- Data is a collection of facts that can be qualitative (descriptive information) or quantitative (numerical information). It can come from primary sources through first-hand collection or secondary sources that are already available.
- Common data collection methods include observation, interviews, questionnaires, and documentary analysis. Observation involves direct observation while interviews can be structured, semi-structured, or informal. Questionnaires use a set of questions to gather responses.
- Motivation research techniques like word association tests, sentence completion tests, and projective techniques aim to uncover hidden motives through indirect questioning and use of pictures/stories.
Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on targeted variables in an established systematic fashion, which then enables one to answer relevant questions and evaluate outcomes.
The questionnaire contains several design flaws such as double-barreled questions, leading response options, lack of context around time periods, and sensitive questions. Many questions are open-ended making analysis difficult. Pre-testing is recommended to address these issues and improve the clarity, structure, and validity of the questionnaire.
The document provides information and advice about preparing for and performing well at assessment centers for jobs or internships. It discusses what to expect at assessment centers, including selection tests, presentations, group tasks, and interviews. It offers tips for completing tests, delivering presentations, participating in group exercises, and interviewing. Sample exercises and schedules are provided. Resources for practicing and getting additional help from the careers center are also listed.
This document provides an overview of the survey design process. It discusses determining the need for a survey by establishing goals, objectives and expected outcomes. It covers designing survey questions, avoiding biases, pretesting and revising questions. It addresses technical aspects of building a survey such as question types, logic and validation. It also discusses sampling, collecting responses, cleaning data and reporting results. The overall process emphasizes establishing a clear need, designing unbiased questions and using survey results to inform actions.
This document provides an overview of interview skills and preparation. It discusses:
1. The types of interviews including face-to-face, video call, phone and Skype formats.
2. How to prepare for different types of common questions, like motivational, competency, and technical questions. The STAR model is introduced to structure answers.
3. The importance of researching the employer, practicing answers, maintaining a confident body language and tone, and asking thoughtful questions.
Proper preparation and presentation of skills and experiences are emphasized as key to performing well in interviews.
Questionnairre desisgn-Advance Research MethodologyRehan Ehsan
This Presentation states the details of Questionnairre desisgn for students to get help in advance research methodology. Rearchers may also get help from this work.
This document provides an overview of research techniques and information evaluation for a personal project workshop. It discusses questionnaires, interviews, and evaluating information sources. For questionnaires, it covers designing effective questions and types of questions. For interviews, it discusses benefits and best practices for conducting interviews. It also provides tips for evaluating information based on criteria like currency, authority, objectivity, accuracy, and coverage. The overall document serves as a useful guide for personal project research.
Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on targeted variables in an established systematic fashion, which then enables one to answer relevant questions and evaluate outcomes.
The questionnaire contains several design flaws such as double-barreled questions, leading response options, lack of context around time periods, and sensitive questions. Many questions are open-ended making analysis difficult. Pre-testing is recommended to address these issues and improve the clarity, structure, and validity of the questionnaire.
The document provides information and advice about preparing for and performing well at assessment centers for jobs or internships. It discusses what to expect at assessment centers, including selection tests, presentations, group tasks, and interviews. It offers tips for completing tests, delivering presentations, participating in group exercises, and interviewing. Sample exercises and schedules are provided. Resources for practicing and getting additional help from the careers center are also listed.
This document provides an overview of the survey design process. It discusses determining the need for a survey by establishing goals, objectives and expected outcomes. It covers designing survey questions, avoiding biases, pretesting and revising questions. It addresses technical aspects of building a survey such as question types, logic and validation. It also discusses sampling, collecting responses, cleaning data and reporting results. The overall process emphasizes establishing a clear need, designing unbiased questions and using survey results to inform actions.
This document provides an overview of interview skills and preparation. It discusses:
1. The types of interviews including face-to-face, video call, phone and Skype formats.
2. How to prepare for different types of common questions, like motivational, competency, and technical questions. The STAR model is introduced to structure answers.
3. The importance of researching the employer, practicing answers, maintaining a confident body language and tone, and asking thoughtful questions.
Proper preparation and presentation of skills and experiences are emphasized as key to performing well in interviews.
Questionnairre desisgn-Advance Research MethodologyRehan Ehsan
This Presentation states the details of Questionnairre desisgn for students to get help in advance research methodology. Rearchers may also get help from this work.
This document provides an overview of research techniques and information evaluation for a personal project workshop. It discusses questionnaires, interviews, and evaluating information sources. For questionnaires, it covers designing effective questions and types of questions. For interviews, it discusses benefits and best practices for conducting interviews. It also provides tips for evaluating information based on criteria like currency, authority, objectivity, accuracy, and coverage. The overall document serves as a useful guide for personal project research.
The document provides information about an interview skills workshop hosted by Hire Heroes USA. The workshop covers:
- Understanding different types of interviews and how to prepare for each, including researching the employer, dressing appropriately, and having realistic expectations.
- An outline of the workshop sections which include the basics of interviews, common interview types like telephone, behavioral, and committee interviews, and preparation tips such as researching the employer and practicing answers to common questions.
- Guidance on how to demonstrate preparation through knowledge of the employer and connecting past experiences to the role, and how lack of preparation and professionalism could negatively impact the interview.
The document provides information on designing questionnaires and surveys. It discusses determining research questions, different types of surveys, principles of good survey design, question formatting and layout, advantages and disadvantages of questionnaires, improving response rates, question types, designing effective questions, and data analysis. Key points covered include framing the research question, descriptive vs. analytic vs. exploratory vs. confirmatory surveys, keeping surveys concise, credible, and minimizing burden on respondents.
The document provides an overview of key aspects of survey design, including question styles, response formats, sampling, and implementation. It discusses developing a questionnaire, types of questions, optimizing question wording and structure, pre-testing surveys, and sampling techniques. The goal is to introduce rigorous methodology to plan, develop, and implement effective research questionnaires.
Non-experimental methods involve asking questions to gather information without manipulation. Surveys and questionnaires are common methods that involve collecting large amounts of standardized data from many people through self-reporting. Interviews can be structured or unstructured and use open or closed questions to gather qualitative or quantitative data. Observation is another method where the researcher directly watches and records behaviors without participation.
The document discusses various tools and methods used for data collection in research. It describes primary and secondary sources of data and some common methods for collecting data like interviews, questionnaires, observation, and various scales. Specific tools are discussed for each method - for interviews these include interview schedules and opinionnaires, questionnaires use tools like attitude scales and Likert scales, and observation uses tools like rating scales and checklists. Guidelines for developing questionnaires and uses of different types of scales are also provided.
This document provides an introduction to questionnaire design. It discusses important considerations for writing questions, such as ensuring respondents understand the question and are willing and able to answer. It also covers drafting and organizing questionnaires, including ordering questions by topic, starting with easy questions, and testing the questionnaire. The goal is to design questionnaires that yield accurate, truthful answers from respondents.
The document discusses survey design and data collection. It covers several key topics in 3 sentences or less:
1. What should be measured including characteristics, channels, outcomes and assumptions based on a theory of change. Accurate and precise indicators are important.
2. Methods of data collection such as surveys, qualitative methods, and tests. Good measures are accurate without bias and precise without random error.
3. Challenges in measurement including things people don't know well or want to talk about, abstract concepts, things not directly observable, and things best directly observed through protocols. Data collection requires reliability, validity, integrity, accuracy and timeliness.
This document provides guidance on developing questionnaires for research. It defines what a questionnaire is and discusses its purpose and benefits. It outlines different types of questionnaire questions like open-ended, closed-format, dichotomous, rating and Likert questions. Guidelines are provided for designing good questionnaires, including drafting clear, concise questions and ensuring logical question sequence and flow. Both advantages like low cost and ease of analysis and disadvantages like low response rates are reviewed. The overall aim is to help researchers construct valid, reliable questionnaires for collecting data.
The document discusses the importance of properly defining the research problem before beginning data collection and analysis for a marketing research study. It describes a situation where an alumni conducted a study for a restaurant chain but did not have a clear definition of the research problem. As a result, much of the data collected was not relevant and the whole study was a waste of resources. The key points made are that data analysis should provide information related to the problem components, and a written definition of the problem is needed before data collection to ensure the study addresses the problem.
A well-designed questionnaire should be short, simple, and focused. It should minimize bias and maximize responses by making completion easy while obtaining the necessary information to answer the research question. Key aspects of design include using clear, unambiguous questions; closed-format questions when possible; logical question ordering; and piloting the questionnaire first to identify and address any issues.
A well-designed questionnaire should be short, simple, and focused. It should minimize bias and maximize responses to accurately answer the research question. Key aspects of design include using closed-ended questions, clearly worded items, and an order that moves from easy to difficult questions. Piloting is important to identify and address any issues before widespread distribution.
This document provides information on designing questionnaires. It discusses the objectives and types of questionnaires, as well as advantages and disadvantages. Key aspects of questionnaire design covered include determining question order, format, and avoiding bias. Well-designed questionnaires should be concise, use clear language, and minimize potential for misunderstanding through closed-ended questions and clear response options.
This document defines key terminology used in research and summarizes different types of research including:
- Primary and secondary research, with primary research involving direct contact with participants and secondary relying on existing research.
- Quantitative and qualitative research, with quantitative using measurable data and qualitative providing insights through methods like interviews.
- Audience, market, and product research, which gather information about consumers, customers, and desired product characteristics.
The document also outlines advantages and disadvantages of different research methods and provides examples of techniques used.
This document provides an overview of empathy interviews and their role in the design thinking process. It discusses different types of interviews like focus groups and skilled interviews. Empathy interviews are described as the cornerstone of design thinking, as they allow designers to understand users' needs and perspectives. Various empathy tools are introduced, such as empathy maps and the "five whys" technique. The document also includes examples of empathy interview questions. Breakout activities are proposed to have students practice conducting empathy interviews on topics like online learning apps. The goal of interviews is to generate user insights that can help identify problems and opportunities to design better solutions.
The document provides an overview of lessons from a short course on market research, including qualitative research methods and analysing qualitative data. It discusses topics such as what qualitative research involves, how to design qualitative studies, different qualitative techniques like focus groups and depth interviews, analysing qualitative data through coding and identifying themes, and ensuring the validity of qualitative findings. The document aims to help researchers understand and apply key qualitative research methods and analysis techniques.
This document provides guidance on how to effectively ask questions to gather user feedback. It discusses identifying goals and assumptions, engaging the right participants, formulating good open-ended questions, using follow-up questions and considering question format. Effective listening is also covered, including remaining neutral, engaging with participants and allowing silence. The overall aim is to facilitate discussions that prepare teams for gathering insightful client and user feedback.
This document discusses research methods and designs, focusing on surveys. It defines surveys and describes their purpose, which includes providing information, explaining situations, identifying and solving problems, and measuring change. The main types of survey designs discussed are cross-sectional, longitudinal, trend studies, cohort studies, and panel studies. Advantages and disadvantages of different designs are compared. Guidelines for developing questionnaires and conducting interviews are also provided.
Questionnaire design for beginners (Bart Rienties)Bart Rienties
This document provides an introduction to questionnaire design. It discusses the objectives of using questionnaires which are to understand why they are used, the process of constructing them, and key features of good question design. It also covers strengths and limitations of questionnaires, the survey process, maximizing response rates, and types of questions. The document aims to provide guidance on best practices for designing and implementing effective questionnaires.
Instrumentation in social science studies Ashkan Toosi
The document provides guidance on designing effective questionnaires. It discusses specifying the necessary information and type of interview method. It also covers determining question content and structure, wording, and order. Proper questionnaire design includes overcoming respondents' inability or unwillingness to answer, avoiding leading or ambiguous questions, and pre-testing the questionnaire to eliminate issues.
This document provides an overview of quantitative research approaches, specifically descriptive research and survey design. Descriptive research involves identifying characteristics of a phenomenon and exploring correlations. Surveys are used to collect data about attitudes, opinions, behaviors or characteristics of a population. There are different types of survey designs including cross-sectional, longitudinal, trend studies, cohort studies, and panel studies. The document also discusses guidelines for constructing questionnaires and interviews, such as making directions clear, avoiding biased questions, and ensuring anonymity of respondents.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
The document provides information about an interview skills workshop hosted by Hire Heroes USA. The workshop covers:
- Understanding different types of interviews and how to prepare for each, including researching the employer, dressing appropriately, and having realistic expectations.
- An outline of the workshop sections which include the basics of interviews, common interview types like telephone, behavioral, and committee interviews, and preparation tips such as researching the employer and practicing answers to common questions.
- Guidance on how to demonstrate preparation through knowledge of the employer and connecting past experiences to the role, and how lack of preparation and professionalism could negatively impact the interview.
The document provides information on designing questionnaires and surveys. It discusses determining research questions, different types of surveys, principles of good survey design, question formatting and layout, advantages and disadvantages of questionnaires, improving response rates, question types, designing effective questions, and data analysis. Key points covered include framing the research question, descriptive vs. analytic vs. exploratory vs. confirmatory surveys, keeping surveys concise, credible, and minimizing burden on respondents.
The document provides an overview of key aspects of survey design, including question styles, response formats, sampling, and implementation. It discusses developing a questionnaire, types of questions, optimizing question wording and structure, pre-testing surveys, and sampling techniques. The goal is to introduce rigorous methodology to plan, develop, and implement effective research questionnaires.
Non-experimental methods involve asking questions to gather information without manipulation. Surveys and questionnaires are common methods that involve collecting large amounts of standardized data from many people through self-reporting. Interviews can be structured or unstructured and use open or closed questions to gather qualitative or quantitative data. Observation is another method where the researcher directly watches and records behaviors without participation.
The document discusses various tools and methods used for data collection in research. It describes primary and secondary sources of data and some common methods for collecting data like interviews, questionnaires, observation, and various scales. Specific tools are discussed for each method - for interviews these include interview schedules and opinionnaires, questionnaires use tools like attitude scales and Likert scales, and observation uses tools like rating scales and checklists. Guidelines for developing questionnaires and uses of different types of scales are also provided.
This document provides an introduction to questionnaire design. It discusses important considerations for writing questions, such as ensuring respondents understand the question and are willing and able to answer. It also covers drafting and organizing questionnaires, including ordering questions by topic, starting with easy questions, and testing the questionnaire. The goal is to design questionnaires that yield accurate, truthful answers from respondents.
The document discusses survey design and data collection. It covers several key topics in 3 sentences or less:
1. What should be measured including characteristics, channels, outcomes and assumptions based on a theory of change. Accurate and precise indicators are important.
2. Methods of data collection such as surveys, qualitative methods, and tests. Good measures are accurate without bias and precise without random error.
3. Challenges in measurement including things people don't know well or want to talk about, abstract concepts, things not directly observable, and things best directly observed through protocols. Data collection requires reliability, validity, integrity, accuracy and timeliness.
This document provides guidance on developing questionnaires for research. It defines what a questionnaire is and discusses its purpose and benefits. It outlines different types of questionnaire questions like open-ended, closed-format, dichotomous, rating and Likert questions. Guidelines are provided for designing good questionnaires, including drafting clear, concise questions and ensuring logical question sequence and flow. Both advantages like low cost and ease of analysis and disadvantages like low response rates are reviewed. The overall aim is to help researchers construct valid, reliable questionnaires for collecting data.
The document discusses the importance of properly defining the research problem before beginning data collection and analysis for a marketing research study. It describes a situation where an alumni conducted a study for a restaurant chain but did not have a clear definition of the research problem. As a result, much of the data collected was not relevant and the whole study was a waste of resources. The key points made are that data analysis should provide information related to the problem components, and a written definition of the problem is needed before data collection to ensure the study addresses the problem.
A well-designed questionnaire should be short, simple, and focused. It should minimize bias and maximize responses by making completion easy while obtaining the necessary information to answer the research question. Key aspects of design include using clear, unambiguous questions; closed-format questions when possible; logical question ordering; and piloting the questionnaire first to identify and address any issues.
A well-designed questionnaire should be short, simple, and focused. It should minimize bias and maximize responses to accurately answer the research question. Key aspects of design include using closed-ended questions, clearly worded items, and an order that moves from easy to difficult questions. Piloting is important to identify and address any issues before widespread distribution.
This document provides information on designing questionnaires. It discusses the objectives and types of questionnaires, as well as advantages and disadvantages. Key aspects of questionnaire design covered include determining question order, format, and avoiding bias. Well-designed questionnaires should be concise, use clear language, and minimize potential for misunderstanding through closed-ended questions and clear response options.
This document defines key terminology used in research and summarizes different types of research including:
- Primary and secondary research, with primary research involving direct contact with participants and secondary relying on existing research.
- Quantitative and qualitative research, with quantitative using measurable data and qualitative providing insights through methods like interviews.
- Audience, market, and product research, which gather information about consumers, customers, and desired product characteristics.
The document also outlines advantages and disadvantages of different research methods and provides examples of techniques used.
This document provides an overview of empathy interviews and their role in the design thinking process. It discusses different types of interviews like focus groups and skilled interviews. Empathy interviews are described as the cornerstone of design thinking, as they allow designers to understand users' needs and perspectives. Various empathy tools are introduced, such as empathy maps and the "five whys" technique. The document also includes examples of empathy interview questions. Breakout activities are proposed to have students practice conducting empathy interviews on topics like online learning apps. The goal of interviews is to generate user insights that can help identify problems and opportunities to design better solutions.
The document provides an overview of lessons from a short course on market research, including qualitative research methods and analysing qualitative data. It discusses topics such as what qualitative research involves, how to design qualitative studies, different qualitative techniques like focus groups and depth interviews, analysing qualitative data through coding and identifying themes, and ensuring the validity of qualitative findings. The document aims to help researchers understand and apply key qualitative research methods and analysis techniques.
This document provides guidance on how to effectively ask questions to gather user feedback. It discusses identifying goals and assumptions, engaging the right participants, formulating good open-ended questions, using follow-up questions and considering question format. Effective listening is also covered, including remaining neutral, engaging with participants and allowing silence. The overall aim is to facilitate discussions that prepare teams for gathering insightful client and user feedback.
This document discusses research methods and designs, focusing on surveys. It defines surveys and describes their purpose, which includes providing information, explaining situations, identifying and solving problems, and measuring change. The main types of survey designs discussed are cross-sectional, longitudinal, trend studies, cohort studies, and panel studies. Advantages and disadvantages of different designs are compared. Guidelines for developing questionnaires and conducting interviews are also provided.
Questionnaire design for beginners (Bart Rienties)Bart Rienties
This document provides an introduction to questionnaire design. It discusses the objectives of using questionnaires which are to understand why they are used, the process of constructing them, and key features of good question design. It also covers strengths and limitations of questionnaires, the survey process, maximizing response rates, and types of questions. The document aims to provide guidance on best practices for designing and implementing effective questionnaires.
Instrumentation in social science studies Ashkan Toosi
The document provides guidance on designing effective questionnaires. It discusses specifying the necessary information and type of interview method. It also covers determining question content and structure, wording, and order. Proper questionnaire design includes overcoming respondents' inability or unwillingness to answer, avoiding leading or ambiguous questions, and pre-testing the questionnaire to eliminate issues.
This document provides an overview of quantitative research approaches, specifically descriptive research and survey design. Descriptive research involves identifying characteristics of a phenomenon and exploring correlations. Surveys are used to collect data about attitudes, opinions, behaviors or characteristics of a population. There are different types of survey designs including cross-sectional, longitudinal, trend studies, cohort studies, and panel studies. The document also discusses guidelines for constructing questionnaires and interviews, such as making directions clear, avoiding biased questions, and ensuring anonymity of respondents.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
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The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
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Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
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Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
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This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
2. WHAT IS DATA?
“Data is a collection offacts.”
Such asnumbers, words, measurements,
observations or even just descriptions of things.
3. Qualitative data isdescriptive
information
(it describessomething)
Quantitative data, isnumerical
information (numbers).
Discrete data can only takecertain
values (like whole numbers)
Continuous data cantake
any value (within arange)
4. EXERCISE
What type of data is it (about dog)?
1. Hehas4 legs
2. Hehaslots of energy
3. Heis brown and black
4. Heweighs 25.5 kg
5. Hehas2 brothers
6. Hehaslong hair
7. Heis 565 mm tall
5. SOURCES OF DATA
1. Primary Data
– Thedata collected first hand by researcher for his
research
2. Secondary Data
– Thedata which is already collected bysomeone
– It is readymadedata
6. Sourcesof Data
Collection
Primary Source
Observation Interview
Questionnaire Schedules
Other
Warranty Cards
DistributorAudit
PantryAudits
Consumer Panels
Mechanical Devices
ProjectiveTechniques
Depth Interviews
Content analysis
Secondary
Source
Unpublished Published
Books
Websites
Newspapers
Magazines
Journals
Government Reports
Publications
Research reports
7. OBSERVATION
• Study relating to BehavioralScience
• Information is sought by way of investigator’s own
direct observations
• Respondent is not asked/communicated.
• Willingness of respondent to respond is not
necessary
• Lessdemanding of active cooperation
9. OBSERVATION
•Things to keep in mind:
1.What should be observed?
2.How observation should be made and
recorded?
3.How to ensure accuracy?
10. OBSERVATION
•Participant and non-participant:
Participant
Researcher is a member of group that he/she observes.
Ex: Going in slum and living their life.
Non - participant
Researcher is detached from the group he/she observes.
Ex: Study of slum people without being itspart/member
11. OBSERVATION
•Naturalistic and Simulations:
Observation in a natural setting >Uncontrolled
•Ex. study of consumers in amall
Observation in predefined environment >Controlled
•Simulatesor recreatesa situationor environment
13. STRUCTURED INTERVIEW
The researcher has a specific set of questions
designed to elicit responses from the participants.
SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEW
The researcher prepares open-ended questions in
which the participants are free to write their
responses.
14. INFORMAL INTERVIEW
To determine how the participants act on certain
situations.
RETROSPECTIVE INTERVIEW
Done to recall and reconstruct something that
happened in the past.
15. TYPES OF INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Background Questions – includes education, age, previous work,
etc.
2. Knowledge Questions – factual information
3. Experience Questions – what the participant is doing presently or in
the past.
4. Opinion Questions – how the participants think on certain topics or
issues.
5. Feeling Questions – emotional responses of the participants on their
experience.
6. Sensory Questions – what the respondent has seen, tasted, heard,
touched, or smelled.
16. PREREQUISITES OF INTERVIEW
1. Interviewers should be carefully selected, trained andbriefed.
2. Honest, sincere, hardworking, impartial, unbiased
3. Must possesstechnical competence
4. Practical experience
5. Create friendly atmosphere of trustand confidence
6. Recording responses accurately and completely
7. Interviewer should not show surprise ordisapproval
8. Should not argue
9. Keepthings on track
17. • Guidelines:
– Askall questions in schedule
– Repeat question if not
understood
– Don’t show disapproval/surprise
– Listen quietly with patience
– Neither argue nor dispute
– Show genuine concern and
interest
– Don’t reveal your own opinion or
reaction
– Keepconversation on track
– Thank with a smile when done
Carrying the interview
18. FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION – can provide
multiple perspectives at a time
DOCUMENTARY ANALYSIS – studies
human behavior indirectly by analyzing
documents
20. WHAT IS QUESTIONNAIRE?
“Adocument containing set of questions logically
related to the problem under study.”
• If the questions are filled by respondents, then its
calledas ‘Questionnaire’
• If filled by interviewer, it’s called as ‘Schedule’
21. QUESTIONNAIRE
ADVANTAGES
• Free from bias of interviewer
• Respondents have adequate time
• Large samples can be used to get more dependable and reliable data
DISADVANTAGES
• Used only when respondent is educated and cooperating
• Control over questionnaire is lost once it is sent
• Time and cost
22. QUESTION CONSTRUCTION
1. Question Relevance
• Should be relevant to researchobjectives
• Question should be able to answer researchproblem
• Single question may not be able to answer problem or
attain objective
• Respondents should know the answer
• Question should not test respondents recallability
• Should be easily understandable.
• Should be specific
23. QUESTION CONSTRUCTION
2. Question Wording
• Vocabulary : Useof common vocabulary
• Exactness : Do you usually go to gym? Vs.How many days in a week do you
go to gym?
• Simplicity : Simple words and sentence construction, avoidjargons
• Neutrality : Should not cause undue influence. E.g. You prefer Brewed over
Nescafe,right?
• Presumption : Shouldn’t presume about respondent E.g. How many times a
day do you drink coffee?
• Hypothetical Questions : Avoid. E.g. What would you do if …. ?
• Embarrassing Questions : PersonalQuestions
24. 3. Types of Questions
• Open Ended
–Free Scope for respondents to answer
–Used to explore more and in depth information
–Difficult to analyze
–E.g. What are your career plans after post
graduation
25. 3. TypesofQuestions
• Closed Ended
– Dichotomous
• Canbe answered with 2 responses
• E.g. Do you own or rent yourhouse?
• Do you like Marathi movies?
– Multiple Choice Questions
• More than 2 alternatives for onequestion
• E.g. Which brand of jeans do youprefer?
• MCQmust contain all the possible choices
• Should not contain overlapping choices
• Alternatives should be reasonable
26. QUESTION CONSTRUCTION
4. Question Order or Sequence
• One question should follow another in logicalsequence
• Sequence should have relation
E.g. What is volume of your trading?
How many trades do you make in a week?
27. QUESTION CONSTRUCTION
Types of questions to beavoided
• Leading Questions : Influences respondent togive acertain answer
E.g.Are you against giving too much power to thetrade unions?
• Loaded Questions : Contains words which are emotionallycolored.
E.g.Have you evertried to get benefitto the business by giving bribe?
• Ambiguous Questions : Doesnot have clearmeaning
E.g.Are you interestedin a small house?
28. QUESTION CONSTRUCTION
Types of questions to beavoided
• Double-barreled Questions : Contain two or more different ideas
E.g.Do you favor or oppose increased jobsecurity and productivity linkedwage system?
• Long Question : Lengthyquestion
• Double negative : E.g.Don’t you oppose this bill?
29. PLANNING THE ACTUAL
GATHERING OF DATA
Gantt Chart – a plan of activities in the duration of your research
ACTIVITIES WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3 WEEK 4
Development of
instruments
Data gathering
through observation
Data gathering
through interview
Documentary analysis
30. ACTIVITY :
Briefly describe each data collection strategy
a.Observation
b.Interview
c.Focus group discussion
d.Documentary analysis
33. • Testis conducted to establish the personalities of the respondents and their reactions.
• Theyproject or reflect the subject’s thought about what he or shesees, feels, perceives thus
producing the reactions.
Therearefive most commonlyadministeredtests of this kind namely:
1. WordAssociation Test
2. SentenceCompletion Test
3. Story Completion Test
4. Third PersonTest
5. Pictorial Techniques
Projective Techniques
34. WORD ASSOCIATION TEST
• Word association test is a list of words ranging from twenty-five to seventy-five is given.
• Theword suggestedby the researcher is to be associated by the respondent by the most fittingword he thinks.
• Thisis widely used to measure the effect ofthe brand namesand advertising messages.
• Here,it is not possible to give all the seventy-fivewords. On illustrative basis, let us have fifteen words:
6.Two-wheelers…………
7.Four-wheelers…………
8. Tyre…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
9. Glasswares………….
10. Ink………..
11. Pencils…………
12.Fridges…………………….
13. Cupboards…………
14. T
elevision………………….
15. Video cassettes………………
1. Perfume………..
2. Tooth paste
3. Hair oil………..
4.Shampoo……………………….
5. Shoes…………
35. SENTENCE COMPLETION TEST
• Sentencecompletion tests are designed to discover emotional responsesof therespondent.
• It is the easiest, most useful and reliable test to get the correct information in an indirect manner.
• Therespondent is askedto complete the sentencegiven.
Forinstance, the questions maybe:
1. I like instant coffeebecause……………
2. I useelectric kitchen gadgetsbecause………………….
3. I do not usepain-killers like aspirinbecause……………..
4. I do not like red, brown and black coloursbecause……….
• Theway the questions are asked,do not reflect right orwrong answers.
• However, the emotional values and tensions are reflected in the answers sogiven.
37. THIRD PERSON TEST
• Therespondent is given aphotograph of athird person—may be afriend, acolleague, aneighbour, a star,
aplayer, aprofessional etc.
• Theresearcher is interested in knowing what the third person thinks of an issue asheard throughthe
respondent.
• It is assumed that the respondent’s answer will reveal his own inner feelings more clearly through the
third person than otherwise it wouldhave been possible.
• Scenario 1(Normal) :Why don’t you use instantcoffee?
• Answer :It does not tastegood.
• Scenario 2(TPT):Why do you think your neighbor does notuse instant coffee?
• Answer :She is lazy
,spend-thrift and not a goodhousewife.
40. Depth Interviews
• Designed to discover underlying motives anddesires
• Explore needs, desires and feelings of respondents
• Requires great skills
Example:
1. How do you like to spend your freetime?
2. What kind of music/movies do youlike?
3. What do you do when you are alone? Doyou like beingalone?
4. Doyou have friends that get mostly A’sin school?
5. Are you close to anyone in your family? Who?
42. • Data is acollection of facts
• Twotypes of data:
– Qualitative data is descriptiveinformation
– Quantitative data, is numericalinformation
• Discrete data can only take certain values (like whole numbers)
• Continuous data cantake any value (within arange)
• Twosources of data:
– Primary : First handdata
– Secondary : Already availabledata
• Observation : Information is sought by way of investigator’s own direct observations
– Structured Vs.Unstructured
– Participant and non-participant
– Controlled and Uncontrolled
43. • Interview : Presentation of oral-verbal stimuli and reply in terms of oral-verbal
responses.
• Questionnaire :Adocument containing set of questions logically related to the
problem under study
• Measurement : Assigningnumbers or symbols to the characteristics of certainobjects
• Scale :Involves creating acontinuum on which measurement of objects are located
– Nominal : Lowest level of measurement in which numbers are assignedfor purpose of
identification of objects
– Ordinal: Superiority/inferiority can be measured but not intensity
– Interval : Difference in score hasmeaningfulinterpretation
– Ratio : Ratio in score hasmeaningfulinterpretation
44. • Classification of Scales:
– Singleitem vsMultiple item scale
– Comparative Vs Noncomparative
– Comparative:
• Paired comparison :Comparison of two or moreobjects
• Constant Sum :Acertain sum is to be allocated to variousobjects/brands
• Rank Order :Rankingof objects/brand
• Q-sort :Sorting on the basisof similarity ofanswers
– Non-comparative
• Graphic :Useof graph or smiley
• Itemized:
– Likert: 5 point, agree/disagreescale
– Semantic Differentiation : Twobipolarstatements
– Stapel Scale : Measure direction and intensity ofattitude.
45. • Motivation Research : Helpsto exposehiddenmotives
– Word association test : Association of words by respondent
– Sentencecompletion tests : Complete an incompletesentence
– Story completion test : Complete an incompletestory
– Third person test : Response from third person’s point of view
– Pictorial techniques : Useof pictures
• ThematicAppreciation Test(TAT):Consistsof set of pictures
• Rorschach test: Consistsof inkblot