Data refers to raw facts that are stored in computers as numbers, text, images, or sound. All data types are converted to binary digits (bits) for storage and later reconstructed. Text is stored through ASCII codes, images use pixels mapped to bit patterns, and sound is represented by discrete samples encoded as bits. Information involves processing and organizing data to make it meaningful. Databases centrally store structured data that can be retrieved, added to, modified, or deleted when needed. Digital information systems encompass the hardware, software, networks, people, and processes used to collect, manipulate, store, and transform data into useful information for businesses and their management.

2. What is Data
Data is a stream of raw facts representing things
or events that have happened.
In ICT, we usually say that data is made up from
four basic types:
• Numbers
• Text
• Images
• Sound

3. Storing Data
Inside the computer, however, all data is stored as
numbers:
• Numbers – are stored as numbers, obviously!
• Text characters are stored as a code that represents each –
e.g. ASCII
• Images are stored as numbers representing the amounts of
red, green and blue for each pixel
• Sounds are stored as numbers representing the loudness at
given intervals

4. How are the numbers represented
All data types are transformed into a uniform
representation when they are stored in a computer
and transformed back to their original form when
retrieved. This universal representation is called a
bit pattern.

5. Bits and Bytes
• Each of the 0s and 1s is called a bit – binary
digit
• Eight bits together form a byte
• The longest number a computer can handle in
one go is called a word – e.g. a 32-bit computer
has a 32-bit word length
• 1024 bytes is a kilobyte, 1024 kilobytes is a
megabyte, 1024 megabytes is a gigabyte, etc.

6. Storage of different data types

7. Storing Numbers
A number is changed to the binary system before being
stored in the computer memory. For e.g. 39 is stored as:
Binary equivalent of 39 is : 100111
2 39 1
2 19 1
2 9 1
2 4 0
2 2 0
1

8. Storing Text
A section of text in any language is a sequence of symbolsA section of text in any language is a sequence of symbols
used to represent an idea in that language.used to represent an idea in that language.
To store text and symbols we use the ASCII codes whichTo store text and symbols we use the ASCII codes which
is further coded to binary equivalent.is further coded to binary equivalent.
For example:For example: Text such as “CATS”, which is made up from fourText such as “CATS”, which is made up from four
symbols, can be represented as four n-bit patterns, each patternsymbols, can be represented as four n-bit patterns, each pattern
defining a single symbol and having certain numeric value indefining a single symbol and having certain numeric value in
ASCII.ASCII...

9. Storing Audio
Audio is not countable and Continuous data, Audio is anAudio is not countable and Continuous data, Audio is an
example ofexample of analog dataanalog data..
For audioFor audio we select only a finite number of points on the
analog signal, measure their values, and record them, this
records are known as sample.
The quantized sample values need to be encoded as bit
patterns, to store in computer memory.

10. Storing Images
Images are stored in computers using twoImages are stored in computers using two
different techniques:different techniques: Raster graphics andand Vector
graphics.
These graphics are stored in form ofThese graphics are stored in form of PixelPixel, Pixel, Pixel
is picture element.is picture element.
To store Pixel there be a certain bit pattern.To store Pixel there be a certain bit pattern.

11. Information
• Information is data that has been processed to make it
meaningful and useful
• Data + Meaning = Information
• For storing Information in digital organization we
require a tool called database.

12. Database
A centralized and structured set of data stored on a
computer system.
The database provides facilities for retrieving, adding,
modifying and deleting the data when required.
A database is usually managed by a Database
Administrator (DBA).
Traditional Database are organized by fields, records
and files.

13. Data Management
Without data and the ability to
process it, an organization
could not successfully
complete most business
activities
Data consists of raw facts
For data to be transformed
into useful information, it
must first be organized in a
meaningful way

14. Digital Information Systems
 Digital information system (DIS): single set of hardware, software,
databases, telecommunications, people, and procedures configured to collect,
manipulate, store, and process data into information
DIS components
– Hardware: computer equipment used to perform input, processing, and
output activities
– Software: computer programs that govern the operation of the computer
– Database: organized collection of facts and information
– Telecommunications: electronic transmission of signals for
communications
– Networks: connect computers and equipment in a building, around the
country, and around the world

15. Business Information Systems
Most common types of information systems used in
business organizations
E-commerce: any business transaction executed electronically
between parties
Transaction processing system (TPS): organized collection of
people, software, databases, and devices used to record
completed business transactions
Management Information Systems (MIS): provide routine
information to managers and decision makers
Decision support system (DSS) : used to support problem-
specific decision making

16. Thank You