Discusses the impact of Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill upon water, land and air animals, coastal communities and the ecosystem, the life and livelihood of the people living along the coast and neighboring localities. The paper uses the IMRAD framework in presenting and discussing the communication issues involved, the handling of the issues by Deepwater Horizon, the strategies used to manage the communication crisis, and other significant matters. Recommendations are presented to handle and manage similar environmental and communication issues.
The document analyzes the effectiveness of a Gillette marketing campaign in Italy that used television, YouTube, and other digital advertising to promote Gillette and build brand engagement among young men. The key findings were:
1. YouTube delivered incremental reach beyond television and was highly effective in improving brand awareness and driving campaign messages.
2. YouTube was significantly more cost-efficient than television at achieving marketing goals.
3. Using YouTube and television together in a multimedia campaign had greater effectiveness and cost-efficiency than television alone.
4. Initial exposures on YouTube were more potent than on television, which relied more on increased frequency of views.
The document discusses how hydraulic fracturing is portrayed in the media and the influence this has. It analyzes the issue from public relations and media perspectives using an interdisciplinary approach. Key insights include how public relations professionals frame issues regarding fracking but the media can further distort the messages through agenda setting and framing. There is also conflict as both fields use the same theories like framing but implement them differently based on their goals and disciplines. The document proposes finding common ground between the perspectives to help form a collaborative solution.
This document discusses the challenges of addressing climate change in a way that benefits the poor and vulnerable. It argues that while progress has been made in international climate policy, fundamental political issues around burden sharing between countries and ensuring social equity have not been fully resolved. A market-driven approach has not created enough accountability or prioritized the needs of disadvantaged communities. The paper analyzes how historical inequalities shape debates around responsibility and participation in climate mitigation and adaptation efforts. It calls for policies that promote inclusive growth by both enabling meaningful participation in decision-making and ensuring all people equitably share in the benefits of actions to address climate change.
Analysis of editorial discourse on environmental challenges in nigerian newsp...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed editorial discourse in Nigerian newspapers regarding the 2012 flooding in Nigeria. The study examined how editorials attributed sources, assigned responsibility, advocated for behavior change, and proposed solutions in their coverage of the flooding issue. It reviewed literature on editorial discourse strategies and analyzed a sample of editorials from four Nigerian newspapers. The study found that editorials largely used expert sources for attribution and advocated for systemic, policy-based solutions. The document provides background on flooding in Nigeria and the role of editorials in influencing public policy debates.
PERSPECTIVESWhat is the problem A literature review on ch.docxJUST36
PERSPECTIVES
What is the problem? A literature review on challenges
facing the communication of nanotechnology to the public
Åsa Boholm & Simon Larsson
Received: 18 January 2019 /Accepted: 4 April 2019 /Published online: 23 April 2019
# The Author(s) 2019
Abstract Ethical and societal issues concerning justice,
safety, risks, and benefits are well-established topics in
the discourses of nanotechnology innovation and devel-
opment. That nanotechnology innovation should be so-
cially and ethically responsible is generally accepted by
scientists, policymakers, regulators, and industry, and
the idea of public involvement and communication is
part and parcel of the conceptualization of responsible
technology development. This paper systematically re-
views the social science research literature accumulated
between 2002 and 2018 on the communication of nano-
technology. A critical and constructivist perspective on
policy problems guides the analysis. Two questions are
asked of this literature: what problems are identified
regarding the communication of nanotechnology to the
public? How can these problems be managed and/or
resolved? Three different problem themes are identified:
the public, societal institutions, and nanotechnology
itself. While for some identified problems, there are
corresponding solutions; in other instances, there is little
alignment between problems and solutions. In conclu-
sion, the paper recommends that in communicating
nanotechnology to the public: (i) the objectives of com-
munication should be defined; (ii) previous research
should be used responsibly; (iii) communication strate-
gies should be adapted to the context; and (iv) effort
should not be spent trying to develop a generic frame-
work for communication.
Keywords Responsible innovation . Nanotechnology.
Science communication . Upstream engagement .
Literature review
Introduction
When nanotechnology hype began to mount almost two
decades ago, it was readily recognized that to reach its
full revolutionary potential, nanotechnology develop-
ment had to be Bresponsible^ (Macnaghten 2010;
Pidgeon et al. 2011). The gigantic National
Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), established in the year
2000 in the United States (US), declared that
Bnanotechnology is helping to considerably improve,
even revolutionize, many technology and industry sec-
tors: information technology, energy, environmental sci-
ence, medicine, homeland security, food safety, and
transportation, among many others^ (NNI 2018a). The
responsible development of nanotechnology that ad-
dresses the ethical, legal, and societal issues (ELSI) of
nanotechnology is one of the NNI’s four objectives,
understood to advance the other, i.e., research, commer-
cialization, worker education, and public engagement.
The way ELSI is addressed is assumed to determine
J Nanopart Res (2019) 21: 86
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-019-4524-3
Å. Boholm (*)
School of Global Studies, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 115,
S.
Climate Change Communication Presentation by Paul Zaake at ParisPaul Zaake
1) The document discusses challenges and opportunities in climate change communication. It analyzes common assumptions held by communicators, including that more information will motivate action, fear appeals will work, the scientific framing will be most persuasive, and mass media is the best way to reach audiences.
2) However, the document notes that knowledge does not necessarily raise concern or lead to action. Fear appeals often backfire and audiences reject messages seen as manipulative. Different frames work better for different audiences. Mass media reaches many but does not deeply engage people.
3) Effective communication requires understanding audiences and framing issues consistently with their values. Different messengers are needed for different groups. Face-to-face communication is often
This document summarizes a research paper that examines whether it is more beneficial for an individual to obtain a college degree or seek employment in the petroleum industry involving hydraulic fracking. The paper uses an interdisciplinary approach drawing on mass communications and general business. Some findings show how media framing can influence perspectives on this issue. The results demonstrate the many factors an individual must consider in making this complex decision, such as financial impacts, job opportunities, safety risks, and environmental effects.
The document analyzes the effectiveness of a Gillette marketing campaign in Italy that used television, YouTube, and other digital advertising to promote Gillette and build brand engagement among young men. The key findings were:
1. YouTube delivered incremental reach beyond television and was highly effective in improving brand awareness and driving campaign messages.
2. YouTube was significantly more cost-efficient than television at achieving marketing goals.
3. Using YouTube and television together in a multimedia campaign had greater effectiveness and cost-efficiency than television alone.
4. Initial exposures on YouTube were more potent than on television, which relied more on increased frequency of views.
The document discusses how hydraulic fracturing is portrayed in the media and the influence this has. It analyzes the issue from public relations and media perspectives using an interdisciplinary approach. Key insights include how public relations professionals frame issues regarding fracking but the media can further distort the messages through agenda setting and framing. There is also conflict as both fields use the same theories like framing but implement them differently based on their goals and disciplines. The document proposes finding common ground between the perspectives to help form a collaborative solution.
This document discusses the challenges of addressing climate change in a way that benefits the poor and vulnerable. It argues that while progress has been made in international climate policy, fundamental political issues around burden sharing between countries and ensuring social equity have not been fully resolved. A market-driven approach has not created enough accountability or prioritized the needs of disadvantaged communities. The paper analyzes how historical inequalities shape debates around responsibility and participation in climate mitigation and adaptation efforts. It calls for policies that promote inclusive growth by both enabling meaningful participation in decision-making and ensuring all people equitably share in the benefits of actions to address climate change.
Analysis of editorial discourse on environmental challenges in nigerian newsp...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed editorial discourse in Nigerian newspapers regarding the 2012 flooding in Nigeria. The study examined how editorials attributed sources, assigned responsibility, advocated for behavior change, and proposed solutions in their coverage of the flooding issue. It reviewed literature on editorial discourse strategies and analyzed a sample of editorials from four Nigerian newspapers. The study found that editorials largely used expert sources for attribution and advocated for systemic, policy-based solutions. The document provides background on flooding in Nigeria and the role of editorials in influencing public policy debates.
PERSPECTIVESWhat is the problem A literature review on ch.docxJUST36
PERSPECTIVES
What is the problem? A literature review on challenges
facing the communication of nanotechnology to the public
Åsa Boholm & Simon Larsson
Received: 18 January 2019 /Accepted: 4 April 2019 /Published online: 23 April 2019
# The Author(s) 2019
Abstract Ethical and societal issues concerning justice,
safety, risks, and benefits are well-established topics in
the discourses of nanotechnology innovation and devel-
opment. That nanotechnology innovation should be so-
cially and ethically responsible is generally accepted by
scientists, policymakers, regulators, and industry, and
the idea of public involvement and communication is
part and parcel of the conceptualization of responsible
technology development. This paper systematically re-
views the social science research literature accumulated
between 2002 and 2018 on the communication of nano-
technology. A critical and constructivist perspective on
policy problems guides the analysis. Two questions are
asked of this literature: what problems are identified
regarding the communication of nanotechnology to the
public? How can these problems be managed and/or
resolved? Three different problem themes are identified:
the public, societal institutions, and nanotechnology
itself. While for some identified problems, there are
corresponding solutions; in other instances, there is little
alignment between problems and solutions. In conclu-
sion, the paper recommends that in communicating
nanotechnology to the public: (i) the objectives of com-
munication should be defined; (ii) previous research
should be used responsibly; (iii) communication strate-
gies should be adapted to the context; and (iv) effort
should not be spent trying to develop a generic frame-
work for communication.
Keywords Responsible innovation . Nanotechnology.
Science communication . Upstream engagement .
Literature review
Introduction
When nanotechnology hype began to mount almost two
decades ago, it was readily recognized that to reach its
full revolutionary potential, nanotechnology develop-
ment had to be Bresponsible^ (Macnaghten 2010;
Pidgeon et al. 2011). The gigantic National
Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), established in the year
2000 in the United States (US), declared that
Bnanotechnology is helping to considerably improve,
even revolutionize, many technology and industry sec-
tors: information technology, energy, environmental sci-
ence, medicine, homeland security, food safety, and
transportation, among many others^ (NNI 2018a). The
responsible development of nanotechnology that ad-
dresses the ethical, legal, and societal issues (ELSI) of
nanotechnology is one of the NNI’s four objectives,
understood to advance the other, i.e., research, commer-
cialization, worker education, and public engagement.
The way ELSI is addressed is assumed to determine
J Nanopart Res (2019) 21: 86
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-019-4524-3
Å. Boholm (*)
School of Global Studies, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 115,
S.
Climate Change Communication Presentation by Paul Zaake at ParisPaul Zaake
1) The document discusses challenges and opportunities in climate change communication. It analyzes common assumptions held by communicators, including that more information will motivate action, fear appeals will work, the scientific framing will be most persuasive, and mass media is the best way to reach audiences.
2) However, the document notes that knowledge does not necessarily raise concern or lead to action. Fear appeals often backfire and audiences reject messages seen as manipulative. Different frames work better for different audiences. Mass media reaches many but does not deeply engage people.
3) Effective communication requires understanding audiences and framing issues consistently with their values. Different messengers are needed for different groups. Face-to-face communication is often
This document summarizes a research paper that examines whether it is more beneficial for an individual to obtain a college degree or seek employment in the petroleum industry involving hydraulic fracking. The paper uses an interdisciplinary approach drawing on mass communications and general business. Some findings show how media framing can influence perspectives on this issue. The results demonstrate the many factors an individual must consider in making this complex decision, such as financial impacts, job opportunities, safety risks, and environmental effects.
Managing the Social Media Tsunami: Nestlé’s Reputational Crisis Management Ba...Leo Concepcion
This document discusses Nestlé's reputational crisis management battle with Greenpeace regarding accusations of using palm oil suppliers that caused deforestation. It provides context on how social media amplified Greenpeace's campaign against Nestlé's KitKat brand. The literature review covers concepts of reputation management, crisis communication, and challenges of managing crises in the social media era where information spreads rapidly and communities can aggressively voice opinions online. Effective crisis response requires prioritizing relationship building, maintaining transparency, and adapting traditional practices for social media while addressing misinformation risks.
The document proposes an organization development intervention for the Peace Corps using the Institute for Cultural Affairs' Strategic Planning Process. The 50-year old Peace Corps faces challenges including increased scrutiny, budget constraints, and ensuring volunteer safety. A 7-day engagement with a representative microcosm of stakeholders would define issues, create a vision, analyze obstacles, brainstorm solutions, and develop an implementation plan to better align the agency's policies and activities with its mission of promoting global peace.
Changes in the Approach of Polish Journalists’ Use of Social Media Caused by ...Dariusz Tworzydło
The article aims to identify and define the changes that are taking place in the approach of Polish journalists to the use of social media and forms of communication between journalists and PR specialists, taking into account changes related to COVID-19. The research in the area of methodology development, tool design, implementation of the adopted assumptions, and report preparation was carried out by the Polish Press Agency in Warsaw (PPA - polish state news agency) and the authors. The result of the survey is 316 questionnaires completed by journalists. During analyses, CATI research was used. The presented results are representative of the journalistic community and allow for extrapolation to the entire population of journalists and media workers in Poland. It was found that the importance of information and its consumption had increased. The situation related to the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly changed the work of Polish journalists publishing their content on social media, which results directly from the significant changes that have affected this medium. An increase in the speed of its spread was also observed. These factors negatively affect the quality of information and its credibility, resulting in fake news. The article presents tools supporting journalists in the fight against disinformation and fake news - which were particularly intense during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Analysing The Environmental Impact Assessment Systems...Tammy Majors
Here are a few key points regarding how the current profit system would need to be adjusted to account for environmental and social costs:
- Externalized costs: Currently, many environmental and social costs are externalized and not reflected in product/service prices. A revised system would find ways to internalize these externalities, such as through carbon pricing, pollution taxes, etc. This would make prices more accurately reflect the true costs.
- Short-term thinking: The current quarterly earnings focus encourages short-term decision making. Longer reporting periods and/or metrics like long-term value creation would shift focus to sustainability.
- Narrow definition of value: "Profit" only considers financial returns to shareholders. Broader definitions of
Why Development and Aid Projects become Distressed or FailBruce Cudworth
Aid projects often fail or become distressed due to a lack of proper project management. Billions of dollars and years of effort have been spent on projects like building housing in Haiti and a sewage system in Paraguay that ultimately failed or were abandoned. While aid spending continues to increase significantly each year, success rates of projects have not improved commensurately. The widespread popularity of aid makes the system resistant to needed changes to address high failure rates. Applying standard project management practices from other industries could help decrease failure rates and save millions.
Finding frames new ways to engage the uk public in global poverty bond 2011Dr Lendy Spires
This report examines ways to re-engage the UK public in addressing global poverty by exploring the potential of framing theory and values. It finds that public concern for global poverty has remained largely unchanged over the past 25 years despite major campaigns. The development sector's current practices have focused on increasing donations through "cheap participation" rather than deepening understanding. The report argues for a new approach using framing and values to motivate sustained public action on the structural causes of poverty. It aims to spark sector-wide debate and further research into refining positive frames that build broad coalitions around shared values of justice and human dignity.
Finding frames new ways to engage the uk public in global poverty bond 2011Dr Lendy Spires
This report examines ways to re-engage the UK public in addressing global poverty by exploring the potential of framing theory and values. It finds that public concern for global poverty has remained largely unchanged over the past 25 years despite major campaigns. The development sector's current practices have focused on increasing donations through "cheap participation" rather than deepening understanding. The report argues for a new approach using framing and values to motivate sustained public action on the structural causes of poverty. It aims to spark sector-wide debate and further research into refining positive frames that build broad coalitions around shared values of justice and human dignity.
Worden, S - Is the mining industry misdiagnosing social riskSandy Worden
The document discusses social risk in the mining industry. It finds that there is conceptual confusion around definitions of social risk, with the term being used in divergent ways. Some define social risk as risk to people from mining, while others define it as risk to mining from people or communities. However, the author argues the latter is actually a risk of lack of social acceptability, not social risk. The study aims to explore understandings of social risk in the Australian coal mining industry through interviews. It finds varied definitions and a lack of common understanding of the term social risk.
This document provides guidance on writing a research introduction and background section. It discusses the key components of an effective introduction, including an opening paragraph that provides an overview and roadmap. It also explains that the literature review is part of the introduction and may be the largest section. Sample introduction paragraphs are provided that demonstrate how to state the research topic, provide background on previous studies, and identify a gap that the current study aims to address. Writing background information is discussed as a way to demonstrate understanding of the key issues and concepts related to the research topic. Providing pertinent background information can serve as a bridge between the reader and the study.
Human: Thank you for the summary. You captured the key points effectively in 3 concise
This document summarizes research analyzing over 1.3 million social media posts to identify barriers facing farmers' ability to feed the world population. The research aimed to confirm a framework called GLIMPSE, which categorizes 5 main challenges: Government policies, Land and water availability, Inputs and infrastructure, Markets and trade, Social license to produce, and Environmental sustainability. The social media analysis found the general public concerns reflected in the posts aligned with the GLIMPSE categories, validating it as a way to understand challenges facing agriculture in feeding the growing population. People were also identified as an additional key factor based on the research.
This document discusses research on how non-profits can respond to fake news on social media. It finds that the effectiveness of crisis response strategies (denial vs attack) depends on individuals' level of involvement in the issue. Attacking fake news sources was found to reduce credibility more than denial, and high issue involvement predicted support for the non-profit. However, attacks increased fake news credibility for low-involved individuals. The research suggests non-profits consider audience involvement before aggressively responding to fake news.
Clustering analysis on news from health OSINT data regarding CORONAVIRUS-COVI...ALexandruDaia1
Our primarly goal was to detect clusters via gensim libraries in news data consisting ofinformation regarding health and threats. We identified clusters for the periodscorresponding: i) Jannuary 2006 until the end of 2019, as December 2019 is considered thefirst month in which information about CORONVIRUS COVID-19 was made public; ii)between the 1st of Jannuary 2019 and 31st December 2019; and iii) between the 31st ofDecember 2019 and the 14th of April 2020. We conducted experiments using naturallanguage on open source intelligence data offered generously by brica.de, a providerspecialized in Business Risk Intelligence & Cyberthreat Awareness.
This research paper utilizes communication studies and personal financial planning to understand how media affects attitudes towards hydraulic fracturing and financial health in boomtown communities. It conducts an interdisciplinary literature review to analyze how framing in media can shape views of fracking, and how those views then influence financial decisions. The paper develops an understanding of both the communication of information and the financial impacts of changing economic conditions in boomtowns. It aims to provide a comprehensive perspective on the complex relationship between media, attitudes, and financial health for residents of communities experiencing an oil and gas boom.
Transparency: Changing the Accountability, Engagement and Effectiveness of Aiddbw001
Homi Kharas
Senior Fellow, Global Economy and Development
The Brookings Institution
October, 2010
Abstract
There is a consensus that transparency is vital for aid effectiveness. That’s the good news. The bad news is that this consensus has existed for many years, yet transparency is still considered inadequate. New tools have opened up opportunities for change and reduced the cost of providing information, but changes in agency culture and incentives and high-level leadership are still needed to make progress. In some instances, there is a fear of the exposure created by a commitment to transparency. In other instances, efforts to promote transparency have fizzled with high costs of reporting and little use of the information collected. As the number of institutions involved in development rises, the benefits and challenges of greater transparency rise. The old ideas of centralized, unique databases are giving way to new ideas of decentralized, real-time information that can be merged with other data, presented in compelling visual ways, validated and enriched with feedback from beneficiaries, and systematically used by a wide range of stakeholders. There are three big gaps in transparency. At the global level, data is needed on large new players like non-DAC and private donors. At the recipient country level, the gaps between needs and resources must be identified. Finally, accountability of recipient governments and donors can be strengthened through beneficiary feedback and project evaluation.
The Analysis of Campaign Media of the Green Environment Movement through the ...AJHSSR Journal
Nowadays, campaign activities can run effectively and efficiently if they are supported by
appropriate communication media. Communication media has experienced very rapid development.
Communication media has not been limited to print and audio-visual media only, but social media has also
developed which is currently often used as a campaign media. The importance of social media to practitioners
of communication, especially in the field of Public Relations, cannot be denied. Social media has become one of
the vital media used by Public Relations in various organizations, considering that social media can improve
organizational relations with the target audience. Based on this condition, the study composes a journal entitled
the Analysis of Campaign Media of the Green Environment Movement through the Hydroponicss Program. This
study method is a qualitative descriptive approach. The results of the study show that the green environmental
movement campaign through the hydroponicss program used social media such as Facebook. But the Military
District (KODIM) 0503 West Jakarta has not yet created a special Facebook account related to the campaign
activity. Besides using social media, KODIM 0503 West Jakarta also complemented the media campaign by
providing outdoor media such as banners and Sustainable Food Houses. The Sustainable Food House aimed to
illustrate how to plant well and properly with the community. The message approach through visualization
became a more effective message processing strategy to generate behavioral changes and motivations to carry
out farming activities with the hydroponicss technique. Therefore the writer suggested that KODIM 0503 West
Jakarta create special accounts such as Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube channels that publish green
environmental movement campaign programs through this hydroponicss program. Social media of Facebook,
Instagram and YouTube are recommended to be used by KODIM 0503 West Jakarta, because in that media we
can upload images and videos easily. In addition, through the process of uploading information into social
media, KODIM 0503 West Jakarta will see comments from the public, so that they can evaluate the program
based on public inputs.
Concept of Community Policing Essay Example | StudyHippo.com. ⇉Community-Oriented Policing Strategies Essay Example | GraduateWay. Benefits and Challenges of Community Policing Research Paper Example .... Policing The Police Essay | Police | Public Administration. (PDF) Community Policing. ⭐ Community policing research topics. Community Policing Research .... 2002CCJ- Introduction to Policing Assignment | 2002CCJ - Introduction .... Law - Community Policing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays .... ≫ Community Oriented Policing Free Essay Sample on Samploon.com. (PDF) Community policing. Community policing essay - Premier & Unique School Writings and Services. Community Policing. 21st century policing pillar three - technology and social media an….
This study developed and conducted a systematic mixed-methods grey literature methodology to characterise and identify climate risk insurance initiative in building resilience in developing countries. The study found that climate risk insurance can help developing countries build resilience against extreme weather events. However, there are barriers to the initiative. This is because of the issue of lack of climate data instruments. The collaboration between the public and private sectors is one way to overcome the challenges of implementing climate risk insurance. This systematic review methodology presents crucial insights on the state-of-the-art knowledge on climate risk insurance and resilience in developing countries
Mass Media and the Depoliticization of Personal Experience.docxaryan532920
Mass Media and the Depoliticization of Personal Experience
Author(s): Diana C. Mutz
Source: American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 36, No. 2 (May, 1992), pp. 483-508
Published by: Midwest Political Science Association
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2111487
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Mass Media and the Depoliticization of Personal
Experience*
Diana C. Mutz, Department of Political Science and School of Journalism and
Mass Communication, University of Wisconsin-Madison
This study combines contemporary research on the effects of mass communication with findings
on sociotropic voting to build a general model that explains the origins and effects of economic per-
ceptions. This model is then tested in the context of retrospective personal and social concerns about
unemployment.
Survey evidence suggests that retrospective assessments of unemployment result primarily from
mediated information rather than from direct experiences. Mass media are found to have an "imper-
sonal impact," influencing social, but not personal perceptions of the issue, while personal experi-
ences with unemployment influence exclusively personal-level judgments.
Mass media also influence the weighting of pocketbook as opposed to sociotropic concerns by
means of a "sociotropic priming effect." Rather than priming all considerations that surround eco-
nomic issues, high levels of media exposure to economic news prime the importance of collective
perceptions to political evaluations and decrease the importance of personal concerns.
Early studies of economic influences on voting simply assumed that people
voted their pocketbooks: when national economic conditions worsened, more
citizens experienced economic problems in their own lives, and these people
logically voted against the incumbent party. When empirical findings at the indi-
vidual level failed to support this explanation, research shifted from a focus on
personal economic experiences to an emphasis on "sociotropic" judgments; that
is, individuals' retrospective assessments of economic change at the collective
level (see, e.g., Kinder and Kiewiet 1979, 1981; Schlozman and Verba 1979;
Kinder 1981; Kiewiet 1983).
Perceptions ...
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Managing the Social Media Tsunami: Nestlé’s Reputational Crisis Management Ba...Leo Concepcion
This document discusses Nestlé's reputational crisis management battle with Greenpeace regarding accusations of using palm oil suppliers that caused deforestation. It provides context on how social media amplified Greenpeace's campaign against Nestlé's KitKat brand. The literature review covers concepts of reputation management, crisis communication, and challenges of managing crises in the social media era where information spreads rapidly and communities can aggressively voice opinions online. Effective crisis response requires prioritizing relationship building, maintaining transparency, and adapting traditional practices for social media while addressing misinformation risks.
The document proposes an organization development intervention for the Peace Corps using the Institute for Cultural Affairs' Strategic Planning Process. The 50-year old Peace Corps faces challenges including increased scrutiny, budget constraints, and ensuring volunteer safety. A 7-day engagement with a representative microcosm of stakeholders would define issues, create a vision, analyze obstacles, brainstorm solutions, and develop an implementation plan to better align the agency's policies and activities with its mission of promoting global peace.
Changes in the Approach of Polish Journalists’ Use of Social Media Caused by ...Dariusz Tworzydło
The article aims to identify and define the changes that are taking place in the approach of Polish journalists to the use of social media and forms of communication between journalists and PR specialists, taking into account changes related to COVID-19. The research in the area of methodology development, tool design, implementation of the adopted assumptions, and report preparation was carried out by the Polish Press Agency in Warsaw (PPA - polish state news agency) and the authors. The result of the survey is 316 questionnaires completed by journalists. During analyses, CATI research was used. The presented results are representative of the journalistic community and allow for extrapolation to the entire population of journalists and media workers in Poland. It was found that the importance of information and its consumption had increased. The situation related to the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly changed the work of Polish journalists publishing their content on social media, which results directly from the significant changes that have affected this medium. An increase in the speed of its spread was also observed. These factors negatively affect the quality of information and its credibility, resulting in fake news. The article presents tools supporting journalists in the fight against disinformation and fake news - which were particularly intense during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Analysing The Environmental Impact Assessment Systems...Tammy Majors
Here are a few key points regarding how the current profit system would need to be adjusted to account for environmental and social costs:
- Externalized costs: Currently, many environmental and social costs are externalized and not reflected in product/service prices. A revised system would find ways to internalize these externalities, such as through carbon pricing, pollution taxes, etc. This would make prices more accurately reflect the true costs.
- Short-term thinking: The current quarterly earnings focus encourages short-term decision making. Longer reporting periods and/or metrics like long-term value creation would shift focus to sustainability.
- Narrow definition of value: "Profit" only considers financial returns to shareholders. Broader definitions of
Why Development and Aid Projects become Distressed or FailBruce Cudworth
Aid projects often fail or become distressed due to a lack of proper project management. Billions of dollars and years of effort have been spent on projects like building housing in Haiti and a sewage system in Paraguay that ultimately failed or were abandoned. While aid spending continues to increase significantly each year, success rates of projects have not improved commensurately. The widespread popularity of aid makes the system resistant to needed changes to address high failure rates. Applying standard project management practices from other industries could help decrease failure rates and save millions.
Finding frames new ways to engage the uk public in global poverty bond 2011Dr Lendy Spires
This report examines ways to re-engage the UK public in addressing global poverty by exploring the potential of framing theory and values. It finds that public concern for global poverty has remained largely unchanged over the past 25 years despite major campaigns. The development sector's current practices have focused on increasing donations through "cheap participation" rather than deepening understanding. The report argues for a new approach using framing and values to motivate sustained public action on the structural causes of poverty. It aims to spark sector-wide debate and further research into refining positive frames that build broad coalitions around shared values of justice and human dignity.
Finding frames new ways to engage the uk public in global poverty bond 2011Dr Lendy Spires
This report examines ways to re-engage the UK public in addressing global poverty by exploring the potential of framing theory and values. It finds that public concern for global poverty has remained largely unchanged over the past 25 years despite major campaigns. The development sector's current practices have focused on increasing donations through "cheap participation" rather than deepening understanding. The report argues for a new approach using framing and values to motivate sustained public action on the structural causes of poverty. It aims to spark sector-wide debate and further research into refining positive frames that build broad coalitions around shared values of justice and human dignity.
Worden, S - Is the mining industry misdiagnosing social riskSandy Worden
The document discusses social risk in the mining industry. It finds that there is conceptual confusion around definitions of social risk, with the term being used in divergent ways. Some define social risk as risk to people from mining, while others define it as risk to mining from people or communities. However, the author argues the latter is actually a risk of lack of social acceptability, not social risk. The study aims to explore understandings of social risk in the Australian coal mining industry through interviews. It finds varied definitions and a lack of common understanding of the term social risk.
This document provides guidance on writing a research introduction and background section. It discusses the key components of an effective introduction, including an opening paragraph that provides an overview and roadmap. It also explains that the literature review is part of the introduction and may be the largest section. Sample introduction paragraphs are provided that demonstrate how to state the research topic, provide background on previous studies, and identify a gap that the current study aims to address. Writing background information is discussed as a way to demonstrate understanding of the key issues and concepts related to the research topic. Providing pertinent background information can serve as a bridge between the reader and the study.
Human: Thank you for the summary. You captured the key points effectively in 3 concise
This document summarizes research analyzing over 1.3 million social media posts to identify barriers facing farmers' ability to feed the world population. The research aimed to confirm a framework called GLIMPSE, which categorizes 5 main challenges: Government policies, Land and water availability, Inputs and infrastructure, Markets and trade, Social license to produce, and Environmental sustainability. The social media analysis found the general public concerns reflected in the posts aligned with the GLIMPSE categories, validating it as a way to understand challenges facing agriculture in feeding the growing population. People were also identified as an additional key factor based on the research.
This document discusses research on how non-profits can respond to fake news on social media. It finds that the effectiveness of crisis response strategies (denial vs attack) depends on individuals' level of involvement in the issue. Attacking fake news sources was found to reduce credibility more than denial, and high issue involvement predicted support for the non-profit. However, attacks increased fake news credibility for low-involved individuals. The research suggests non-profits consider audience involvement before aggressively responding to fake news.
Clustering analysis on news from health OSINT data regarding CORONAVIRUS-COVI...ALexandruDaia1
Our primarly goal was to detect clusters via gensim libraries in news data consisting ofinformation regarding health and threats. We identified clusters for the periodscorresponding: i) Jannuary 2006 until the end of 2019, as December 2019 is considered thefirst month in which information about CORONVIRUS COVID-19 was made public; ii)between the 1st of Jannuary 2019 and 31st December 2019; and iii) between the 31st ofDecember 2019 and the 14th of April 2020. We conducted experiments using naturallanguage on open source intelligence data offered generously by brica.de, a providerspecialized in Business Risk Intelligence & Cyberthreat Awareness.
This research paper utilizes communication studies and personal financial planning to understand how media affects attitudes towards hydraulic fracturing and financial health in boomtown communities. It conducts an interdisciplinary literature review to analyze how framing in media can shape views of fracking, and how those views then influence financial decisions. The paper develops an understanding of both the communication of information and the financial impacts of changing economic conditions in boomtowns. It aims to provide a comprehensive perspective on the complex relationship between media, attitudes, and financial health for residents of communities experiencing an oil and gas boom.
Transparency: Changing the Accountability, Engagement and Effectiveness of Aiddbw001
Homi Kharas
Senior Fellow, Global Economy and Development
The Brookings Institution
October, 2010
Abstract
There is a consensus that transparency is vital for aid effectiveness. That’s the good news. The bad news is that this consensus has existed for many years, yet transparency is still considered inadequate. New tools have opened up opportunities for change and reduced the cost of providing information, but changes in agency culture and incentives and high-level leadership are still needed to make progress. In some instances, there is a fear of the exposure created by a commitment to transparency. In other instances, efforts to promote transparency have fizzled with high costs of reporting and little use of the information collected. As the number of institutions involved in development rises, the benefits and challenges of greater transparency rise. The old ideas of centralized, unique databases are giving way to new ideas of decentralized, real-time information that can be merged with other data, presented in compelling visual ways, validated and enriched with feedback from beneficiaries, and systematically used by a wide range of stakeholders. There are three big gaps in transparency. At the global level, data is needed on large new players like non-DAC and private donors. At the recipient country level, the gaps between needs and resources must be identified. Finally, accountability of recipient governments and donors can be strengthened through beneficiary feedback and project evaluation.
The Analysis of Campaign Media of the Green Environment Movement through the ...AJHSSR Journal
Nowadays, campaign activities can run effectively and efficiently if they are supported by
appropriate communication media. Communication media has experienced very rapid development.
Communication media has not been limited to print and audio-visual media only, but social media has also
developed which is currently often used as a campaign media. The importance of social media to practitioners
of communication, especially in the field of Public Relations, cannot be denied. Social media has become one of
the vital media used by Public Relations in various organizations, considering that social media can improve
organizational relations with the target audience. Based on this condition, the study composes a journal entitled
the Analysis of Campaign Media of the Green Environment Movement through the Hydroponicss Program. This
study method is a qualitative descriptive approach. The results of the study show that the green environmental
movement campaign through the hydroponicss program used social media such as Facebook. But the Military
District (KODIM) 0503 West Jakarta has not yet created a special Facebook account related to the campaign
activity. Besides using social media, KODIM 0503 West Jakarta also complemented the media campaign by
providing outdoor media such as banners and Sustainable Food Houses. The Sustainable Food House aimed to
illustrate how to plant well and properly with the community. The message approach through visualization
became a more effective message processing strategy to generate behavioral changes and motivations to carry
out farming activities with the hydroponicss technique. Therefore the writer suggested that KODIM 0503 West
Jakarta create special accounts such as Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube channels that publish green
environmental movement campaign programs through this hydroponicss program. Social media of Facebook,
Instagram and YouTube are recommended to be used by KODIM 0503 West Jakarta, because in that media we
can upload images and videos easily. In addition, through the process of uploading information into social
media, KODIM 0503 West Jakarta will see comments from the public, so that they can evaluate the program
based on public inputs.
Concept of Community Policing Essay Example | StudyHippo.com. ⇉Community-Oriented Policing Strategies Essay Example | GraduateWay. Benefits and Challenges of Community Policing Research Paper Example .... Policing The Police Essay | Police | Public Administration. (PDF) Community Policing. ⭐ Community policing research topics. Community Policing Research .... 2002CCJ- Introduction to Policing Assignment | 2002CCJ - Introduction .... Law - Community Policing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays .... ≫ Community Oriented Policing Free Essay Sample on Samploon.com. (PDF) Community policing. Community policing essay - Premier & Unique School Writings and Services. Community Policing. 21st century policing pillar three - technology and social media an….
This study developed and conducted a systematic mixed-methods grey literature methodology to characterise and identify climate risk insurance initiative in building resilience in developing countries. The study found that climate risk insurance can help developing countries build resilience against extreme weather events. However, there are barriers to the initiative. This is because of the issue of lack of climate data instruments. The collaboration between the public and private sectors is one way to overcome the challenges of implementing climate risk insurance. This systematic review methodology presents crucial insights on the state-of-the-art knowledge on climate risk insurance and resilience in developing countries
Mass Media and the Depoliticization of Personal Experience.docxaryan532920
Mass Media and the Depoliticization of Personal Experience
Author(s): Diana C. Mutz
Source: American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 36, No. 2 (May, 1992), pp. 483-508
Published by: Midwest Political Science Association
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Mass Media and the Depoliticization of Personal
Experience*
Diana C. Mutz, Department of Political Science and School of Journalism and
Mass Communication, University of Wisconsin-Madison
This study combines contemporary research on the effects of mass communication with findings
on sociotropic voting to build a general model that explains the origins and effects of economic per-
ceptions. This model is then tested in the context of retrospective personal and social concerns about
unemployment.
Survey evidence suggests that retrospective assessments of unemployment result primarily from
mediated information rather than from direct experiences. Mass media are found to have an "imper-
sonal impact," influencing social, but not personal perceptions of the issue, while personal experi-
ences with unemployment influence exclusively personal-level judgments.
Mass media also influence the weighting of pocketbook as opposed to sociotropic concerns by
means of a "sociotropic priming effect." Rather than priming all considerations that surround eco-
nomic issues, high levels of media exposure to economic news prime the importance of collective
perceptions to political evaluations and decrease the importance of personal concerns.
Early studies of economic influences on voting simply assumed that people
voted their pocketbooks: when national economic conditions worsened, more
citizens experienced economic problems in their own lives, and these people
logically voted against the incumbent party. When empirical findings at the indi-
vidual level failed to support this explanation, research shifted from a focus on
personal economic experiences to an emphasis on "sociotropic" judgments; that
is, individuals' retrospective assessments of economic change at the collective
level (see, e.g., Kinder and Kiewiet 1979, 1981; Schlozman and Verba 1979;
Kinder 1981; Kiewiet 1983).
Perceptions ...
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Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Communication Issues in an Environmental Crisis.pdf
1. Paper submitted by A.B. Loveria to Prof. A.T. Rosete (MGM, MA
Communication) as a final requirement in Communication Issues
(Course No. 204), 3rd Trimester AY 2021-2022, Master of Arts in
Communication, AIJC using the IMRAD Framework
August 4, 2022
Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Communication Issues in an Environmental Crisis
Introduction
An oil spill is an environmental concern that can have catastrophic effect upon humans,
land, sea and air animals, and the ecosystem. The Deepwater Horizon oil spill was the
biggest environmental catastrophe in marine oil drilling operations (Environmental
Protection Agency, 2022).
The communication issue/s chosen for this paper relate/s to the explosion and sinking
of Deepwater Horizon offshore drilling rig off the coast of Louisiana in the Gulf of Mexico
(Ingersoll et al. 2, as cited in Ivy Panda, 2020; Sanchez, 2018). The drilling rig exploded
on April 20, 2010 and sank two days after (Pallardy, 2010). The explosion resulted to
death of 11 persons (Sanchez, 2018), oil leaks, and huge damage to the environment,
economy and tourism (Ingersoll et al. 2, as cited in Ivy Panda, 2020).
The drilling rig was owned by BP (British Petroleum) and operated by Transocean. A
District Judge in the US Carl Barbier attributed the fault to BP (67 %), drilling rig
operator Transocean (30%), and cement contractor Halliburton (3 %) (Rayman, 2014).
BP paid a penalty of $5.5 billion for violation of Clean Water Act and $8.8 billion for
damages to natural resources (Environmental Protection Agency, 2022). Due to the
magnitude of the claims and legal issues, the US District Court for the Eastern District of
Louisiana created a website for the oil spill (Environmental Protection Agency, 2022).
Methods
Primary and secondary data were collected for this research. The researcher collects
the primary data from first-hand experience (Easterby-Smith et al., 2008, as cited in
Ogoko, 2015). The researcher chooses, interprets and constructs primary data.
The primary data collected comprised the following: “feedback from interviews
conducted with individuals in affected communities (sourced through Youtube);
feedback from interviews conducted with BP officials (newspaper, Youtube and other
media sources); responses from officials of the American government (newspapers and
Youtube); and remarks by public relations practitioners (newspapers, YouTube, and
2. other media channels)” (Ogoko, 2015, p. 26). These data, subjected to an analytical
framework developed for this research, were treated as primary data. Information from
YouTube and newspapers were regarded as primary data because the study focused
on constructions and interpretations of media commentators.
Secondary data is collected by other researchers (Ogoko, 2015) and consists of
information which is already in existence (Bryman & Bell, 2011, as cited in Ogoko,
2015). They can be accessed from “public domains such as websites, academic
textbook, academic journals, company publications, unpublished manuscripts, and other
public domains” (Ogoko, 2015, p. 26).
YouTube is considered treated as primary data because material from it was subjected
to the construction and interpretation of the researcher. Secondary data supported the
primary data, and was used in the development of the literature review. The literature
review provides support to the analysis of data collected.
Qualitative approach was chosen because the data researched were mostly qualitative,
such as corporate communications; media reports, comments, reports, and
observations. A qualitative research approach involved "recording, analyzing and
making an effort to uncover deeper meaning and importance of human behavior and
experience" (Collis & Hussey, 2005, as cited in Ogoko, p. 10). In order to understand
how organizations use public relations to drive their own agendas, undertaking a
critique of their corporate communications is critical. Such communication consists of
qualitative data.
The critical discourse analysis (CDA) is a qualitative approach used in analyzing the
corporate communications of BP. It was used to analyze the primary and secondary
data collected (Ogoko, 2015). The main objective of CDA is to explore how corporations
manipulate or use spin to manage public's perceptions of their reputation when faced
with crisis. To do this the case study design is used. The case study design offers a
useful way of understanding the complex problem by examining a real-life scenario
(Collis & Hussey, 2005, as cited in Ogoko). Case study can help the researcher in
understanding groups, organizations, political, social or phenomena (Yin, 1981:1, as
cited in Ogoko, 2015).
Results
The first press release (PR 1) of BP dated April 21, 2010 provided information to the
general public about the rig accident, demonstrated support to Transocean, the efforts
of BP to reduce the escape of oil, and protect the marine and coastal environments
(Ogoko, 2015).
The second press release (PR 2), issued on April 21, 2010, offered support to
Transocean and its families. In the second paragraph, BP chief executive Tony
Hayward issued the following remarks: "our concern and thoughts are with rig personnel
3. and their families. We are also focused on providing every possible support in the effort
to deal with the consequences of the incident". This, however, was not supported by
action.
PR 3, released on April 23, 2022, offered sympathies and condolences to the families
and friends who died as a result of the explosion. Showing empathy, according to
Jaques (2007, as cited in Ogoko, 2015) is one of the fundamental requirements of crisis
communication. PR 3, however, failed to provide any information on the extent of the
damage and its effects. This can be interpreted as a ploy to manage any anxiety on the
part of the general public.
PR 4, released on May 24, 2010, committed the sum of US$500m for the study of the
impact of the oil spill, as well as to generate recommendations that would address the
oil spill effects.
Discussion
Communication & information Issue and Rationale
Managing the reputation during a crisis is crucial to how the public perceive the
organization. The primary stakeholders affected will lose trust, while the media may
release unfavorable reports that could badly damage the organization. Public relations
is utilized in reputation management because it can bridge the gap between the
organization’s perception of itself and the public’s view (Ogoko, 2015). The image of the
organization and public’s perception of it during a crisis is magaged through crisis
communication.
The communication and information issues chosen involve the messages in the press
releases of British Petroleum (BP) after the explosion of the drilling rig. The press
releases contained statements which are considered as public relations blunders such
as dishonesty, lack of transparency, press agentry, improper behavior and lack of crisis
management plan and framework. Press agentry is described as the “practice of
attracting the attention of the press through techniques that manufacture news” with
methods, such as “staged events, publicity stunts, faux rallies or gatherings, spinning,
and hype” (Heath, 2022, p. 1).
The communication issues were selected because the Deepwater Horizon oil spill is the
largest marine environmental disaster in history (Pallardy, 2010) that affected numerous
stakeholders, the marine life and the environment. British Petroleum (BP) committed
public relations blunders through the press releases it issued. It would be significant to
the study of communication to determine the crisis management tactics of BP in dealing
with environmental disaster. With crisis communication plans and strategies, there
would be means through which information could be collected and released rapidly
(Ogoko, 2015). Crisis communication tactics can enable the company to “provide
4. correct and particular information on very short notice” (Fearn-Banks, 1996, p. 20, as
cited in Ogoko, 2015).
Research Plan
A research plan for communication is fundamental in preparing for and addressing a
communication crisis. In the case of British Petroleum, its public relations channel in
informing the stakeholders was dissemination of press releases. While preparation of
public relations strategies and messages may be had through brainstorming and focus
group discussions among the communications team members, research may be
conducted for other questions that need to be answered.
Davis (2004, Chapter 8) mentioned in his book Mastering Public Relations that the
public relations process is “based on research—research, action planning, and
evaluation—which are three of the four steps in the strategic management process in
the RACE acronym (which stands for research, action planning, communication, and
evaluation)”. Research plays a significant role in public relations management, he
added.
Through research, collection of information from the publics becomes two-way rather
than one-way (Davis, 2004). Furthermore, research allows the communications team to
“engage in dialogue with publics, understanding their beliefs and values, and working to
build understanding on their part of the internal workings and policies of the
organization” (Davis, 2004, Chapter 8). He added that research would make public
relations a true management functions, and not a mere press agentry wherein hunches
and instinct are relied upon in creating publicity.
Modern public relations management must be founded upon research. Research would
ensure that public relations activities are strategic and target the publics who need and
care about the information (Ehling & Dozier, 1992, as cited in Davis, 2004). With
research, results can be shown, impacts can be measured, and efforts can be
refocused based on the metrics (Ehling & Dozier, 1992, as cited in Davis, 2004).
Ineffective activities or messages shown by statistical results can be redesigned or
eliminated (Ehling & Dozier, 1992, as cited in Davis, 2004).
Formative research, after revising one’s own thinking to include public views, allows
segmentation of the publics, tailoring communications for unique publics, sending
different messages to targeted publics, and building relationships with those who have
interest in the message (Stacks, 2002, as cited in Davis, 2004).
Data can be gathered through quantitative and qualitative methods (Davis, 2004). The
methods of quantitative data collection are as follows:
1. Internet-based surveys
2. Telephone surveys
3. Mail surveys
5. 4. Content analysis (usually of media coverage)
5. Comment cards and feedback forms
6. Warranty cards (usually demographic information on buyers)
7. Frequent shopper program tracking (purchasing data)
Following are the methods of qualitative data collection:
1. In-depth interviews
2. Focus groups
3. Case studies
4. Participant observation
5. Monitoring toll-free call transcripts
6. Monitoring complaints by e-mail and letter
The communications team must consider pre-crisis scenario, crisis phase response and
post-crisis communication management. The following figure presents the tactical
activities or information needed at each stage of crisis communication.
Figure 1: Stages of Crisis Communication Tactical Activities
The following guiding principles would be used in the development of the research plan:
6. Table 1: Guide for Research Plan
Various tactical activities can be used in reaching out to the stakeholders. However,
choosing the best and efficient activities must be carefully thought of in order to impact
the stakeholders most. The following considerations can be weighed when framing main
activities:
7. Figure 2: Considerations When Framing Main Activities
The research plan must know, rank and prioritize the audience according to the
following guide:
1) Key players – who are both interested in your research and are important in your
field/have influence. These are the people you will want to engage and consult
regularly to increase the likelihood that they will use and promote your research.
2) Key audiences – who perhaps do not yet know so much about your work but who are
important in your field or have influence. These are the people you want to engage
with regularly to increase their interest in your work.
3) Secondary audiences – who may be very interested in your research but do not have
real influence in the field. You will want to keep them informed and feeling positive as
they have the potential to be an ambassador and tell other people about your work.
4) General audiences – these are the people who you want to be aware of your work
but you are not sure what they can/will do with what you tell them. You should try to
find ways to communicate with them regularly so that they become more interested
and engaged over time.
It is important to consider the most appropriate ways (channels) to reach the target
audience, such as regular user groups, workshops or conferences, a newsletter or blog,
8. or some media activity. The following audience/ messaging grid provides guidance on
how to reach different audiences:
Table 2: Audience/ Messaging Grid
The Planning Matrix by communications activities below will provide guidelines on
achieving the communication objects and reach the target audience:
Table 3: Planning Matrix
Nature, Explicit and Implicit Manifestations, of CI issues
From the press releases issued by BP, a number of PR blunders had been identified.
From the initial press release, acceptance or accountability had not been shown.
Silence on the cause of the accident and deaths only increased apprehension of the
publics. This can be viewed as lack of transparency and empathy to the families of
victims. Targeting the general publics rather than specific stakeholders merely bolstered
BPs lack of crisis management plan and dedicated communication team. The chief
executive Tony Hayward who acted as the spokesperson was inexperienced in
managing a crisis. He described coastal communities as small people (Strawser, 2022).
His insensitivity to those affected had been an issue for quite a long time (Strawser,
2022). The statement relating to assistance to the rig workers was not equalled by
action. BP was likewise dishonest about the extent of the damage to the environment.
9. One obvious communication issue is the damage to the reputation of BP, as well as the
loss of trust of the public to it and the authorities. In 2015 (after five years), the wildlife
still struggled to rebound despite the remediation efforts (The Arthur W. Page Center,
n.d.). Dishonesty was likewise manifest with BPs PRs in 2015 that highlighted the
recovery of the Gulf which was opposite the actual condition.
Root Causes of Selected CI Issues using Framework(s)
Public relations pertain to managing the organization’s relationship with the external
stakeholders (Allen et al., 2008, as cited in Ogoko, 2015). Relationships with the
stakeholders before a crisis, Marra (1992, as cited in Ogoko, 2015) noted, have six
attributes which can be used to measure relationships. Absence of these attributes -
trust, understanding, credibility, satisfaction, cooperation, and agreement – could
magnify the negative effects of the crisis. Not trusting an organization could mean not
agreeing with its actions. Furthermore, a relationship could not be built or repaired
during a crisis; and a “comprehensive crisis plan cannot compensate for poor pre-crisis
relationships” (Marra, 1992, as cited in Ogoko, 2015, p. 21).
According to Allen et al. (2008, as cited in Ogoko, 2015, p. 14) public relations is a
“structured function that assesses the attitudes and behaviors of external stakeholders;
harmonizes the objectives, policies, and processes of a person or company with the
public interest; and implements a program of action to gain public support and
acceptance”. In addition, public relations enables an uninterrupted exchange of views
that results to public consent to such messages (Allen et al., 2008, as cited in Ogoko,
2015).
Public relations is a manifestation of respect to the members of society and is “at the
core of corporate reputation management” (Allen et al., 2008, as cited in Ogoko, 2015,
p. 13). On the contrary, Ogoko (2015, p. 13) mentioned that public relations can be
used by an organization to promote its own agenda “irrespective of the interests and
needs of external stakeholders”. Public relations can be used in building a relationship
for those with shared interest, and managing a crisis if used to lessen the effect of
negative publicity and there is a threat to the organization’s reputation (Coombs, 2007,
as cited in Ogoko, 2015). Crisis management presents a useful framework in ‟protecting
a company and its stakeholders from threats or reduce the effect from the
materialization of such threats” (Jaques, 2007, as cited in Ogoko, 2015, p. 7).
The theories of relationship (e.g. situational theory) and theories of mass
communication (e.g. framing theory and agenda setting) underpin public relations
practice (Grunig & Repper, 1992; Cohen, 1963, as cited in Ogoko, 2015). The theories
of relationships are concerned with management of relationships, referring to the
network of relationships between the organization and the external stakeholders (Leary
& Kowalski, 1990; Spaulding & Correa, 2005, as cited in Ogoko, 2015). The theories of
mass communication, on the other hand, are significant because public relations belong
to the discipline of mass communication (Ogoko, 2015).
10. Situational theory provides an explanation why certain groups would be active on some
issues, others on several issues, or simply indifferent to the issues (Grunig & Repper,
1992, as cited in Ogoko, 2015). Changes in situation could lead to changes in
perception. Situational theory could inform communicators to focus on the types of
information that the public want against the information that the organization preferred
to disseminate. The assumption here is that the public will seek for information that is
for their best interest. With situational theory, public relations messages could be
tailored to specific issues that the public need answers.
The Agenda Setting Theory purports that what the media report has correlation with
what the people consider as critical. This was shown by Shaw and McCombs (1977, as
cited in Ogoko, 2015) in their study that what the media reports as critical was positively
correlated with the public perception. Public relations practitioners could focus their
effort on influencing media agenda by releasing news items for news consumption
(Akpabio, 2005, as cited in Ogoko, 2015). The public relations practitioners must exert
effort in influencing media agenda through news items that the public would consume
(Akpabio, 2005, as cited in Ogoko, 2015). They should identify subjects that news
directors and editors would consider news and localize the messages (Ogoko, 2015).
In the Framing Theory, messages and information sent to the audience have “pre-
existing set of meanings or what some would refer to as ‘frames’”, according to Entman
(1993, as cited in Ogoko, 2015, p. 14). Framing refers to an “active process of drawing
out dominant themes from the content (Dozier et al., 1995, as cited in Ogoko, 2015, p.
14). Understanding common frames makes way for easy and meaningful
communication with the audience (Ogoko, 2015).
PR 1 was intended for the general publics (public information model) and not the
specific stakeholders (Gnnig & Hunt, 1984, as cited in Ogoko, 2015). Despite the
timeliness of this press release, it did not give information on the cause of the accident
or casualties. This only increased the apprehension on the part of the families of
workers, along with the general public.
BP chief executive mentioned in PR 2 that the company was “working closely with
Transocean and the US Coast Guard, which was initiating the emergency response,
and had been offering its help that included logistical support. In this particular
statement, the 'scapegoat mentality' is evident. In essence, there seems to be an
attempt by BP to transfer blame for the incident rather than facing the crisis head-on.
Although stating that BP is assisting Transocean, it did not attempt to assume
responsibility for the incident. PR 3 likewise fits into the 'public information model' of PR
that targets the general public (Grunig & Hunt, 1984, as cited in Ogoko, 2015).
At this time, the BP executives should have been made aware of the leakage of barrels
of oil into the Gulf. BP first brought to the fore about the leakage when its executives
appeared before the US Senate. But still, they underestimated the extent of the problem
(a form dishonesty and lack of transparency). PR 4 is a belated corrective action can be
11. viewed as a form of ‘press agentry’ to improve its image by committing huge funds for
scientific study. Such commitment should have been done years before as part of its
safety program. Although this may be a welcome development by the scientific
community, the general public and those whose livelihoods had been affected would
have a different response in relation to BPs earlier PR blunders.
Effects and Impact of Selected Issues on Individual and Society
The actions made by BP had impacted upon the people living in coastal communities
who lost their livelihood for several years. The communication made by BP should have
included its plan to provide financial assistance to the inhabitants who cannot fish in the
area where the oil spill occurred. The families of the victims who remained uninformed
by BP grieved for a time due to the failure of the company to inform them. BP should be
ready to release funds for the clean-up and rehabilitation and fines to the government
for the destruction of the environment and various species of animals. Society under
this context would comprise the ecosystem that includes the people, the government,
the animals, the sea, and others.
Policies Recommended
The policies recommended for BP are as follows: a) prepare communication plan and
framed messages to be released to the public or for specific stakeholders at specified
time, b) be honest and transparent, c) be empathic and sympathetic to victims, d) be
accountable and responsible, and not pass the blame to another, d) increase social
listening efforts during and after the crisis, and f) let communications specialist speak for
the company.
Action Agenda
The action agenda that BP should undertake must include the following: a) act quickly
and inform the stakeholders whatever information is available at the moment, b) keep
the government regulatory agency informed, c) establish partnerships with technical
organizations to prepare for and be ready during crisis, d) monitor risks during pre-crisis
stage, e) establish trust-based relations with stakeholders, f) maintain a channel for
steady flow of information, g) keep the employees informed, g) utilize various channels,
including the social media, to reach out to stakeholders, and f) prepare a budget for
reparation and clean up.
Defense to Policy Recommendations and Action Agenda
The policy recommendations and action agenda would make the company prepared at
the different stages of the crisis, act ethically and appropriately in dealing with the
12. stakeholders, thrive in the ecosystem and environment that it is operating, preserve its
reputation even after the crisis, manage the crisis well, and gain the trust of the
stakeholders.
Conclusion
Reputation management is crucial to the existence of the organization. Rebuilding the
reputation of the organization is vital to its continued existence. According to Mijares
(2022, July 12), the goal of crisis management is to prevent or lessen the negative
outcomes of a crisis and thereby protect the organization, stakeholders, and/ or industry
from damage. Allowing the communications team to act independent of the control of
the management could determine the effectiveness of the crisis communication (Ogoko,
2015).
It is vital when managing a crisis to avoid certain responses, such as denying everything
and admitting nothing, saying only what the lawyers allow, spinning the story so that the
organization will look good, waiting for things to get worst before getting outside help,
fighting back, not commenting, keeping the employees in the dark, not talking to
reporters, perfecting the story before saying anything, hiding what can be hidden, and
telling only half truths. Responding through instincts will only make things worse
(Mijares, 2022, June 21).
Social listening at social media platforms would be useful in knowing the sentiments and
opinions of the stakeholders, especially the primary stakeholders. A social media
platform, like Facebook, is a venue that people vent their complaints, frustrations and
emotions. Williams (2017) said that the social media is the preferred communication
platform where they can voice their disapproval or dissatisfaction.
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