This in depth tutorial, presented at the 2018 International Semantic Web Research Summer School (ISWS), looks at the possibilities for a decentralised semantic web focusing primarily on the relationship between blockchains and linked data. The first part of the talk is an extensive explanation of what blockchains are and how they are used. This is followed by links to ongoing decentralised linked data research including Tim Berners-Lee's SOLID and Ruben Verborgh's Linked Data Fragments.
Blockchains as a Component of the Next generation InternetJohn Domingue
This talk gives an overview of the blockchain technology describing its impact, the constituent elements and how it may be used. Related EU Funding opportunities are also covered.
How Blockchains Are Transforming Adult EducationJohn Domingue
Slides from a session at the 9th Pan Commonwealth Forum giving an overview of the technology and concrete examples of how it is being used today to transform adult learning in a number of regions.
Blockchains a new platform for semantically enabled transactions publicJohn Domingue
Keynote at the SALAD Workshop at ESWC 2016. Gives an overview of blockchains and some thoughts on the link to the Semantic Web, Linked Data and Semantic Web Services
Presentation given at an Invited talk at Leicester University. Covers work we are doing at the Open University on applying blockchains/distributed ledgers in the adult educational space
Blockchains and new educational models v 2.0John Domingue
The lastest on the OU blockchain experiments and thoughts on the application of this technology in the Higher Educational space. In particular for accreditation, ePortfolios and uber style educational disaggregation.
Towards the decentralisation of personal data through blockchains and linked ...John Domingue
A talk at the University of Bonn Computer Science Colloquium. It covers how distributed ledgers (blockchains) combined with decentralised linked data technologies such as Solid can support the management of personal data avoiding the issues highlighted in the media around for example, Facebook and Cambridge Analytica.
1. https://www.informatik.uni-bonn.de/de/kolloquium/2018ws/towards-the-decentralisation-of-personal-data-through-blockchains-and-linked-data
Blockchains as a Component of the Next generation InternetJohn Domingue
This talk gives an overview of the blockchain technology describing its impact, the constituent elements and how it may be used. Related EU Funding opportunities are also covered.
How Blockchains Are Transforming Adult EducationJohn Domingue
Slides from a session at the 9th Pan Commonwealth Forum giving an overview of the technology and concrete examples of how it is being used today to transform adult learning in a number of regions.
Blockchains a new platform for semantically enabled transactions publicJohn Domingue
Keynote at the SALAD Workshop at ESWC 2016. Gives an overview of blockchains and some thoughts on the link to the Semantic Web, Linked Data and Semantic Web Services
Presentation given at an Invited talk at Leicester University. Covers work we are doing at the Open University on applying blockchains/distributed ledgers in the adult educational space
Blockchains and new educational models v 2.0John Domingue
The lastest on the OU blockchain experiments and thoughts on the application of this technology in the Higher Educational space. In particular for accreditation, ePortfolios and uber style educational disaggregation.
Towards the decentralisation of personal data through blockchains and linked ...John Domingue
A talk at the University of Bonn Computer Science Colloquium. It covers how distributed ledgers (blockchains) combined with decentralised linked data technologies such as Solid can support the management of personal data avoiding the issues highlighted in the media around for example, Facebook and Cambridge Analytica.
1. https://www.informatik.uni-bonn.de/de/kolloquium/2018ws/towards-the-decentralisation-of-personal-data-through-blockchains-and-linked-data
Strategies for integrating semantic and blockchain technologiesHéctor Ugarte
Semantic Blockchain is the use of Semantic web standards on blockchain based systems. The standards promote common data formats and exchange protocols on the blockchain, making used of the Resource Description Framework (RDF).
Ontology BLONDiE for Bitcoin and Ethereum.
Research how to extract data from Ethereum.
Research how to store RDF data on Ethereum.
Prototype DeSCA: Ethereum application.
The Blockchain and Kudos: A Distributed System for Educational Record, Reputa...eraser Juan José Calderón
The Blockchain and Kudos: A Distributed System for Educational Record, Reputation and Reward
Mike Sharples and John Domingue
Abstract. The 'blockchain' is the core mechanism for the Bitcoin digital payment system. It embraces a set of inter-related technologies: the blockchain itself as a distributed record of digital events, the distributed consensus method to agree whether a new block is legitimate, automated smart contracts, and the data structure associated with each block. We propose a permanent distributed record of intellectual effort and associated reputational reward, based on the blockchain that instantiates and democratises educational reputation beyond the academic community. We are undertaking initial trials of a private blockchain or storing educational records, drawing also on our previous research into reputation management for educational systems. Keywords: Blockchain · Reputation management · Self-determined learning · e-portfolios · Records of achievement
A Keynote at the Web Science Conference, 2018, held at the VU Amsterdam [1]. This describes in the main the output of the Semantic Technology Institute International (STI2) Summit (for senior researchers in the Semantic Web field) held in Crete in September, 2017 [2].
1. https://websci18.webscience.org/
2. https://www.sti2.org/events/2017-sti2-semantic-summit
"The Blockchain Effect on the Future of the Humanities" by Sherry Jones (July...Sherry Jones
July 20, 2016 - This presentation was featured during the July 20, 2016 live webcast on youtube. The focus of this presentation is on how the blockchain technology, the protocol that underlies and powers bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, will change the future directions of the humanities disciplines, particularly affecting teachers' pedagogy and students' learning habits. The video is available here:
[Live Youtube Webcast]
"The Blockchain Effect on the Future of the Humanities" (July 20, 2016)
https://youtu.be/wdefJ5_t0zQ
A primer on Blockchain, Semantic Web and Ricardian Contracts.
Semantic Blockchain is a proposal where the Semantic Web meets the Blockchain. Combining these two technologies could provide the Semantic web with a transparent proof of work and trust mechanism while conversely disambiguating data stored on the blockchain, solving one of the key challenges with Riccardian/Smart contracts. This presentation will explore how these two technologies might be combine using the example of a smart contract. However the potential application is much bigger and could provide a key back bone underlying the Internet of Things.
The presentation gives a general introduction to blockchain technology, examines currently deployed uses in education, considers future scenarios for development, as well as gives recommendations to European policymakers on how to support blockchain initiatives in education.
Delivered by Anthony F. Camilleri & Alex Grech for an internal seminar at the European Commission in Brussels on 08.02.2018
In this case study, we are providing information about the Introduction of Blockchain Technology, Bitcoin and its environment setup, Ethereum coin, other cryptocurrencies, Bitcoin in education, and a case study of healthcare using blockchain.
Blockchain: a Singularity-class technology - No other technology has the power to
pull 2 billion people out of poverty overnight (with intermediary-free international remittances), produce a safe and orderly transition to the automation economy (with humans and machines in collaboration, and enacting friendly artificial intelligence), and fundamentally transform the only remaining sectors not yet re-engineered for the Internet era: economics and politics. There are growing classes of activities for smartnetwork execution, moving up the stack, pushing different qualitative states through the Internet pipes, building future smartnetworks. The smartnetworks thesis is that complex future operations will involve automated fleet coordination of “quantized” items via smartnetworks, using some kind of technology like blockchains with algorithmically-derived trust.
Blockchain Economics: Tackle Debt and Systemic RiskMelanie Swan
Financial Resilience and Sustainability. Crypto tokens imply optionality and the ability to better manage risk. The thesis of this talk is that smart contracts are options, and as such, can be used to control risk (unwanted future uncertainty) in a wider range of areas than has been possible previously, in finance, and in other areas too such as medicine. Options as a financial market instrument have long been used to control the amount and timing of risk in specific ways and tailor exposure with granularity. Smart contracts are an even more flexible species of options because they are programmable contracts that can be used to confer the right to buy or sell any blockchain-based asset or liability at a future moment in time (blocktime or “fiat” (regular) time) per certain terms and consideration. Therefore, smart contracts allow a greater variety in the degree and type of risks that might be brought under management. The impact of having greater control over risk is that intangible social goods are produced such as surety, confidence, and reliability, which help to engender a more trustful society.
Blockchain Thinking: The Brain as a DAC (Decentralized Autonomous Corporation)Melanie Swan
This talk explores how thinking could be formulated as a blockchain process that could have benefits for both artificial intelligence and human enhancement. Some possibilities might include the ability to orchestrate digital mindfile uploads, advocate for digital intelligences in future timeframes, implement smart contract-based utility functions, instantiate thinking as a power law, and facilitate the enactment of Friendly AI.
A general discussion on the benefits of the blockchain technology. How it creates trust and how this may be applied. We discuss the blockchain generally in terms of the byzantine generals problem, central v distributed and decentralised ledgers and the double spend problem.
It is the aim of this paper that those reading it should recognise the leapfrog potential of this technology. It is the biggest innovation since the internet.
Feel free to reach out and connect if you have any questions.
shane.ninai@gmail.com
COVID-19 Antibody Test+Vaccination Certificates: There's an app for thatmeisenstadt
OVERVIEW AND ABSTRACT: This is the 'silent' slide deck, including extra Question-and-Answer session slides, from a presentation at The Open University's Knowledge Media Institute on 19th May 2020, in which we describe the workings of the world's first blockchain-based mobile app for certifying and verifying COVID-19 antibody test results and vaccinations. A full video replay of the 20-minute talk, as well as the full 30-minute followup question and answer session, and related academic papers, can be found at https://blockchain.open.ac.uk/#covid-19
----------[ABSTRACT OF TALK FOLLOWS]----------
As the COVID-19 Pandemic of 2019/2020 unfolds, a controversial 'Immunity Passport' has been mooted as a way to enable individuals to return back to work or be admitted to current off-limits locations. Our approach is less dramatic, concentrating on the soundness of certification and verification: While the quality of antibody testing and the likelihood of even attaining COVID-19 immunity continue to be researched, we address the issues involved in providing certification for antibody testing and likely future vaccination, in a tamper-proof, privacy-preserving, and ethically appropriate manner. To do this, we developed a prototype mobile phone app and requisite decentralised server architecture. Personally identifiable information is only stored at the user's discretion, and the app allows the end-user selectively to present only the specific test result with no other personal information revealed. Behind the scenes it relies upon (a) the 2019 World Wide Web Consortium standard called 'Verifiable Credentials', (b) Tim Berners-Lee's decentralized personal data platform 'Solid', and (c) a consortium Ethereum-based blockchain. Our approach enables both verifiability and privacy in a manner derived from public/private key pairs and digital signatures, generalized to avoid restrictive ownership of sensitive digital keys and/or data. The app and decentralised server architecture offer a prototype proof of concept that is readily scalable, applicable generically, and in effect 'waiting in the wings' for the biological issues, plus key ethical issues discussed in the presentation, to be resolved.
Full replay, academic papers, and related material can be found at
https://blockchain.open.ac.uk/#covid-19
Blockchain Smartnetworks: Bitcoin and Blockchain ExplainedMelanie Swan
Beyond digitalizing money, payments, economics, and finance, and governance, smart property and smart contracts, blockchains secure automated fleet coordination
The implications could be an orderly transition to the automation economy and trust-rich digital smartnetwork societies of the future
Innovation potential of the blockchain, and of decentralized applicationsJan Brejcha
The chain of transaction blocks, or blockchain, is a trustless shared public ledger of bitcoin transactions, synchronized in a peer-to-peer network. Thanks to decentralization the ledger is immutable.
Blockchain Investing: Economics Implications of Distributed LedgersMelanie Swan
The investment market for cryptocurrencies is becoming increasingly institutional. In July 2017 (in the wake of the “ICO dotcom bubble”), the SEC signaled its stance on ICOs. “Stock-like” ICOs are likely to be deemed securities, and as such, would need to be registered offerings, which by implication, would target institutional investors. Also in July 2017, the CFTC granted a derivatives clearing license to New York-based LedgerX for cryptocurrency derivatives, and options listings may appear on the CBOE later in 2017. Since derivatives markets are already part of the institutional ecosystem, this means that cryptocurrency derivatives might be a more accessible, liquid, and large-scale means of obtaining exposure to crypto asset classes than investing in the underlying cryptocurrencies themselves. Finally, there is greater emphasis on institutional liquidity aggregation platforms for large-size cryptocurrency trading (i.e. $20+ million positions), with Genesis Trading, Cumberland Mining, Circle, and Project Omni.
Crypto tokens imply optionality and the ability to better manage risk. The thesis of this talk is that smart contracts are options, and as such, can be used to control risk (unwanted future uncertainty) in a wider range of areas than has been possible previously, in finance, and in other areas too such as medicine. Options as a financial market instrument have long been used to control the amount and timing of risk in specific ways and tailor exposure with granularity. Smart contracts are an even more flexible species of options because they are programmable contracts that can be used to confer the right to buy or sell any blockchain-based asset or liability at a future moment in time (blocktime or “fiat” (regular) time) per certain terms and consideration. Therefore, smart contracts allow a greater variety in the degree and type of risks that might be brought under management. The impact of having greater control over risk is that intangible social goods are produced such as surety, confidence, and reliability, which help to engender a more trustful society.
Blockchain Technology and Decentralized Governance: Is the State Still Necess...eraser Juan José Calderón
Blockchain Technology and Decentralized Governance: Is the State Still Necessary?
Marcella Atzori, Ph. D.*
ABSTRACT
The core technology of Bitcoin, the blockchain, has recently emerged as a disruptive innovation with a wide range of applications, potentially able to redesign our interactions in business, politics and society at large. Although scholarly interest in this subject is growing, a comprehensive analysis of blockchain applications from a political perspective is severely lacking to date. This paper aims to fill this gap and it discusses the key points of blockchain-based decentralized governance, which challenges to varying degrees the traditional mechanisms of State authority, citizenship and democracy. In particular, the paper verifies to which extent blockchain and decentralized platforms can be considered as hyper-political tools, capable to manage social interactions on large scale and dismiss traditional central authorities. The analysis highlights risks related to a dominant position of private powers in distributed ecosystems, which may lead to a general disempowerment of citizens and to the emergence of a stateless global society. While technological utopians urge the demise of any centralized institution, this paper advocates the role of the State as a necessary central point of coordination in society, showing that decentralization through algorithm-based consensus is an organizational theory, not a stand-alone political theory.
Keywords: Bitcoin, blockchain, Decentralized Autonomous Organizations, decentralization, democracy, Ethereum, encryption, governance, politics, State, peer-to-peer networks
Strategies for integrating semantic and blockchain technologiesHéctor Ugarte
Semantic Blockchain is the use of Semantic web standards on blockchain based systems. The standards promote common data formats and exchange protocols on the blockchain, making used of the Resource Description Framework (RDF).
Ontology BLONDiE for Bitcoin and Ethereum.
Research how to extract data from Ethereum.
Research how to store RDF data on Ethereum.
Prototype DeSCA: Ethereum application.
The Blockchain and Kudos: A Distributed System for Educational Record, Reputa...eraser Juan José Calderón
The Blockchain and Kudos: A Distributed System for Educational Record, Reputation and Reward
Mike Sharples and John Domingue
Abstract. The 'blockchain' is the core mechanism for the Bitcoin digital payment system. It embraces a set of inter-related technologies: the blockchain itself as a distributed record of digital events, the distributed consensus method to agree whether a new block is legitimate, automated smart contracts, and the data structure associated with each block. We propose a permanent distributed record of intellectual effort and associated reputational reward, based on the blockchain that instantiates and democratises educational reputation beyond the academic community. We are undertaking initial trials of a private blockchain or storing educational records, drawing also on our previous research into reputation management for educational systems. Keywords: Blockchain · Reputation management · Self-determined learning · e-portfolios · Records of achievement
A Keynote at the Web Science Conference, 2018, held at the VU Amsterdam [1]. This describes in the main the output of the Semantic Technology Institute International (STI2) Summit (for senior researchers in the Semantic Web field) held in Crete in September, 2017 [2].
1. https://websci18.webscience.org/
2. https://www.sti2.org/events/2017-sti2-semantic-summit
"The Blockchain Effect on the Future of the Humanities" by Sherry Jones (July...Sherry Jones
July 20, 2016 - This presentation was featured during the July 20, 2016 live webcast on youtube. The focus of this presentation is on how the blockchain technology, the protocol that underlies and powers bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, will change the future directions of the humanities disciplines, particularly affecting teachers' pedagogy and students' learning habits. The video is available here:
[Live Youtube Webcast]
"The Blockchain Effect on the Future of the Humanities" (July 20, 2016)
https://youtu.be/wdefJ5_t0zQ
A primer on Blockchain, Semantic Web and Ricardian Contracts.
Semantic Blockchain is a proposal where the Semantic Web meets the Blockchain. Combining these two technologies could provide the Semantic web with a transparent proof of work and trust mechanism while conversely disambiguating data stored on the blockchain, solving one of the key challenges with Riccardian/Smart contracts. This presentation will explore how these two technologies might be combine using the example of a smart contract. However the potential application is much bigger and could provide a key back bone underlying the Internet of Things.
The presentation gives a general introduction to blockchain technology, examines currently deployed uses in education, considers future scenarios for development, as well as gives recommendations to European policymakers on how to support blockchain initiatives in education.
Delivered by Anthony F. Camilleri & Alex Grech for an internal seminar at the European Commission in Brussels on 08.02.2018
In this case study, we are providing information about the Introduction of Blockchain Technology, Bitcoin and its environment setup, Ethereum coin, other cryptocurrencies, Bitcoin in education, and a case study of healthcare using blockchain.
Blockchain: a Singularity-class technology - No other technology has the power to
pull 2 billion people out of poverty overnight (with intermediary-free international remittances), produce a safe and orderly transition to the automation economy (with humans and machines in collaboration, and enacting friendly artificial intelligence), and fundamentally transform the only remaining sectors not yet re-engineered for the Internet era: economics and politics. There are growing classes of activities for smartnetwork execution, moving up the stack, pushing different qualitative states through the Internet pipes, building future smartnetworks. The smartnetworks thesis is that complex future operations will involve automated fleet coordination of “quantized” items via smartnetworks, using some kind of technology like blockchains with algorithmically-derived trust.
Blockchain Economics: Tackle Debt and Systemic RiskMelanie Swan
Financial Resilience and Sustainability. Crypto tokens imply optionality and the ability to better manage risk. The thesis of this talk is that smart contracts are options, and as such, can be used to control risk (unwanted future uncertainty) in a wider range of areas than has been possible previously, in finance, and in other areas too such as medicine. Options as a financial market instrument have long been used to control the amount and timing of risk in specific ways and tailor exposure with granularity. Smart contracts are an even more flexible species of options because they are programmable contracts that can be used to confer the right to buy or sell any blockchain-based asset or liability at a future moment in time (blocktime or “fiat” (regular) time) per certain terms and consideration. Therefore, smart contracts allow a greater variety in the degree and type of risks that might be brought under management. The impact of having greater control over risk is that intangible social goods are produced such as surety, confidence, and reliability, which help to engender a more trustful society.
Blockchain Thinking: The Brain as a DAC (Decentralized Autonomous Corporation)Melanie Swan
This talk explores how thinking could be formulated as a blockchain process that could have benefits for both artificial intelligence and human enhancement. Some possibilities might include the ability to orchestrate digital mindfile uploads, advocate for digital intelligences in future timeframes, implement smart contract-based utility functions, instantiate thinking as a power law, and facilitate the enactment of Friendly AI.
A general discussion on the benefits of the blockchain technology. How it creates trust and how this may be applied. We discuss the blockchain generally in terms of the byzantine generals problem, central v distributed and decentralised ledgers and the double spend problem.
It is the aim of this paper that those reading it should recognise the leapfrog potential of this technology. It is the biggest innovation since the internet.
Feel free to reach out and connect if you have any questions.
shane.ninai@gmail.com
COVID-19 Antibody Test+Vaccination Certificates: There's an app for thatmeisenstadt
OVERVIEW AND ABSTRACT: This is the 'silent' slide deck, including extra Question-and-Answer session slides, from a presentation at The Open University's Knowledge Media Institute on 19th May 2020, in which we describe the workings of the world's first blockchain-based mobile app for certifying and verifying COVID-19 antibody test results and vaccinations. A full video replay of the 20-minute talk, as well as the full 30-minute followup question and answer session, and related academic papers, can be found at https://blockchain.open.ac.uk/#covid-19
----------[ABSTRACT OF TALK FOLLOWS]----------
As the COVID-19 Pandemic of 2019/2020 unfolds, a controversial 'Immunity Passport' has been mooted as a way to enable individuals to return back to work or be admitted to current off-limits locations. Our approach is less dramatic, concentrating on the soundness of certification and verification: While the quality of antibody testing and the likelihood of even attaining COVID-19 immunity continue to be researched, we address the issues involved in providing certification for antibody testing and likely future vaccination, in a tamper-proof, privacy-preserving, and ethically appropriate manner. To do this, we developed a prototype mobile phone app and requisite decentralised server architecture. Personally identifiable information is only stored at the user's discretion, and the app allows the end-user selectively to present only the specific test result with no other personal information revealed. Behind the scenes it relies upon (a) the 2019 World Wide Web Consortium standard called 'Verifiable Credentials', (b) Tim Berners-Lee's decentralized personal data platform 'Solid', and (c) a consortium Ethereum-based blockchain. Our approach enables both verifiability and privacy in a manner derived from public/private key pairs and digital signatures, generalized to avoid restrictive ownership of sensitive digital keys and/or data. The app and decentralised server architecture offer a prototype proof of concept that is readily scalable, applicable generically, and in effect 'waiting in the wings' for the biological issues, plus key ethical issues discussed in the presentation, to be resolved.
Full replay, academic papers, and related material can be found at
https://blockchain.open.ac.uk/#covid-19
Blockchain Smartnetworks: Bitcoin and Blockchain ExplainedMelanie Swan
Beyond digitalizing money, payments, economics, and finance, and governance, smart property and smart contracts, blockchains secure automated fleet coordination
The implications could be an orderly transition to the automation economy and trust-rich digital smartnetwork societies of the future
Innovation potential of the blockchain, and of decentralized applicationsJan Brejcha
The chain of transaction blocks, or blockchain, is a trustless shared public ledger of bitcoin transactions, synchronized in a peer-to-peer network. Thanks to decentralization the ledger is immutable.
Blockchain Investing: Economics Implications of Distributed LedgersMelanie Swan
The investment market for cryptocurrencies is becoming increasingly institutional. In July 2017 (in the wake of the “ICO dotcom bubble”), the SEC signaled its stance on ICOs. “Stock-like” ICOs are likely to be deemed securities, and as such, would need to be registered offerings, which by implication, would target institutional investors. Also in July 2017, the CFTC granted a derivatives clearing license to New York-based LedgerX for cryptocurrency derivatives, and options listings may appear on the CBOE later in 2017. Since derivatives markets are already part of the institutional ecosystem, this means that cryptocurrency derivatives might be a more accessible, liquid, and large-scale means of obtaining exposure to crypto asset classes than investing in the underlying cryptocurrencies themselves. Finally, there is greater emphasis on institutional liquidity aggregation platforms for large-size cryptocurrency trading (i.e. $20+ million positions), with Genesis Trading, Cumberland Mining, Circle, and Project Omni.
Crypto tokens imply optionality and the ability to better manage risk. The thesis of this talk is that smart contracts are options, and as such, can be used to control risk (unwanted future uncertainty) in a wider range of areas than has been possible previously, in finance, and in other areas too such as medicine. Options as a financial market instrument have long been used to control the amount and timing of risk in specific ways and tailor exposure with granularity. Smart contracts are an even more flexible species of options because they are programmable contracts that can be used to confer the right to buy or sell any blockchain-based asset or liability at a future moment in time (blocktime or “fiat” (regular) time) per certain terms and consideration. Therefore, smart contracts allow a greater variety in the degree and type of risks that might be brought under management. The impact of having greater control over risk is that intangible social goods are produced such as surety, confidence, and reliability, which help to engender a more trustful society.
Blockchain Technology and Decentralized Governance: Is the State Still Necess...eraser Juan José Calderón
Blockchain Technology and Decentralized Governance: Is the State Still Necessary?
Marcella Atzori, Ph. D.*
ABSTRACT
The core technology of Bitcoin, the blockchain, has recently emerged as a disruptive innovation with a wide range of applications, potentially able to redesign our interactions in business, politics and society at large. Although scholarly interest in this subject is growing, a comprehensive analysis of blockchain applications from a political perspective is severely lacking to date. This paper aims to fill this gap and it discusses the key points of blockchain-based decentralized governance, which challenges to varying degrees the traditional mechanisms of State authority, citizenship and democracy. In particular, the paper verifies to which extent blockchain and decentralized platforms can be considered as hyper-political tools, capable to manage social interactions on large scale and dismiss traditional central authorities. The analysis highlights risks related to a dominant position of private powers in distributed ecosystems, which may lead to a general disempowerment of citizens and to the emergence of a stateless global society. While technological utopians urge the demise of any centralized institution, this paper advocates the role of the State as a necessary central point of coordination in society, showing that decentralization through algorithm-based consensus is an organizational theory, not a stand-alone political theory.
Keywords: Bitcoin, blockchain, Decentralized Autonomous Organizations, decentralization, democracy, Ethereum, encryption, governance, politics, State, peer-to-peer networks
Plenary Talk at ICEIC 2019
Pullman Auckland Hotel, Auckland, New Zealand
Jan. 23th (Wed) 2019, 11:00 ~ 12:30
http://iceic.org/2019/
Abstract
In the year 2018, we have witnessed the surge and the fall of crypto-currencies. With the surge, blockchain the new technology behind cryptocurrencies, and its idealistic footprint of advanced thoughts, blockchainism it can be perhaps called, came to enthrall our minds. Thousands of new ambitious projects have been conceived and fast activated with the worldwide frenzy of new funding through initial coin offerings a novel funding mechanism in the blockchain world. Decentralized societies, equal accesses to valuable resources, reducing the cost of middleman, freed individuals from hierarchical organizations, and reducing the spread in inequalities are some of those advanced thoughts. But the fall came; the market value for Bitcoin has collapsed more than 7 times from its peak-value; that of Ethereum has plummeted more than 12 times. These two power houses which have supported those progressive projects are now torn apart. Recent New York Times report reads, “Blockchain: What’s it good for? Absolutely nothing, report finds.” Another one reads, The Blockchain Is a Reminder of the Internet’s Failure. The same utopian promises that bloomed during the Internet’s early days are back. Be afraid.“ Should this be the end of our pursue to change and make a better world with blockchains? Obviously not. In this presentation, I would like to talk about the reality of blockchain technology and how distant it is from the ideals. With this accessment, I would like to present some of novel research progresses we made in year 2018 and talk about further research ideas to pursue in year 2019.
This lightning talks depicts 7 areas of decentralization that I currently find interesting. Includes tons of links to articles and a closing slide with pointers to resources that you'll want to checkout to get started writing decentralized apps.
The title of this PPT is "Blockchain 50 Companies".
This document is based on CB insight.
My favorite companies are Funderbeam, Augur, CHRONICLED, mediachain, OpenBazaar, and ripple.
I strongly believe that blockchain will change the world.
I would be glad if I could help you even just a little bit.
Research Paper
Dr Daniel Barreto's class: Leading Trends in IT.
Grade: 97%
Co-written by Christina Rentschler, Victor Gardrinier and Dean Rauschenbusch.
Date: 08/2017
1302018 Beyond the Bitcoin Bubble - The New York Timesht.docxdrennanmicah
1/30/2018 Beyond the Bitcoin Bubble - The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/16/magazine/beyond-the-bitcoin-bubble.html?smprod=nytcore-ipad&smid=nytcore-ipad-share 1/22
https://nyti.ms/2FGVArL
layer innocent nothing argue pottery winner cotton menu task slim
merge maid
T he sequence of words is meaningless: a random array strung together by an
algorithm let loose in an English dictionary. What makes them valuable is that they’ve
been generated exclusively for me, by a software tool called MetaMask. In the lingo of
cryptography, they’re known as my seed phrase. They might read like an incoherent
stream of consciousness, but these words can be transformed into a key that unlocks a
digital bank account, or even an online identity. It just takes a few more steps.
On the screen, I’m instructed to keep my seed phrase secure: Write it down, or keep
it in a secure place on your computer. I scribble the 12 words onto a notepad, click a
button and my seed phrase is transformed into a string of 64 seemingly patternless
characters:
1b0be2162cedb2744d016943bb14e71de6af95a63af3790d6b41b1e719dc5c66
This is what’s called a “private key” in the world of cryptography: a way of proving
identity, in the same, limited way that real-world keys attest to your identity when you
unlock your front door. My seed phrase will generate that exact sequence of characters
Beyond the Bitcoin BubbleYes, it’s driven by greed — but the mania for cryptocurrency could wind
up building something much more important than wealth.
By STEVEN JOHNSON JAN. 16, 2018
https://www.nytimes.com/section/magazine
https://nyti.ms/2FGVArL
1/30/2018 Beyond the Bitcoin Bubble - The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/16/magazine/beyond-the-bitcoin-bubble.html?smprod=nytcore-ipad&smid=nytcore-ipad-share 2/22
every time, but there’s no known way to reverse-engineer the original phrase from the
key, which is why it is so important to keep the seed phrase in a safe location.
That private key number is then run through two additional transformations,
creating a new string:
0x6c2ecd6388c550e8d99ada34a1cd55bedd052ad9
That string is my address on the Ethereum blockchain.
Ethereum belongs to the same family as the cryptocurrency Bitcoin, whose value
has increased more than 1,000 percent in just the past year. Ethereum has its own
currencies, most notably Ether, but the platform has a wider scope than just money. You
can think of my Ethereum address as having elements of a bank account, an email
address and a Social Security number. For now, it exists only on my computer as an
inert string of nonsense, but the second I try to perform any kind of transaction — say,
contributing to a crowdfunding campaign or voting in an online referendum — that
address is broadcast out to an improvised worldwide network of computers that tries to
verify the transaction. The results of that verification are then broadcast to the wider
network again, where more machines enter into a kind .
The distributed ledger technology that started with bitcoin is rapidly becoming a crowdsourced system for all types of verification. Could it replace notary publics, manual vote recounts, and the way banks manage transactions?
This talk proposes that the future of artificial intelligence is smart networks that have intelligence "baked in" in the form of Blockchain Distributed Ledgers for confirming authenticity and transferring value, and Deep Learning Algorithms for predictive identification. Smart networks are not a far-off possibility but already needed as deep learning systems are going online in connected apps for Autonomous Driving and Drone Delivery, and Human-Robot Interaction. Two high-impact contemporary emerging technologies for the future of AI are Blockchain Distributed Ledgers and Deep Learning Algorithms, and discusses their implications for the future of artificial intelligence.
One of the most hyped IT buzzwords to have emerged in the last couple of years. Blockchain has found its way into major media headlines on a near-daily basis, but a year and a half ago, it was a word used by a relatively small number of people to describe the peer-to-peer distributed ledger technology.
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What we have now is truly borderless, programmable money
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Security Token Offering
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Blockchaining Sukuk
3.8 Summary
Programmable Money for Effective Resources Distribution
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Decentralised Semantic Web @ International Semantic Web Research Summer School 2018
1. The Role of Blockchains in a
Decentralised Semantic Web
John Domingue (@johndmk)
KMi, The Open University
International Semantic Web Research Summer School
4th July 2018, Bertinoro
2. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Societal Data Issues
3. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
“We demonstrated that the Web had failed
instead of served humanity, as it was
supposed to have done, and failed in many
places,” he told me. The increasing
centralization of the Web, he says, has
“ended up producing—with no deliberate
action of the people who designed the
platform—a large-scale emergent
phenomenon which is anti-human.”
4. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Google Data
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/mar/28/all-the-data-facebook-google-has-on-you-privacy
• 5.5 GB
• Everywhere you’ve
been
• Everything you’ve
ever searched (and
deleted)
• Advertisement profile
• All the apps you use
• All your YouTube
history
5. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Thin Files and Data Poor
5
6. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
2 Billion Unbanked
7. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
The Windrush Scandal
7http://www.theweek.co.uk/92944/who-are-the-windrush-generation-and-why-are-they-facing-deportation
8. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Claim
8
9. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Proof
9
10. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Attestation
1
0
11. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Data Changes
1
1
12. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Fake Data
1
2
13. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Centralised Data
1
3
14. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Toxic Data
1
4
15. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Jurisdictional Politics
1
5
16. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Monopolistic Tendencies
1
6
17. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Self Sovereign Identity
1
7
18. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Verifiable Claims WG
19. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Blockchain Impact
20. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Blockchain
World Economic Forum Survey Projects
Blockchain ‘Tipping Point’ by 2023
Santander: Blockchain Tech Can Save
Banks $20 Billion a Year
21.
22. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Everledger
www.everledger.io
23.
24.
25. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
IBM: Device Democracy
26. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Blockchain Overview
27. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Ledgers
28. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Cryptographic Hash Function
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function
29. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Immutable Linked List
30. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Immutable Linked List
31. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Blockchain Consensus Mechanisms
32. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Proof of Work
Hard to outpace the entire rest of the network… a 51% attack
could do it, but otherwise it is like buying thousands of lottery
tickets – doesn’t help you that much!
Source: Marc Eisenstadt ‘What is the genius behind Bitcoin’
33. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Proof of Work
Find x such that f(nonce + x) < t (cryptographic hash)
"Hello, world!0" =>
1312af178c253f84028d480a6adc1e25e81caa44c749ec81976192e2ec934c64
"Hello, world!1" =>
e9afc424b79e4f6ab42d99c81156d3a17228d6e1eef4139be78e948a9332a7d8
"Hello, world!2" =>
ae37343a357a8297591625e7134cbea22f5928be8ca2a32aa475cf05fd4266b7
...
"Hello, world!4248" =>
6e110d98b388e77e9c6f042ac6b497cec46660deef75a55ebc7cfdf65cc0b965
"Hello, world!4249" =>
c004190b822f1669cac8dc37e761cb73652e7832fb814565702245cf26ebb9e6
"Hello, world!4250" =>
0000c3af42fc31103f1fdc0151fa747ff87349a4714df7cc52ea464e12dcd4e9
34. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Blockchain is a Linked List
A blockchain actually
contains two different
hash structures. The first
is a hash chain of blocks
that links the different
blocks to one another.
The second is internal to
each block and is a
Merkle Tree of
transactions within the
blocks.
This allows for efficiently
verifiable proofs that a
transaction was included
in a block.
35. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
BitCoin Mining
http://knkx.org/post/central-wash-home-nations-biggest-bitcoin-mine-more-coming
36. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Consensus Mechanisms (1/6)
37. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Consensus Mechanisms (2/6)
38. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Consensus Mechanisms (3/6)
39. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Consensus Mechanisms (4/6)
40. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Consensus Mechanisms (5/6)
41. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Consensus Mechanisms (6/6)
42. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Ethereum
43. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Ethereum Virtual Machine
The Ethereum Virtual Machine can be thought of as a large decentralized computer containing
millions of objects, called "accounts", which have the ability to maintain an internal database,
execute code and talk to each other.
There are 2 types of Accounts:
Externally owned account (EOA):
an account controlled by a private
key that has the ability to send ether
and messages from it.
‘Smart’ Contract: an account that
has its own code, and is controlled
by code.
Any user can trigger an action by sending a transaction from an EOA, setting Ethereum's wheels in
motion.
If the destination of the transaction is
another EOA, then the transaction may
transfer some ether but otherwise does
nothing
However, if the destination is a ‘Smart’
Contract, then the contract in turn
activates, and automatically runs its
code.
Sources: Ethereum Development Tutorial
44. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Ethereum External Accounts
http://ethdocs.org/en/latest/account-management.html
Every account is defined by a pair of keys, a
private key and public key
A keyfile holds encoded key pair data as
JSON with the private key encrypted with a
user given password
Accounts are indexed by their address which is
derived from the public key by taking the last 20
bytes
Accounts use public key cryptography to
sign transaction.
45. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Ethereum External Accounts
http://ethdocs.org/en/latest/account-management.html
Server side external Accounts Client side external
Accounts
Client side keyfiles are held in a keystore
managed by wallet Software running either
in a browser or on the client computer
Server side account keyfiles are held in
the keystore folder where your Ethereum
node data is located
46. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Contracts in Ethereum
Maintain a data
store representing
something which is
useful to either other
contracts or to the
outside world
Serve as a sort of
externally owned
account with a more
complicated access
policy
Manage an ongoing
contract or
relationship
between multiple
users
Provide functions to
other contracts;
essentially serving
as a software
library.
Contracts in Ethereum generally serve 4 purposes:
source: Richard Gendal Brown “A Simple Model for Smart Contracts”
http://gendal.me/2015/02/10/a-simple-model-for-smart-contracts/
47. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
DApps
A Đapp is a decentralised application which serves
some specific purpose to its users, but which has the
important property that the application itself does not
depend on any specific party existing.
Rather than serving as a front-end for selling or
providing a specific party's services, a Đapp is a tool for
people and organizations on different sides of an
interaction use to come together without any
centralized intermediary.
A Dapp consists of two parts: a frontend, written in
HTML or QML, and a backend (think of it as the
‘database’ for your frontend).
48. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
DBrowsers
It is an end user interface onto
the Ethereum blockchain.
A DBrowser is how users will
find and interact with DApps
‘Mist’ is the name of the
Ethereum DBrowser.
49. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
DAOs and ICOs
50. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Distributed
Autonomous
Organisation
51. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Initial Public Offering
52. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Initial Public Offering
53. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Initial Public Offering
54. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Initial Public Offering
55. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Initial Public Offering
56. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Initial Public Offering
57. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Initial Public Offering
58. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Initial Public Offering
59. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Characteristics of Blockchain
DApps
• Shared database
• Multiple writers
• Absence of trust
• Disintermediation
• Transaction interaction
• Set rules
• Validators
• Asset backing
http://www.multichain.com/blog/2015/11/avoiding-pointless-blockchain-project/
60. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Validity and Blockchains
• Hashing secures blockchain and for any data
• Immutability
• Consensus mechanism enforces ‘house rules’
• Every peer has a copy of the data
• Smart contracts enforce agreements
• Assets transferred on agreement
• Inbuilt punishment mechanism
61. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Blockchain Use Cases in Higher
Education
62. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
MSc Certificates on Blockchain
http://digitalcurrency.unic.ac.cy/certificates
63. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
MSc Certificates on Blockchain
64. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Learning Machine
65. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
For example, after taking an examination to
demonstrate his or her academic proficiency level, an
individual could direct the testing organization to share
the test results with one or more third-party evaluating
organizations.
With this diversification and the changes it brings about,
different evaluating organizations may come to utilize
individuals' test results in different ways, each in
accordance with its own evaluation methods.
http://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/News/Press/201602/16-0222E/index.html
Sony Global
66. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
MSc Certificates on Blockchain
67.
68.
69. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
https://www.appii.io/
Collaboration with APPII
70. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Badges on the Blockchain
71. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Demos of movies available at: http://blockchain.open.ac.uk/
Peer Reputation and Badging
72. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Michelle transfers 4 Reputation tokens for ‘Organisation’ to
Kevin
Reputation
Contract
Functions:
Storage:
sendReputation
getPersonBalance()
getReputationAttribute
attribs[address = > Attrib]
Attrib { uint balanceOf;
mapping(string => uint);
string[] attribStrings
}
Reputation
Attribute
token
Balances
Reputation Smart Contract
Tokens
left to
assign
My Reputation
Peer Reputation Page
Kevin’s Reputation View
Communication: 14
Collaboration: 06
Organisation: 12
Ethics:
Problem Solving: 10
Engagement:
your Ethereum address
password to private key
Signing this transaction will transfer
stated Reputation Tokens + ETH gas
payment from your account. Estimated
gas cost is 0.02 ETH. Maximum gas cost
is set to 0.05 ETH
Transfer
Reputation Tokens Left: 57
number of tokens to transfer
Assign Reputation
My Reputation
Peer Reputation Page
Michelle’s Reputation View
Communication: 06
Collaboration: 02
Organisation: 10
Ethics: 12
Problem Solving: 08
Engagement: 16
your Ethereum address
password to private key
Signing this transaction will transfer
stated Reputation Tokens + ETH gas
payment from your account. Estimated
gas cost is 0.02 ETH. Maximum gas cost
is set to 0.05 ETH
Transfer
Reputation Tokens Left: 68
number of tokens to transfer
Assign Reputation
Signed
TX
Reputation
Attribute
token
Balances
Tokens
left to
assign
73. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Michelle transfers 4 Reputation tokens for ‘Organisation’ to
Kevin
74. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Michelle transfers 4 Reputation tokens for ‘Organisation’ to
Kevin
75. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Block no: 45566778
Michelle transfers 4 Reputation tokens for ‘Organisation’ to
Kevin
76. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Michelle transfers 4 Reputation tokens for ‘Organisation’ to
Kevin
77. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Michelle transfers 4 Reputation tokens for ‘Organisation’ to
Kevin
78. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Michelle transfers 4 Reputation tokens for ‘Organisation’ to
Kevin
79. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Michelle transfers 4 Reputation tokens for ‘Organisation’ to
Kevin
80. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Michelle transfers 4 Reputation tokens for ‘Organisation’ to
Kevin
81. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Michelle transfers 4 Reputation tokens for ‘Organisation’ to
Kevin
82. Blockchains and Decentralised Semantic Web
Pill
John Domingue (@johndmk), Michelle Bachler,
Allan Third and Ruben Verborgh
KMi, The Open University and
imec, Ghent University
International Semantic Web Research Summer School
4th July 2018, Bertinoro
83. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Solid
https://solid.mit.edu/
https://rubenverborgh.github.io/ISWS2018/
84. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Decentralized web apps
share access to data stores
85. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Different app and storage
providers
compete independently
86. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Connecting blockchain and Linked
Data
https://rubenverborgh.github.io/ISWS2018/
87. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
88. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
EthOn - An Ethereum Ontology
http://ethon.consensys.net/EthOn_spec.html
89. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
BLONDiE
https://github.com/hedugaro/Blondie
90. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Possible Linked Data Interfaces exist between two
Extremes
91. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Linked Data Fragments is a uniform view on LD interfaces
92. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Linked Data Fragments is a uniform view on LD interfaces
Every Linked Data Interface
offers specific fragments of a
Linked Data set
93. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Each type of Linked Data Fragment is defined by three
characteristics
• Linked Data Fragment
• Data
• Metadata
• Controls
94. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Each type of Linked Data Fragment is defined by three
characteristics
• Linked Data Fragment
• Data – what triples does the fragment contain?
• Metadata
• Controls
95. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Each type of Linked Data Fragment is defined by three
characteristics
• Linked Data Fragment
• Data – what triples does the fragment contain?
• Metadata – do we know more about the data/fragment?
• Controls
96. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Each type of Linked Data Fragment is defined by three
characteristics
• Linked Data Fragment
• Data – what triples does the fragment contain?
• Metadata – do we know more about the data/fragment?
• Controls – how can we access more data?
97. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Each type of Linked Data Fragment is defined by three
characteristics
• Data Dump
• Data – all dataset triples
• Metadata – number of triples, file size
• Controls – none
98. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Each type of Linked Data Fragment is defined by three
characteristics
• SPARQL Query Result
• Data – triples matching query
• Metadata – none
• Controls - none
99. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Each type of Linked Data Fragment is defined by three
characteristics
• Linked Data Document
• Data – triples about a topic
• Metadata – creator, maintainer
• Controls – links to other Linked Data documents
100. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Each type of Linked Data Fragment is defined by three
characteristics
• Triple Pattern Fragrment
• Data – matches of triple pattern
• Metadata – total number of matches
• Controls – access to all other Triple Pattern Fragments
of the same dataset
101. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Linked Data Fragments
1
0
1
102. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Linked Data Fragments
1
0
2
103. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Interplanetary File System (IPFS)
• Content-addressed distributed storage (CADS)
• Files identified by hash of contents
• Shared across BitTorrent-based network
104. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Decentralised Linked Data on
Blockchains
• Guarantees of immutability
• Data cannot be changed once published
• Integrity of valuable data
• Financial
• Medical
• Political/politically-sensitive
e.g., climate science data
• Academic Publishing
105. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Dimensions of Decentralisation for
Linked Data
• Decentralised
• Data storage
• Querying
• Verification
• Other criteria
• Storage costs
• Query costs
• Level of integrity guarantee
106. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Decentralising Linked Data Storage & Querying
• Identified 5 approaches
• CADS
• CADS + distributed ledger
• Standard LOD + distributed ledger verifier
• Standard LOD + distributed ledger backend
• “Pure” distributed ledger
• Compared with base case of standard LOD
• SPARQL/Linked Data Fragments querying
107. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Base case
Centralised storage and querying
No verification
Query = Linked Data Fragments
108. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
CADS
109. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
CADS
• Data decentralised (copy-on-demand)
• Queries centralised
• Verification
• Centralised (central source of IPFS hash)
• Weak (need to trust source of IPFS hash)
• Need to re-compute hash over entire data set
• No timestamping
110. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
CADS + Distributed
Ledger
111. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
CADS + DL
Data decentralised
But copy-on-demand
Queries centralised
Verification
Decentralised (blockchain source of IPFS hash)
Strong (IPFS hash immutable, signable)
Need to re-compute hash over entire data set
Timestamping
112. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Base case + DL Verifier
Centralised storage and querying
Verify query results with copy of original data on
blockchain
113. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Base case + DL Backend
114. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Base case + DL Backend
Semi-decentralised queries - any node can be
a query frontend
Decentralised data verified directly from
blockchain
115. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
“Pure” Distributed
Ledger
Decentralised storage and querying
Data comes directly from blockchain
116. John Domingue, Role of Blockchains in a Decentralised Semantic Web, 4th July, ISWS 2018
Summary
117. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
Questions?
@johndmk · john.domingue@open.ac.uk· SlideShare: johndomingue