The document discusses fishing in the Antarctic region and the threats it poses. It notes that as fish populations around the world have declined due to overfishing, industrial fishing fleets have expanded into new areas like the Southern Ocean. This has occurred despite protections established under the Antarctic Treaty. The Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) now regulates some fisheries but illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing remains a problem, potentially compromising fish stock assessments and ecosystem health.
This document discusses various methods for measuring in-situ rock stresses through hydraulic fracturing or reopening of existing fractures, including overcoring techniques. It provides details on hydraulic fracturing, hydraulic testing on pre-existing fractures, the Borre probe, USBM deformation probe, conical strain cell, deep doorstopper gauge system, and core discing methods. The key techniques involve isolating a section of borehole, inducing fractures or reopening existing ones through hydraulic pressure, and measuring the pressures and fracture orientations to determine the principal stress directions and magnitudes in the rock mass.
The document discusses different types of traps that can contain hydrocarbon reserves underground. It defines key terms like reservoir rock, seal rock, pools, and traps. Traps are classified as either structural or stratigraphic. Structural traps include tectonic, compactional, and diapiric traps that form through geological processes. Stratigraphic traps form due to depositional features, unconformities, or mineralization rather than structural deformation. Common examples of each trap type are provided.
Overview of Reservoir Simulation by Prem Dayal Saini
Reservoir simulation is the study of how fluids flow in a hydrocarbon reservoir when put under production conditions. The purpose is usually to predict the behavior of a reservoir to different production scenarios, or to increase the understanding of its geological properties by comparing known behavior to a simulation using different geological representations.
The document discusses Halliburton's VersaFlex expandable liner hangers. It provides an overview of the product, including its advantages over conventional hangers. It also discusses Halliburton's product development efforts to improve and expand its expandable liner hanger portfolio, as well as initiatives around service quality.
A self rescuer is a simplified gas mask that miners use in coal mines. Weighing about 1 kg, it contains chemicals like manganese dioxide and copper oxide that convert carbon monoxide (CO) gas into carbon dioxide (CO2). CO is poisonous and odorless. The self rescuer allows miners to breathe for one hour after its seal is broken in an atmosphere with 1% CO concentration. It is used when smoke, combustion gases, or unexpected dust are detected as signs of fire or explosion.
The document discusses rig inspections and drilling operations. It provides details on:
1. The exploration and production licensing process.
2. The typical phases of exploration, development, production, maintenance and abandonment of an oil or gas field.
3. Factors considered when planning a directional well path such as the target location, size and shape, surface rig location, and subsurface obstacles.
The document describes a rubidium-vapor magnetometer. It uses light from a rubidium lamp passed through rubidium vapor to detect changes in transmitted light based on the orientation of rubidium atoms in an applied magnetic field. By modulating the magnetic field at 10 cycles per second and measuring the output light, it can precisely measure and lock onto the resonance curve of rubidium to determine magnetic field strength without needing calibration against a standard magnetometer. The rubidium-vapor magnetometer provides absolute measurements, enables continuous digital recording, and can be miniaturized.
Chinook Consulting provides remote geosteering and drilling optimization services to achieve cost reductions. They centrally manage rigs to establish optimal well paths using real-time data integration and decision making. This improves rates of penetration, reduces drilling times by 20% on average, and optimizes well placement for increased production rates. Clients can choose between different service levels offering increased well supervision and deliverables. Remote geosteering provides significant savings over on-site supervision, especially for multiple rig fleets.
This document discusses various methods for measuring in-situ rock stresses through hydraulic fracturing or reopening of existing fractures, including overcoring techniques. It provides details on hydraulic fracturing, hydraulic testing on pre-existing fractures, the Borre probe, USBM deformation probe, conical strain cell, deep doorstopper gauge system, and core discing methods. The key techniques involve isolating a section of borehole, inducing fractures or reopening existing ones through hydraulic pressure, and measuring the pressures and fracture orientations to determine the principal stress directions and magnitudes in the rock mass.
The document discusses different types of traps that can contain hydrocarbon reserves underground. It defines key terms like reservoir rock, seal rock, pools, and traps. Traps are classified as either structural or stratigraphic. Structural traps include tectonic, compactional, and diapiric traps that form through geological processes. Stratigraphic traps form due to depositional features, unconformities, or mineralization rather than structural deformation. Common examples of each trap type are provided.
Overview of Reservoir Simulation by Prem Dayal Saini
Reservoir simulation is the study of how fluids flow in a hydrocarbon reservoir when put under production conditions. The purpose is usually to predict the behavior of a reservoir to different production scenarios, or to increase the understanding of its geological properties by comparing known behavior to a simulation using different geological representations.
The document discusses Halliburton's VersaFlex expandable liner hangers. It provides an overview of the product, including its advantages over conventional hangers. It also discusses Halliburton's product development efforts to improve and expand its expandable liner hanger portfolio, as well as initiatives around service quality.
A self rescuer is a simplified gas mask that miners use in coal mines. Weighing about 1 kg, it contains chemicals like manganese dioxide and copper oxide that convert carbon monoxide (CO) gas into carbon dioxide (CO2). CO is poisonous and odorless. The self rescuer allows miners to breathe for one hour after its seal is broken in an atmosphere with 1% CO concentration. It is used when smoke, combustion gases, or unexpected dust are detected as signs of fire or explosion.
The document discusses rig inspections and drilling operations. It provides details on:
1. The exploration and production licensing process.
2. The typical phases of exploration, development, production, maintenance and abandonment of an oil or gas field.
3. Factors considered when planning a directional well path such as the target location, size and shape, surface rig location, and subsurface obstacles.
The document describes a rubidium-vapor magnetometer. It uses light from a rubidium lamp passed through rubidium vapor to detect changes in transmitted light based on the orientation of rubidium atoms in an applied magnetic field. By modulating the magnetic field at 10 cycles per second and measuring the output light, it can precisely measure and lock onto the resonance curve of rubidium to determine magnetic field strength without needing calibration against a standard magnetometer. The rubidium-vapor magnetometer provides absolute measurements, enables continuous digital recording, and can be miniaturized.
Chinook Consulting provides remote geosteering and drilling optimization services to achieve cost reductions. They centrally manage rigs to establish optimal well paths using real-time data integration and decision making. This improves rates of penetration, reduces drilling times by 20% on average, and optimizes well placement for increased production rates. Clients can choose between different service levels offering increased well supervision and deliverables. Remote geosteering provides significant savings over on-site supervision, especially for multiple rig fleets.
The document discusses various theories regarding the origin of the Himalayan mountains:
1) The geosynclinal evolution theory proposes that the Himalayas formed from the sedimentary deposits in the Tethys Sea, which separated the Angaraland and Gondwanaland landmasses. Intense folding of these deposits led to the formation of the mountain ranges.
2) Plate tectonics theories view the Himalayas as resulting from the collision of the Indian plate with the Eurasian plate, causing crustal shortening and folding.
3) Some scholars argue that vertical movements from gravitational forces were responsible for uplifting the mountains, rather than horizontal plate movements.
The document
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on gas hydrates. It defines gas hydrates as crystalline solids composed of water and gas molecules trapped in water cavities. Gas hydrates form under conditions of low temperature and high pressure in marine sediments and arctic permafrost. They contain vast quantities of methane globally and production methods include depressurization, thermal stimulation, and injecting carbon dioxide or inhibitors. The document outlines the occurrence, structure, and formation of gas hydrates as well as production techniques and their potential role as a future energy source and in climate change.
Shafts serve several important functions in mines including transporting workers, coal, supplies, and water as well as providing ventilation, power, and communication. Shafts must be carefully designed and constructed to safely and efficiently carry out these various jobs. A pair of shafts is necessary to allow for redundancy in case one shaft breaks down and to properly ventilate the mine with intake and return air flows. Complex winding and loading/unloading systems using cages, skips, and tubs are used to raise and lower materials through the shafts.
The document discusses various mining methods for steeply dipping and massive ore deposits. It describes caving methods like sublevel caving and induced block caving that are suitable for massive deposits with low ore value. It also outlines self-supported methods including sublevel stoping and large open stope mining. Supported methods such as cut-and-fill stoping and undercut-and-fill stoping are described as well. Each method is examined in terms of its applications, advantages, and disadvantages.
The document provides an overview of gravity surveying methods. It discusses how the gravitational method uses Newton's law of universal gravitation to study mass distributions within the Earth. Relative gravity measurements are used to measure variations in the gravitational field caused by subsurface density differences. These measurements are tied to an absolute gravity base station and used to map equipotential surfaces like the geoid. The document outlines factors to consider in survey design like station spacing, accuracy needs, and accessibility.
This document discusses plate tectonics and provides evidence supporting the theory. It describes the composition and properties of oceanic and continental crust. It explains different plate boundaries including divergent boundaries which form new crust at mid-ocean ridges, and convergent boundaries which cause volcanism and mountain building when plates collide. Transform boundaries connect divergent or convergent boundaries and accommodate lateral plate movement. The movement of tectonic plates is driven by convection currents in the Earth's mantle.
The document provides information on different types of oil and gas drilling rigs used on land and offshore. It describes key components and uses of land rigs, as well as differences between light, medium, and heavy duty land rigs. For offshore rigs, it discusses jackup rigs, gravity platforms, semisubmersibles, tension leg platforms, spars, drillships and their applications in different water depths. Specific rigs like the Berkut and Seastars platforms are also summarized.
This document summarizes various underground mining methods. It describes supported methods like cut and fill stoping which uses backfill, and unsupported methods like room and pillar mining where pillars provide natural support. It also discusses caving methods, including longwall mining where powered supports are used and sublevel caving where the ore and rock above cave in controlled columns. Conditions for each method are provided regarding ore and rock strength, deposit size and shape, depth, grade, and uniformity. The production cycle for each typically involves drilling, blasting, loading, and hauling, with auxiliary operations like ventilation and ground control.
physico mechanical properties of rock materials and details of different laboratory as well as field tests for determining behaviour of different rock materials in the field of mining and civil engineering
This document provides information on igneous petrology and the classification of igneous rocks. It discusses different classification systems including genetic, textural, chemical, and mineralogical classifications. It also describes techniques for chemical analysis of rocks and key concepts in igneous petrology such as saturation, variation diagrams, and the use of major and trace elements to understand rock origins.
East Coast MARE Ocean Lecture May 16, 2012 - Surf's Up! All About Waves at th...coseenow
The document discusses waves and coastal processes. It describes how waves form, grow, and change as they approach the shoreline. This includes wave shoaling, refraction, and breaking. It also discusses surf zone currents and sediment transport. Coastal changes occur over various timescales from storms to sea level rise. Long-term trends include shoreline erosion and accretion. Rising sea levels are projected to increase coastal flooding risks in the future.
Rock Mass Classification and also a brief description of Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Rock Structure Rating (RSR), Q valves and New Austrian Tunneling method(NATM)
India’s mineral sector can best be characterized as one of immense potential that is waiting to be tapped. Exploration to uncover this potential is crucial. For this, a sound and comprehensive strategy is required to be framed which can be implemented in a coordinated, systematic and consistent manner.
The National mineral exploration policy must address undermentioned considerations
(i) establishes priorities, in terms of mineral commodities, areas, mining technology etc;
(ii) identifies and defines roles for the groups of key players in the sector viz., government, the exploration industry, research and academic bodies, and financiers;
(iii)recognizes that coordinated activity amongst all these players is vital to success in exploration, and, therefore, creates the institutional mechanisms necessary for this purpose;
(iv)outlines the changes in the enabling framework (legal, regulatory, financial, fiscal etc.) required for obtaining the best possible results in exploration; and
(v) estimates the resources required, in terms of funds, human capital and technology, and the means of harnessing these to the tasks ahead.
Electrical Properties of Reservoir RocksM.T.H Group
This document discusses electrical resistivity of rock-fluid systems as measured by well logs. It defines resistivity as the ability of a fluid-saturated rock to impede electric current flow. Resistivity is determined by passing a measured current through a rock sample and measuring the required voltage. Resistivity depends on factors like porosity, pore geometry, lithology, cementation, and clay content. The resistivity of various earth materials is provided, from most resistive (rock) to least (salt water). Resistivity is used to determine water saturation and fluid types in formations.
SELECTION OF U NDERGROUND COAL MINING TECHNOLOGY FOR DEEP SEATED COAL DEPOSITS, VIZ; CONTINUOUS MINER, LONGWALL, OPERATIONAL & TECHNICAL PARAMETERS CONSIDERED FOR SELECTION OF CONTINUOUS MINER
Gravimetry uses measurements of variations in Earth's gravitational field to obtain information about subsurface density variations. It has applications in hydrocarbon exploration, geological mapping, and other fields. Gravity measurements are based on Newton's law of universal gravitation. Instruments used include stable gravimeters like pendulums and torsion balances, as well as portable unstable gravimeters. Measurements require corrections for factors like latitude, altitude, tides and drift. Density differences between rock types are the source of gravitational anomalies that can be interpreted.
This document discusses elements of seismology and earthquake engineering. It covers topics such as causes of earthquakes including plate tectonic theory, elastic rebound theory, types of seismic waves, measurement of earthquakes through seismographs, magnitude and intensity scales, and characteristics of strong ground motion. Key concepts are the different types of plate boundaries that can cause earthquakes, as well as the different types of seismic waves like P, S, love, and rayleigh waves that radiate from earthquake sources.
This lecture provides an overview of the issues influencing dilution in an underground production environment.
The lecture reviews the dilution problem throughout the entire mining process, and provides a rational approach to underground mine design in order to minimize dilution.
The stages contributing to dilution include orebody delineation, design and sequencing, stope development, drilling and blasting, production and mine management issues.
This lecture provides an overview of the issues influencing dilution in an underground production environment.
The lecture reviews the dilution problem throughout the entire mining process, and provides a rational approach to underground mine design in order to minimize dilution.
The stages contributing to dilution include orebody delineation, design and sequencing, stope development, drilling and blasting, production and mine management issues.
Nature of Mineralization
Geological dilution
Mining Methods and Dilution
Underground Mine Design:
Basic Input
Global (Block) Design Issues
Detailed design issues
Geotechnical Monitoring
Parameters Influencing Dilution:
Orebody delineation
Design and sequencing
Stope development
Drilling and blasting
Production stages
Issues for mine management
Analysis Of Silver Creek Wetland ComplexHeidi Maestas
The document analyzes the Silver Creek Wetland Complex, a rare coastal wetland located along the Nottawasaga Bay Shoreline in Ontario, Canada. It discusses the wetland's classification and protection under environmental laws. The wetland acts as important habitat for fish and bird species and provides flood control and water purification functions. Monitoring and stewardship of the wetland is conducted by various conservation authorities.
Antarctica has no permanent human residents but is used for scientific research. Global warming is having serious effects on Antarctica such as melting ice shelves and decreasing populations of penguins and krill. The melting ice caps and rising sea levels caused by climate change in Antarctica threaten coastal lands and could lead to food shortages and natural disasters around the world.
The document discusses various theories regarding the origin of the Himalayan mountains:
1) The geosynclinal evolution theory proposes that the Himalayas formed from the sedimentary deposits in the Tethys Sea, which separated the Angaraland and Gondwanaland landmasses. Intense folding of these deposits led to the formation of the mountain ranges.
2) Plate tectonics theories view the Himalayas as resulting from the collision of the Indian plate with the Eurasian plate, causing crustal shortening and folding.
3) Some scholars argue that vertical movements from gravitational forces were responsible for uplifting the mountains, rather than horizontal plate movements.
The document
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on gas hydrates. It defines gas hydrates as crystalline solids composed of water and gas molecules trapped in water cavities. Gas hydrates form under conditions of low temperature and high pressure in marine sediments and arctic permafrost. They contain vast quantities of methane globally and production methods include depressurization, thermal stimulation, and injecting carbon dioxide or inhibitors. The document outlines the occurrence, structure, and formation of gas hydrates as well as production techniques and their potential role as a future energy source and in climate change.
Shafts serve several important functions in mines including transporting workers, coal, supplies, and water as well as providing ventilation, power, and communication. Shafts must be carefully designed and constructed to safely and efficiently carry out these various jobs. A pair of shafts is necessary to allow for redundancy in case one shaft breaks down and to properly ventilate the mine with intake and return air flows. Complex winding and loading/unloading systems using cages, skips, and tubs are used to raise and lower materials through the shafts.
The document discusses various mining methods for steeply dipping and massive ore deposits. It describes caving methods like sublevel caving and induced block caving that are suitable for massive deposits with low ore value. It also outlines self-supported methods including sublevel stoping and large open stope mining. Supported methods such as cut-and-fill stoping and undercut-and-fill stoping are described as well. Each method is examined in terms of its applications, advantages, and disadvantages.
The document provides an overview of gravity surveying methods. It discusses how the gravitational method uses Newton's law of universal gravitation to study mass distributions within the Earth. Relative gravity measurements are used to measure variations in the gravitational field caused by subsurface density differences. These measurements are tied to an absolute gravity base station and used to map equipotential surfaces like the geoid. The document outlines factors to consider in survey design like station spacing, accuracy needs, and accessibility.
This document discusses plate tectonics and provides evidence supporting the theory. It describes the composition and properties of oceanic and continental crust. It explains different plate boundaries including divergent boundaries which form new crust at mid-ocean ridges, and convergent boundaries which cause volcanism and mountain building when plates collide. Transform boundaries connect divergent or convergent boundaries and accommodate lateral plate movement. The movement of tectonic plates is driven by convection currents in the Earth's mantle.
The document provides information on different types of oil and gas drilling rigs used on land and offshore. It describes key components and uses of land rigs, as well as differences between light, medium, and heavy duty land rigs. For offshore rigs, it discusses jackup rigs, gravity platforms, semisubmersibles, tension leg platforms, spars, drillships and their applications in different water depths. Specific rigs like the Berkut and Seastars platforms are also summarized.
This document summarizes various underground mining methods. It describes supported methods like cut and fill stoping which uses backfill, and unsupported methods like room and pillar mining where pillars provide natural support. It also discusses caving methods, including longwall mining where powered supports are used and sublevel caving where the ore and rock above cave in controlled columns. Conditions for each method are provided regarding ore and rock strength, deposit size and shape, depth, grade, and uniformity. The production cycle for each typically involves drilling, blasting, loading, and hauling, with auxiliary operations like ventilation and ground control.
physico mechanical properties of rock materials and details of different laboratory as well as field tests for determining behaviour of different rock materials in the field of mining and civil engineering
This document provides information on igneous petrology and the classification of igneous rocks. It discusses different classification systems including genetic, textural, chemical, and mineralogical classifications. It also describes techniques for chemical analysis of rocks and key concepts in igneous petrology such as saturation, variation diagrams, and the use of major and trace elements to understand rock origins.
East Coast MARE Ocean Lecture May 16, 2012 - Surf's Up! All About Waves at th...coseenow
The document discusses waves and coastal processes. It describes how waves form, grow, and change as they approach the shoreline. This includes wave shoaling, refraction, and breaking. It also discusses surf zone currents and sediment transport. Coastal changes occur over various timescales from storms to sea level rise. Long-term trends include shoreline erosion and accretion. Rising sea levels are projected to increase coastal flooding risks in the future.
Rock Mass Classification and also a brief description of Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Rock Structure Rating (RSR), Q valves and New Austrian Tunneling method(NATM)
India’s mineral sector can best be characterized as one of immense potential that is waiting to be tapped. Exploration to uncover this potential is crucial. For this, a sound and comprehensive strategy is required to be framed which can be implemented in a coordinated, systematic and consistent manner.
The National mineral exploration policy must address undermentioned considerations
(i) establishes priorities, in terms of mineral commodities, areas, mining technology etc;
(ii) identifies and defines roles for the groups of key players in the sector viz., government, the exploration industry, research and academic bodies, and financiers;
(iii)recognizes that coordinated activity amongst all these players is vital to success in exploration, and, therefore, creates the institutional mechanisms necessary for this purpose;
(iv)outlines the changes in the enabling framework (legal, regulatory, financial, fiscal etc.) required for obtaining the best possible results in exploration; and
(v) estimates the resources required, in terms of funds, human capital and technology, and the means of harnessing these to the tasks ahead.
Electrical Properties of Reservoir RocksM.T.H Group
This document discusses electrical resistivity of rock-fluid systems as measured by well logs. It defines resistivity as the ability of a fluid-saturated rock to impede electric current flow. Resistivity is determined by passing a measured current through a rock sample and measuring the required voltage. Resistivity depends on factors like porosity, pore geometry, lithology, cementation, and clay content. The resistivity of various earth materials is provided, from most resistive (rock) to least (salt water). Resistivity is used to determine water saturation and fluid types in formations.
SELECTION OF U NDERGROUND COAL MINING TECHNOLOGY FOR DEEP SEATED COAL DEPOSITS, VIZ; CONTINUOUS MINER, LONGWALL, OPERATIONAL & TECHNICAL PARAMETERS CONSIDERED FOR SELECTION OF CONTINUOUS MINER
Gravimetry uses measurements of variations in Earth's gravitational field to obtain information about subsurface density variations. It has applications in hydrocarbon exploration, geological mapping, and other fields. Gravity measurements are based on Newton's law of universal gravitation. Instruments used include stable gravimeters like pendulums and torsion balances, as well as portable unstable gravimeters. Measurements require corrections for factors like latitude, altitude, tides and drift. Density differences between rock types are the source of gravitational anomalies that can be interpreted.
This document discusses elements of seismology and earthquake engineering. It covers topics such as causes of earthquakes including plate tectonic theory, elastic rebound theory, types of seismic waves, measurement of earthquakes through seismographs, magnitude and intensity scales, and characteristics of strong ground motion. Key concepts are the different types of plate boundaries that can cause earthquakes, as well as the different types of seismic waves like P, S, love, and rayleigh waves that radiate from earthquake sources.
This lecture provides an overview of the issues influencing dilution in an underground production environment.
The lecture reviews the dilution problem throughout the entire mining process, and provides a rational approach to underground mine design in order to minimize dilution.
The stages contributing to dilution include orebody delineation, design and sequencing, stope development, drilling and blasting, production and mine management issues.
This lecture provides an overview of the issues influencing dilution in an underground production environment.
The lecture reviews the dilution problem throughout the entire mining process, and provides a rational approach to underground mine design in order to minimize dilution.
The stages contributing to dilution include orebody delineation, design and sequencing, stope development, drilling and blasting, production and mine management issues.
Nature of Mineralization
Geological dilution
Mining Methods and Dilution
Underground Mine Design:
Basic Input
Global (Block) Design Issues
Detailed design issues
Geotechnical Monitoring
Parameters Influencing Dilution:
Orebody delineation
Design and sequencing
Stope development
Drilling and blasting
Production stages
Issues for mine management
Analysis Of Silver Creek Wetland ComplexHeidi Maestas
The document analyzes the Silver Creek Wetland Complex, a rare coastal wetland located along the Nottawasaga Bay Shoreline in Ontario, Canada. It discusses the wetland's classification and protection under environmental laws. The wetland acts as important habitat for fish and bird species and provides flood control and water purification functions. Monitoring and stewardship of the wetland is conducted by various conservation authorities.
Antarctica has no permanent human residents but is used for scientific research. Global warming is having serious effects on Antarctica such as melting ice shelves and decreasing populations of penguins and krill. The melting ice caps and rising sea levels caused by climate change in Antarctica threaten coastal lands and could lead to food shortages and natural disasters around the world.
The document discusses environmental protection in the Arctic, including:
1) The Arctic environment is relatively pristine but faces threats from pollution, climate change, and increased human activity and development.
2) Conservation efforts are important to protect the region's biodiversity and indigenous populations, but current approaches may not adequately address modern issues.
3) Increased shipping, resource extraction, and infrastructure projects risk more pollution and disturbance if not carefully planned and regulated.
Antarctica plays an important role in regulating the world's climate through its ocean currents, which circulate heat globally and transport carbon dioxide, affecting factors like temperature, wind and rainfall patterns. Antarctica is also a crucial site for scientific research on climate change and monitoring the impacts of global pollution. Tourism in Antarctica is growing but needs to be well-managed to prevent damage to the environment and wildlife from waste, disturbed habitats, and the removal of historic items.
The document discusses several ways that the ocean is being impacted by climate change and how Ocean Conservancy is working to address these issues. It notes that the ocean absorbs half of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and more excess heat than rainforests. Ocean Conservancy is fighting to protect the Arctic, restore fisheries, protect wildlife, and ensure sound ocean management in the face of climate change impacts. It also discusses their work to reduce marine debris and protect beaches and coastal communities through annual coastal cleanups.
1. The document discusses various types of aquatic ecosystems including estuaries, mangrove swamps, coral reefs, rocky shores, sandy beaches, and barrier islands. It describes the key features and organisms found in each.
2. Coastal ecosystems like estuaries and mangrove swamps provide many important ecological services including habitat, nurseries for marine life, and protection from storms. They also have economic value through fisheries, recreation, and tourism.
3. Coral reefs have exceptionally high biodiversity but are very vulnerable to threats like bleaching from rising water temperatures, ocean acidification, pollution, and destructive fishing practices. Widespread damage to coral reefs could have serious ecological and economic
Louisiana contains many marshes and wetlands that constitute about 40% of the state's landscape, providing important habitat for wildlife. However, Louisiana has experienced a significant amount of wetland loss over recent decades, with around 80% of national wetland loss occurring in the state. Specifically, Louisiana wetlands have declined by 30% just in the past 10 years, which is problematic as the lost wetlands are often converted to open water rather than being restored.
California Mussels Influence On Mytilus CalifornianusStacey Wilson
The document discusses how human activities affect ocean tides and estuaries. Estuaries are partially enclosed bodies of water where freshwater from land meets saltwater from the sea, making salinity and water level dependent on ocean tides. Human activities like agriculture, waste disposal, and land development have increased erosion and altered river flows into estuaries, accelerating their aging. This redirects sediments and changes water circulation, salinity, and biological communities in estuaries. Coastal development and ports have also disrupted natural shorelines and water circulation.
The Antarctic Ocean has an extremely cold climate with recorded temperatures as low as -93.2°C. Precipitation is low, averaging 166 mm per year. Life in the ocean includes seals, whales, penguins, and insects on land. Krill, phytoplankton, and baleen whales form a food chain, with arrows representing the flow of energy between trophic levels. Pollution such as plastics, acid rain, and overfishing threaten the Antarctic's ecosystems. Microplastics have been found throughout the ocean and snow, showing that even remote areas are contaminated.
IRREVERSIBLE? Climate Change, Fisherfolks, and the Coastal Communitymeih
The document discusses the impacts of climate change on coastal communities and fisheries in the Philippines. It notes that the Philippines has extensive coastlines and coastal populations that are highly dependent on marine fisheries for food and livelihood. Climate change is expected to negatively impact coral reefs, fisheries, and coastal resources through rising sea levels, increased temperatures, and more extreme weather. This will threaten food security and biodiversity in the Philippines. The document also discusses observed shifts in species ranges and abundances due to ocean warming globally.
This document discusses efforts to preserve aquatic ecosystems around the world. It provides examples of marine sanctuaries and international agreements aimed at protecting coral reefs from threats like pollution and overfishing. Private organizations and universities are also playing roles in monitoring and conserving delicate aquatic habitats. The document then discusses specific examples of restoration efforts for wetlands and rivers, including the Everglades and Danube Delta.
The passage discusses the importance of wetlands in Louisiana and the challenges they face. It notes that Louisiana loses around 25-35 square miles of wetlands per year, and by 2050 the estimated annual loss of fishing income due to coastal wetland erosion will be around $550 million. Wetlands provide commercial fishing, flood control during storms, and retain water during dry periods. They also play a large role in Louisiana's culture and economy by supporting seafood industries like shrimp, crabs, and crawfish. However, wetlands are being destroyed rapidly, threatening these benefits and values.
World Oceans Day was originally proposed in 1992 at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro to raise awareness of the impact of human actions on the oceans and mobilize efforts for sustainable ocean management. It is celebrated annually on June 8th to educate the public on the vital role oceans play and encourage environmentally friendly behavior. The document then provides background on the size and characteristics of the five major oceans - Pacific, Atlantic, Arctic, Indian, and Southern - and discusses causes and effects of ocean pollution like dumping of sewage, land runoff, and eutrophication which harm marine life and contaminate seafood consumed by humans. Some ways individuals can help reduce pollution include using fewer plastics, opting for reusable products,
World Oceans Day was originally proposed in 1992 at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro to raise awareness of the impact of human actions on the oceans and mobilize efforts for sustainable ocean management. It is celebrated annually on June 8th to educate the public on the vital role oceans play and encourage environmentally friendly behavior. The document then provides background on the size and characteristics of the five major oceans - Pacific, Atlantic, Arctic, Indian, and Southern - and discusses causes and effects of ocean pollution like dumping of sewage, land runoff, and eutrophication which harm marine life and contaminate seafood consumed by humans. Lastly, it suggests ways for individuals to help reduce ocean pollution through reducing plastic use, choosing
Coral reefs are the most biologically diverse marine ecosystems, providing habitat for approximately 25% of all ocean species despite occupying less than 1% of the ocean floor. Coral reefs are valuable both ecologically and economically, with their value estimated between $30-172 billion annually from tourism, fisheries, shoreline protection, and medicine. Coral reef ecosystems extend from coastal mangrove forests and seagrass beds, which stabilize shorelines, filter pollutants, and provide nurseries for coral reef organisms. The three types of coral reef formations are fringing reefs along the shore, barrier reefs separated from the shore by lagoons, and atolls surrounding deep central lagoons.
The document discusses several key topics related to oceans and ocean habitats:
- It describes the five major oceans (Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and Southern) and provides some key facts about their sizes and locations.
- It explains how warming climate can cause sea level rise through thermal expansion of oceans and melting of land ice.
- It discusses some threats facing ocean habitats like pollution, overfishing, and climate change and their impacts on coral reefs, seagrasses, and other important ecosystems.
Coral reefs are diverse underwater ecosystems made up of calcium carbonate structures secreted by coral polyps. They support enormous biodiversity and provide goods and services valued at $30 billion annually, including fisheries that support one billion people and tourism that generates billions for economies like those of Florida and Australia. However, coral reefs are severely threatened by bleaching due to rising water temperatures, pollution, sedimentation, poison fishing, and careless tourism. Conservation efforts include supporting marine protected areas, reducing plastic use, and inspiring others to protect coral reefs for future generations.
The document analyzes the loss of tidal wetlands in New York from 1880 to 2000 based on a study by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, finding a 48% loss from the 1880s to 2000 and an additional 19% loss from 1970 to present despite protective legislation passed in the 1970s, indicating wetland decline continues to be a problem. It discusses how wetlands provide important ecosystem services like habitat for marine organisms and nutrient cycling. The main cause of ongoing wetland loss is increased amounts of open water on marsh surfaces due to excess nitrogen leading to the wetland's demise, though laws in the 1970s aimed to protect from draining and filling wet
Wetlands provide many important ecological services such as regulating water regimes, sequestering carbon, and serving as biodiversity hotspots. They also help mitigate natural hazards like floods and storms. However, wetlands worldwide are being degraded and lost due to drainage and encroachment. Effective conservation requires public education on the value of wetlands and intergovernmental cooperation under treaties like the Ramsar Convention. The document outlines the types and functions of different wetland ecosystems and their importance for wildlife habitat and plant communities.
El documento es una carta del Govern de la Generalitat de Catalunya a la vicepresidenta del Gobierno de España expresando su malestar por las declaraciones del general de brigada Pedro Garrido, jefe de la Guardia Civil en Cataluña, en las que puso en duda la actuación de los Mossos d'Esquadra. El Govern exige el cese inmediato de Garrido y acciones del Gobierno español ante la ofensa causada, ya que sus palabras socavan la relación de colaboración entre ambos cuerpos y no corresponde a un mando policial hacer declar
informe de la Federació internacional pels drets humans denuncia ‘serioses ir...Jaume Satorra
La Federació Internacional de Drets Humans (FIDH) i la Xarxa Euromediterrània de Drets Humans (EuroMed Rights) han publicat des de París i Brussel·les el seu informe sobre el judici contra el procés Tribunal Suprem espanyol
El Ministerio de Defensa adjudica un contrato de 9.5 millones de euros a la compañía MBDA España SLU para realizar un estudio de viabilidad y reducción de riesgos en el sistema de misiles Sea Ceptor en futuras fragatas, así como para proporcionar un paquete tecnológico de misiles modulares anti-aéreos. El documento también compromete el gasto de la adjudicación y establece el proceso de recurso contra la resolución.
El documento es el manifiesto del general Primo de Rivera anunciando el golpe de Estado en España en 1923. En su manifiesto, Primo de Rivera critica la inestabilidad política, la corrupción y la inmoralidad del sistema político anterior. Anuncia la formación de un directorio militar provisional para mantener el orden público y encontrar hombres honorables para formar un nuevo gobierno con el apoyo del ejército. Promete poner fin a la inseguridad y restaurar la moralidad y la disciplina en España.
En los últimos 32 años (1985-2017), 95,750 hectáreas han sido deforestadas por la minería aurífera en el sureste del Amazonia peruana — un área más grande que la cuidad de Lima. La mayoría de esta deforestación (el 67.5% o 64,586 ha) ocurrió en los últimos 8 años (2009-2017), un área equivalente a 90,456 campos de fútbol. La minería de tecnología artesanal es responsable del 63% de la deforestación, mientras que la minería de maquinaria pesada es respons
Carolina c.punset diputada en el parlamento europeoJaume Satorra
La diputada anuncia que dejará el partido Ciudadanos debido a que ha abandonado sus valores iniciales de defender a la ciudadanía y ha adoptado posiciones más bien de derechas. Señala varios giros ideológicos del partido como apoyar el impuesto al sol contrario a su promesa o no apoyar el cierre de la central nuclear de Cofrentes. También critica su postura sobre la prostitución, los vientres de alquiler y Cataluña. Finalmente, decide dejar el partido al ver que se ha convertido en un
La sentencia desestima el recurso de la empresa municipal de vivienda contra la liquidación del impuesto sobre actos jurídicos documentados por una escritura de préstamo hipotecario. En cuanto a la exención pretendida para viviendas de protección oficial, la sentencia señala que no procede para viviendas con más de 90 metros cuadrados. Respecto al sujeto pasivo, la sentencia confirma que es el prestatario y no el acreedor hipotecario, siguiendo la doctrina del Tribunal Supremo.
Este documento propone un acuerdo presupuestario para 2019 con el objetivo de revertir los recortes de los últimos años y fortalecer el estado de bienestar en España. Plantea medidas en 14 áreas clave como pensiones, sanidad, educación, empleo, ciencia e innovación, entre otras. El objetivo general es mejorar los servicios públicos, proteger a los grupos vulnerables y promover la igualdad, tras años de políticas de austeridad que aumentaron la desigualdad y la pobreza.
El documento describe el Programa Antártico Argentino y su Plan Anual Antártico 2017-2018. El Plan incluye proyectos científicos, actividades de gestión ambiental, apoyo logístico y servicios que la Argentina llevará a cabo en la Antártida entre noviembre de 2017 y octubre de 2018. El objetivo principal es fortalecer los derechos argentinos de soberanía en la región a través de la investigación científica y el cumplimiento del Tratado Antártico.
Ministerio de educacion cultura y deporteJaume Satorra
Una orden interna del departamento de Méndez de Vigo corrobora que se ignoró la reducción horaria de Religión aprobada en el 65% de los colegios de Andalucía. “ El Ministerio asignó más horas de las que aquí se consideraron necesarias. Desconozco por qué sigue haciéndolo”, dice la consejera Sonia Gaya.
Un funcionario en funciones llamado mariano rajoy beyJaume Satorra
Este documento describe la conmemoración del político español Manuel Azaña en Montauban, Francia, donde murió en el exilio. Resalta el trabajo de los exiliados españoles y franceses para preservar la memoria de Azaña y la Segunda República, en contraste con la falta de reconocimiento en España. También critica que el partido más votado en España sea el Partido Popular, heredero de los que derrocaron a la República, y sugiere que si la gente conociera más a figuras como Azaña no apoyar
Los provocadores bolcheviques de caritasJaume Satorra
El artículo critica al Ministro de Hacienda español, Cristóbal Montoro, por descalificar el informe anual de Cáritas que muestra el aumento de la pobreza y desigualdad en España. Montoro acusa el informe de ser propio de una economía comunista y llama "provocadores bolcheviques" a Cáritas. El artículo argumenta que los gobernantes españoles usan sistemáticamente la retórica anticomunista para desacreditar cualquier crítica y defienden el capitalismo por sobre los derechos humanos
La investigación de la operación Gürtel, una trama de corrupción vinculada al PP, ha costado el puesto a varios cargos políticos del partido. La cronología detalla las imputaciones, detenciones y dimisiones de cargos del PP a nivel nacional y autonómico en Comunidad de Madrid y Comunidad Valenciana entre 2009 y 2008, así como las decisiones de los tribunales de asumir partes de la investigación. Se considera al empresario Francisco Correa como líder de la trama y se le acusa junto a otros de del
Mas conversaciones historico politicas sobre catalunyaJaume Satorra
Este documento presenta una entrevista con Àngel Duarte Montserrat sobre el republicanismo. Duarte define el republicanismo como una cultura política y un movimiento social que ha existido en España en diferentes formas, desde uno patricio que buscaba la modernidad burguesa hasta uno plebeyo que luchaba por la emancipación de las clases populares. Actualmente, el republicanismo recupera el concepto de libertad como no dominación y defiende que sólo con autonomía económica puede haber participación política real. Para Duarte, el republicanismo que importa es
Los provocadores bolcheviques de caritasJaume Satorra
El documento critica al ministro de Hacienda español, Cristóbal Montoro, por descalificar el informe anual de Cáritas sobre pobreza en España. El informe muestra que España tiene altos niveles de desigualdad de ingresos y pobreza infantil. Montoro acusa el informe de promover ideas comunistas al sugerir que la pobreza podría reducirse con más gasto público. El documento argumenta que los gobernantes españoles usan frecuentemente la retórica anticomunista para descalificar cualquier crítica social
El documento resume el impacto de la crisis económica en el mercado laboral español, señalando que España ha experimentado el mayor aumento del desempleo entre las economías avanzadas. Esto se debe a que el modelo de crecimiento español dependía en exceso del sector de la construcción e inmobiliario, lo que ha agotado. El documento concluye que España necesita centrarse en crear empleo a través de inversiones productivas, políticas salariales efectivas y una transformación estructural para reducir el descontento social.
El documento discute cómo la desaceleración económica podría provocar una recaída del empleo y empeorar las desigualdades y el descontento social, retrasando aún más la recuperación económica. Señala que es necesario cambiar el enfoque para poner los mercados al servicio del empleo en lugar de relegar el empleo como un tema secundario, y propone reforzar el vínculo entre salarios y productividad empezando por países con superávit para estimular la demanda mundial.
Pegaso era un caballo alado blanco nacido de la sangre de Medusa decapitada por Perseo. Belerofonte logró domar a Pegaso con una brida de oro y lo usó para realizar hazañas heroicas, pero cuando quiso usarlo para llegar al Monte Olimpo, Zeus lo castigó. Más tarde, Pegaso fue convertido en una constelación por Zeus.
6. 02 The Antarctic: A natural reserve devoted to peace and science
Those of us who have been nowhere near the South Pole are also
bOx 1 What is an ecosystem? having a big impact upon it: the burning of fossils fuels with the
resulting release of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, is
An ecosystem is a group of plants and animals and the non-living
changing our Earth’s climate and, in a process known as ocean
features (air, water, soil, climate, etc.) of the area in which they live.
acidification, the chemistry of our oceans. These changes will take
It is also the many relationships connecting these organisms to each
their toll on the Antarctic.
other in a way that supports all of the species living there. There
are simple relationships like those of a predator and its prey; a plant
Hunting for Antarctic seals began in the 19th century and reduced
that provides shelter and protection for animals; or two species that
local populations dramatically. Whaling over the past century has
compete for the same food sources. More complex relationships
depleted the Antarctic of most of its blue and fin whales and these
include the links between a species and the predator of its predator,
endangered populations have never recovered.5, 6 More recently,
or those between a species and the predator of its competitor.
the finely balanced ecosystems of the Southern Ocean have faced
Migrating species, such as whales, provide links between different
another threat – fishing.
ecosystems that may be oceans apart.
An ecosystem has a great number of checks and balances, with
every link binding the ecosystem together like the strands in a giant
bOx 2 The Antarctic Treaty System
spider web. In essence, the ecosystem acts as a single organism.
Damage to one part of an ecosystem will flow along each of these and environmental protection7
links and affect each part of the ecosystem in some way, sometimes The Antarctic Treaty was signed by 12 countries on the 1st
in multiple ways, changing the overall balance. The consequence December 1959 and entered into force on the 23rd June 1961.
of any damage to an ecosystem is complicated and very difficult Since then, 47 countries have become parties to the Antarctic
to predict. Even when the initial cause of damage has stopped, Treaty, which establishes the legal framework for the management
the changes may be too many for an ecosystem to recover to its of Antarctica. Provisions in the treaty have lead to the Antarctic
original state. A damaged ecosystem is also more vulnerable to becoming the only continent that is used exclusively for peaceful
other agents of change such as disease, invasive species and the purposes – no military activities are permitted – and one where
forces of climate change. Once the balance is destroyed, it may be international co-operation in scientific investigation is actively
gone forever. promoted.
Since the signing of the original treaty, three other complementary
international agreements have been negotiated and together these
The region has also been protected by the Antarctic Treaty,
constitute the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS). The three international
originally signed in 1959, and the various additions to this treaty,
agreements are: the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic
including the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine
Seals (1972), the Convention on the Conservation of Marine Living
Living Resources, which addresses the management of Antarctic
Resources (1980), and the Protocol on Environmental Protection
fisheries (see Box 2).
to the Antarctic Treaty, also known as the Madrid Protocol (1991).
Under the ATS, any activities in the Antarctic must be carried out in
The Antarctic has often been called the last great wilderness.
a way that limits any harmful impacts, and any future activities must
Unfortunately, this unique and beautiful region is no longer pristine.
be planned with sufficient information to make informed judgements
Human activity has been increasing over the past 50 years.
about their possible impacts. The agreement prohibits all activities
Scientists and their support staff from as many as 28 countries
relating to mineral resources except for scientific research, but does
and 176 institutions4 are involved in research projects across
not prohibit fishing.
the continent, and tourism has increased dramatically in the last
decade. Ironically it is the beauty and the near-pristine ecosystem
that attract both scientists and visitors.
6 Defending the last ocean
10. 03 Breaching the peace: Fishing in the Antarctic
Pioneering management Troublesome toothfish fisheries
In 1982, almost 20 years after the first fisheries appeared in the Fisheries for toothfish mainly use bottom longlines (see Box 3) to
Antarctic, the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine catch two closely related species. Patagonian toothfish is more
Living Resources came into force as part of the Antarctic Treaty abundant in waters north of the 60° South line of latitude, while
System. It was established ‘mainly in response to concerns Antarctic toothfish is usually found south of this line towards the
that an increase in krill catches in the Southern Ocean could Antarctic continent, including the Ross Sea. Both species are
have a serious effect on populations of krill and other marine life; equally abundant between 60° and 65° South.17 The Ross Sea
particularly on birds, seals and fish, which mainly depend on krill for (south of the 70° South line) is unusual because both species are
food’.15 The Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine found there, although the Antarctic toothfish dominates.
Living Resources (known as CCAMLR, pronounced ka-mel-ar)
is the international body responsible for implementing Established toothfish fisheries operate in CCAMLR’s Atlantic
this Convention. and Indian Ocean management sectors (named by the ocean
regions that border the Southern Ocean) where there is sufficient
CCAMLR manages all fisheries south of the Antarctic information available to provide appropriate assessments of
Convergence, an area between 50° South and 60° South where the potential yield for the fisheries (see Figure 1). There are also
the cold polar waters meet the warmer waters of the north (a several ‘exploratory’ fisheries targeting toothfish in the southern
biological barrier to most Southern Ocean species). At present, regions of the Indian and Pacific Ocean sectors. Exploratory
CCAMLR regulates fisheries for Antarctic krill, Patagonian toothfish, fisheries are, in theory, kept small with low catches until enough
Antarctic toothfish, mackerel icefish, lantern fish, squid and crabs. information is known about the potential impacts of the fishery
on the target species and the broader ecosystem to ensure
CCAMLR is considered an international leader in its precautionary that scientists can provide advice consistent with CCAMLR’s
and ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management. management practices.18
CCAMLR is required to consider not only the target species, but
also the whole ecosystem in its management practices. Even
when data is lacking, decisions should be made that minimise the
risk of any long-term negative effects on ecosystems that a fishery
might cause. All vessels operating in CCAMLR waters must carry
independent observers to ensure that they operate according to bOx 3 Bottom longlines of the
the fishing regulations.16 Despite its good reputation, CCAMLR Antarctic fisheries
faces a particularly difficult problem that threatens to undermine The rapid expansion of toothfish fisheries in the late 1990s and
this pioneering approach to management – illegal operators take earlier this century is linked to the introduction of new longlining
advantage of the vast size and isolation of the Southern Ocean, techniques that allow fishing vessels to work in deeper and rougher
especially for the two commercially (and ecologically) valuable waters. Most vessels use a Norwegian ‘autoline’ system that has
toothfish species – Patagonian toothfish and Antarctic toothfish. a single long backbone line containing several thousand short
(4 metres) branch lines spaced 1–2 metres apart, each with a
single hook on the end. The longline is normally stored in several
magazines on board the vessel, each containing 1,000–1,200
metres of longline, typically with 950–1,200 hooks. These
magazines can be joined together to make the required length of
line. Lines run through an automatic baiting machine and each
vessel sets and retrieves 10,000–40,000 hooks each day, an
equivalent of about 15–50 kilometres of longlines.19
10 Defending the last ocean
11. Breaching the peace: Fishing in the Antarctic 03
Figure 1 Map of the Antarctic showing the location of the Ross Sea and fishery areas managed
by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR).20
Defending the last ocean 11
12. 03 Breaching the peace: Fishing in the Antarctic
Annual reported toothfish catches within the CCAMLR Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported (IUU) fishing puts the
management area have ranged from 13,804–18,507 tonnes targeted fish species as well as Southern Ocean ecosystems
since 2000 (see Figure 2).21 However, there are also fisheries for at serious risk. The amount of fish taken by IUU vessels can
Patagonian toothfish outside the regions managed by CCAMLR, only ever be estimated, which undermines precautionary
particularly in the waters near southern Chile and Argentina. These management of the stocks, and has lead to overfishing of
fisheries take a significant proportion (over 40% each year since toothfish in some areas. CCAMLR’s estimates of the amount of
2004) of the total toothfish catch. Reported catches in all areas toothfish taken by IUU vessels may be as much as 50% below
dropped to a relatively stable level after 2003, possibly due to the actual amount (see Box 4).
the introduction of stronger monitoring, control and surveillance
measures by CCAMLR in 2003 (see Box 4). In addition to these In addition, IUU vessels do not operate under any of the
legitimate fisheries, there are illegal operators targeting toothfish regulations that aim to monitor and minimise the accidental
throughout the Southern Ocean. capture and killing of other species by fisheries, especially
vulnerable species. Endangered seabirds like albatrosses and
petrels are particularly at risk of being caught on longlines in the
Southern Ocean, and IUU fishing continues to push these species
towards extinction.
Figure 2 Catches of Antarctic and Patagonian toothfish reported to the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine
Living Resources (CCAMLR)22 and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO),23 by year (season end) and
management area.
50,000
45,000
40,000
35,000
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
Tonnes 0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
PATAGONIAN - NON-CCAMLR PATAGONIAN - CCAMLR ANTARCTIC - OTHER CCAMLR ANTARCTIC - ROSS SEA
12 Defending the last ocean
13. Breaching the peace: Fishing in the Antarctic 03
bOx 4 Illegal fishing of toothfish in the Deep-water gillnets are also becoming more popular for illegal fishing
activities, probably because they do not require bait and require fewer
Southern Ocean crew than longlines. The use of gillnets creates further management
The wildlife trade monitoring network TRAFFIC, estimated that about problems as there is no legal gillnet fishery with which to compare
half the world trade of Patagonian toothfish in 1999–2000 was from the potential catches or other impacts.28 Deep-water gillnets are
illegal fisheries (21,500–33,800 tonnes).24 CCAMLR’s estimate for indiscriminate and are likely to result in a large bycatch of a range of
toothfish caught by IUU vessels at that time was just 8,500 tonnes. In other fish. Lost or abandoned gillnets continue to catch and kill fish
2002, the Australian government proposed that both toothfish species – a process known as ghost fishing. This is a particular problem in
be listed under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered rough waters and deep-sea fisheries and is one reason why gillnets
Species of Wildlife Fauna and Flora (CITES) to provide stronger have been banned in CCAMLR areas since 2004, as well as in other
trade restrictions and reduce the illegal trade.25 The proposal was regions such as the North-East Atlantic. In April 2009, for example, an
not accepted; however, CCAMLR introduced a range of monitoring, Australian patrol vessel found an illegal gillnet on the BANzARE Bank
control and surveillance measures that have gone some way to in the Indian Ocean sector of the Southern Ocean, but was unable to
reducing the IUU problem, but have by no means solved the issue. find the IUU fishing vessel responsible.29 The net was 130 kilometres
long and was set at a depth of 1.5 kilometres. It had already caught
The recent follow-up report from TRAFFIC, looking at toothfish trade 29 tonnes of Antarctic toothfish, and a significant number of skates.
data for 2003–2007, suggests that CCAMLR is still underestimating
the IUU catch figures for both toothfish species by more than 50%
each year.26 This means that total catches are being underestimated,
and the annual catch limits being set for the fishery may be too high to
be considered precautionary. Indeed Australian scientists believe that
toothfish stocks on the British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic
Research Expedition (BANzARE) Bank in the Indian Ocean sector are
now overfished due to IUU fishing, and the catch allowance was set to
zero for the 2009/10 season while scientists investigate the apparent
stock decline.27
Defending the last ocean 13
14. Image Ice in the
Ross Sea, Antarctica
14 Defending the last ocean
16. 04 The Ross Sea: The last frontier
The Ross Sea is home to an amazing array of creatures that In 2008, a report published in the journal Science named the
form one of the Antarctic’s most unique and complex marine Ross Sea as the one remaining ocean region in the world that
ecosystems. At one end of the spectrum is the huge range of has been little affected by human activities.31 Unlike other marine
microscopic plants and animals collectively known as plankton. ecosystems, there are large and healthy populations of top
A large array of life forms are found on the seabed, like corals, predators – larger fish, birds and mammals – and the relationships
sponges, algae and shellfish, and the Ross Sea has the richest or links between all levels of life have remained relatively intact.
diversity of fish in the Southern Ocean, including seven species
found nowhere else. At the other end of the spectrum are For marine scientists this is an extraordinary and rare find, one
disproportionately large populations of the more familiar species which provides us with a great opportunity to learn more about
of Antarctic seals, penguins and whales (see Table 1). The Ross continental shelf ecosystems, especially the roles of these top
Sea’s value, in evolutionary terms, has been compared to that predators. In addition, the Ross Sea is of extraordinary value to
of the Galapagos Islands, the African Rift lakes and Russia’s scientists as a ‘living laboratory’ where climate change and its
Lake Baikal – all designated as World Heritage Sites for their impacts can be investigated without interference from other more
exemplary fauna.30 direct human impacts.
This diverse range of plant and animal marine life – known as
‘biodiversity’ – has been the focus of many scientific research
programmes. Despite this, we still do not understand many of
the complex interactions between the different life forms within
this ecosystem.
Table 1 Important species found in the Ross Sea32
Group Common name(s) Scientific name
Phytoplankton Various, including diatoms, haptophytes, dinoflagelates, crytophytes Various
Krill Crystal krill or ice krill Euphausia crystallorophias
Antarctic krill Euphausia superba
Small fish Antarctic silverfish Pleuragramma antarcticum
Emerald rock cod Trematomus bernacchii
Bald notothen Pagothenia borchgrevinki
Large fish Antarctic toothfish Dissostichus mawsoni
Squid Colossal squid Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni
Seals Crabeater seal Lobodon carcinophagus
Weddell seal Leptonychotes weddilli
Leopard seal Hydrurga leptonyx
Ross seal Omatophoca rossi
Elephant seal Mirounga leonina
Whales Antarctic minke whale Balaenoptera bonaerensis
Killer whale or orca Orcinus orca
Arnoux’s beaked whale Berardius arnuxii
birds Adélie penguin Pygoscelis adeliae
Emperor penguin Aptenodytes forsteri
Snow petrel Pagodroma nivea
Antarctic petrel Thalassoica antarctica
South polar skua Stercorarius maccormicki
16 Defending the last ocean
21. The Ross Sea: The last frontier 04
Top predators of the food web
The Ross Sea ecosystem is especially important for the top Seals
predators of this food web, which have been little impacted by The dominant seal species in the Ross Sea is the crabeater seal,
humans, compared to other ocean regions. and the region may also support as much as half of the entire
world’s population of Weddell seals. The other seals found here are
Whales leopard seals, Ross seals and a few elephant seals.
Antarctic minke whales are the main whale species found in the
Ross Sea and although 40% of the population was lost to whaling birds
in the 1970s and 1980s, their numbers have since increased. It About 38% and 26% of the world’s Adélie and Emperor penguins,
is thought that a core population of these whales was protected respectively, spend their summers in the Ross Sea. As much as
from whaling ships by the impenetrable Ross Sea pack ice, which 30% of the world’s population of petrels, mainly Antarctic and
allowed their subsequent recovery.42 About 6% of the world’s snow petrels, are also found here, along with a range of other
minke whales are found here. The endangered blue and fin seabirds.
whales that once frequented the area of the Ross Sea along the
continental slope were depleted at the peak of whaling and have Colossal squid
never recovered to their former numbers.43,44 The colossal squid (Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni) – the sea-
monster of many sailors’ myths – roams the deep waters of
The Ross Sea also has three varieties of killer whales, also known the Southern Ocean.47 This awesome creature is rarely seen but
as orcas. Scientists now believe that the ecotype-C killer whale is is thought to grow as long as 15 metres and has a large dome-
a unique species found mainly in the Ross Sea.45 These animals shaped mantle. It eats large fish, notably Antarctic toothfish.
are smaller than the other types of killer whale, have unique In fact, when a New Zealand fishing vessel in the Ross Sea
markings, and eat only fish such as Antarctic toothfish, unlike their hauled up a colossal squid in 2007, it was still chewing through
larger cousins that hunt mainly minke whales, seals and other sea its last meal of Antarctic toothfish.48
mammals.46
There are also small numbers of Arnoux’s beaked whales found
here, though numbers are unknown.
Defending the last ocean 21
24. 05 The battle for the Ross Sea
Figure 4 Reported catches (tonnes) of all countries with fleets targeting Antarctic toothfish in the Ross Sea for the years 2000–2009.52
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
Tonnes 0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
URUGUAY SPAIN NORWAY
USA SOUTH AFRICA KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
UNITED KINGDOM RUSSIAN FEDERATION CHILE
UKRAINE NEW zEALAND ARGENTINA
The fishery is the southernmost fishery in the world, and faces As well as being dangerous for the fishermen, Antarctic
ice conditions and extreme cold that make fishing difficult and scientists now believe that this fishery also carries a grave risk
dangerous. The fishery starts each summer during January and to the ecosystem of the Ross Sea. Recently this became a
February, when the sea ice cover retreats and areas of open water controversial issue when a group of UK and New Zealand fishing
known as polynias appear, allowing access to the waters above operations applied to be certified as sustainable under the Marine
the continental shelf and slope. Fishing vessels start the season by Stewardship Council (MSC) programme. Although the group was
heading as far south into the Ross Sea as the ice cover allows. As recommended for certification, this is currently being disputed
the sea ice forms again, the vessels keep moving north until, by by environmental groups, including the Antarctic and Southern
May, they are restricted to the northernmost fishing grounds. Ocean Coalition (ASOC), and a group of about 30 Antarctic
scientists (see Box 5).
24 Defending the last ocean
27. The battle for the Ross Sea 05
The key issues expressed by scientists and environmental
groups that are concerned by the fishery are as follows:
1 Toothfish are highly vulnerable to fishing 4 Current fisheries management is already failing to protect
Antarctic toothfish are the largest fish in the whole Antarctic – the Ross Sea
reaching lengths of up to 2 metres and weighing as much as The Ross Sea fishery for Antarctic toothfish is still considered
100 kilograms.55 Most female toothfish mature and breed when ‘exploratory’ by CCAMLR and catch levels should be so low that
they reach around 17 years of age and 1.3 metres in length, while there is no chance that overfishing will occur and they will have no
male toothfish mature at around 13 years and 1.2 metres.56 Until impact on the ecosystem. Unfortunately, despite CCAMLR’s claims
very recently Antarctic scientists thought they matured much earlier that the catch limits set are precautionary and ecosystem-based,
at about 8–10 years old. The oldest toothfish recorded was 50 there is evidence that the fishery is already having a negative impact.
years old but few fish older than 30 are caught in fisheries.
Adult toothfish can no longer be caught by scientists studying
A large size and late age of maturity are key indicators that a fish toothfish in the area of McMurdo Sound, the southern edge of the
species is highly vulnerable to fishing with a high risk of being species’ range.62 As an important predator species within the Ross
fished to extinction.57 Indeed, Antarctic toothfish have been Sea, any declines in Antarctic toothfish populations are likely to
assessed as having a ‘very high vulnerability’ to fishing.58 have detrimental impacts on the whole ecosystem. In fact, Antarctic
scientists have new evidence that the fishery may already have
2 Little is known about the life cycle of Antarctic toothfish caused changes to the Ross Sea food web. The disappearance
The breeding habits and early life of Antarctic toothfish remain of Antarctic toothfish from McMurdo Sound has been linked to a
a mystery, as scientists have never found the eggs, larvae or decline in the numbers of fish-eating killer whales in the area,63 and a
young toothfish. However, it is thought that the toothfish spawn change in the diet of Adélie penguins.64
infrequently in the winter and spring, beneath the sea ice near the
seamounts that form the Pacific–Antarctic Ridge to the north and 5 The unique Ross Sea ecosystem needs to be protected
east of the Ross Sea.59 The Ross Sea offers marine scientists a unique opportunity to
study and understand an unusual and almost pristine ecosystem,
Without this vital information, monitoring of toothfish populations is and to study the impacts of climate change and ocean acidification
very difficult and an accurate evaluation of the impact of fisheries without interference from other factors. Closing the area to fishing
is not possible. This lack of information, coupled with the high and making it into a marine reserve will give the ecosystem a
vulnerability of the Antarctic toothfish, highlights the need for chance to recover from any impacts the fishery has already had.
extreme care in allowing any fishery to target such a species. This will provide the ecosystem with a better chance of adapting
Despite this, the current CCAMLR management measures in place to climate change and ocean acidification. It will also ensure that at
for Antarctic toothfish aim to reduce the spawning population to least one piece of the Antarctic remains a natural reserve devoted
50% of its original unfished size over a 35-year period.60 to peace and science.
3 Illegal fishing further undermines management In recognition of the great value of this unique ecosystem,
IUU fishing puts both the target species and the ecosystem at risk. both CCAMLR and the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties
Although IUU fishing is not considered by CCAMLR to be as much have identified the Ross Sea as one of 11 priority areas for the
of a problem in the Ross Sea as in other parts of the Southern development of a representative network of marine protected
Ocean, IUU vessels have certainly been noted in the area and the areas spread across the Southern Ocean.65 The target date for
continued underestimation of levels of IUU activity by CCAMLR establishing the network is 2012, and the first marine reserve, in
is a major concern. an area south of the South Orkney Islands, was designated at a
meeting in November 2009.66
In the area managed by CCAMLR, there were over 60 instances of
IUU fishing observed from 2003–2009.61 Of these, two IUU vessel While any fishery remains in the Ross Sea, it may undermine
sightings were in the Ross Sea within the past two years (the Zeus the political processes that put marine reserves in place. For
in 2008 and the Carmela in 2009, both flagged to Togo). Both example, the size of the marine reserve in the region of the
vessels had been caught fishing illegally in other CCAMLR areas South Orkney Islands was significantly reduced due to pressure
while under different names and flags, and one vessel had been from countries that wanted to protect the interests of the
seen fishing illegally on at least seven other occasions. fisheries in the region.67
Defending the last ocean 27
30. 06 Reducing the market demand for toothfish
Toothfish traders Toothfish eaters
Fleets from about 20 nations have been fishing for toothfish in Consumption figures for toothfish are also not readily available.
recent years with around half of them taking over 80% of the total Nevertheless, it is clear from the figures that the five main importing
catch (Figure 5). The five fleets taking the largest catches in 2007 countries identified – USA, Japan, China, Korea and Singapore
were from France, Chile, Uruguay, Australia, and the UK. The – represent the top consuming nations as well. The USA, Japan,
French fleet has taken around a fifth of the total global catch each Korea and Singapore neither export nor re-export toothfish at all
year since 2004. There are recent reports that fishing for toothfish or in negligible amounts, and China (a country commonly used
in the Ross Sea is becoming unprofitable for some companies due for processing) imported at least twice as much toothfish as it
to an increasing number of vessels taking a corresponding lower exported in the years 2004–2007.69 Thus the bulk of imported
share of the catch.68 toothfish must be consumed within these countries. In addition
Australia and the UK seem to consume toothfish, as they land and
In 2008, the top five exporters of toothfish were Uruguay, France, catch more toothfish than they exported.
Chile, New zealand, and Mauritius. In each year from 2004–2008
these five countries made up more than 70% of the total global In a final twist, many consumers of toothfish are probably unaware
export trade. France was the leading exporter from 2004–2007, that they are eating Antarctic or Patagonian toothfish. Retailers and
but Uruguay took the lead in 2008 (Figure 6). The top exporters are restaurants have given toothfish more marketable names such as
not always the countries catching the most toothfish. Chilean sea bass or Antarctic cod, and rarely provide information
on where or how the fish was caught.
The top five importers of toothfish in 2008 were: the USA, Japan,
China, Korea, and Singapore (Figure 7). Hong Kong, Chile, Canada Toothfish is expensive and unusual, and therefore tends to be sold
and Uruguay are also major importers. From 2004–2008, over in the more high-end, exclusive seafood restaurants like Robert
40% of toothfish was imported by the USA, and the Asian markets DeNiro’s Nobu restaurants in London and the USA, as well as
imported an almost equal proportion. speciality seafood shops and seafood markets. It is uncommon in
most European supermarkets, except in France where it is sold by
supermarket chains such as Intermarché and Ecomarché owned
by Les Mousquetaire group. This group has its own fishing fleet
including the vessel Ile de la Réunion, which targets Patagonian
toothfish in the waters around France’s Crozet and Kerguelen
islands in the sub-Antarctic.
In the USA and Canada toothfish is well-known under its alias
Chilean sea bass. In the USA it is found in many supermarket
chains: Costco, Delhaize (and associated banners), Giant Eagle,
H.E.B., Harris Teeter, Kroger (and associated banners), Meijer,
Price Chopper, Publix, Safeway, SUPERVALU (and associated
banners), Target, Walmart, Wegmans and Whole Foods. With
recent changes to seafood sourcing policies, the only major
Canadian supermarket chain still selling toothfish after September
2010 will be Sobeys (see Chapter 7).
30 Defending the last ocean
31. Figure 5 Global catch of toothfish (Dissostichus species) in tonnes by country.70
OTHERS
40,000
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
35,000
SPAIN
30,000 FALKLAND ISLANDS
25,000 ARGENTINA
NEW zEALAND
20,000
REPUBLIC OF KOREA
15,000
UNITED KINGDOM
10,000 AUSTRALIA
5,000 URUGUAY
CHILE
Tonnes 0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 FRANCE
Figure 6 Leading toothfish (Dissostichus species) exporters, 2004–2008.71
30,000 OTHERS
AUSTRALIA
25,000
ARGENTINA
CHINA
20,000
SOUTH AFRICA
15,000 UNITED KINGDOM
MAURITIUS
10,000 NEW zEALAND
CHILE
5,000
FRANCE
Tonnes 0 URUGUAY
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Figure 7 Leading toothfish (Dissostichus species) importers, 2004–2008.72
30,000 OTHERS
URUGUAY
25,000 CANADA
CHILE
20,000
HONG KONG
15,000 SINGAPORE
KOREA
10,000
CHINA
JAPAN
5,000
USA
Tonnes 0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Defending the last ocean 31
35. Champions for the Ross Sea marine reserve 07
Retailers lead the way
Retailers around the world are joining the growing sustainable The movement is also growing in the USA. Ahold-USA have
seafood movement by removing the most unsustainable choices publicly stated that they will not sell toothfish products, and
from their freezers and counters and developing strong policies Wegmans will not sell any seafood products sourced directly from
to ensure that they source sustainable seafood. Toothfish is the Ross Sea “due to unresolved concerns over the fisheries.” 74
disappearing from supermarket shelves. In the UK for example,
retailers have not sold any toothfish for many years, and leading Famous US chefs Kin Lui and Hosea Rosenberg refuse to serve
sustainable seafood retailer Waitrose lists toothfish (Chilean sea Ross Sea toothfish and are publicly supporting the campaign to
bass) on its banned list.73 protect the Ross Sea as a marine reserve.
In Canada, retail chains that until recently sold toothfish (as Chilean
sea bass) like Loblaw, Safeway and Overwaitea have removed it
from their shelves, and Metro plans to do so by September 2010.
Sobey’s will be the only major Canadian supermarket chain still
selling toothfish after this time.
‘We do not sell the following
on the basis of sustainability
and concerns over declining
stocks: North Sea cod,
common skate, marlin, wild
Atlantic salmon, blue fin
and big eye tuna, sturgeon
products, shark, ling, dogfish
and Chilean sea bass.’
Waitrose, UK
Defending the last ocean 35
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