lake Nakuru basin one of the Great Rift Valley Lakes in Kenya. The objectives of the study were: To evaluate the land-use and land cover patterns and changes in Njoro River catchment between 1996 and 2016, analyze the temperature and rainfall variations between 1996 and 2016 and compare the land use/cover changes with the variation in the rainfall and temperature. Landsat images and secondary data on water quality parameters were used in this study. The study showed that there was significant variation in rainfall and temperature trends in the Njoro river catchment and therefore the dynamics of land use/land cover in the river Njoro would be more attributed to anthropogenic activities than climate variability.
Educational achievement is a significant indicator of children’s wellbeing and future life opportunities. It can predict growth potential and economic viability of a country. While this is an ideal situation for all children, the case may be different for orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) due to the psychosocial challenges they go through on a daily basis. It is even worse for children attending public primary schools in Kenya. This paper aims to advance a debate on the relationship between psychosocial support and educational support provided for OVC through a critical engagement on the challenges experienced and the intervention measures to be taken in Kenyan public primary schools context. The study is based on the critical review of related literature materials. Findings suggest that, although the Kenyan government has put mechanisms in place to support OVC attain basic education, numerous challenges are found to be hindering some OVC from attaining quality education. Based on the findings, the paper recommends that there is need for various interventions to address psychosocial needs of orphans and children attending primary schools.
This rapid assessment examines the literature on social protection to determine the gender considerations made in social protection research and the gendered areas of future research in the field. This review was conducted between May and August 2018. Electronic databases were searched to identify records that were published in English between the period of 2008 and 2018. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they were empirical and had both the search terms ‘social’ and ‘protection’ or their various combinations, appearing in the titles of the articles. Grey literature, reports and other non-academic writings were excluded as only empirical studies were eligible. Twelve studies were reviewed and synthesised. The results of this study show that social protection research makes gender considerations and most of the social protection interventions were protective, preventive or promotive measures. Future studies should therefore explore transformative social protection with respect to gender equality and partly because gendered social protection is poorly developed. This rapid review also affirms that despite criticisms, social protection continues to be valuable in addressing poverty and inequalities. However, against this backdrop it is worth noting that social protection is not a panacea and its gender considerations are necessary only to the extent that they do not exacerbate inequalities.
Evidence of gender inequality and bias is all around us. Workplace prejudice has been found to affect workers’ salaries and career progression. Fighting gender stereotypes and prejudice by employers makes good business sense and in many countries, it's a legal obligation. This study aimed at investigating three factors believed to influence gender equality at the workplace. These included culture, distribution of resources and interpersonal relations. Five select medium sized public and private sector organizations based in Meru County were investigated. Each select organization employed over 100 workers .A total of 102 ordinary workers were randomly selected to participate in the study. Interviews and questionnaires were used as the main data collection tools. The study observed that women are more discriminated at the workplace. Culture plays a key role in perpetuating gender imbalance at the workplace due to men being dominant while women have been subordinate in the society. Further, outdated beliefs and separate gender roles have been responsible for holding women back. On distribution of resources, women were found to be under-represented in major decision making organs in the organization and suffered unequal access to economic resources .However cases of pay based on gender were negligible. Regarding interpersonal relations, the study observed that cases of sexual harassment play a key role in advancing gender inequality. The study noted that gender inequality at the workplace was responsible for cases of hostile working atmosphere, worker conflicts, harassment of subordinates by superiors, low productivity and slow growth of the organization. Various solutions to gender discrimination were recommended by the study. These include enforcing affirmative action in areas where there exists high discrimination against one gender. Individual organizations should invest in education, sensitization and mentorship programs to champion gender equality. Further, the government should enact more laws to prohibit gender discrimination practices. Organizations need to develop internal policies that punish offenders of gender discrimination and enforce a policy of equal-pay-for –equal work.
The fourth schedule of the Kenyan constitution (2010) places Pre-Primary education and child care facilities under the County government. To effectively execute this role, County governments in Kenya need to put in place appropriate policy frame-work to govern this programme of education. The purpose of this study was to investigate the utilization of media resources policy that affect management of public ECDE centers in Elgeyo-Marakwet County. A descriptive survey research design was adopted and the systems theory guided this study. The study targeted 573 head-teachers, 1146 ECDE teachers and 5 ECDE officials in the county. Random sampling was used to select 521 respondents of whom, 172 were head teachers, 344 were ECDE teachers and all the 5 ECDE officials were purposely sampled. The data was collected using questionnaires, interview schedule and observation checklist. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and the findings presented using frequency tables. The study found that infrastructure in the ECDE centers are of low quality and needs concerted efforts between the County Government and the National Government to improve the learning facilities as well as the physical facilities in the ECDE centers. The study established that there was a significant relationship between utilization of infrastructure, teaching and learning resources policy and the management of public ECDE centers in Elgeyo-Marakwet County ( 푥2=768.807, df=81 and sig=0.000). There should also be deliberate efforts to ensure that all ECDE centers have facilities which can be used by children with special needs or disabilities. The learning compound should be made secure for the leaners and the teachers by constructing fences around the facilities. The county government in collaboration with the national government should avail more physical infrastructure, operationalize the school feeding program in all ECDE centers.
Contract management practice is a vital aspect in any organization that intends to gain a competitive advantage and value for money. In public organizations, every year a major portion of budget allocation is given for procurement of goods and services for various kinds of projects to be done. The study focused on the effect of monitoring intensity on procurement performance of public organizations in Elgeyo Marakwet County. The study was guided by relational contract theory and principal-agent theory. It adopted a descriptive study design utilizing questionnaires as the primary data collection tool. The staff from finance and procurement departments in the County government formed the study’s unit of analysis. The sample for the study was procurement officers and finance officers. It also adopted census sampling on all the target respondents. A pilot study was done in Uasin Gishu County Government. The computer programme Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0 aided in data analysis. Data was analyzed using Quantitative data analysis with both descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics like frequencies, percentages, means and cross tabulation will be used while multiple regressions will be used to test the hypothesis. Presentation of finding done using questionnaires which was coded, organized, analyzed and presented using frequency tables, and percentages. The study found that the organization was able to practice monitoring intensity with the view to enhance procurement performance. The results established a positive but weak correlation between the variables (P= 0.288, r=.057). The strength of association was weak. The study concluded that monitoring intensity was a factor that influences procurement performance in organizations. However it was noted that other factors were needed to support this practice. It was recommended that contractors should be allocated with the right amount of resources to complete the projects assigned to them.
The influence-of-monitoring-and-evaluation-on-water-project-performance-in-mi...oircjournals
In a 2010 study by World Bank, it was evidenced that people lack proper services because systems fail, often because not enough resources are invested to appropriately build and maintain them, and also because of the stress that the fast growing population places on the existing infrastructure. According to Migori county report card in 2016, it was established that there was lack of continuity in water projects commenced and that construction of water projects does not help if they fail after a short time. This study analyzed the influence of community participation on water project performance in Migori County. The study specifically; examined influence of communication, management skill, technology and monitoring and evaluation on water project performance. The conceptualization of the study was guided by Resource dependence, the theory of Change, System theory and the Theory of Constraints. The study applied descriptive approach through survey design. The target population comprised of 228 stakeholders and water service company staffs working on water project in Migori County. The sample size of the study was 145 respondents arrived at using a 1967 Taro Yamane’s formula of sample size determination. Data analysis was done by descriptive statistics. The study revealed that monitoring and evaluation is statistically significant influence on water project performance (β=0.152, p<0.05). The study concluded that project managers have adequate and experience in project management. Projects have clear documentation and the company has project progress reports. The study recommends that county government should empower project managers at County levels to improve planning and implementation towards the goal of sustaining water projects benefits, Non-Governmental Organizations to evaluate the performance and sustainability of water projects vis a vis the community participation at all stages of the project cycle.
Stakeholder analysis is component in a project design and implementation central to achievement of the goals and objectives for which projects are carried out. This study aimed at establishing the effect of stakeholder analysis on performance of road construction projects in Elgeyo Marakwet County. The study was anchored on Stakeholder Theory. The study population comprised of 19338 individuals who included employees of the county working within the road sector, personnel within various road construction agencies, contractors and community beneficiaries of the project. Stratified random sampling was then used to group individuals into two homogenous groups, one working directly with the project and the other of beneficiaries. Proportionate random sampling technique was then employed to sample 103 respondents in the first group who included Managers (4), County government employees (29), KURA (6), KenHA (6), KERRA (13) and Contractors (45). Simple random sampling was adopted to select 377 respondents from the community. Data collection instruments were self-administered questionnaires for personnel working directly with the project. On the other hand research assistants facilitated focused group discussions to get views from the community stakeholders. Both descriptive and inferential statistics informed the data analysis and presentation. Descriptive statistics included; percentages, means, standard and deviation. Inferential statistics was Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and multiple ordinal regression equation analysis. Statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS 23.0) software helped in data analysis. The study found out that stakeholder analysis had significant effect on performance of road construction projects (β3=0.203, P <0.05) on performance of road construction projects in Elgeyo Marakwet. The study recommends county Government should develop blueprints to guide road contractors in road project activities. Hence establish a favourable environment for implementations of road projects.
Contract management practice is a vital aspect in any organization that intends to gain a competitive advantage and value for money. In public organizations, every year a major portion of budget allocation is given for procurement of goods and services for various kinds of projects to be done. The study focused on the effect of monitoring intensity on procurement performance of public organizations in Elgeyo Marakwet County. The study was guided by relational contract theory and principal-agent theory. It adopted a descriptive study design utilizing questionnaires as the primary data collection tool. The staff from finance and procurement departments in the County government formed the study’s unit of analysis. The sample for the study was procurement officers and finance officers. It also adopted census sampling on all the target respondents. A pilot study was done in Uasin Gishu County Government. The computer programme Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0 aided in data analysis. Data was analyzed using Quantitative data analysis with both descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics like frequencies, percentages, means and cross tabulation will be used while multiple regressions will be used to test the hypothesis. Presentation of finding done using questionnaires which was coded, organized, analyzed and presented using frequency tables, and percentages. The study found that the organization was able to practice monitoring intensity with the view to enhance procurement performance. The results established a positive but weak correlation between the variables (P= 0.288, r=.057). The strength of association was weak. The study concluded that monitoring intensity was a factor that influences procurement performance in organizations. However it was noted that other factors were needed to support this practice. It was recommended that contractors should be allocated with the right amount of resources to complete the projects assigned to them.
Building information-modeling-and-construction-projects-performance-the-effec...oircjournals
In most of the construction projects, there is always an element of running into delays in project completion time, costs overruns from variations and associated time overruns, lack of satisfying client requirements, clashes on site during construction – just to mention a few. Building Information Modelling (BIM) is being used to solve most of these challenges that pose such risks to a project. The study looked the effect of scheduling on performance of project constructions in Uasin Gishu County. The study targeted a population of 197 respondents who constitute of Technical staff and Non - technical staff. The study used census research design. Questionnaires were used to collect information from respondents. In order to ascertain reliability of the research instruments, the researcher piloted the instruments by distributing 30 questionnaires to respondents from Uasin Gishu County Government selected randomly from the various sections, which were not be part of the county to be sampled for this study. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse the data. Descriptive statistics included frequency, percentages, means, standard deviation and frequency distribution. Inferential statistics used was correlation and linear regression. The study found out that there was a significant and positive effect of project scheduling on construction projects performance Uasin Gishu County Government (β=0.198; p<0.05). The study concluded that proper project scheduling leads to an increased project performance risk management plays an important role in project management because without it project managers cannot define their objectives for future and project monitoring plays a vital role in project manager’s decision making processes since it helps project managers and their teams to foresee potential risks and obstacles that if left unaddressed could derail the project. The study recommends that the County Government should continue with good practices of ensuring resources are allocated with good practices of ensuring resources are allocated to projects from interception until closure.
Irrigation projects are among vital income generating activities as they enhance food security, create employment opportunities, improve nutritional status of a nation and result to good health in the society. Poor performance of the existing public irrigation schemes is an emerging issue of concern since it slows the irrigation transition process. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of stakeholder communication on performance of Kabonon-Kapkamak irrigation project. The study utilized stakeholder theory. The study employed a descriptive survey research design targeting all employees of irrigation projects in Kenya. Accessible population of 301was subjected to stratified random sampling to obtain a sample size of 185 respondents which are project manager 1, farmers 165, Ministry of Agriculture officials 5 and National Irrigation Board Representatives 14. Primary data was collected using a questionnaire and interview schedule. Pilot study was done to test validity and reliability of research instrument at Perkerra irrigation scheme in Baringo County. Content validity was used as a validity test while reliability was tested using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.A multiple regression model was used to measure independent variables against the dependent variable. The study found out that stakeholder communication (β1=0.257; p<0.05 positively and significantly influence irrigation project performance. The findings of this study are expected to provide a basis for formulating irrigation project implementation policies by the government and management practices by other institutions. The academic community will benefit from the results of the study as it will serve as a reference point on empirical data pertaining to stakeholder involvement and also to identify areas for further study. In addition, the study findings are expected to guide Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) wishing to implement stakeholder involvement strategy in enhancing performance of irrigation projects.
Majority of SMEs collapse because they operate in business environment which is highly turbulent characterized by external factors as well as internal business factors. The study therefore sought to establish the effect of effect of product creation strategy on performance of small and medium enterprises in Eldoret town. The study was guided by Balanced Scorecard Theory. This study adopted descriptive research design. The target population of the study was 2,391 registered SMEs according to Uasin Gishu County government records and accessible population was 1764 respondents. The sample size for the respondents was therefore be 315. The study used questionnaires as the main tool for collecting data. The data collected was analyzed by using the excel program and Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 23. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, frequencies, percentages and standard derivation and inferential statistics which include correlation and multiple regressions. Data was presented by use of frequency tables, charts and graphs. The study findings a positive and significant effect of product creation strategy on small and medium enterprises in Eldoret Town (β=0.476, p<0.05). The study will be of benefit to management of medium enterprises and other organizations in understanding the challenges they would encounter when implementing various strategies and be able to come up with better ways of dealing with these challenges so as to be successful in their strategies. The study would be of importance to future researchers and scholars since it would be a source of material for their research and would also help them in identifying the research gaps they need to fill.
There has been growing concerns about the fact that African media has failed to commit itself to ensuring that the gender question becomes a standard of measure for press freedom and access to information on the continent. The use of the female body as a mere decoration or as an attention-getting device diminishes women's self-esteem and ignores other aspects of women's personality, their human potential and contributions to economic empowerment for development. Women are underrepresented in political, social and economic reporting; this results in limiting the freedom of expression caused by self-censorship by a male dominated industry. It is a cause of concern on the portrayal of women in household-related roles, mostly in advertisements for household products, particularly because of the repetitiousness of the housewife image. The media does not fully recognize the dynamism that women display in the economic, cultural and social lives of their communities through their associations and informal networks channeled into creating new models of participation and leadership. This paper therefore explores the need for positive women access and use of the media for economic empowerment in Africa; it examines the challenges facing the portrayal of women in the media and makes recommendations on how increase women's representation in decision-making structures in media houses and develop structures and frameworks for gender mainstreaming based on laws and policies for sustained economic empowerment of women. This paper explores secondary data from text books, and journals to conclude that, without meaningful commitment in the form of policy changes and the provision of resources to address women conditions and involvement in the media representation; Africa cannot hope to see a breakthrough in its development and renewal. It recommends that, greater awareness and supportive environment needs to be enhanced by the media for women to be more self-reflective and have a greater awareness of their own weaknesses, challenges, strengths and opportunities. Women should be exposed to more in-depth training and development to gain not only knowledge and skills but also wisdom in order to be authentic leaders with integrity. Also, there should be is an urgent need to increase the knowledge and ability of mass media professionals to create more awareness on gender issues.
MRS PUNE 2024 - WINNER AMRUTHAA UTTAM JAGDHANEDK PAGEANT
Amruthaa Uttam Jagdhane, a stunning woman from Pune, has won the esteemed title of Mrs. India 2024, which is given out by the Dk Exhibition. Her journey to this prestigious accomplishment is a confirmation of her faithful assurance, extraordinary gifts, and profound commitment to enabling women.
Care Instructions for Activewear & Swim Suits.pdfsundazesurf80
SunDaze Surf offers top swimwear tips: choose high-quality, UV-protective fabrics to shield your skin. Opt for secure fits that withstand waves and active movement. Bright colors enhance visibility, while adjustable straps ensure comfort. Prioritize styles with good support, like racerbacks or underwire tops, for active beach days. Always rinse swimwear after use to maintain fabric integrity.
Have you ever wondered about the lost city of Atlantis and its profound connection to our modern world? Ruth Elisabeth Hancock’s podcast, “Visions of Atlantis,” delves deep into this intriguing topic in a captivating conversation with Michael Le Flem, author of the enlightening book titled “Visions of Atlantis.” This podcast episode offers a thought-provoking blend of historical inquiry, esoteric wisdom, and contemporary reflections. Let’s embark on a journey of discovery as we unpack the mysteries of ancient civilizations and their relevance to our present existence.
La transidentité, un sujet qui fractionne les FrançaisIpsos France
Ipsos, l’une des principales sociétés mondiales d’études de marché dévoile les résultats de son étude Ipsos Global Advisor “Pride 2024”. De ses débuts aux Etats-Unis et désormais dans de très nombreux pays, le mois de juin est traditionnellement consacré aux « Marches des Fiertés » et à des événements festifs autour du concept de Pride. A cette occasion, Ipsos a réalisé une enquête dans vingt-six pays dressant plusieurs constats. Les clivages des opinions entre générations s’accentuent tandis que le soutien à des mesures sociétales et d’inclusion en faveur des LGBT+ notamment transgenres continue de s’effriter.
The Fascinating World of Bats: Unveiling the Secrets of the Nightthomasard1122
The Fascinating World of Bats: Unveiling the Secrets of the Night
Bats, the mysterious creatures of the night, have long been a source of fascination and fear for humans. With their eerie squeaks and fluttering wings, they have captured our imagination and sparked our curiosity. Yet, beyond the myths and legends, bats are fascinating creatures that play a vital role in our ecosystem.
There are over 1,300 species of bats, ranging from the tiny Kitti's hog-nosed bat to the majestic flying foxes. These winged mammals are found in almost every corner of the globe, from the scorching deserts to the lush rainforests. Their diversity is a testament to their adaptability and resilience.
Bats are insectivores, feeding on a vast array of insects, from mosquitoes to beetles. A single bat can consume up to 1,200 insects in an hour, making them a crucial part of our pest control system. By preying on insects that damage crops, bats save the agricultural industry billions of dollars each year.
But bats are not just useful; they are also fascinating creatures. Their ability to fly in complete darkness, using echolocation to navigate and hunt, is a remarkable feat of evolution. They are also social animals, living in colonies and communicating with each other through a complex system of calls and body language.
Despite their importance, bats face numerous threats, from habitat destruction to climate change. Many species are endangered, and conservation efforts are necessary to protect these magnificent creatures.
In conclusion, bats are more than just creatures of the night; they are a vital part of our ecosystem, playing a crucial role in maintaining the balance of nature. By learning more about these fascinating animals, we can appreciate their importance and work to protect them for generations to come. So, let us embrace the beauty and mystery of bats, and celebrate their unique place in our world.
Johnny Depp Long Hair: A Signature Look Through the Yearsgreendigital
Johnny Depp, synonymous with eclectic roles and unparalleled acting prowess. has also been a significant figure in fashion and style. Johnny Depp long hair is a distinctive trademark among the various elements that define his unique persona. This article delves into the evolution, impact. and cultural significance of Johnny Depp long hair. exploring how it has contributed to his iconic status.
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Introduction
Johnny Depp is an actor known for his chameleon-like ability to transform into a wide range of characters. from the eccentric Captain Jack Sparrow in "Pirates of the Caribbean" to the introspective Edward Scissorhands. His long hair is one constant throughout his evolving roles and public appearances. Johnny Depp long hair is not a style choice but a significant aspect of his identity. contributing to his allure and mystique. This article explores the journey and significance of Johnny Depp long hair. highlighting how it has become integral to his brand.
The Early Years: A Budding Star with Signature Locks
1980s: The Rise of a Young Heartthrob
Johnny Depp's journey in Hollywood began in the 1980s. with his breakout role in the television series "21 Jump Street." During this time, his hair was short, but it was already clear that Depp had a penchant for unique and edgy styles. By the decade's end, Depp started experimenting with longer hair. setting the stage for a lifelong signature.
1990s: From Heartthrob to Icon
The 1990s were transformative for Johnny Depp his career and personal style. Films like "Edward Scissorhands" (1990) and "Benny & Joon" (1993) saw Depp sporting various hair lengths and styles. But, his long, unkempt hair in "What's Eating Gilbert Grape" (1993) began to draw significant attention. This period marked the beginning of Johnny Depp long hair. which became a defining feature of his image.
The Iconic Roles: Hair as a Character Element
Edward Scissorhands (1990)
In "Edward Scissorhands," Johnny Depp's character had a wild and mane that complemented his ethereal and misunderstood persona. This role showcased how long hair Johnny Depp could enhance a character's depth and mystery.
Captain Jack Sparrow: The Pirate with Flowing Locks
One of Johnny Depp's iconic roles is Captain Jack Sparrow from the "Pirates of the Caribbean" series. Sparrow's long, dreadlocked hair symbolised his rebellious and unpredictable nature. The character's look, complete with beads and trinkets woven into his hair. was a collaboration between Depp and the film's costume designers. This style became iconic and influenced fashion trends and Halloween costumes worldwide.
Other Memorable Characters
Depp's long hair has also been featured in other roles, such as Ichabod Crane in "Sleepy Hollow" (1999). and Roux in "Chocolat" (2000). In these films, his hair added a layer of authenticity and depth to his characters. proving that Johnny Depp with long hair is more than a style—it's a storytelling tool.
Off-Screen Influenc
2. good reputation enhances a firm’s ability to
attract job applicants (Gatewood et al.,
1993). Reputation affects employee
retention as employees who feel their
company is well regarded by external
groups have higher job satisfaction and a
lower intention to leave their organizations
3. (Riordan et. al., 1997). A positive reputation
also enhances corporate branding; enabling
a company to use its brand equity to launch
new products and enter new markets
(Dowling, 2006). Reputation can positively
affect financial performance, institutional
investment, and share price.
The board of directors is a key governance
function that links the organization to its
institutional context, boards transcend and
span organizational boundaries by
providing access to external resources,
information, and demands (Hillman &
Dalziel, 2003; Walls & Hoffman, 2012).
The role of women in board positions is
getting increased attention (Daily et al.,
2000; Vinnicombe et al., 2008; Terjesen et al.,
2009). Many proposals for governance
reform explicitly stress the importance of
gender diversity in the boardroom.
In the UK, the Higgs (2003) report,
commissioned by the British Department of
Trade and Industry, argues that diversity
could enhance board effectiveness and
specifically recommends that firms draw
more actively from professional groups in
which women are better represented. In
Kenya even formal laws requiring female
representation on corporate boards have
been introduced. Most of these legislative
initiatives are based on the view that the
presence of women on boards could affect
the governance of companies in significant
ways. One argument is that boards could
enhance their effectiveness by tapping
broader talent pools for their directors.
However, research has failed to establish a
convincing case for the presence of women
on corporate boards of directors. As a
result, more studies are needed on the
effects of women directors on board
decision-making and effectiveness. Another
argument is that, because they do not
belong to the ‘‘old boys club,’’ female
directors could more closely correspond to
the concept of the independent director
emphasized in theory
In this article, we propose to explore how
on boards of directors the diversity of board
resources and the number of women on
boards affect firms’ corporate social
responsibility (CSR) ratings, and how, in
turn, CSR influences corporate reputation.
With the increased public scrutiny around
boardsand corporate governance, one
expects board composition to affect
corporate reputation, especially when it
comes to characteristics such as the
diversity of board resources and board
gender composition. However, whether and
how diversityof board resources (e.g.,
professional backgrounds ofdirectors)
affects corporate reputation is an
understudiedquestion that we propose to
address here.
Furthermore, the mechanisms through
which diversity of board resources and
gender composition affect reputation have
received limited attention. Studies that
evaluate a direct relationship between
board gender composition and firm’s
outcomes (e.g., reputation) usually assume
that board gender composition acts as a
signal (e.g., the value firms place on hiring,
retaining, and advancing women) which
directly influences outside evaluators (e.g.,
investors, influential business magazines).
However, it is also likely that gender
composition and diversity of board
resources affect firms’ social performance,
which, in turn, bolsters their reputation.
Building on the study of Mattingly and
30| P a g e
4. Berman (2006), we view CSR in terms of
institutional strength and technical strength.
CSR in Kenya
Kenya faces unique economic, cultural,
social, and environmental challenges that
Influence CSR practices (Muthuri & Gilbert,
2011). The idea that business is a part of
society, and therefore has community and
national responsibilities, is an established
art of Kenya’s culture and traditions. It is
anchored in the premise that business
cannot thrive in an environment where a
community is languishing in problems; that
is to say, business survives by ensuring that
the community thrives.
In Kenya, the causes that receive the highest
attention are: health and medical provision;
donations directed to education and
training; HIV/AIDs; agriculture and food
security (Forstater et al., 2010) as well as
sports.
Environmental concern is gaining
momentum in Kenya, however, owing to
increased international attention. So,
companies in Kenya are engaging in
environmental CSR (Tarus, 2015). For
instance, Safaricom organizes Lewa
international marathon annually, and
collects money towards forest conservation.
There are no strong institutions to guide
CSR engagement in Kenya (Muthuri &
Gilbert, 2011) this is because of inadequate
government regulation and a lack of
commitment to the enforcement of
regulations. Similarly, Kenya has fairly
vibrant civil societies that have pushed the
CSR agenda in corporate organizations. For
example, Opondo (2013) argues that civil
society groups have (in collaboration with
media, non-governmental, and international
organizations) spearheaded a campaign
against poor working conditions in the cut-
flower industry. This agitation has
generated concern about the reputation of
the industry in European markets, which
has compelled export cut flower firms to
adopt international codes of conduct, in
order to export to these countries.
Thus, civil society has taken advantage of
such repercussions, ensuring that
responsible corporate citizenship is adhered
to. Indeed, most cut flower firms in Kenya
have embraced codes of labor practice, such
as the Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI), in
order to supply their products to European
market. Companies in Kenya have taken up
CSR with gusto in the last five years: this
has led to improving the welfare of staff
and the working environment,
implementing community development
programs, and engaging in environmental
conservation. However, it is community
CSR that is most highly visible to the
majority of people and which gives
companies a much sought improvement in
their public image. For example, companies
sponsor national and international
competitions to improve the skills of young
Kenyans. During the last few years, East
Africa Breweries has sponsored a popular
Tusker Project Fame to train singers in an
academy for eight weeks: the winner
obtains a one-year recording contract with
leading music recording companies, in
addition to other prizes. Similarly,
companies engage in tree planting and
recycling, as well as in waste reduction
initiatives. Although companies in Kenya
engage in CSR, the need remains to study
how CSR engagements affect the firm’s
bottom line.
Problem statement
The board of directors is a key governance
function that links the organization to its
institutional context, boards transcend and
span organizational boundaries by
providing access to external resources,
information, and demands (Hillman &
Dalziel, 2003; Walls & Hoffman, 2012).
31| P a g e
5. Despite the importance of gender diversity
in the policy debate, relatively little research
links diversity and corporate governance
Adams and Ferreira 2009. The contribution
that women make in the boardroom and
their influence on board decisions and
processes remains under researched
(Nielsen andHuse, 2010).
In Kenya research has been limited to
governance in firms and their performance,
yet governance in and its outcome on CSR
and corporate reputation has been
overlooked since there was no publication.
This paper therefore will look at the role of
female directors on CSR and corporate
reputation.
In this paper, we provide new evidence that
is relevant to this debate by investigating
the hypothesis that gender diversity in the
boardroom affects CSR and corporate
reputation.
Major Objective
To determine the relationship between
board diversity and corporate reputation
and CSR of Kenya firms.
Specific objective
1. To assess the relationship between
gender diversity to institutional
strength of CSR
2. To establish the relationship
between gender diversity technical
strength of CSR
Significance
This study will contribute to theory and
literature on corporate governance by
analyzing how women directors improve
board effectiveness within the theoretical
frameworks: Gender differences (Eagly &
Johannesen-Schmidt, 2001; Eagly &
Johnson, 1990) and Group effectiveness
theories and (e.g., Cohen & Bailey, 1997;
Gladstein, 1984; Hackman, 1987; Pelled,
1996; Williams & O’Reilly, 1998).
In view of the increasing pressure to raise
the number of women directors as well as
the changing demographics of the
workplace in general, the results of this
study may have important implications for
both corporate boards as well as for policy-
makers
Literature review
Theoretical framework
To analyze the impact of governance
mechanisms on environmental
performance, the researcher will adopt the
lens of the Agency theory (Jensen and
Meckling 1973) and resource dependence
theory (Pfeffer et al., 2003; Hillman et al.,
2009). Board of Directors (BODs) has an
important role in the management of
organizations. Since, BODs are considered
to be one of the important governance
mechanisms, these groups are increasingly
being held responsible for the
organizational performance. The
performance of the organizations is
dependent on the realization of the roles of
BODs. This study will follow the study by
Hillman and Dalziel (2003) framework that
boards have two functions, namely, to
monitor (agency theory based) and to
increase access to resources (resource
dependence theory based). Monitoring and
service are the two main board functions
under the agency theory. Strategy planning
is the most important board task under the
strategic choice model, while acquisition/
provision of resources is of prime concern
in the resource dependency theory.
32| P a g e
6. Agency Theory
In agency theory, management initiates and
implements, whereas directors monitor
(Jensen & Meckling, 1976; Deutsch et. al.,
2007).The monitoring function refers
directly to the responsibility of directors to
monitor and control of managers(including
hiring and firing of the CEO) on behalf of
shareholders (Hillman and Dalziel2003;
Brennan 2006). The primary driver of each
of the monitoring functions of the board is
the obligation to ensure that management
operates in the interests of shareholders—
an obligation that is met by scrutiny,
evaluation, and regulation of the actions of
top management by the board (Hillman and
Dalziel, 2003). The board of directors is
charged with oversight of management on
behalf of shareholders. It is assumed that
board performance of its monitoring duties
is influenced by the effectiveness of the
board, which in turn is influenced by actors
such as board composition and quality, size
of boards, duality of CEO/Chairman
positions, board diversity, information
asymmetries and board culture (Brennan
2006).Board activities that are critical to the
fulfillment of the control task include
decisions regarding the hiring,
compensation, and replacement of the
firm's most senior managers, as well as the
approval of major initiatives proposed by
management (Forbes and Milliken 1999).
Resource Dependency Theory
Pfeffer and Salancik (1978) argue that
boards serve to link the corporation to other
external organizations in order to address
environmental dependencies. Pfeffer and
Salancik (1978) suggest four primary
benefits for the external linkages: (1)
provision of resources such as information
and expertise; (2) creation of channels of
communication with constituents of
importance to the firm; (3) provision of
commitments of support from important
organizations or groups in the external
environment; and (4) creation of legitimacy
for the firm in the external environment.
Directors are viewed to be actively involved
and positively influence strategy and
programs (Hillman & Dalziel, 2003) and
boards can provide the management of a
firm with important advice and may
contribute to the strategic decision making
(Finkelstein & Mooney 2003). The board
resources of the corporation support in
understanding and responding to its
environment (Hillman et. al., 2003). This
suggests that resource-rich directors will be
better placed to provide environmental
resources, thereby influencing corporate
environmental performance. Specific
activities that correspond to the fulfillment
of the service task include providing expert
and detailed insight during major events,
such as an acquisition or restructuring, as
well as more informal and ongoing
activities, such as generating and analyzing
strategic alternatives during board meetings
(Forbes and Milliken 1999). Therefore
boards of directors may reinforce the top
management team’s competencies and
experiences by providing feedback or
refining their strategic proposals (Westphal,
1999). Furthermore, boards can help
managers solve critical strategic issues
(Fiegener, 2005) or explore new market
opportunities (Zahra et al., 2000).
In their study Nielsen & Huse (2010)
conclude that a board with a certain
33| P a g e
7. composition may be better at performing
one task than the other as the two distinct
sets of board tasks require different skills
for their effective performance.
In their study Adams and Ferreira (2009)
observed that overall, gender-diverse
boards have increased levels of boardroom
involvement and corporate oversight and
allocate more effort on monitoring, and also
boards with a greater female presence have
higher levels of meeting attendance. The
primary way in which boards operate and
conduct business is through meetings and
thus, attendance is a crucial factor of a
successful board (Adams and Ferreira,
2009). These authors note that women were
less likely to have attendance problems and
that having females on boards results in
better attendance by male directors. Clearly,
the female influence in this area is quite
important; increasing attendance should
result to better boardroom discussion and
higher levels of effectiveness.
Women bring specific advantages to board
decision-making when it comes to board
strategic tasks (Nielsen and Huse, 2010),
that gender diverse boards have less conflict
and are associated with more strategic
control and board development
activities.Female directors are more likely
than male directors to have expert
backgrounds outside of business and bring
different perspectives to the board (Hillman
et al., 2002). Therefore, having more female
directors may sensitize boards to
environmental initiatives and provides
perspectives that can be helpful in
addressing issues of environment.
Increasing board gender diversity (which,
for all practical purposes, means increasing
the number of women on boards) can
enhance decision making, as a wider variety
of perspectives and issues are considered
and a broader range of outcomes is assessed
(Daily and Dalton, 2003).
CSR and Corporate Reputation.
Barnett (2007) defined CSR as ‘‘a
discretionary allocation of corporate
resources toward improving social welfare
that serves as a means of enhancing
relationships with key stakeholders.’ There
are two constructs of CSR; Institutional
strength and technical strength these
constructs reflect programs that enhance
corporate reputation with key stakeholders.
Gardberg and Fombrun (2006) liken these
CSR or citizenship programs to investments
in R&D which create ‘‘intangible assets’’
that build reputation and help companies
grow their global businesses. Actions that
demonstrate CSR can bolster corporate
reputation. Branco and Rodrigues (2006)
have argued that CSR enables firms to
improve reputation with a broad range of
stakeholders including customers,
suppliers, competitors, bankers, and
investors. Fombrun and Shanley (1990)
found that corporations that had a
foundation and that gave more to charity
had more positive reputations. These
actions served as signals for responsiveness
to social concerns and built reputation
among stakeholders. Importantly, when
CSR programs are communicated to the
public they build corporate reputation and
credibility (Pfau et al., 2008). Russo and
Fouts (1997) found a positive association
between pro-environment reputation and
return on assets. Donker et al., (2008)
examined the codes of ethics of major
34| P a g e
8. Canadian companies and stakeholders
value a positive image for CSR because it
serves tomitigate risk. Fombrun and
Gardberg (2000) argue that CSR can be a
safety net by reducing reputational damage.
A positive reputation for CSR can reduce
the damage fromnegative publicity during a
crisis (Vanhamme and Grobben, 2009).
Diversity of Director Resources
An effective board provides resources to the
corporation including advice and counsel
and links to other organizations (Hillman
and Dalziel, 2003).Diversity refers to
policies and practices that seek to include
people who are considered some way
different from traditional members (Herring
2009). Traditional members are people from
same background in terms of race or
gender. In their study of understanding the
effects of diversity in organizational groups
Milliken & Martins (1996) categorized
diversity into observable demographic and
non-observable cognitive dimensions.
The board’s human capital resources are
based on the collective experience and
expertise of board members. Research has
shown that lack of diversity within the
boardroom results in a manila mindset to
solving corporate problems (Burgess and
Tharenou, 2002) this leads to group think
issues as well as lack of achievement within
the company. Over the past decade,
homogenous boards have been a
contributing factor to spectacular failures
and overall poor governance (Brownet
al.,2002). A more diverse board results in an
increased representation of moral and
ethical view points in the discussions prior
to making decisions (Arfken et al., 2004).
These linkages can provide channels for
communication with, and access to support
from external organizations (Pfeffer and
Salancik, 1978). Hence, board resources can
help the firm manage business challenges
(Boyd, 1990) and enable it to deal more
effectively with external organizations
(Pfeffer, 1972). The board’s human capital
resources are based on the collective
experience and expertise of board members.
This expertise includes insiders with
knowledge of company strategy and
operations, business experts with
knowledge of corporate strategy, support
specialist with knowledge of legal and
regulatory affairs, community influential
with knowledge and relationships with
external stakeholders including the
government and local communities
(Hillman et al., 2000). Diversity of
experience is an important asset as studies
with management teams have shown that
functional diversity can enhance team
innovation through the generation of
alternative solutions and innovation (Bantel
and Jackson, 1989; Joshi and Roh, 2009).
Diversity in the boardroom allows members
to make better decisions as a more complete
picture of the issues at hand are typically
discussed (Adams and Flynn, 2005)
Accordingly, the greater the diversity of
board resources, the greater the potential
for understanding and problem solving that
can enable the board to effectively address
the business environment and encourage
positive ratings for CSR. Board resource
diversity may also enhance network ties
(Beckman and Haun schild, 2002). Insiders
offer strong internal network connections.
Business experts may offer connections to
their focal firms and to suppliers,
35| P a g e
9. customers, and other boards. Support
specialists have connections with their focal
firms, customer networks, and with
professional associations. Therefore the
diversity of board resources also affects the
board’s critical function of monitoring
management.
The relationship between the shareholders
and the management of a corporation is an
agency relationship subject to principal and
agent conflict (Jensen and Meckling, 1976)
and to different perceptions of risk
(Eisenhardt, 1989). In order to address these
issues, shareholders appoint a board of
directors to monitor management. The
board’s role in monitoring includes
functions ranging from strategy
implementation to rewarding the CEO and
top managers of the firm (Hillman and
Dalziel, 2003). In order to effectively
monitor management, the board needs the
right ‘‘skills, experience, expertise and
knowledge’’ (Hillman and Dalziel, 2003).
Diversity of director resources can help
provide these skills. Carpenter and
Westphal (2001) studied the impact of board
ties and found that the board’s ability to
monitor and advise management is related
to expertise demonstrating that the
background and experience of board
members were crucial for effective
monitoring. Diverse director resources can
provide insider knowledge, line
management skills, support specialist skills
(legal, banking, and insurance), and
experience working with the community
(Hillman et. al., 2000).The heterogeneity of
demographic traits can lead to greater
diversity of information sources and
perspectives, as well as to more creative or
innovative discussion (Tuggle et al., 2010).
As per upper echelons perspective greater
heterogeneity in demographic traits can
lead to greater diversity of information
sources and perspectives, as well as to more
creative or innovative discussion (Tuggle et
al., 2010). A diverse board that resemble
environment and society in which they
operate may place companies in a better
position to compete. A value of director
diversity is that the variations in
background and business experience will
enhance board understanding of the firms’
external environment and support effective
decision making (Bear 2010). Therefore
diversity of director resources will provide
network connections and enhance
legitimacy with external audiences
Board Gender Diversity
In addition to director resource diversity,
gender composition (i.e., the number of
women on the board) is expected to have a
positive impact on social capital and CSR.
On boards, women are more than twice as
likely as men to hold a doctoral degree
(Hillman et. al., 2002). Women directors are
generally younger than their male
counterparts in terms of age by
approximately four to five years (Simpson
et. al.,2010) implying that women not only
influence board diversity in terms of gender
but also in terms of age, therefore
contributing to diversity view of the board.
Female directors are more likely than male
directors to have expert backgrounds
outside of business and to bring different
perspectives to the board (Hillman et. al.,
2002). In addition, women on boards are
more likely than men to be support
specialists and community influential
(Hillman et al., 2002). Therefore, having
36| P a g e
10. more female directors may sensitize boards
to CSR initiatives, and provide perspectives
that can be helpful in addressing issues of
CSR. Research already suggests that firms
with a higher percentage of female board
members do in fact have a higher level of
charitable giving (Wang and Coffey, 1992;
Williams, 2003), more favorable work
environments (Bernardi et al., 2006; Johnson
and Greening, 1999), and higher levels of
Environmental CSR (Post et al., 2011).
Increasing board gender diversity (which,
for all practical purposes, means increasing
the number of women on boards) can
enhance decision making, as a wider variety
of perspectives and issues are considered
and a broader range of outcomes is assessed
(Daily and Dalton, 2003). The presence of
more female directors may stimulate more
participative communication among board
members, if one assumes that gender
differences in leadership styles, as
evidenced in some studies, also exist at
board director levels. If female directors are
more participative (Eagly et al., 2003),
democratic (Eagly and Johnson, 1990), and
communal than men (Rudman and Glick,
2001), then having more women on a board
could encourage more open conversations
among members of the board. A broader
perspective may enable the board to better
assess the needs of diverse stakeholders.
The result may enhance the board’s ability
to effectively address CSR.
Gender diversity can also affect the board’s
critical function of monitoring management.
Having more women on the board
enhances the board’s expertise by
increasing the range of professional
experience and augmenting the number of
board members with advanced degrees
(Hillman et. al., 2002). These added qualities
brought in by female board members enable
the board to more effectively monitor
management (Hillman and Dalziel, 2003).
Women also increase the demographic
diversity of the board, helping to ensure the
board’s demographic difference from
management. Westphal and Zajac (1995)
found that CEOs attempt to select board
members who are demographically similar
to them to secure support, and that this
support led to higher compensation.
Consequently, gender diversity on the
board can help ensure demographic
differences from the CEO needed for
effective monitoring.
The effectiveness of women on boards may
increase with the addition of female
directors. While a single female director
may have a positive impact on firm’s
reputation, she may also face challenges.
Groups with a single minority member
(e.g., a female director) may consider that
minority member to be a token; they may
perceive the minority individual as less
competent and of lower status.
Consequently, the group may fail to take
the token’s opinions or contributions
seriously (Brewer and Kramer, 1985; Kanter,
1977a; Lord and Saenz, 1985). Furthermore,
research suggests that minority voices are
not easily expressed or heard in groups
(Nemeth, 1986) because social pressures
encourage conformity with the majority’s
opinion (Asch, 1955). However, when a
group is faced with consistent opinions
from multiple minority members, it is more
likely to consider and learn from the
minority voice (Asch, 1955). Empirical
evidence suggests that these processes may
also be at play on boards. For example,
37| P a g e
11. when a critical mass of women (i.e., at least
three) is represented on a board, female
directors are able to ask challenging
questions and work together to demonstrate
collaboration in decision making (Konrad et.
al., 2008; Kramer et. al., 2006). It may be
possible that there could be too many
women on the board. Just as all male
directors lack diversity and reduce board
effectiveness, all female directors would
lack diversity and reduce effectiveness.
Methodology
This study will employ documentary
analysis design and the data was collected
from the journals, periodicals. This
measured ratio of board directors in the
firm boards inlisted firms in Kenya.
Study Area
The area of study will isKenya.
Discussion and conclusions
The motivation for this study was to
examine how the salient (gender
composition) and underlying (professional
backgrounds) diversity among board
directors affect corporate reputation both
directly, and, through improved CSR The
study extends current theory by
demonstrating that the number of women
on the board has a positive relationship
with the strength ratings for CSR. Women
bring a number of strengths to the board
including an increased sensitivity to CSR
(Williams, 2003) and participative decision-
making styles (Konrad et al., 2008), and
these benefits may contribute to enhanced
corporate responsibility strength ratings. As
the number of women on a board increases,
communication barriers come down and the
minority voice becomes more assertive
(Konrad et al., 2008; Kramer et al., 2006)
while, at the same time, the majority is more
likely to heed attention to it (Asch, 1955).
Our findings indicate that as the number of
female director’s increases, so does the
firm’s CSR, suggesting that the
contributions women bring to the board in
this area are more likely to be considered by
the board when the group diversity
dynamics move away from tokenism to
normality (Erkut et al., 2008).
Institutional strength reflects the firm’s
ability to meet expectations of the
community and diversity stakeholders
through philanthropy, community support,
and hiring practices. Technical strength
reflects positive exchanges with consumers,
stockholders, and employees through
product quality, good governance, and
employee compensation and benefits.
Stakeholders value these strengths as firm’s
assets because enhancing overall reputation
in these areas translates to a reservoir of
goodwill that can be a tool to partially offset
the negative impact of bad publicity during
a crisis (Gardberg and Fombrun, 2006;
Vanhamme and Grobben, 2009).
A final contribution of the study is that
women board members provide a broad
range of contributions to boards. This study
suggests that they play a role in enhancing
corporate reputation by contributing to the
firm’s CSR.
Managerial and Applied Implications
The findings of this research have important
implications for boards and investors. For
boards, the positive impact of gender
diversification is significant as having more
female directors can enhance critical board
processes including analysis and decision
38| P a g e
12. making. This positive impact of women on
boards can improve ratings for CSR which
can, in turn, enhance corporate reputation
and positively impact financial
performance, institutional investment, and
share price (Fombrun, 2006). This research
provides investors an extra tool when
assessing potential investments. Because an
increase in the number of women on a
board may improve CSR, board changes
may provide important signals to investors
indicating the potential for improved
reputation and financial performance.
FUTURE RESEARCH
A provocative area for future research is
how board processes change as the number
of women increases.
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