Linda Tuhiwai Smith's book "Decolonizing Methodologies" critiques Western research paradigms and their impact on indigenous peoples. It calls for new indigenous research methodologies that reject racism, ethnocentrism, and exploitation. The book examines how research under colonialism framed indigenous peoples through an imperial lens and marginalized their stories and knowledge. It advocates for indigenous peoples to reclaim research as a space from which to develop their own research agendas and methods centered on indigenous values and ways of knowing.
Urban School Performances is an international research project examining how theatre contexts and practices in schools impact youth engagement and identity. The research borrows from theatre approaches and resists traditional scientific objectivity. It collects multiple perspectives from researchers, participants, and their artistic works. Performances are studied both as artistic creations and cultural reflections. Digitizing performances introduces challenges of representation that require collaborative solutions respecting participants' agency. The goal is creative, context-sensitive research illuminating local voices within global discussions.
In this presentation you will find answers to questions such as -
What is Generalisation in context of History writing?
Why is it necessary?
What are the types of Generalisation?
What are its sources?
What role does it play in Historiography?
Why do historians use generalisation?
Autoethnography: proposing a new method for Information Systems researchNiamh O Riordan
Emerging technologies are facilitating the production of revised and novel forms of “digital being” - combined frames of meaning, experience, and desired notions of performativity that change what and who we are. A number of theoretical perspectives (e.g. Agential Realism and Sociomateriality) have emerged that seek to address this new reality but have struggled to grapple with the relationship between technology and the things that constitute a human in a psychological sense. In this paper, we argue that IS researchers have been hampered by the paucity of established research methods that are suited for the investigation of emerging digital systems and new forms of digital being. We believe that
the IS community has made a serious error by ignoring repeated calls for the use of ethnographic methods in the field. We also feel that autoethnographic methods are highly suited to the task of conducting research on the digitally mediated experiences in everyday activities and in facilitating the development of new theories of digital being. The purpose of this paper is to provide a practical
introduction to autoethnography and to explain how IS researchers might do and write autoethnography. The paper focuses on the challenges associated with using an autoethnographic approach in digitally mediated research settings. The paper also focuses on how IS researchers
should evaluate autoethnographic research because the main challenge for ethnographic IS research has always been the evaluation of it
Beyond culture space, identity, and the politics of differehoney690131
This document summarizes the key arguments made in the article "Beyond 'Culture': Space, Identity, and the Politics of Difference" by Akhil Gupta and James Ferguson. It argues that representations of space in social sciences often assume a disconnect between cultures and societies based on geographical boundaries. However, this fails to account for those who inhabit borders, cross borders, or experience cultural hybridity. Rethinking the relationship between space and culture is needed to better understand social and cultural change as interconnected rather than discrete processes.
Anthropology is the study of humankind, including where humans come from, what differentiates them from animals and each other, and the human condition. Ethnography is a key part of anthropology and involves the systematic study and recording of human cultures through methods like interviews, observation, and immersive fieldwork to understand the world from participants' perspectives. Current ethnographic principles emphasize understanding biases, cultural fluidity, and participants' agency.
On culture introduction-comparison and contextMaryjoydailo
This document provides an introduction and overview of cultural anthropology. It discusses some key concepts like culture, society, and the goals and methods of anthropology. Specifically, it notes that anthropology aims to understand both differences and similarities between human societies by studying local contexts in detail through long-term fieldwork using participant observation. While traditionally focused on small-scale societies, anthropology now studies any social system. The concepts of culture and society are complex and have been debated, but culture generally refers to acquired behaviors and meanings, while society refers to patterns of social interaction and organization.
This document provides an overview of autoethnography as presented in a webinar by Dr. Sarah Wall. It discusses the origins and increasing popularity of autoethnography, definitions, methodological approaches, examples of analytic and evocative styles, controversies regarding criticisms of self-indulgence and lack of rigor, and ethical considerations. Autoethnography is presented as a method that values diverse ways of knowing and gives voice to marginalized groups' experiences.
Urban School Performances is an international research project examining how theatre contexts and practices in schools impact youth engagement and identity. The research borrows from theatre approaches and resists traditional scientific objectivity. It collects multiple perspectives from researchers, participants, and their artistic works. Performances are studied both as artistic creations and cultural reflections. Digitizing performances introduces challenges of representation that require collaborative solutions respecting participants' agency. The goal is creative, context-sensitive research illuminating local voices within global discussions.
In this presentation you will find answers to questions such as -
What is Generalisation in context of History writing?
Why is it necessary?
What are the types of Generalisation?
What are its sources?
What role does it play in Historiography?
Why do historians use generalisation?
Autoethnography: proposing a new method for Information Systems researchNiamh O Riordan
Emerging technologies are facilitating the production of revised and novel forms of “digital being” - combined frames of meaning, experience, and desired notions of performativity that change what and who we are. A number of theoretical perspectives (e.g. Agential Realism and Sociomateriality) have emerged that seek to address this new reality but have struggled to grapple with the relationship between technology and the things that constitute a human in a psychological sense. In this paper, we argue that IS researchers have been hampered by the paucity of established research methods that are suited for the investigation of emerging digital systems and new forms of digital being. We believe that
the IS community has made a serious error by ignoring repeated calls for the use of ethnographic methods in the field. We also feel that autoethnographic methods are highly suited to the task of conducting research on the digitally mediated experiences in everyday activities and in facilitating the development of new theories of digital being. The purpose of this paper is to provide a practical
introduction to autoethnography and to explain how IS researchers might do and write autoethnography. The paper focuses on the challenges associated with using an autoethnographic approach in digitally mediated research settings. The paper also focuses on how IS researchers
should evaluate autoethnographic research because the main challenge for ethnographic IS research has always been the evaluation of it
Beyond culture space, identity, and the politics of differehoney690131
This document summarizes the key arguments made in the article "Beyond 'Culture': Space, Identity, and the Politics of Difference" by Akhil Gupta and James Ferguson. It argues that representations of space in social sciences often assume a disconnect between cultures and societies based on geographical boundaries. However, this fails to account for those who inhabit borders, cross borders, or experience cultural hybridity. Rethinking the relationship between space and culture is needed to better understand social and cultural change as interconnected rather than discrete processes.
Anthropology is the study of humankind, including where humans come from, what differentiates them from animals and each other, and the human condition. Ethnography is a key part of anthropology and involves the systematic study and recording of human cultures through methods like interviews, observation, and immersive fieldwork to understand the world from participants' perspectives. Current ethnographic principles emphasize understanding biases, cultural fluidity, and participants' agency.
On culture introduction-comparison and contextMaryjoydailo
This document provides an introduction and overview of cultural anthropology. It discusses some key concepts like culture, society, and the goals and methods of anthropology. Specifically, it notes that anthropology aims to understand both differences and similarities between human societies by studying local contexts in detail through long-term fieldwork using participant observation. While traditionally focused on small-scale societies, anthropology now studies any social system. The concepts of culture and society are complex and have been debated, but culture generally refers to acquired behaviors and meanings, while society refers to patterns of social interaction and organization.
This document provides an overview of autoethnography as presented in a webinar by Dr. Sarah Wall. It discusses the origins and increasing popularity of autoethnography, definitions, methodological approaches, examples of analytic and evocative styles, controversies regarding criticisms of self-indulgence and lack of rigor, and ethical considerations. Autoethnography is presented as a method that values diverse ways of knowing and gives voice to marginalized groups' experiences.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This document discusses the relationship between the African communitarian conception of personhood and gender. It makes four key points:
1) It argues that the supposed gender-neutrality of the African communitarian idea of personhood ignores issues of gender violence and discrimination.
2) It surveys literature on communitarian personhood in African thought and argues it is often construed as gender-neutral.
3) It contends that the relational and community-based nature of communitarian personhood indicates it is actually a gendered notion, in conflict with assumptions of gender-neutrality.
4) It examines Ifi Amadiume's position that gender in traditional African cultures was fluid and complementary,
A Student’s Guide to Reading and Writing in Social AnthropologyUkrit Chalermsan
This document provides guidance for students on reading and writing in social anthropology. It begins by explaining that the writing practices and conventions of anthropologists may not be transparent to newcomers. It then discusses different types of anthropological literature students may encounter, including essays, ethnographies, and theoretical chapters/articles. The document aims to demystify challenges students may face and help them engage effectively with anthropological texts.
Continuity and discontinuity in traditional african narrative ethicsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a paper that discusses continuity and discontinuity in traditional African narratives. It argues that there are two parallel narratives about Africa: a traditional self-reflexive narrative and a conventional narrative imposed by colonialists. The conventional narrative, which was based on ideas of racial superiority, led to the loss of cultural memory among many African peoples as it replaced the traditional narrative. This discontinuity of the traditional African narrative has had significant ethical implications in West Africa. The paper examines how narrative ethics connects identity and morality, and suggests that understanding the nature of the discontinuity in West African narratives can help explain some ethical challenges in the region.
How Yemeni Women construct their identities in SheffieldNikky Wilson
This document summarizes a thesis that explores the identities of second and third generation British Yemeni women in Sheffield. It begins by introducing the topic and research question of how these women negotiate their ethnic, national, and religious identities. It then provides context about Yemeni migration to Sheffield beginning in the 1950s and reviews relevant literature on identity and ethnicity. The thesis employs a constructivist model of identity and examines how women assert and negotiate their multiple identities which are influenced by both individual and social factors. It explores themes of hybridity and how identities may change between generations. The purpose is to gain a nuanced understanding of the identity construction processes of this group.
The one of the major approaches of the Qualitative Research is Ethnography, sometimes known as Cultural Anthropology or sometimes called as Naturalistic Enquiry. Its disciplinary origin is Anthropology. Ethnography deals with the discovery and description of culture of a group or group of individual. As the concept of culture is the central theme of Ethnography Research; that’s why the question raised from this point of view is that what the Cultural characteristics of a group of individuals are? Here Culture means the system of norms and standards that a society develops over the courses of many generations. Ethnography research helps to search very complicated or complex deign challenges. A tremendous and effective researcher is needed when he or she is viewing or observing or interacting with target population in their real-life situation. Ethnography Research is a one of the most important qualitative research where researcher observe or interact with the target population and researcher plays an important role to obtain useful cultural information that’s why Ethnography research is known as cultural ethnography or cultural anthropology. This kind of research is a part of social science research. We know there are several forms of Ethnography research. As for example, confessional Ethnography research, life history Ethnography research, feminist Ethnography research, realist Ethnography research, critical Ethnography research etc. Out of the several form of Ethnography research, the two most common and popular form of Ethnography research are “Realist Ethnography Research” and “Critical Ethnography Research”. The “Realist EthnographyResearch” is sometimes known as traditional Ethnography research whereas the critical Ethnography research is concerned with those group or group of individuals who are marginalized in society. The toughest activity of Ethnography research is the researcher should play as a member of the target population and spent several months even if several years with target population or group. Therefore, Ethnography researches not only a qualitative research but also it is a longitudinal research.
Using ethnographic methodology in theological research (2)joshva raja john
The document discusses using ethnographic methodology in theological research. It provides examples of how one PhD student conducted research on a harvest festival among the Ao Tribes in India. The student participated in the festival dances and ceremonies, observed traditions, interviewed participants, and analyzed themes to understand the community's culture and how the festival brings people together despite religious differences. The document then reviews key aspects of ethnographic research methodology, including participant observation, fieldwork techniques, analysis of qualitative data, and important ethical considerations when conducting research within a community.
Often when we say research, we think of a phenomenon which we can explain and generalise to fit into a future context. Ethnography is one research which brings out the humanistic nature of research. Participant observation lets you observe the phenomenon as an observer or as a participant. Interesting read to know something we already know but might not be consciously aware.
This document summarizes Kathreen Smith's paper on how Western women viewed Eastern women through an Orientalist lens. It begins with a review of Edward Said's seminal work Orientalism and how he failed to consider gender. It then discusses literature that has built upon Said's work by analyzing representations of Eastern women and the role of Western women in colonial projects. The document examines how early Western female travelers viewed harems and Eastern women as exotic, childish, and inferior. It also discusses how Western feminism took on a "civilizing mission" towards Eastern women and reinforced Orientalist stereotypes. The gendering of Orientalism shaped politics post-9/11 by portraying Eastern women as helpless victims in need of liberation.
This document provides an overview of biographical methods as an umbrella term for research approaches that utilize individual life experiences to understand social phenomena. It discusses three main approaches: biographical interpretive methods, oral history, and life history. For each approach, it outlines origins, key theorists and developers, data collection techniques, and analytical processes. The document argues that biographical methods have greatly expanded in recent decades across many disciplines and media. It aims to provide a framework for understanding the diverse range of biographical work while highlighting the strengths and innovations of each approach.
The document summarizes a paper analyzing the representation of Jainism and Buddhism in six leading Indian history textbooks. The author finds the coverage of these religions to be generally inadequate, often superficial and imprecise. Key information about the historical context and foundations of the religions is missing. Descriptions focus more on exotic customs than core philosophical concepts. Coverage is also uneven, with little discussion of developments beyond ancient periods. The author argues this presentation does not align with recent scholarship and can impart an incomplete or misleading understanding of these important religious traditions within Indian history.
This document is an introduction to a journal issue focusing on cultural studies of psychiatry. It provides a summary of cultural studies and its goal of critiquing how political and cultural forces operate through representations to naturalize social relations. It explains how cultural studies analyzes the "maps of social reality" embedded in cultural productions to expand possibilities for interpretation. The introduction then defines the scope of "cultural studies of psychiatry" and previews several articles in the issue that apply cultural analysis to phenomena commonly medicalized, such as premenstrual disorder and the rise of Ritalin prescriptions.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in history. It defines history as the study of past events, particularly in human affairs. The purpose of history is to understand political, social, and cultural aspects of the past in order to live effectively in the present. There are different types of history, including social, cultural, political, economic, diplomatic, and military history. Studying history is important as it helps one understand the past to predict and shape the future.
Gender studies have contributed to archaeology in several ways:
1) It has highlighted the underlying androcentrism in archaeological research and forced a reconsideration of aspects of the archaeological record with gender in mind.
2) Studying gender has opened up new ways to discuss and analyze research and provided a more extensive way of perceiving evidence.
3) It has allowed for a reevaluation of past studies from a less androcentric perspective and made women more visible in the archaeological record.
This module talks about ethnography.
Contents:
1. What is Ethnography? - Definition, advantages and disadvantages, and when to use
ethnography
2. Ethnography vs Other
Qualitative Research - Comparisons between Ethnography and Narrative research, Phenomenology, Grounded Theory, and Case study
3. Ethnographic methods - Understanding how anthropology is investigated through
ethnographic means
4. Comparative Methods - Exploring anthropology through the comparative research
method
5. Challenges When Doing
Ethnography - Assessing the various obstacles ethnographers face while doing fieldwork
6. Global Challenges and Opportunities - Realizing the challenges that ethnographers go through in today's globalized world, and how they sought opportunities from it
Ethnography involves observing and describing a culture or group through immersive experiences rather than experiments. It relies on participation in the natural setting to understand perspectives. Key characteristics include studying behavior in everyday contexts, gathering data through observation and informal conversations, and interpreting meanings and functions without fixed categories. The aim is to capture natural human behavior through first-hand contact and understand cultural perspectives to effectively explain actions.
The document discusses the historicism theory in anthropology. Historicism dates back to the mid-19th and early 20th centuries and sees culture as developing over time through diffusion and environmental adaptation rather than social evolution. It was developed by Franz Boas and his students. Boas made significant contributions to getting women involved in the field. Other theories discussed include those related to the study of physical and cultural differences between human races. Anthropology can be broadly described as the study of human history and understanding the connections between evolution, culture, race, history, language and more.
GEED 02 Reading in Philippine History HISTORY AND HISTORICAL METHODOLOGYMayMay701839
At the end of the course, the learners will be able:
1.To explain the meaning of history as an academic discipline and to be familiar with the underlying philosophy and methodology of the discipline;
2.To apply the knowledge in historical methodology and philosophy in assessing and analyzing existing historical narratives;
3. To critically examine and assess the value of historical evidences and sources
4.To familiarize oneself with the primary documents in different historical periods of the Philippines;
5.To learn history through primary sources; and
6. To properly interpret primary sources through looking at the content and context of the document.
Diss lesson 2 - introducing anthro & econMaryjoydailo
This document discusses the key social science disciplines of anthropology and economics. It provides an overview of their definitions and main areas of focus. Anthropology is defined as the study of humankind and examines aspects of human existence and culture. Its main branches are cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, biological anthropology, and archaeology. Economics is defined as the study of efficient allocation of scarce resources to satisfy human needs and wants. It is divided into microeconomics, which focuses on individual choices, and macroeconomics, which examines entire economies. The document also outlines some important principles and methods of research within each discipline.
This book provides an indigenous perspective on decolonizing research methodologies. It critiques how Western research has traditionally exploited and oppressed indigenous peoples. The author urges developing research practices that empower indigenous communities and respect their knowledge, customs, and rights to self-determination.
Freire and Hooks Critical Emancipatory Pedagogy.pdfsdfghj21
This document discusses Freire and Hooks' critical emancipatory pedagogy and compares it to other non-Western educational traditions. It argues that Western education has often dismissed or delegitimized indigenous knowledges and ways of learning. The purpose is to challenge this view by considering non-Western educational traditions on their own merits and exploring what insights they can provide.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This document discusses the relationship between the African communitarian conception of personhood and gender. It makes four key points:
1) It argues that the supposed gender-neutrality of the African communitarian idea of personhood ignores issues of gender violence and discrimination.
2) It surveys literature on communitarian personhood in African thought and argues it is often construed as gender-neutral.
3) It contends that the relational and community-based nature of communitarian personhood indicates it is actually a gendered notion, in conflict with assumptions of gender-neutrality.
4) It examines Ifi Amadiume's position that gender in traditional African cultures was fluid and complementary,
A Student’s Guide to Reading and Writing in Social AnthropologyUkrit Chalermsan
This document provides guidance for students on reading and writing in social anthropology. It begins by explaining that the writing practices and conventions of anthropologists may not be transparent to newcomers. It then discusses different types of anthropological literature students may encounter, including essays, ethnographies, and theoretical chapters/articles. The document aims to demystify challenges students may face and help them engage effectively with anthropological texts.
Continuity and discontinuity in traditional african narrative ethicsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a paper that discusses continuity and discontinuity in traditional African narratives. It argues that there are two parallel narratives about Africa: a traditional self-reflexive narrative and a conventional narrative imposed by colonialists. The conventional narrative, which was based on ideas of racial superiority, led to the loss of cultural memory among many African peoples as it replaced the traditional narrative. This discontinuity of the traditional African narrative has had significant ethical implications in West Africa. The paper examines how narrative ethics connects identity and morality, and suggests that understanding the nature of the discontinuity in West African narratives can help explain some ethical challenges in the region.
How Yemeni Women construct their identities in SheffieldNikky Wilson
This document summarizes a thesis that explores the identities of second and third generation British Yemeni women in Sheffield. It begins by introducing the topic and research question of how these women negotiate their ethnic, national, and religious identities. It then provides context about Yemeni migration to Sheffield beginning in the 1950s and reviews relevant literature on identity and ethnicity. The thesis employs a constructivist model of identity and examines how women assert and negotiate their multiple identities which are influenced by both individual and social factors. It explores themes of hybridity and how identities may change between generations. The purpose is to gain a nuanced understanding of the identity construction processes of this group.
The one of the major approaches of the Qualitative Research is Ethnography, sometimes known as Cultural Anthropology or sometimes called as Naturalistic Enquiry. Its disciplinary origin is Anthropology. Ethnography deals with the discovery and description of culture of a group or group of individual. As the concept of culture is the central theme of Ethnography Research; that’s why the question raised from this point of view is that what the Cultural characteristics of a group of individuals are? Here Culture means the system of norms and standards that a society develops over the courses of many generations. Ethnography research helps to search very complicated or complex deign challenges. A tremendous and effective researcher is needed when he or she is viewing or observing or interacting with target population in their real-life situation. Ethnography Research is a one of the most important qualitative research where researcher observe or interact with the target population and researcher plays an important role to obtain useful cultural information that’s why Ethnography research is known as cultural ethnography or cultural anthropology. This kind of research is a part of social science research. We know there are several forms of Ethnography research. As for example, confessional Ethnography research, life history Ethnography research, feminist Ethnography research, realist Ethnography research, critical Ethnography research etc. Out of the several form of Ethnography research, the two most common and popular form of Ethnography research are “Realist Ethnography Research” and “Critical Ethnography Research”. The “Realist EthnographyResearch” is sometimes known as traditional Ethnography research whereas the critical Ethnography research is concerned with those group or group of individuals who are marginalized in society. The toughest activity of Ethnography research is the researcher should play as a member of the target population and spent several months even if several years with target population or group. Therefore, Ethnography researches not only a qualitative research but also it is a longitudinal research.
Using ethnographic methodology in theological research (2)joshva raja john
The document discusses using ethnographic methodology in theological research. It provides examples of how one PhD student conducted research on a harvest festival among the Ao Tribes in India. The student participated in the festival dances and ceremonies, observed traditions, interviewed participants, and analyzed themes to understand the community's culture and how the festival brings people together despite religious differences. The document then reviews key aspects of ethnographic research methodology, including participant observation, fieldwork techniques, analysis of qualitative data, and important ethical considerations when conducting research within a community.
Often when we say research, we think of a phenomenon which we can explain and generalise to fit into a future context. Ethnography is one research which brings out the humanistic nature of research. Participant observation lets you observe the phenomenon as an observer or as a participant. Interesting read to know something we already know but might not be consciously aware.
This document summarizes Kathreen Smith's paper on how Western women viewed Eastern women through an Orientalist lens. It begins with a review of Edward Said's seminal work Orientalism and how he failed to consider gender. It then discusses literature that has built upon Said's work by analyzing representations of Eastern women and the role of Western women in colonial projects. The document examines how early Western female travelers viewed harems and Eastern women as exotic, childish, and inferior. It also discusses how Western feminism took on a "civilizing mission" towards Eastern women and reinforced Orientalist stereotypes. The gendering of Orientalism shaped politics post-9/11 by portraying Eastern women as helpless victims in need of liberation.
This document provides an overview of biographical methods as an umbrella term for research approaches that utilize individual life experiences to understand social phenomena. It discusses three main approaches: biographical interpretive methods, oral history, and life history. For each approach, it outlines origins, key theorists and developers, data collection techniques, and analytical processes. The document argues that biographical methods have greatly expanded in recent decades across many disciplines and media. It aims to provide a framework for understanding the diverse range of biographical work while highlighting the strengths and innovations of each approach.
The document summarizes a paper analyzing the representation of Jainism and Buddhism in six leading Indian history textbooks. The author finds the coverage of these religions to be generally inadequate, often superficial and imprecise. Key information about the historical context and foundations of the religions is missing. Descriptions focus more on exotic customs than core philosophical concepts. Coverage is also uneven, with little discussion of developments beyond ancient periods. The author argues this presentation does not align with recent scholarship and can impart an incomplete or misleading understanding of these important religious traditions within Indian history.
This document is an introduction to a journal issue focusing on cultural studies of psychiatry. It provides a summary of cultural studies and its goal of critiquing how political and cultural forces operate through representations to naturalize social relations. It explains how cultural studies analyzes the "maps of social reality" embedded in cultural productions to expand possibilities for interpretation. The introduction then defines the scope of "cultural studies of psychiatry" and previews several articles in the issue that apply cultural analysis to phenomena commonly medicalized, such as premenstrual disorder and the rise of Ritalin prescriptions.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in history. It defines history as the study of past events, particularly in human affairs. The purpose of history is to understand political, social, and cultural aspects of the past in order to live effectively in the present. There are different types of history, including social, cultural, political, economic, diplomatic, and military history. Studying history is important as it helps one understand the past to predict and shape the future.
Gender studies have contributed to archaeology in several ways:
1) It has highlighted the underlying androcentrism in archaeological research and forced a reconsideration of aspects of the archaeological record with gender in mind.
2) Studying gender has opened up new ways to discuss and analyze research and provided a more extensive way of perceiving evidence.
3) It has allowed for a reevaluation of past studies from a less androcentric perspective and made women more visible in the archaeological record.
This module talks about ethnography.
Contents:
1. What is Ethnography? - Definition, advantages and disadvantages, and when to use
ethnography
2. Ethnography vs Other
Qualitative Research - Comparisons between Ethnography and Narrative research, Phenomenology, Grounded Theory, and Case study
3. Ethnographic methods - Understanding how anthropology is investigated through
ethnographic means
4. Comparative Methods - Exploring anthropology through the comparative research
method
5. Challenges When Doing
Ethnography - Assessing the various obstacles ethnographers face while doing fieldwork
6. Global Challenges and Opportunities - Realizing the challenges that ethnographers go through in today's globalized world, and how they sought opportunities from it
Ethnography involves observing and describing a culture or group through immersive experiences rather than experiments. It relies on participation in the natural setting to understand perspectives. Key characteristics include studying behavior in everyday contexts, gathering data through observation and informal conversations, and interpreting meanings and functions without fixed categories. The aim is to capture natural human behavior through first-hand contact and understand cultural perspectives to effectively explain actions.
The document discusses the historicism theory in anthropology. Historicism dates back to the mid-19th and early 20th centuries and sees culture as developing over time through diffusion and environmental adaptation rather than social evolution. It was developed by Franz Boas and his students. Boas made significant contributions to getting women involved in the field. Other theories discussed include those related to the study of physical and cultural differences between human races. Anthropology can be broadly described as the study of human history and understanding the connections between evolution, culture, race, history, language and more.
GEED 02 Reading in Philippine History HISTORY AND HISTORICAL METHODOLOGYMayMay701839
At the end of the course, the learners will be able:
1.To explain the meaning of history as an academic discipline and to be familiar with the underlying philosophy and methodology of the discipline;
2.To apply the knowledge in historical methodology and philosophy in assessing and analyzing existing historical narratives;
3. To critically examine and assess the value of historical evidences and sources
4.To familiarize oneself with the primary documents in different historical periods of the Philippines;
5.To learn history through primary sources; and
6. To properly interpret primary sources through looking at the content and context of the document.
Diss lesson 2 - introducing anthro & econMaryjoydailo
This document discusses the key social science disciplines of anthropology and economics. It provides an overview of their definitions and main areas of focus. Anthropology is defined as the study of humankind and examines aspects of human existence and culture. Its main branches are cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, biological anthropology, and archaeology. Economics is defined as the study of efficient allocation of scarce resources to satisfy human needs and wants. It is divided into microeconomics, which focuses on individual choices, and macroeconomics, which examines entire economies. The document also outlines some important principles and methods of research within each discipline.
This book provides an indigenous perspective on decolonizing research methodologies. It critiques how Western research has traditionally exploited and oppressed indigenous peoples. The author urges developing research practices that empower indigenous communities and respect their knowledge, customs, and rights to self-determination.
Freire and Hooks Critical Emancipatory Pedagogy.pdfsdfghj21
This document discusses Freire and Hooks' critical emancipatory pedagogy and compares it to other non-Western educational traditions. It argues that Western education has often dismissed or delegitimized indigenous knowledges and ways of learning. The purpose is to challenge this view by considering non-Western educational traditions on their own merits and exploring what insights they can provide.
This document discusses the value and purpose of studying history. It explains that history is the study of the past and the record of humanity's collective achievements and activities. Studying history allows us to understand cultures and viewpoints different than our own, helping promote tolerance. It also helps us learn from the mistakes of the past so we don't repeat them. Furthermore, examining a nation's history is essential for understanding that nation's identity, values and current affairs. The overall message is that studying history improves our understanding of ourselves, others and the world, while cultivating important analytical skills.
The document discusses ethnographic research and how it differs from other research methods. Ethnography involves prolonged fieldwork where researchers study a group in their natural environment to understand their daily lives, beliefs, values, and culture. It provides a holistic perspective through thick description. In contrast, other methods may involve brief observations or surveys that only capture surface-level perspectives. Ethnography aims to deeply understand the emic, or insider, viewpoint rather than coming in with predetermined categories or ideas.
Sujay Ethnography of enculturation FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL (2).pdfSujay Rao Mandavilli
This document provides a high-level overview of ethnography and the concept of an "ethnography of enculturation". It defines ethnography as the qualitative study of cultures through techniques like participant observation, interviews, surveys, and case studies. The document proposes that an ethnography of enculturation could provide insights into how humans develop identities and are influenced by culture. It suggests this approach could help address real-world issues like terrorism by better understanding cultural influences. The document outlines some of the history of ethnographic research and proposes extending these techniques to study linguistic and cultural acquisition and adaptation processes.
This document discusses the concept of "ethnography of enculturation" and provides an overview of ethnography as a social science research technique. Some key points:
- Ethnography involves qualitative, first-hand study of cultures through techniques like participant observation, interviews, surveys, and case studies. It provides insights into how identities are shaped by cultural processes.
- The document defines ethnography and traces its origins and evolution. Fieldwork and prolonged interaction with subjects are central to ethnographic research.
- Ethnography of enculturation would study how humans are culturally socialized and how their identities develop. This could provide understanding of real-world issues like terrorism and aberrant behavior.
Said analyzes the concept of Orientalism through examining British imperialist writings about Egypt in the early 20th century. Key figures like Balfour and Cromer justify British rule over Egypt by asserting Western knowledge and superiority over Oriental societies. They depict Arabs as irrational, childish, and in need of governance by the rational, virtuous Western powers. Said argues this established Orientalism as a ideological framework that positioned the East as inferior to the West, allowing Western dominance. He seeks to understand how this dominance enabled the West to claim authority and analyze all non-Western beliefs as abnormal.
This document discusses the selective memory of Palestinian women leaders during the British Mandate period in Palestine from 1920-1948. It notes that while certain women leaders are continually referenced in modern nationalist narratives, their prominence contradicts historical sources from the time period. In particular, Zlikha Shihabi is often invoked despite limited evidence of her actual role. More broadly, the women's movement has been marginalized in the national narrative, only referenced when politically convenient. This disconnect between historical remembering and forgetting highlights how memory, gender, and history can be politicized.
This document discusses critical race psychology and decolonizing research methods. It addresses how Western science has historically reflected the values of white male Europeans and excluded other groups. Specifically, it notes how approaches like critical race theory aim to view racism as systemic rather than individual bias. It also discusses how Western scientific standards and values may not translate well to non-Western groups and examines the relationship between Western European and Indigenous worldviews. The document calls for supporting other epistemologies and examining how power dynamics and colonization have influenced research approaches.
Edward Said, Lecture 1Sociology of Religion Lecture, April 2.docxtoltonkendal
Edward Said, Lecture 1
Sociology of Religion Lecture, April 20
Edward Said
§ 1935-2003
§ Born in Jerusalem in Palestine (when it was a British
Mandate), he was a lifelong advocate for Palestinian
autonomy and the Palestinian people.
§ He was a professor of literature at Columbia and is
considered one of the founders of postcolonial theory.
§ His most famous book, published in 1978, was Orientalism.
Orientalism
§ Written in 1978
§ One of the most important books of the twentieth century.
§ Orientalism was historically considered alongside
anthropology and sociology/political science:
anthropology studied “the peoples without history”;
sociology and political science studies the West and its
settler colonies (the US/Canada/Mexico, etc.); and
Orientalism studied peoples with a literary history,
basically the “civilizations” of Asia
Orientalism
§ Yet one of the challenges of Orientalism was the
way that it froze history: European scholars would
emphasize their capacity with various Asian
languages (usually specializing in a region like
South Asia, East Asia, or the Middle East) and then
believe that learning the classical texts was all they
needed.
§ This is a process called “essentializing”
§ Think about what it would mean if someone felt
they could talk about the current French elections
by having carefully studied many of the texts in 9th
century France. Yet this still happens about Islam!
The phrase
“Orientalist”
§ People use this phrase a lot less often now, and
are more likely to talk about “Near Eastern
Language and Civilizations” (though note that
near east still refers to Europe. Near to whom?
That’s why you more often now say East Asia
instead of the Far East)
§ And in many ways, Said’s book helped to totally
reorient the field.
What does
Said mean by
Orientalism
§ “Orientalism is a style of thought based upon an
ontological and epistemological distinction made
between “the Orient” [East] and (most of the time) “the
Occident” [West] (2).
§ Ontological: Question of being. What kind of thing is
something?
§ Epistemological: Question of knowing. How do we know
something?
§ Said is interested in how we know the Orient and how that
kind of knowing changes what the Orient is.
Meaning of Orientalism
§ “Taking the late eighteenth century as a very roughly
defined starting point Orientalism can be discussed
and analyzed as the corporate institution for dealing
with the Orient-dealing with it by making statements
about it, authorizing views of it, describing it, by
teaching it, settling it, ruling over it: in short,
Orientalism as a Western style for dominating,
restructuring, and having authority over the Orient” (3).
Antonio Gramsci
§ Italian politician, Marxist theorist
§ Most famous for his Prison
Notebooks, which he wrote while
being imprisoned by Mussolini
§ Famous for being one of the major
influences on later Marxism,
bringing culture more into fo.
An Analytical Essay Should Be. How to Write an Analytical Essay: 15 Steps wit...Holly Warner
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This document discusses proposals for organizing a book club discussion on ethnographic research methods. It provides four components for analyzing books discussed in the club: 1) a summary of main arguments, 2) context, research questions, methodology and findings, 3) contributions to the relevant discipline, and 4) remaining critical questions. Students then share their thoughts on issues from the readings, including generalizing results, negotiating subject positions, and representing culture in analysis.
From my writing course, a set of four moves that underpin many journal articles in the social sciences and humanities. Accompanies a blog post on patthomson.net
This document provides an overview of Orientalism and discusses some key issues related to it. It begins by defining Orientalism and noting that it often led to misunderstandings due to differences in cultural and epistemic contexts between the West and East. It then discusses three periods of Western activity in the East - the Crusades from 1095-1291, the period from 1507 to the end of World War II, and the post-Cold War era. The document also contrasts traditional Orientalism, which served colonial interests, with modified neo-Orientalism and notes differences in their perspectives. Finally, it acknowledges the West's intellectual capabilities but notes Orientalism was not without assumptions of Western superiority that could motivate dominance over others
This document provides an introduction to a course on media studies. It discusses analyzing media for hidden meanings and influences on society. It explains how studying media can provide cross-cultural knowledge and skills applicable to future careers. It also mentions the omnipresence of media in culture and everyday life, and how media studies can help transform people into analysts. The document then introduces the concept of the "Circuit of Culture" which describes 5 interlinked moments - production, consumption, representation, identity, and regulation - through which culture becomes meaningful.
Edward Said begins his analysis of Orientalism by examining the major Western misconception that views the Orient as something that can be studied and analyzed without consideration for how the Orient itself has been sociologically affected by the West. Said argues that Orientalism established the Orient as the inferior "Other" that helped define Western identity and allowed the West to project its desires and expectations onto the Orient. In the first chapter, Said lays out how the concept of Orientalism developed through Britain's colonial rule over Egypt and the ideological framework it created that positioned the West as rational and normal and viewed all Eastern thought and culture as strange and inferior.
Similar to Decolonizing methodologies research and indigenous peoples (16)
Decolonizing methodologies research and indigenous peoples
1. DECOLONIZING METHODOLOGIES:
RESEARCH AND INDIGENOUS PEOPLES
by Linda Tuhiwai Smith, 1999, Zed Books, London
Carla Wilson
Knowledge Management Group
Ministry of Social Development
“Research” is probably one of the dirtiest words in the indigenous world’s
vocabulary. (p.1)
This line, from the introduction to Linda Tuhiwai Smith’s book Decolonizing
Methodologies, sets the scene for an extensive critique of Western paradigms of research
and knowledge from the position of an indigenous and “colonised” Mäori woman.
Tuhiwai Smith’s book challenges traditional Western ways of knowing and
researching and calls for the “decolonization” of methodologies, and for a new agenda
of indigenous research. According to Tuhiwai Smith, “decolonization” is concerned
with having “a more critical understanding of the underlying assumptions,
motivations and values that inform research practices”.
This review focuses on how Tuhiwai Smith’s book can inform non-indigenous
researchers who may be involved in research initiatives with indigenous communities.
In particular, what a non-indigenous researcher needs to be aware of when researching
with indigenous peoples; how non-indigenous researchers can improve their practices
with indigenous peoples; and, most fundamentally, whether it is appropriate for non-indigenous
researchers to be involved in research with indigenous peoples.
In a sense this review has a very “ethnocentric” focus. An important audience for the
book would be indigenous academics and researchers who may be developing
indigenous research agendas, methodologies and protocols. A review that focuses
specifically on whether this book is useful for a non-indigenous researcher could be
read as continuing to (re)inscribe a Western “ethnocentric” view: that any work by
indigenous peoples can only be identified as “legitimate” and “real” knowledge if it fits
within a Western framework and has value for the dominant non-indigenous culture.
However, this review is not intended to negate the views and perspectives of
indigenous peoples and offer the “real” review, but rather to offer another reading of
Tuhiwai Smith’s book from the perspective of a non-indigenous researcher.
Tuhiwai Smith’s book is divided into two parts. The first part discusses the history of
Western research and critiques the cultural assumptions behind research by the
dominant colonial culture. The second part focuses on setting a new agenda for
indigenous research.
214 Social Policy Journal of New Zealand • Issue 17 • December 2001
2. Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples
In the first part of the book, Tuhiwai Smith adopts a feminist and critical theory
framework. She deconstructs the assumptions, motivations and values that inform
Western research practices (the methodologies, the theories and the writing styles)
through exploring the Enlightenment and Positivist traditions in which Western
research is viewed as a scientific, “objective” process.
Under this Western paradigm, colonisers, adventurers and travellers researched the
indigenous Other through their “objective” and “neutral” gaze. Tuhiwai Smith draws
on Edward Said’s Orientalism to describe how travellers’ and observers’
representations (formal and informal) of indigenous peoples were encoded as the
authoritative representation of the Other, thereby framing the wider discourse and
attitudes towards indigenous peoples. Their stories became accepted as universal
truths, marginalising the stories of the Other. Tuhiwai Smith describes this as “research
through imperial eyes”. Tuhiwai Smith’s words are an important reminder of the
power of research and representation. Her comments highlight the need for researchers
to critique their own “gaze” and to reflect on the potential for their representations to
be encoded as the “truth”, and for alternative readings to be marginalised.
Western culture has frequently identified itself as the ethnocentric centre of legitimate
knowledge. Tuhiwai Smith, however, critiques dominant Western discourses of
knowledge and objectivity by demonstrating how Western stories and “regimes of
truth” are situated within a particular cultural, social system that needs to be
“decolonized”. Western research brings with it a particular set of values and
conceptualisations of time, space, subjectivity, gender relations and knowledge.
Western research is encoded in imperial and colonial discourses that influence the gaze
of the researcher.
Tuhiwai Smith’s book makes it clear that research through “imperial eyes” is not just
something for the history books. She rejects the term “post-colonialism” as it implies
that colonialism is finished business and argues that colonialism continues to have a
profound impact on indigenous peoples. Tuhiwai Smith points to research and
technological advances by corporations and governments, particularly with regard to
the environment, which fail to recognise indigenous belief systems and knowledges.
This book provides a timely reminder that colonial paradigms continue to evolve and
to marginalise indigenous groups and that non-indigenous researchers need to
consider how their “worldview” may (re)inscribe the dominant discourse of the Other.
The second part of the book is targeted at indigenous researchers and those working
with, alongside and for indigenous communities. This part focuses on setting an
agenda for indigenous research and addresses some of the issues currently being
discussed amongst indigenous communities. Tuhiwai Smith continues to position her
discussion on “decolonization” within feminist and critical critiques of positivism. She
Social Policy Journal of New Zealand • Issue 17 • December 2001 215
3. Carla Wilson
advocates the value of research for indigenous peoples and the need to retrieve spaces
of marginalisation as spaces from which to develop indigenous research agendas.
Tuhiwai Smith explores research practices that offer alternatives to Western paradigms
and that eschew racism, ethnocentrism and exploitation. Her often highly theoretical
text is balanced by references to a wide range of indigenous peoples case studies and
initiatives, including her own research experiences. These research case studies help to
confirm that an indigenous peoples’ research agenda is something “real” that is
evolving and currently developing amongst indigenous peoples, and is not simply an
abstract or theoretical “wish list”. It would be useful to see further detailed work
produced by Tuhiwai Smith that outlines the research frameworks and methods of
indigenous peoples’ research projects.
The book provides a detailed study of development in Mäori research and follows the
transition from “Mäori as the researched” to “Mäori as the researcher”. Tuhiwai Smith
discusses the validity of Mäori knowledge and ways of knowing and again uses many
relevant case studies to situate her argument. Tuhiwai Smith provides a comprehensive
overview of Kaupapa Mäori research, the process of privileging Mäori values and
attitudes in order to develop a research framework that is “culturally safe”. Within this
Kaupapa Mäori framework, Tuhiwai Smith touches on the issue of whether it is
appropriate for non-Mäori researchers to participate in research with Mäori. She argues
that within Kaupapa Mäori research at present, being Mäori is an essential criterion for
carrying out research. However, she also suggests that those who are not Mäori are not
precluded from participating in research that has a Kaupapa Mäori orientation.
Tuhiwai Smith does not explore the issue of non-indigenous researchers in great detail
and I did not gain a clear understanding of her views on this issue. However, she does
stress that the purpose of this book is to develop indigenous peoples as researchers and
to address the issues indigenous people face. The role of non-indigenous researchers is
marginal to this primary objective. Tuhiwai Smith mentions that she does have views
on this topic and I would be interested to read more about her views on the relationship
between non-indigenous researchers, indigenous researchers and indigenous
communities.
Tuhiwai Smith comments that when reading texts she often is excluded from the focus
and needs to orientate herself to a text that focuses on Britain or the United States, for
example. She also comments that indigenous peoples often do not see themselves
represented in texts or if they do see themselves, they often do not recognise the
representation. Thus her book specifically places the experiences of indigenous peoples
at the centre of the story, and is especially valuable in that it places the experiences of
Mäori in the New Zealand context at the centre of the (his)story.
216 Social Policy Journal of New Zealand • Issue 17 • December 2001
4. Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples
While the brief of Tuhiwai Smith’s book goes beyond the New Zealand story, I have
some concerns about the way that the book potentially universalises the experiences of
indigenous peoples. Tuhiwai Smith positions herself as a Mäori woman but her book
addresses the experiences of all indigenous peoples. While I recognise that many
indigenous peoples have experienced colonisation and marginalisation of their
knowledges and truths, I felt uncomfortable with the extent to which the book claims
many of the experiences as universal to all indigenous peoples.
Tuhiwai Smith problematises the use of the term “indigenous” in the introduction and
acknowledges that this term appears to collectivise many vastly different experiences.
However, I fear that its extensive use throughout the book may serve to universalise
the multiple experience of indigenous peoples and therefore potentially (re)inscribe
Western discourses regarding the sameness of the Other. While it is important to
recognise shared experiences between indigenous and colonised peoples, it is also
important to recognise difference. It would have been useful if this message was
integrated throughout the text, not simply in the introduction.
The focus of this review was to consider the value of this book to a non-indigenous
(Päkehä) researcher involved in research with indigenous peoples (Mäori). However,
the prime focus of this book is on developing a research agenda for “insider” research
within indigenous communities. The current and future role of the non-indigenous
researcher is marginal to the “decolonizing methodologies” agenda. While all my
questions were not answered, the book provides a valuable reminder of the need to
reflect on, and be critical of, one’s own culture, values, assumptions and beliefs and to
recognise these are not the “norm”. The detailed insight into New Zealand history, and
the alternative readings of this history, provides a particularly valuable lesson of the
need to be aware of, and open to, different worldviews and ways of knowing. It also
reminds researchers to consider whose stories are being privileged and whose stories
are being marginalised in any representations of the Other.
Social Policy Journal of New Zealand • Issue 17 • December 2001 217