AQA GCSE Chemistry
•
44 likes•12,568 views
The document discusses the history and evolution of chocolate over centuries. It details how chocolate originated from cacao beans used by the Olmecs and Mayans as currency and medicine. Later, the Aztecs and Europeans discovered chocolate and it became popular as a drink among European nobility in the 16th century before mass production made it accessible to common people in the 19th century.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Download to read offline
Recommended
AQA GCSE Biology
The document discusses the history and development of chocolate over centuries. It details how cocoa beans were first used as currency by the Maya and Aztecs before being transformed into a sweet confection by the Spanish in Europe. The text also notes that chocolate eventually became popular worldwide and is now enjoyed both as a flavor and an ingredient in many foods and beverages.
The Radicalization of the French Revolution
This installment of my French Revolution Lecture Series focuses on the radicalization of the French Revolution between 1791-1792, starting with the Le Chapelier Law in 1791 and ending with the execution of Louis XVI in January of 1793.
Saraswat History
The document discusses the historical background and ancestry of Saraswats. It details their origins along the Saraswati river in northern India between 7000-300 BCE and their subsequent migrations. It describes their settlements in Gomantak (Goa) from 300 BCE and Kanara in three phases due to religious persecutions. Their social occupations and relocation of temples due to Portuguese invasions are also summarized.
Medieval world
The document summarizes several medieval empires and powers. It describes the Eastern Roman/Byzantine Empire ruling from Constantinople after the fall of Rome. It also discusses the Holy Roman Empire established by Charlemagne, the Arab Empire spanning from Spain to India, and the Ottoman Empire ruling from the 16th century over territory from Egypt to Hungary. Additionally, it mentions the large Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan and the Mali Empire in West Africa centered around Timbuktu with its gold wealth and cultural importance.
Joe diorio's fusion guitar
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The Industrial Revolution (AP European History)
The document summarizes key factors that contributed to the Industrial Revolution beginning in Britain in the late 18th century. Natural advantages like rivers for water power, coal deposits, iron ore, and established financial institutions provided early benefits. Inventions like the spinning jenny, water frame, and steam engine accelerated industrialization by increasing productivity. The steam engine then allowed factories to locate anywhere, fueling urbanization. Infrastructure like canals and railroads further improved transport of goods. While some economists warned of limits to growth, technological advances continually increased production capacity outstripping population increases.
German Unification
Between 1815 and 1871, Germany went from a fragmented confederation of 39 sovereign states to a unified nation. Otto von Bismarck united Germany through a series of wars (Schleswig War, Austro-Prussian War, and Franco Prussian War). Designed primarily for my AP European History course.
Recommended
AQA GCSE Biology
The document discusses the history and development of chocolate over centuries. It details how cocoa beans were first used as currency by the Maya and Aztecs before being transformed into a sweet confection by the Spanish in Europe. The text also notes that chocolate eventually became popular worldwide and is now enjoyed both as a flavor and an ingredient in many foods and beverages.
The Radicalization of the French Revolution
This installment of my French Revolution Lecture Series focuses on the radicalization of the French Revolution between 1791-1792, starting with the Le Chapelier Law in 1791 and ending with the execution of Louis XVI in January of 1793.
Saraswat History
The document discusses the historical background and ancestry of Saraswats. It details their origins along the Saraswati river in northern India between 7000-300 BCE and their subsequent migrations. It describes their settlements in Gomantak (Goa) from 300 BCE and Kanara in three phases due to religious persecutions. Their social occupations and relocation of temples due to Portuguese invasions are also summarized.
Medieval world
The document summarizes several medieval empires and powers. It describes the Eastern Roman/Byzantine Empire ruling from Constantinople after the fall of Rome. It also discusses the Holy Roman Empire established by Charlemagne, the Arab Empire spanning from Spain to India, and the Ottoman Empire ruling from the 16th century over territory from Egypt to Hungary. Additionally, it mentions the large Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan and the Mali Empire in West Africa centered around Timbuktu with its gold wealth and cultural importance.
Joe diorio's fusion guitar
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The Industrial Revolution (AP European History)
The document summarizes key factors that contributed to the Industrial Revolution beginning in Britain in the late 18th century. Natural advantages like rivers for water power, coal deposits, iron ore, and established financial institutions provided early benefits. Inventions like the spinning jenny, water frame, and steam engine accelerated industrialization by increasing productivity. The steam engine then allowed factories to locate anywhere, fueling urbanization. Infrastructure like canals and railroads further improved transport of goods. While some economists warned of limits to growth, technological advances continually increased production capacity outstripping population increases.
German Unification
Between 1815 and 1871, Germany went from a fragmented confederation of 39 sovereign states to a unified nation. Otto von Bismarck united Germany through a series of wars (Schleswig War, Austro-Prussian War, and Franco Prussian War). Designed primarily for my AP European History course.
AQA GCSE Physics
The document discusses the history and importance of chocolate in human civilization. It notes that chocolate originated in Mesoamerica over 3000 years ago and was prized by the Aztecs and Mayans for its taste. Cocoa beans were used as currency and their cultivation was tightly regulated. The Spanish conquest of the region introduced chocolate to Europe, though it remained an elite drink until the Industrial Revolution made it widely available.
AQA GCSE Science C1 notes
This document contains summary notes on chemistry topics for a GCSE science course. It covers the fundamental ideas in chemistry including atoms, the periodic table, and chemical reactions. It also discusses specific topics like limestone and building materials, metals and their uses, crude oil and fuels, and plant oils. For each topic, it provides an overview and defines key terms and concepts.
Chemistry 1 Revision Cards
This document provides information about atoms, elements, compounds and their structures. It discusses how atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons. Elements are made of only one type of atom, while compounds contain two or more different types of atoms. Electrons occupy different energy levels in shells around the nucleus. Atoms can bond through ionic bonding by transferring electrons or covalent bonding by sharing electrons. Chemical equations are used to represent chemical reactions and must be balanced.
GCSE Chemistry [C3]
The document provides information on the structure of atoms, ionic and covalent bonding, the periodic table, properties of metals and non-metals, and chemical reactions. It discusses how atoms are composed of protons, neutrons and electrons, and how electrons are arranged in shells. It also explains how ionic bonding occurs through transfer of electrons between metals and non-metals, while covalent bonding involves sharing of electrons between non-metals.
The Golden Book Of Chemistry Experiments
This document advertises www.bestfile.blogspot.com, a website that offers a wide variety of digital books, including computer books, comic books, story books, cookbooks and magazines that can be downloaded. The website is promoted as a source for different types of digital publications that readers may be interested in obtaining.
FCA GCSE Pythagoras
The document provides examples of using the Pythagorean theorem (c2 = a2 + b2) to calculate the length of unknown sides of right triangles. It shows applying the theorem to find missing side lengths when given the lengths of two sides, rounding answers to 1 decimal place. It also includes an example of calculating total distance traveled using the theorem.
Periodic questions
This document contains four chemistry worksheets with questions about the periodic table and properties of elements in groups 1 and 0. The questions cover topics such as electron configurations, ions, reactivity, density, distinguishing between gases, writing word and symbol equations for reactions, dot-and-cross diagrams, and the crystal structure of sodium chloride. Students are asked to identify elements, explain choices, describe trends in properties down a group, name ions, and balance equations.
FCA GCSE changing the subject
This document provides examples of changing the subject of a formula by rearranging the terms. In four examples, variables are isolated by reversing the steps taken to derive the original equation. Dividing or multiplying both sides of the equation by the coefficient of the term isolates the variable being solved for. The document also provides four practice problems to change the subject of a formula by isolating the given variable in brackets.
C1notes 130327045541-phpapp01
Limestone is a naturally occurring resource that is quarried and used to make cement, concrete, and other building materials. It is composed mainly of calcium carbonate, which can be decomposed through heating to calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. Calcium oxide reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide, which is used to neutralize acidic soils. Metals are extracted from metal ores through various processes like heating with carbon or electrolysis depending on the reactivity of the metal. New extraction methods are being developed as metal ores become depleted.
ScienceShare.co.uk Shared Resource
This document provides information for an assignment on the periodic table and electronic structure for a Level 2 BTEC First Certificate in Applied Science. The assignment includes 5 tasks to provide evidence for 5 assessment criteria. Task 1 involves describing atomic structures of elements 1-20. Task 2 is an investigation of the chemical properties of groups 1 and 7. Task 3 describes trends in atomic structure and draws diagrams of elements. Task 4 explains why groups 1 and 7 are used as compounds. Task 5 explains trends in chemical behavior in relation to electronic structure. The assignment aims to help students appreciate how reactivity relates to electronic configuration.
FCA GCSE MMMR From Frequency Tables (Linear)
The document provides information and examples for calculating the mean, median, mode, and range from frequency tables and grouped data. It gives step-by-step instructions for determining each measure using various data sets with scores and ages. Formulas and calculations are shown for finding the mean from raw data and the estimated mean from grouped data using midpoints.
Edexcel as chemistry tag 2nd ed (Book answers and teachers guide)
This document is a teacher guide for the Edexcel AS Chemistry textbook. It provides answers to questions at the end of each chapter in the textbook to help students understand the concepts. For each answer, additional examiner notes are included to explain the reasoning and common mistakes to avoid. The guide also contains model answers for practice unit tests with marking points indicated. It is designed to help both teachers and students with the Edexcel AS Chemistry curriculum.
Gcse c4 chemical patterns bonding & periodic table revision
The document discusses the electron configuration of potassium, which has 19 electrons arranged in shells with the inner shell containing 2 electrons, the next shell containing 8 electrons, the next shell containing 8 electrons, and the outer shell containing the remaining 1 electron. It also discusses periodic trends such as elements in the same group having similar properties and how additional electron shells are added as you move down periods of the periodic table.
Coal and petroleum
This document discusses various fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas. It explains that coal, petroleum, and natural gas were formed from the remains of dead organisms and are therefore called fossil fuels. It provides details on the composition and uses of coal, petroleum, coal tar, coal gas, petrol, diesel, and natural gas. It also discusses refining petroleum into its various constituents and provides tips from PCRA on conserving petrol and diesel while driving.
9 work and energy
1. The document discusses work, energy, and power. It provides examples to distinguish between the scientific definition of work versus how it is used in everyday language. (2) It explains that for work to be done scientifically, a force must act on an object and the object must be displaced. (3) Work can be positive or negative depending on whether the force acts in the direction of or opposed to the object's displacement.
Conservation of plants and animals
This document provides an overview of a class on conservation of plants and animals. It discusses topics like deforestation, its causes such as agricultural activities and logging, and its consequences including soil degradation and changes to climatic conditions. It also discusses reforestation and why it is needed to combat the huge areas of forests being damaged daily by deforestation. Reforestation can help improve quality of life by absorbing pollution, rebuilding habitats, and storing carbon to limit climate change. References used for the class include Wikipedia, Google Images, Arkive, and science texts.
Coal & Petroleum
Coal is a black or brownish-black rock that is made up primarily of carbon and was formed over millions of years from decaying plant matter buried underground. It is one of the most commonly used energy sources and is also used to manufacture other products. India has significant coal deposits, especially in the Damodar River valley and states like Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh produce large amounts. Petroleum is believed to come from ancient fossilized remains of living organisms and is purified as crude oil. It is a very important energy resource and raw material called "liquid gold" and while India produces some, it also imports from other countries.
Conservation of plants and animals
Deforestation involves cutting down trees on a large scale. Drought occurs when global warming increases temperatures and reduces rainfall. Deforestation and global warming can both contribute to drought by decreasing forests and rainfall.
8 reproduction in animals
This document discusses reproduction in animals. It begins by introducing the two main modes of reproduction - sexual and asexual. Sexual reproduction requires males and females that produce gametes which fuse during fertilization, while asexual reproduction involves a single parent. Examples of sexual reproduction discussed include the human reproductive system and fertilization process. Development of the embryo and birth of offspring is also outlined. Examples are provided to distinguish between viviparous animals that give birth and oviparous animals that lay eggs. The document concludes by briefly describing asexual reproduction through budding and binary fission in hydra and amoeba respectively.
8 pollution of air and water
1) The document discusses various sources and types of air and water pollution. It describes how human activities like industries, vehicles, and agriculture are contributing to increased air pollutants like carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter.
2) Water pollution is caused when harmful substances from sewage, chemicals, and garbage contaminate water bodies. The Ganga River is used as a case study of a heavily polluted river due to waste from towns, cities, and industries along its banks.
3) Effects of pollution include health impacts on people and discoloration of monuments like the Taj Mahal from acid rain. Solutions discussed include switching to cleaner fuels and increased awareness of pollution issues.
Growing microbes
1. The student was asked to grow an uncontaminated culture of microbes. The method provided involved sterilizing equipment, heating an inoculating loop, spreading bacteria onto agar jelly in a petri dish, and incubating the dish at 25°C.
2. The student tested the effectiveness of four antibiotic solutions by placing sterile paper discs dipped in each solution onto agar with growing bacteria. After two days of incubation, different sized regions with no bacterial growth were observed around each disc.
3. The least effective antibiotic produced the smallest region without bacteria, as the size of this region indicates how strongly the antibiotic inhibited bacterial growth. Calculations of the area of the bacterial-free zones would be inaccurate
Antibiotic resistance ms
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium that causes difficult-to-treat infections in humans. MRSA developed from a similar strain called Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) that was treatable with antibiotics. Through natural selection, some MSSA bacteria gained mutations that made them resistant to antibiotics. Those resistant bacteria survived exposure to antibiotics and passed on the resistance genes through asexual reproduction, leading to the emergence of the MRSA strain.
More Related Content
Viewers also liked
AQA GCSE Physics
The document discusses the history and importance of chocolate in human civilization. It notes that chocolate originated in Mesoamerica over 3000 years ago and was prized by the Aztecs and Mayans for its taste. Cocoa beans were used as currency and their cultivation was tightly regulated. The Spanish conquest of the region introduced chocolate to Europe, though it remained an elite drink until the Industrial Revolution made it widely available.
AQA GCSE Science C1 notes
This document contains summary notes on chemistry topics for a GCSE science course. It covers the fundamental ideas in chemistry including atoms, the periodic table, and chemical reactions. It also discusses specific topics like limestone and building materials, metals and their uses, crude oil and fuels, and plant oils. For each topic, it provides an overview and defines key terms and concepts.
Chemistry 1 Revision Cards
This document provides information about atoms, elements, compounds and their structures. It discusses how atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons. Elements are made of only one type of atom, while compounds contain two or more different types of atoms. Electrons occupy different energy levels in shells around the nucleus. Atoms can bond through ionic bonding by transferring electrons or covalent bonding by sharing electrons. Chemical equations are used to represent chemical reactions and must be balanced.
GCSE Chemistry [C3]
The document provides information on the structure of atoms, ionic and covalent bonding, the periodic table, properties of metals and non-metals, and chemical reactions. It discusses how atoms are composed of protons, neutrons and electrons, and how electrons are arranged in shells. It also explains how ionic bonding occurs through transfer of electrons between metals and non-metals, while covalent bonding involves sharing of electrons between non-metals.
The Golden Book Of Chemistry Experiments
This document advertises www.bestfile.blogspot.com, a website that offers a wide variety of digital books, including computer books, comic books, story books, cookbooks and magazines that can be downloaded. The website is promoted as a source for different types of digital publications that readers may be interested in obtaining.
FCA GCSE Pythagoras
The document provides examples of using the Pythagorean theorem (c2 = a2 + b2) to calculate the length of unknown sides of right triangles. It shows applying the theorem to find missing side lengths when given the lengths of two sides, rounding answers to 1 decimal place. It also includes an example of calculating total distance traveled using the theorem.
Periodic questions
This document contains four chemistry worksheets with questions about the periodic table and properties of elements in groups 1 and 0. The questions cover topics such as electron configurations, ions, reactivity, density, distinguishing between gases, writing word and symbol equations for reactions, dot-and-cross diagrams, and the crystal structure of sodium chloride. Students are asked to identify elements, explain choices, describe trends in properties down a group, name ions, and balance equations.
FCA GCSE changing the subject
This document provides examples of changing the subject of a formula by rearranging the terms. In four examples, variables are isolated by reversing the steps taken to derive the original equation. Dividing or multiplying both sides of the equation by the coefficient of the term isolates the variable being solved for. The document also provides four practice problems to change the subject of a formula by isolating the given variable in brackets.
C1notes 130327045541-phpapp01
Limestone is a naturally occurring resource that is quarried and used to make cement, concrete, and other building materials. It is composed mainly of calcium carbonate, which can be decomposed through heating to calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. Calcium oxide reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide, which is used to neutralize acidic soils. Metals are extracted from metal ores through various processes like heating with carbon or electrolysis depending on the reactivity of the metal. New extraction methods are being developed as metal ores become depleted.
ScienceShare.co.uk Shared Resource
This document provides information for an assignment on the periodic table and electronic structure for a Level 2 BTEC First Certificate in Applied Science. The assignment includes 5 tasks to provide evidence for 5 assessment criteria. Task 1 involves describing atomic structures of elements 1-20. Task 2 is an investigation of the chemical properties of groups 1 and 7. Task 3 describes trends in atomic structure and draws diagrams of elements. Task 4 explains why groups 1 and 7 are used as compounds. Task 5 explains trends in chemical behavior in relation to electronic structure. The assignment aims to help students appreciate how reactivity relates to electronic configuration.
FCA GCSE MMMR From Frequency Tables (Linear)
The document provides information and examples for calculating the mean, median, mode, and range from frequency tables and grouped data. It gives step-by-step instructions for determining each measure using various data sets with scores and ages. Formulas and calculations are shown for finding the mean from raw data and the estimated mean from grouped data using midpoints.
Edexcel as chemistry tag 2nd ed (Book answers and teachers guide)
This document is a teacher guide for the Edexcel AS Chemistry textbook. It provides answers to questions at the end of each chapter in the textbook to help students understand the concepts. For each answer, additional examiner notes are included to explain the reasoning and common mistakes to avoid. The guide also contains model answers for practice unit tests with marking points indicated. It is designed to help both teachers and students with the Edexcel AS Chemistry curriculum.
Gcse c4 chemical patterns bonding & periodic table revision
The document discusses the electron configuration of potassium, which has 19 electrons arranged in shells with the inner shell containing 2 electrons, the next shell containing 8 electrons, the next shell containing 8 electrons, and the outer shell containing the remaining 1 electron. It also discusses periodic trends such as elements in the same group having similar properties and how additional electron shells are added as you move down periods of the periodic table.
Coal and petroleum
This document discusses various fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas. It explains that coal, petroleum, and natural gas were formed from the remains of dead organisms and are therefore called fossil fuels. It provides details on the composition and uses of coal, petroleum, coal tar, coal gas, petrol, diesel, and natural gas. It also discusses refining petroleum into its various constituents and provides tips from PCRA on conserving petrol and diesel while driving.
9 work and energy
1. The document discusses work, energy, and power. It provides examples to distinguish between the scientific definition of work versus how it is used in everyday language. (2) It explains that for work to be done scientifically, a force must act on an object and the object must be displaced. (3) Work can be positive or negative depending on whether the force acts in the direction of or opposed to the object's displacement.
Conservation of plants and animals
This document provides an overview of a class on conservation of plants and animals. It discusses topics like deforestation, its causes such as agricultural activities and logging, and its consequences including soil degradation and changes to climatic conditions. It also discusses reforestation and why it is needed to combat the huge areas of forests being damaged daily by deforestation. Reforestation can help improve quality of life by absorbing pollution, rebuilding habitats, and storing carbon to limit climate change. References used for the class include Wikipedia, Google Images, Arkive, and science texts.
Coal & Petroleum
Coal is a black or brownish-black rock that is made up primarily of carbon and was formed over millions of years from decaying plant matter buried underground. It is one of the most commonly used energy sources and is also used to manufacture other products. India has significant coal deposits, especially in the Damodar River valley and states like Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh produce large amounts. Petroleum is believed to come from ancient fossilized remains of living organisms and is purified as crude oil. It is a very important energy resource and raw material called "liquid gold" and while India produces some, it also imports from other countries.
Conservation of plants and animals
Deforestation involves cutting down trees on a large scale. Drought occurs when global warming increases temperatures and reduces rainfall. Deforestation and global warming can both contribute to drought by decreasing forests and rainfall.
8 reproduction in animals
This document discusses reproduction in animals. It begins by introducing the two main modes of reproduction - sexual and asexual. Sexual reproduction requires males and females that produce gametes which fuse during fertilization, while asexual reproduction involves a single parent. Examples of sexual reproduction discussed include the human reproductive system and fertilization process. Development of the embryo and birth of offspring is also outlined. Examples are provided to distinguish between viviparous animals that give birth and oviparous animals that lay eggs. The document concludes by briefly describing asexual reproduction through budding and binary fission in hydra and amoeba respectively.
8 pollution of air and water
1) The document discusses various sources and types of air and water pollution. It describes how human activities like industries, vehicles, and agriculture are contributing to increased air pollutants like carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter.
2) Water pollution is caused when harmful substances from sewage, chemicals, and garbage contaminate water bodies. The Ganga River is used as a case study of a heavily polluted river due to waste from towns, cities, and industries along its banks.
3) Effects of pollution include health impacts on people and discoloration of monuments like the Taj Mahal from acid rain. Solutions discussed include switching to cleaner fuels and increased awareness of pollution issues.
Viewers also liked (20)
Edexcel as chemistry tag 2nd ed (Book answers and teachers guide)
Edexcel as chemistry tag 2nd ed (Book answers and teachers guide)
Gcse c4 chemical patterns bonding & periodic table revision
Gcse c4 chemical patterns bonding & periodic table revision
More from themassmaker
Growing microbes
1. The student was asked to grow an uncontaminated culture of microbes. The method provided involved sterilizing equipment, heating an inoculating loop, spreading bacteria onto agar jelly in a petri dish, and incubating the dish at 25°C.
2. The student tested the effectiveness of four antibiotic solutions by placing sterile paper discs dipped in each solution onto agar with growing bacteria. After two days of incubation, different sized regions with no bacterial growth were observed around each disc.
3. The least effective antibiotic produced the smallest region without bacteria, as the size of this region indicates how strongly the antibiotic inhibited bacterial growth. Calculations of the area of the bacterial-free zones would be inaccurate
Antibiotic resistance ms
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium that causes difficult-to-treat infections in humans. MRSA developed from a similar strain called Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) that was treatable with antibiotics. Through natural selection, some MSSA bacteria gained mutations that made them resistant to antibiotics. Those resistant bacteria survived exposure to antibiotics and passed on the resistance genes through asexual reproduction, leading to the emergence of the MRSA strain.
Antibiotic resistance
The document discusses antibiotic resistance, specifically Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). MRSA infections are difficult to treat with antibiotics that previously worked. This is because MRSA developed from a strain called Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus that was susceptible to antibiotics, through natural selection whereby bacteria resistant to antibiotics survived and passed on those resistance genes. New treatments are needed to kill MRSA since existing antibiotics are no longer effective.
Semmelweiss ms
The document summarizes data from a hospital in the 1800s that showed higher death rates for women giving birth in Ward A compared to Ward B. After 1840, only doctors worked in Ward A while only midwives worked in Ward B, resulting in a much lower death rate in Ward B. In 1847, Semmelweis required doctors to wash their hands with chloride of lime before childbirth. This led to a significant reduction in the Ward A death rate in 1848-1849, bringing it closer to the rate in Ward B. The hand washing killed bacteria that doctors were transmitting from autopsies to women during childbirth.
Semmelweiss
The document summarizes data from the 1800s that showed death rates of women giving birth in two hospital wards: Ward A and Ward B. Before 1840, both wards had similar high death rates as doctors and midwives worked in both. After 1840, Ward A had only doctors while Ward B had only midwives, and Ward B saw significantly lower death rates. Dr. Semmelweis later required doctors to wash their hands in chloride of lime solution before deliveries in Ward A, which further reduced Ward A's death rate to match Ward B's lower level.
Defense against diseases
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium. When someone with TB coughs or sneezes, the bacteria are expelled into the air and can be inhaled by others. If breathed in, the bacteria initially infect the lungs. In the lungs, the bacteria can multiply and cause lesions and inflammation. Other types of microorganisms besides bacteria, such as viruses, can also cause infectious disease. When the body is exposed to TB bacteria, it mounts an immune response to fight the infection by using white blood cells, antibodies, and other mechanisms of defense.
Diet and exercise ms
The document discusses diet, exercise, and metabolic rate. It defines metabolic rate as the rate of chemical reactions in the body. While genes affect metabolic rate, exercise can increase it. A balanced diet with carbohydrates, proteins, and fats provides energy, builds cells, and stores energy. An imbalanced diet can lead to malnutrition by providing too much or too little energy compared to what the body needs. The document questions an advert claiming quick weight loss from a program, as it lacks long-term data and sample size details.
Diet and exercise
The document discusses diet, exercise, and weight management. It defines metabolic rate as the rate at which the body burns calories and explains that some people have naturally low metabolic rates. It recommends exercise as a way to increase metabolic rate. Diet components like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats serve important functions, and an imbalanced diet can lead to malnutrition. The document questions the validity of an advert claiming quick weight loss from a "Dropweight" program based on reported one-day results.
Defense against diseases ms
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium. When people with TB cough or sneeze, they expel the bacteria into the air. If others breathe these bacteria in, they can become infected. The bacteria first infect the lungs or bronchioles. In the body, the bacteria produce toxins that damage cells. The body fights the infection through white blood cells that engulf and destroy bacteria and produce antibodies and antitoxins. Vaccines work by exposing the body to an inactive form of the disease-causing microbe, allowing it to develop antibodies without risk of illness. These antibodies then provide future protection against the live microbe.
P2 checklist
1) The document is a revision checklist for additional GCSE science covering topics in physics including forces, motion, braking, terminal velocity, elasticity, energy, momentum, static electricity, electrical circuits, household electricity, current, charge, power, atomic structure, radiation, nuclear fission, and nuclear fusion.
2) It lists key terms, concepts, and formulas to define and explanations to provide for each topic.
3) The checklist provides resources for students to review physics content and ensure they understand the essential information for their GCSE exam.
P1 checklist
This document contains a revision checklist for the GCSE Core Science P1 Physics exam. It lists several topics and subtopics that students should review in preparation for the exam, including: infrared radiation; states of matter; conduction, convection, and evaporation/condensation as methods of heat transfer; factors affecting the rate of heat transfer; solar panels; specific heat capacity; energy efficiency and Sankey diagrams; electrical appliances and calculating energy transfers; methods of generating electricity including alternative sources; the National Grid; waves including transverse/longitudinal waves, electromagnetic spectrum, reflection, refraction, and diffraction of waves; and Doppler effect and evidence for the Big Bang theory.
C2 checklist
This document provides an overview of the content covered in additional science C2: chemistry. It outlines several key topics in chemistry including structure and bonding, atomic structure and quantitative chemistry, rates of reaction, endo/exothermic reactions, acids bases and salts, and electrolysis. For each topic, it lists the main concepts, definitions, and processes that students are expected to understand at a higher level, such as describing bonding using diagrams, calculating relative formula mass, explaining how factors affect reaction rates, writing equations for acid-base reactions, and describing electrolysis processes and products. The document serves as a revision checklist for students to ensure they have learned the essential high-level information and skills for the additional chemistry content.
C1 checklist
This document is a revision checklist for GCSE core science covering various topics in chemistry. It provides a list of key concepts and processes to review for each topic, including fundamental chemistry ideas like atomic structure, limestone and building materials, metals and their uses, crude oil and fuels, and changes to the Earth's atmosphere. For each item, it indicates related videos, exam questions, and whether it is core or higher content.
B2 checklist
This document provides an outline of topics covered in Additional Science B2: Biology. It includes sections on cells and transport, tissues and organ systems, photosynthesis, organisms and their environment, aerobic and anaerobic respiration, cell division and inheritance, speciation, and includes learning objectives for each section such as describing processes like diffusion, the roles of organs in the digestive system, the process of photosynthesis, and more. It also provides exam questions, activities, and checkpoints to evaluate understanding of the material.
B1 checklist1
This document provides an overview of topics covered in a biology course, including:
- The components of a balanced diet and how exercise affects health.
- How pathogens make us ill and how the body protects against them.
- The development and testing of medical drugs, and issues around drug dependence.
- Genetic variation, inheritance, and different types of reproduction.
- Evolution by natural selection and genetic variation over generations.
- Ecological concepts like food chains, nutrient cycling, and indicator species.
Aqa p3-checklist
X-rays have a short wavelength and can cause ionization. They are used in medicine for diagnosis and treatment, but precautions must be taken when operating X-ray machines. Ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves above the human hearing range. The waves reflect off boundaries and the time of reflections can be used to determine distances between interfaces in different media. Lenses refract light to form images. A convex lens brings parallel rays to a focus at its principal focus, defined by the focal length. The nature of images depends on size, orientation, and whether real or virtual.
Aqa c3-checklist
The document summarizes key concepts in chemistry including the periodic table, properties of groups in the periodic table, hard and soft water, chemical reactions, and organic compounds. It describes how elements are arranged in the modern periodic table by electronic structure and properties of groups such as metals, nonmetals, and halogens. It also discusses chemical tests and reactions including flame tests, precipitation reactions, acid-base titrations, and the production of ammonia via the Haber process.
Aqa b3-checklist
This document provides information on various biology topics including:
- Diffusion and osmosis, the movement of substances through membranes. Active transport requires energy.
- Exchange surfaces are effective with large surface area, thinness, good blood supply and ventilation like in alveoli and villi.
- During breathing, the ribcage and diaphragm work to decrease thoracic pressure and draw air into the lungs. Artificial aids can help breathing.
- In plants, carbon dioxide enters leaves and water and minerals are absorbed by roots, transported by xylem and phloem.
- The heart has four chambers and pumps blood through two circulation systems. Blood flows through arteries, veins
AQA GCSE Economics Revision unit - 12
The document discusses key economic concepts related to government objectives and the functioning of the economy. It covers topics such as different types of economies, market failures including externalities and public goods, the economic cycle, fiscal and monetary policies, and the role of the EU. The key points are that candidates should understand the principal objectives of governments in terms of economic growth, employment, prices and trade balances. They should also be aware of how markets can fail to allocate resources efficiently and the roles of government and central banks in addressing these issues.
AQA GCSE Economics Revision unit - 11
The document outlines a specification for teaching personal finance concepts. It covers understanding the personal lifecycle and how needs and wants change throughout different stages of life. Students will learn to make financial decisions by weighing costs and benefits and considering opportunity costs. They will also explore concepts related to spending, saving, borrowing money, and managing personal finances. The specification also addresses topics related to work, including rewards, labor markets, unemployment, and the impact of globalization. Finally, it covers understanding international trade, exchange rates, and the influence of consumers on national and global economies.
More from themassmaker (20)
Recently uploaded
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Digital Artifact 1 - 10VCD Environments Unit
Digital Artifact 1 - 10VCD Environments Unit - NGV Pavilion Concept Design
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...National Information Standards Organization (NISO)
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
RPMS Template 2023-2024 by: Irene S. Rueco
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in Education
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS OF HIP JOINT.pdf
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptxMohd Adib Abd Muin, Senior Lecturer at Universiti Utara Malaysia
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Advantages and Disadvantages of CMS from an SEO Perspective
Advantages and Disadvantages of CMS from an SEO Perspective
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
DRUGS AND ITS classification slide share
Any substance (other than food) that is used to prevent, diagnose, treat, or relieve symptoms of a
disease or abnormal condition
clinical examination of hip joint (1).pdf
described clinical examination all orthopeadic conditions .
Recently uploaded (20)
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Advantages and Disadvantages of CMS from an SEO Perspective
Advantages and Disadvantages of CMS from an SEO Perspective
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
Group Presentation 2 Economics.Ariana Buscigliopptx
Group Presentation 2 Economics.Ariana Buscigliopptx