Small UAS Safety Considerations in the Petrochemical Industry
The document discusses safety considerations for operating small unmanned aerial systems (sUAS) in hazardous petrochemical environments. It covers regulations from the FAA, as well as risks from hazardous materials, locations, and electromagnetic interference. The author proposes developing safety standards, pre-flight planning, hazard analysis, and maintenance programs to ensure safe sUAS operations in industries involving flammable liquids and gases.
This document discusses many potential occupational safety hazards in office environments. It identifies common causes of injuries such as falls, strains, and being struck by objects. Specific hazards addressed include slip and trip hazards, ergonomic issues, noise, poor lighting, fire risks, and electrical dangers. The document emphasizes the importance of proper storage, housekeeping, training, and following OSHA regulations to develop action plans that prevent injuries and protect workers' health, safety, and well-being in office settings.
Five men died trying to save each other after inhaling toxic gases in an underground manure pit. Bill Hofer was the first to collapse after inhaling a combination of toxic gases in the pit. The other four men then tried to save Hofer and each other but all died within five minutes from the deadly fumes. Those who died include Bill Hofer, his uncle Carl Theuerkauf Sr., and Carl's two sons and grandson, making it believed to be the worst farm accident in Michigan's history. Investigators determined the men were almost finished emptying the partially covered 12-foot deep concrete manure pit using a pump when it clogged. Hofer descended to clear the block and the others followed in attempts
This document discusses hazardous area classification. It defines hazardous areas as areas where flammable gases or vapors may be present. Areas are classified into zones based on the likelihood and duration of an explosive atmosphere occurring. Zone 0 areas have explosive atmospheres present continuously, Zone 1 areas have them likely to occur occasionally, and Zone 2 areas are not likely but possible for short periods. Selection of electrical equipment depends on the area classification and gas properties. Standards provide guidelines for equipment certification to ensure safe operation in hazardous environments.
Inspection of Fire Fighting Equipments | NFPA Regulations | Gaurav Singh RajputGaurav Singh Rajput
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This document provides an overview of regulations regarding inspection of firefighting equipment as outlined by NFPA standards. It discusses principles of fire and explosion, classifications of dangerous substances, fire growth rates, factors affecting growth rates, types of fire accidents including explosions, and considerations for dry chemical fire suppression systems including applications, agent types, system requirements, and operation/control. The key topics covered include fire triangle principles, explosion definitions, gas detection systems, hazard identification, and risk assessment processes.
Hazardous Area Location Presentation
• What is a Hazardous Location?
• What causes an explosion?
• Potential ignition sources
• Protection concepts 101
• Classification Schemes (ATEX/IEC vs. NEC)
• Designing/Certification for HazLoc
Ex D, Ex E, Ex DE, Ex ED, Ex np, Ex I
The document discusses electrical safety equipment requirements for hazardous areas. It covers classification rules for hazardous areas including classes, divisions, and groups. It emphasizes the importance of proper area classification and selecting approved equipment to prevent fires and explosions from electrical hazards. The document provides examples of equipment approval labels and describes equipment types approved for different hazardous area classifications.
The document provides guidance on installing electrical equipment in hazardous locations with explosion risks. It defines hazardous atmospheres as areas where flammable gases, vapors, mists or dusts are present in concentrations within their explosive limits and an ignition source is possible. The guide outlines the necessary conditions for an explosion to occur, defines explosive and potentially explosive atmospheres, and lists common substances that can produce explosions. It also compares gas and vapor classification standards between IEC, CENELEC and NEC and provides selection guidance for equipment in different hazardous environments.
This document provides an overview of electrical area classification training. It will cover introduction to area classification terminology and standards, identifying electrical equipment for different hazardous areas, and notable area classification standards. The training will also discuss National Electric Code articles related to hazardous locations, class locations for gases, dusts and fibers, division 1 and 2 locations, and groups A-D for gases and E-G for dusts which indicate the degree of hazard.
This document discusses many potential occupational safety hazards in office environments. It identifies common causes of injuries such as falls, strains, and being struck by objects. Specific hazards addressed include slip and trip hazards, ergonomic issues, noise, poor lighting, fire risks, and electrical dangers. The document emphasizes the importance of proper storage, housekeeping, training, and following OSHA regulations to develop action plans that prevent injuries and protect workers' health, safety, and well-being in office settings.
Five men died trying to save each other after inhaling toxic gases in an underground manure pit. Bill Hofer was the first to collapse after inhaling a combination of toxic gases in the pit. The other four men then tried to save Hofer and each other but all died within five minutes from the deadly fumes. Those who died include Bill Hofer, his uncle Carl Theuerkauf Sr., and Carl's two sons and grandson, making it believed to be the worst farm accident in Michigan's history. Investigators determined the men were almost finished emptying the partially covered 12-foot deep concrete manure pit using a pump when it clogged. Hofer descended to clear the block and the others followed in attempts
This document discusses hazardous area classification. It defines hazardous areas as areas where flammable gases or vapors may be present. Areas are classified into zones based on the likelihood and duration of an explosive atmosphere occurring. Zone 0 areas have explosive atmospheres present continuously, Zone 1 areas have them likely to occur occasionally, and Zone 2 areas are not likely but possible for short periods. Selection of electrical equipment depends on the area classification and gas properties. Standards provide guidelines for equipment certification to ensure safe operation in hazardous environments.
Inspection of Fire Fighting Equipments | NFPA Regulations | Gaurav Singh RajputGaurav Singh Rajput
Â
This document provides an overview of regulations regarding inspection of firefighting equipment as outlined by NFPA standards. It discusses principles of fire and explosion, classifications of dangerous substances, fire growth rates, factors affecting growth rates, types of fire accidents including explosions, and considerations for dry chemical fire suppression systems including applications, agent types, system requirements, and operation/control. The key topics covered include fire triangle principles, explosion definitions, gas detection systems, hazard identification, and risk assessment processes.
Hazardous Area Location Presentation
• What is a Hazardous Location?
• What causes an explosion?
• Potential ignition sources
• Protection concepts 101
• Classification Schemes (ATEX/IEC vs. NEC)
• Designing/Certification for HazLoc
Ex D, Ex E, Ex DE, Ex ED, Ex np, Ex I
The document discusses electrical safety equipment requirements for hazardous areas. It covers classification rules for hazardous areas including classes, divisions, and groups. It emphasizes the importance of proper area classification and selecting approved equipment to prevent fires and explosions from electrical hazards. The document provides examples of equipment approval labels and describes equipment types approved for different hazardous area classifications.
The document provides guidance on installing electrical equipment in hazardous locations with explosion risks. It defines hazardous atmospheres as areas where flammable gases, vapors, mists or dusts are present in concentrations within their explosive limits and an ignition source is possible. The guide outlines the necessary conditions for an explosion to occur, defines explosive and potentially explosive atmospheres, and lists common substances that can produce explosions. It also compares gas and vapor classification standards between IEC, CENELEC and NEC and provides selection guidance for equipment in different hazardous environments.
This document provides an overview of electrical area classification training. It will cover introduction to area classification terminology and standards, identifying electrical equipment for different hazardous areas, and notable area classification standards. The training will also discuss National Electric Code articles related to hazardous locations, class locations for gases, dusts and fibers, division 1 and 2 locations, and groups A-D for gases and E-G for dusts which indicate the degree of hazard.
The document discusses electrical risk management in hazardous industries and selection of electrical equipment for flammable atmospheres. It provides definitions of hazardous areas according to various standards and explains area classification methods. The key points are:
- Areas are classified into Zones 0, 1, 2 based on the likelihood and duration of explosive gas or vapor presence.
- Zone 0 has the highest risk where explosive atmospheres are present continuously. Zone 1 risks are likely under normal conditions. Zone 2 risks are unlikely but possible in abnormal conditions.
- Proper area classification using guidelines allows safe selection of electrical equipment certified for use in the designated Zones to minimize risks of explosion.
The document discusses electrical risk management in hazardous industries and selection of electrical equipment for flammable atmospheres. It provides definitions of hazardous areas according to various standards and explains area classification methods. The key points are:
- Areas are classified into Zones 0, 1, 2 based on the likelihood and duration of explosive gas or vapor presence.
- Zone 0 has the highest risk where explosive atmospheres are present continuously. Zone 1 risks are likely occasionally, and Zone 2 risks are unlikely.
- Area classification is important to properly select electrical equipment certified for the zone, reducing risks of explosion from ignition sources.
Industrial Processes and Site Visits (02262014)Ravenswood .docxdirkrplav
Â
Industrial Processes and Site Visits
(02/26/2014)
Ravenswood Power Plant
Electrical power production and distribution in the US
Generation
Indian Point/Ravenswood
Transmission
High voltage transmission lines (>110 KV)to reduce energy loss during transmission- limited ability to store electricity
Substations (step up/step down)
Electric and Magnetic Fields (EMF) Radiation from power lines
Localized supply to customer
Varying safety and/or work related health issues for each segment
National Power grid
Three regional grids with limited links
Eastern/Western/Texas grids
Safety training- Ravenswood
Learning management system
Software for the administration, documentation, tracking, delivery of electronic training to workers
Ravenswood potential hazards
Noise
> 105 db. double protection required
Electrical
Arc flash
shocks
Slips/trips/falls
Confined spaces
Chemical exposure
LOTO
Asbestos
PCBs
Ergonomic/ repetitive stress/over exertion/awkward postures
Hot/cold environment (seasonal)
Shift work
24/7
Shiftwork
Shiftwork is anything other than a daylight work schedule-nights, evenings, extended work days, etc.
Circadian rhythm
Zeitgraber - environmental cues that synchronize biological systems to the light/dark cycle
Elevated BMI (reports of an association with Diabetes Mellitus), certain cancers or ulcers, accidents e.g. Exon Valdez, Challenger, automobile, medical.
Controls
Consistent scheduling, use of window shades, eliminate family/social interruptions at home, pre/post shift naps, caffeine, etc.
Ravenswood
Asbestos
US production stopped 2002
We still import substantial amounts of asbestos
2012 – 1060 tons
Primarily the Chlor-Alkali industry (chlorine and sodium hydroxide for chemical industry) and roofing industry
Coal fired generators
Protective clothing
Confined spaces
Large enough for workers to enter and perform required tasks
A limited or restricted means for entry or exit
Not designed for continuous occupancy.
Permit required confined space
hazardous atmosphere,
sloping walls
potential to engulf, trap or asphyxiate an entrant
unguarded machinery
live wires
a potential for heat stress.
Control of Hazardous Energy
(LOTO)
Designed to prevent unexpected startup during repair, servicing or maintenance of machinery and equipment by removing sources of energy - electrical, chemical, hydraulic, gravitational, pneumatic, thermal etc.
Employers are required to have written LOTO procedures and
ID all potential energy sources including stored or residual sources
Provide site specific worker training
Locks are removed by the worker that put it on.
Exemptions
To de-energizing the equipment will cause a hazardous condition (life saving equipment)
It is impossible to do because of design or operational limitations.
LOTO
Tags can use if you are unable to lock out the energy source
Required to demonstrate that a tag system will provide the equivalent level of protection as a lock
.
Combustible Dust: More than just Industrial HousekeepingNilfiskVacuums
Â
This presentation explains industrial explosions caused by combustible dust. It answers the questions:
What is Combustible Dust?
Who’s at Risk?
It offers instruction for proper maintenance and industrial housekeeping practices. It provides combustible dust resources. It also provides an explanation of industrial vacuums and explosion-proof vacuums for improved worker safety.
Choosing the Right Industrial Vacuum
The document discusses aerosol propellants and their numbering system. It provides 4 rules for how propellants are numbered based on their chemical composition. It then discusses different types of propellants including hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon blends, Dymel propellants, and compressed gases. It provides information on their properties like vapor pressure, density, and flammability limits. It also discusses azeotropes, toxicity, environmental properties, and safe handling and storage of propellants.
This document provides an introduction to fire and electrical safety in hazardous areas. It defines key terminology related to flammable gases and liquids. Areas are classified according to the likelihood of an explosive atmosphere occurring, with Zone 0 having the highest risk and Zone 2 the lowest. Standards and regulations governing equipment selection for different zones are discussed. Equipment must have appropriate enclosures and temperature ratings depending on the zone and gases present. Proper area classification and equipment selection are vital for safety.
The treatment of dangerous substances, where the risk of explosion or fire exists that can be caused by an electrical spark, arc, or hot temperatures, requires specifically defined instrumentation located in a hazardous location. It also requires that interfacing signals coming from a hazardous location be unable to create the necessary conditions to ignite and propagate an explosion.
This document deals with the physical principles and fundamentals of explosion protection. Regardless of geographic location, the physical principles of explosion protection are identical.
This document provides information about compliance with ATEX regulations for equipment used in explosive atmospheres. It defines explosive atmospheres and zones, explains the ATEX directives and requirements for mechanical and electrical equipment. Key points covered include explosion protection techniques, equipment marking requirements, production quality systems, and the need for an EC Declaration of Conformity statement. The User Directive is also mentioned, which aims to improve safety for those working in explosive atmosphere areas.
David Woolgar provides an overview of DSEAR regulations regarding dangerous substances and explosive atmospheres. Key points include:
- DSEAR regulations were introduced to transpose EU ATEX directives into UK law regarding protection of workers from explosive atmospheres.
- Site owners must identify dangerous substances, conduct risk assessments to classify hazardous zones, and take measures to reduce risk such as proper equipment, ventilation, and ignition control.
- Equipment used in hazardous areas must be certified as suitable for the zone and properly maintained according to standards to prevent explosions.
- Training, documentation, and management of hazardous areas and equipment is required to ensure compliance.
This document provides an overview of hazardous materials and waste management regulations. It discusses the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and regulations around hazardous waste identification, accumulation, storage, transportation, and disposal. Key points covered include hazardous waste characteristics, generator requirements, proper labeling and manifesting of wastes, emergency response procedures, and enforcement actions for noncompliance.
This document discusses reducing process risks in the pharmaceutical industry. It outlines several driving forces for reducing risk, including plant existence, harm prevention, regulatory requirements, and public image concerns. Several case studies of accidents at pharmaceutical plants are presented to illustrate hazards like explosions and chemical releases. Common causes of accidents included lack of inherently safer design practices, insufficient safety controls, poor hazard awareness, and deficiencies in procedures and maintenance. Reducing risks requires understanding hazards, implementing proper controls, and focusing on priorities like process safety, ergonomics, and hygiene.
The document discusses combustible dust, including what it is, who regulates it, and how explosions can be prevented. It defines combustible dust as fine particles that can explode when suspended in air. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulates combustible dust along with other organizations like the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). The document recommends engineering controls, housekeeping, training, and other measures to prevent combustible dust explosions based on OSHA and NFPA guidelines.
This document provides an overview of explosion protection basics for hazardous locations. It discusses the Class/Division system and Zone system for classifying hazardous areas based on the type and risk level of explosive gases, vapors, dusts, or fibers present. The Class/Division system divides hazards into three classes (I, II, III) based on the material and two divisions based on risk level. The Zone system divides hazards into zones 0, 1, and 2 based on the frequency and duration explosive atmospheres are present. The document compares how different systems classify areas containing gases/vapors, dusts, and fibers.
Thermal fluid systems pose fire and explosion hazards that are often overlooked. Recent incidents have highlighted these risks. Thermal fluids used in such systems can degrade over time, lowering their flash point so that they may become flammable at operating temperatures. Systems operating above the flash point of the fluid fall under regulations requiring risk assessment and mitigation. Proper area classification, avoiding mist formation and ignition sources, and fluid maintenance are important to prevent incidents.
The document summarizes the key differences between European (IEC Zone system) and North American (NEC Division system) requirements for equipment used in potentially explosive atmospheres. The Zone system uses three zones (0, 1, 2) based on the frequency and duration of explosive atmospheres, while the Division system uses two divisions based on whether the hazard is present normally or abnormally. Both aim to ensure safety but have different definitions, categories, and allowable protection concepts. Understanding the requirements of both systems is important for manufacturers to design products that can be certified for global markets.
The Jet-A with Prist Additive Safety Data Sheet, Let us know about the safety measures we should take while using this fuel. Tribute Aviation is a wholesaler of Jet-A fuels in Arizona, California, Washington, Utah, Virginia and other places. Feel free to contact us for personalized customer service.
The document provides guidance on classifying areas where flammable gas or vapor risks may arise. It divides hazardous areas into zones based on the likelihood and duration of an explosive atmosphere existing. Zone 0 areas have explosive atmospheres present continuously or frequently. Zone 1 areas are likely to have explosive atmospheres occur occasionally during normal operation. Zone 2 areas are not likely to have explosive atmospheres during normal operation, but they may exist for short periods if they do occur. The classification provides a basis for selecting appropriately protected electrical equipment based on the level of risk in each zone.
This training program aims to teach participants how to identify hazards, read container labels, understand material safety data sheets, and follow safe work procedures when handling hazardous materials. It explains that the Hazard Communication standard requires employees working with hazardous chemicals to be trained. The document then outlines general hazard classifications, labeling requirements, locations of hazard information, and responsibilities of supervisors to ensure training is provided.
Rob Thompson, Falcon Foundation 2018 Small Unmanned Systems Business Expo P...sUAS News
Â
Rob Thompson has extensive experience in aviation and unmanned aircraft systems. He started Falcon Foundation UAS LLC in 2017 to work in the energy sector and advocate for UAS STEM education and counter-UAS technology. Thompson sees similarities between challenges of controlling unmanned aircraft in 1944 and modern issues with command and control links, traffic management, and equipment needs. He formed the CUAS Coalition to develop better counter-UAS technology that could help address public safety concerns and reduce pressure for regulations. Thompson has a background in commercial aviation operations, aircraft maintenance and certification, and participated in early FAA studies on pilot communication and avionics design.
gene engelgau - 2018 Small Unmanned Systems Business ExpositionsUAS News
Â
This document provides an overview of parachute recovery system (PRS) requirements for flying drones over people. It discusses that PRS systems can limit impact energy to less than 50 joules as recommended by FAA studies to minimize injury risk. The certification process requires flight testing a PRS integrated with a drone as a system. A PRS generally requires a parachute, deployment system, automatic trigger for problems, and a flight termination system to stop rotors upon deployment. Choosing the right PRS considers factors like weight, strength, deployment characteristics, and reliability through certification testing.
The document discusses electrical risk management in hazardous industries and selection of electrical equipment for flammable atmospheres. It provides definitions of hazardous areas according to various standards and explains area classification methods. The key points are:
- Areas are classified into Zones 0, 1, 2 based on the likelihood and duration of explosive gas or vapor presence.
- Zone 0 has the highest risk where explosive atmospheres are present continuously. Zone 1 risks are likely under normal conditions. Zone 2 risks are unlikely but possible in abnormal conditions.
- Proper area classification using guidelines allows safe selection of electrical equipment certified for use in the designated Zones to minimize risks of explosion.
The document discusses electrical risk management in hazardous industries and selection of electrical equipment for flammable atmospheres. It provides definitions of hazardous areas according to various standards and explains area classification methods. The key points are:
- Areas are classified into Zones 0, 1, 2 based on the likelihood and duration of explosive gas or vapor presence.
- Zone 0 has the highest risk where explosive atmospheres are present continuously. Zone 1 risks are likely occasionally, and Zone 2 risks are unlikely.
- Area classification is important to properly select electrical equipment certified for the zone, reducing risks of explosion from ignition sources.
Industrial Processes and Site Visits (02262014)Ravenswood .docxdirkrplav
Â
Industrial Processes and Site Visits
(02/26/2014)
Ravenswood Power Plant
Electrical power production and distribution in the US
Generation
Indian Point/Ravenswood
Transmission
High voltage transmission lines (>110 KV)to reduce energy loss during transmission- limited ability to store electricity
Substations (step up/step down)
Electric and Magnetic Fields (EMF) Radiation from power lines
Localized supply to customer
Varying safety and/or work related health issues for each segment
National Power grid
Three regional grids with limited links
Eastern/Western/Texas grids
Safety training- Ravenswood
Learning management system
Software for the administration, documentation, tracking, delivery of electronic training to workers
Ravenswood potential hazards
Noise
> 105 db. double protection required
Electrical
Arc flash
shocks
Slips/trips/falls
Confined spaces
Chemical exposure
LOTO
Asbestos
PCBs
Ergonomic/ repetitive stress/over exertion/awkward postures
Hot/cold environment (seasonal)
Shift work
24/7
Shiftwork
Shiftwork is anything other than a daylight work schedule-nights, evenings, extended work days, etc.
Circadian rhythm
Zeitgraber - environmental cues that synchronize biological systems to the light/dark cycle
Elevated BMI (reports of an association with Diabetes Mellitus), certain cancers or ulcers, accidents e.g. Exon Valdez, Challenger, automobile, medical.
Controls
Consistent scheduling, use of window shades, eliminate family/social interruptions at home, pre/post shift naps, caffeine, etc.
Ravenswood
Asbestos
US production stopped 2002
We still import substantial amounts of asbestos
2012 – 1060 tons
Primarily the Chlor-Alkali industry (chlorine and sodium hydroxide for chemical industry) and roofing industry
Coal fired generators
Protective clothing
Confined spaces
Large enough for workers to enter and perform required tasks
A limited or restricted means for entry or exit
Not designed for continuous occupancy.
Permit required confined space
hazardous atmosphere,
sloping walls
potential to engulf, trap or asphyxiate an entrant
unguarded machinery
live wires
a potential for heat stress.
Control of Hazardous Energy
(LOTO)
Designed to prevent unexpected startup during repair, servicing or maintenance of machinery and equipment by removing sources of energy - electrical, chemical, hydraulic, gravitational, pneumatic, thermal etc.
Employers are required to have written LOTO procedures and
ID all potential energy sources including stored or residual sources
Provide site specific worker training
Locks are removed by the worker that put it on.
Exemptions
To de-energizing the equipment will cause a hazardous condition (life saving equipment)
It is impossible to do because of design or operational limitations.
LOTO
Tags can use if you are unable to lock out the energy source
Required to demonstrate that a tag system will provide the equivalent level of protection as a lock
.
Combustible Dust: More than just Industrial HousekeepingNilfiskVacuums
Â
This presentation explains industrial explosions caused by combustible dust. It answers the questions:
What is Combustible Dust?
Who’s at Risk?
It offers instruction for proper maintenance and industrial housekeeping practices. It provides combustible dust resources. It also provides an explanation of industrial vacuums and explosion-proof vacuums for improved worker safety.
Choosing the Right Industrial Vacuum
The document discusses aerosol propellants and their numbering system. It provides 4 rules for how propellants are numbered based on their chemical composition. It then discusses different types of propellants including hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon blends, Dymel propellants, and compressed gases. It provides information on their properties like vapor pressure, density, and flammability limits. It also discusses azeotropes, toxicity, environmental properties, and safe handling and storage of propellants.
This document provides an introduction to fire and electrical safety in hazardous areas. It defines key terminology related to flammable gases and liquids. Areas are classified according to the likelihood of an explosive atmosphere occurring, with Zone 0 having the highest risk and Zone 2 the lowest. Standards and regulations governing equipment selection for different zones are discussed. Equipment must have appropriate enclosures and temperature ratings depending on the zone and gases present. Proper area classification and equipment selection are vital for safety.
The treatment of dangerous substances, where the risk of explosion or fire exists that can be caused by an electrical spark, arc, or hot temperatures, requires specifically defined instrumentation located in a hazardous location. It also requires that interfacing signals coming from a hazardous location be unable to create the necessary conditions to ignite and propagate an explosion.
This document deals with the physical principles and fundamentals of explosion protection. Regardless of geographic location, the physical principles of explosion protection are identical.
This document provides information about compliance with ATEX regulations for equipment used in explosive atmospheres. It defines explosive atmospheres and zones, explains the ATEX directives and requirements for mechanical and electrical equipment. Key points covered include explosion protection techniques, equipment marking requirements, production quality systems, and the need for an EC Declaration of Conformity statement. The User Directive is also mentioned, which aims to improve safety for those working in explosive atmosphere areas.
David Woolgar provides an overview of DSEAR regulations regarding dangerous substances and explosive atmospheres. Key points include:
- DSEAR regulations were introduced to transpose EU ATEX directives into UK law regarding protection of workers from explosive atmospheres.
- Site owners must identify dangerous substances, conduct risk assessments to classify hazardous zones, and take measures to reduce risk such as proper equipment, ventilation, and ignition control.
- Equipment used in hazardous areas must be certified as suitable for the zone and properly maintained according to standards to prevent explosions.
- Training, documentation, and management of hazardous areas and equipment is required to ensure compliance.
This document provides an overview of hazardous materials and waste management regulations. It discusses the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and regulations around hazardous waste identification, accumulation, storage, transportation, and disposal. Key points covered include hazardous waste characteristics, generator requirements, proper labeling and manifesting of wastes, emergency response procedures, and enforcement actions for noncompliance.
This document discusses reducing process risks in the pharmaceutical industry. It outlines several driving forces for reducing risk, including plant existence, harm prevention, regulatory requirements, and public image concerns. Several case studies of accidents at pharmaceutical plants are presented to illustrate hazards like explosions and chemical releases. Common causes of accidents included lack of inherently safer design practices, insufficient safety controls, poor hazard awareness, and deficiencies in procedures and maintenance. Reducing risks requires understanding hazards, implementing proper controls, and focusing on priorities like process safety, ergonomics, and hygiene.
The document discusses combustible dust, including what it is, who regulates it, and how explosions can be prevented. It defines combustible dust as fine particles that can explode when suspended in air. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulates combustible dust along with other organizations like the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). The document recommends engineering controls, housekeeping, training, and other measures to prevent combustible dust explosions based on OSHA and NFPA guidelines.
This document provides an overview of explosion protection basics for hazardous locations. It discusses the Class/Division system and Zone system for classifying hazardous areas based on the type and risk level of explosive gases, vapors, dusts, or fibers present. The Class/Division system divides hazards into three classes (I, II, III) based on the material and two divisions based on risk level. The Zone system divides hazards into zones 0, 1, and 2 based on the frequency and duration explosive atmospheres are present. The document compares how different systems classify areas containing gases/vapors, dusts, and fibers.
Thermal fluid systems pose fire and explosion hazards that are often overlooked. Recent incidents have highlighted these risks. Thermal fluids used in such systems can degrade over time, lowering their flash point so that they may become flammable at operating temperatures. Systems operating above the flash point of the fluid fall under regulations requiring risk assessment and mitigation. Proper area classification, avoiding mist formation and ignition sources, and fluid maintenance are important to prevent incidents.
The document summarizes the key differences between European (IEC Zone system) and North American (NEC Division system) requirements for equipment used in potentially explosive atmospheres. The Zone system uses three zones (0, 1, 2) based on the frequency and duration of explosive atmospheres, while the Division system uses two divisions based on whether the hazard is present normally or abnormally. Both aim to ensure safety but have different definitions, categories, and allowable protection concepts. Understanding the requirements of both systems is important for manufacturers to design products that can be certified for global markets.
The Jet-A with Prist Additive Safety Data Sheet, Let us know about the safety measures we should take while using this fuel. Tribute Aviation is a wholesaler of Jet-A fuels in Arizona, California, Washington, Utah, Virginia and other places. Feel free to contact us for personalized customer service.
The document provides guidance on classifying areas where flammable gas or vapor risks may arise. It divides hazardous areas into zones based on the likelihood and duration of an explosive atmosphere existing. Zone 0 areas have explosive atmospheres present continuously or frequently. Zone 1 areas are likely to have explosive atmospheres occur occasionally during normal operation. Zone 2 areas are not likely to have explosive atmospheres during normal operation, but they may exist for short periods if they do occur. The classification provides a basis for selecting appropriately protected electrical equipment based on the level of risk in each zone.
This training program aims to teach participants how to identify hazards, read container labels, understand material safety data sheets, and follow safe work procedures when handling hazardous materials. It explains that the Hazard Communication standard requires employees working with hazardous chemicals to be trained. The document then outlines general hazard classifications, labeling requirements, locations of hazard information, and responsibilities of supervisors to ensure training is provided.
Rob Thompson, Falcon Foundation 2018 Small Unmanned Systems Business Expo P...sUAS News
Â
Rob Thompson has extensive experience in aviation and unmanned aircraft systems. He started Falcon Foundation UAS LLC in 2017 to work in the energy sector and advocate for UAS STEM education and counter-UAS technology. Thompson sees similarities between challenges of controlling unmanned aircraft in 1944 and modern issues with command and control links, traffic management, and equipment needs. He formed the CUAS Coalition to develop better counter-UAS technology that could help address public safety concerns and reduce pressure for regulations. Thompson has a background in commercial aviation operations, aircraft maintenance and certification, and participated in early FAA studies on pilot communication and avionics design.
gene engelgau - 2018 Small Unmanned Systems Business ExpositionsUAS News
Â
This document provides an overview of parachute recovery system (PRS) requirements for flying drones over people. It discusses that PRS systems can limit impact energy to less than 50 joules as recommended by FAA studies to minimize injury risk. The certification process requires flight testing a PRS integrated with a drone as a system. A PRS generally requires a parachute, deployment system, automatic trigger for problems, and a flight termination system to stop rotors upon deployment. Choosing the right PRS considers factors like weight, strength, deployment characteristics, and reliability through certification testing.
Mike Blades - 2018 Small Unmanned Systems Business Expo PresentationsUAS News
Â
This document summarizes the commercial drone market in 2018. It discusses trends driving growth in the market such as falling costs and increased flexibility of drones. The document outlines the development of the drone ecosystem from early companies to full-stack solutions. It presents forecasts for the commercial drone market that are higher than FAA predictions. The document concludes by discussing emerging trends like automated fleets and opportunities in data services and security.
Justine Harrison - 2018 Small Unmanned Systems Business Expo Presentation - W...sUAS News
Â
This document discusses legal and regulatory developments impacting the commercial drone industry. It outlines current federal and state laws governing drones, as well as ongoing lawsuits. Two proposed bills on the federal level that would impact drones are described. The document then discusses ways for drone companies to identify and mitigate legal risks, including through corporate structure, contracting, insurance, and operational procedures. It concludes with checklist of legal considerations for drone companies.
This document discusses unmanned aerial systems (UAS) and public safety. It covers how UAS present risks that need to be mitigated through policy enforcement, education, and emerging technologies. The author provides their contact information and encourages reporting suspicious UAS activities to the Northern California Regional Intelligence Center. Accomplishments include linking UAS policy to enforcement and addressing cyber threats. Looking ahead, continued work on customizing responses, securing data, and counter-UAS is needed as the drone industry and hobbyist groups grow.
This document provides information about unmanned aerial system (UAS) insurance. It discusses what is covered by UAS insurance policies and what is not covered. It also explains different types of coverage included in UAS policies, such as aircraft liability, contractual liability, and premises liability. The document provides details on policy terms, conditions, pilots covered, territory covered, and premium payment requirements. It emphasizes the importance of selecting an experienced UAS insurance broker and insurer.
This document discusses drone pilot certification and training. It encourages pilots to train professionally through a program that provides 100 hours of training, recertification, safety procedures and emergency testing to achieve competence across four stages - from unconscious incompetence to unconscious competence. The training is developed by public safety professionals and aims to produce pilots with experience in mission flying and emergency procedures through a structured competency-based program.
This document discusses the state of the commercial drone industry and issues surrounding regulation. It notes that some major drone manufacturers have lost over $100 million while others are struggling. It questions whether the drone registration task force missed the mark and if risks have been properly defined. The document advocates for defining performance-based standards, standardizing waivers, and determining where and how much universal traffic management is needed to safely integrate drones into the national airspace. It calls for data-driven decisions and defines questions around implementing a universal traffic management system.
This document discusses various stakeholders involved in drone integration including toy companies, drone dealers, end users, standards organizations, and regulators. It notes the transition from remote piloting to greater automation and declining costs of drone technologies like cell phone tower inspections. Several challenges are mentioned such as a lack of coordination among advocacy groups and standards bodies. Potential solutions proposed include a forensic review of current efforts, establishing priority projects, and expanding drone pilot training programs to involve more of the country.
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“Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transfor...Edge AI and Vision Alliance
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Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
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Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
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Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
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2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
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8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
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10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
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11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptxoperationspcvita
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3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
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Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
What is an RPA CoE? Session 1 – CoE VisionDianaGray10
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In the first session, we will review the organization's vision and how this has an impact on the COE Structure.
Topics covered:
• The role of a steering committee
• How do the organization’s priorities determine CoE Structure?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
1. Small UAS Safety Considerations
In The Petrochemical Industry
Danny A. Zepeda
Co-Founder of Rotor Optics LLC
I&E Electrical Engineer at Valero Benicia Refinery
B.S.E.E.(Emphasis in Power System)
California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo
2. Presentation
FAA Small UAS Rule & Regulations – The Foundation.
Drones Safety Considerations in Hazardous
Environments:
 Hazardous Materials
 Hazardous (Classified) Locations
 Electromagnetic Interference
Proposed practice for sUAS Operation in the Oil and
Gas Industry.
3. FAA Propose Small UAS Rulemaking
FAA mission is to
provide the safest, most
efficient aerospace
system in the world.
www.RotorOptics.com
The FAA has progressed to safely integrate sUAS into the
National Air Space (NAS) in the manner that does not impose
unacceptable risk to other aircrafts, people or property.
4. Electric Utility sUAS
Standards & Practices
Petrochemical, Oil &
Gas sUAS Standards
& Practices
Emergency Response
sUAS Standards &
Practices
FAA - BASE
SUAS Rules &
Regulations
www.RotorOptics.com
5. Small UAS in the Oil & Gas Industry
Can a sUAS accident/ malfunction cause a
incident dangerous to human & cause a
environmental impact?
Additional risk should be consider when
developing a small unmanned aircraft program
for hazardous industries.
Many benefits using a Small UAS in the
Petrochemical industry can complete difficult task
without risking personal is ideal.
www.RotorOptics.com
7. All three elements of the fire triangle
These elements must be present simultaneously
and in specific quantities for a fire or explosion to
occur.
Oxygen
+
Fuel Ignition
+ =
Fire
www.RotorOptics.com
Hazardous Material
8. Hazardous Material
• Flammable / Combustible
Liquids & Vapor
(FUEL)
• Vapor Concentration in Air
(OXYGEN)
• Ignition Source
(IGNITION)
www.RotorOptics.com
9. Hazardous Material
Flammable & Combustible liquids are
easily ignited with explosive force.
These liquids are classified according to their
flash point to indicate the danger they pose as a
fire hazard.
www.RotorOptics.com
10. Flash point is the minimum
temperature a liquid gives off
enough vapor to form a ignitable
mixture in the air.
Hazardous Material
77F
FLASH
POINT
At 77F°
vapor to form a
ignitable mixture
in the air
0F°
50F°
100F°
www.RotorOptics.com
11. Hazardous Material
Flammable Liquids have flash
points below 100°F degrees.
Combustible Liquids have flash
points at or above 100°F degrees.
100°F
Combustible
Liquids
FP>100°F
Flammable
Liquids
FP<100°F
FlashPoint
Temperature
Boiling Point
Flammable
FP<100°F
Combustible
FP>100°F
77°F
0°F
-44°F
140°F
200°F
www.RotorOptics.com
12. Hazardous Material
Flammable Liquids have flash
points below 100°F degrees.
Combustible Liquids have flash
points at or above 100°F degrees.
100°F
FlashPoint
Temperature
Boiling Point
74°F
0°F
-44°F
140°F
200°F
CAT 1 CAT 2
CAT 3
CAT 4
100°F
www.RotorOptics.com
13. 0% 100%50%
Hazardous Material
Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) and Upper Explosive Limit (UEL)
LEL UEL
(Too Lean) (Too Rich)
% Percent
Fuel in Air
Flammable Range
www.RotorOptics.com
14. Ignition Sources
Open Flame Smoking Welding & Cutting Hot Surfaces
Static Charge Mechanical Sparks Electrical Arcing
www.RotorOptics.com
15. Ignition Sources from a sUAS
Aircraft systems contain various mechanical and electrical
components that may malfunction or overheat if not properly
maintain. Overheating of circuits, electrical component or ESC
can be consider ignition sources.
Stripped Wire Short Circuits Aircraft Collision Overheat ESC
www.RotorOptics.com
19. Hazardous (Classified) Location
A hazardous
location is a place
where concentrations
of flammable gases,
vapors, or dusts occur.
It is important to know the characteristics of all of material
used, locations, potential sources of leaks and determine the
extent of the Hazardous associated with each leak source.
www.RotorOptics.com
20. Hazardous (Classified) Location
The NEC is a standards for safe installation of electrical equipment in
the US. The NEC is part of the National Fire Protection Association
(NFPA).
National Electric Code (NEC)
Once the area is classified the NEC provides
very specific and stringent requirements
regarding the electrical equipment,
associated wiring and installation in such
locations. These requirements are intended
to prevent electrical equipment from being an
ignition source in flammable or combustible
atmospheres.
www.RotorOptics.com
21. Electrical Area Classification Drawings
Classes:
Class I: Liquid or Gases
Class II: Dust or Fiber
Class III: Flammable Fibers
Divisions:
Div 1: Normal Conditions
Div 2: Abnormal Conditions
Groups:
(Class 1) A,B,C,D
(Class 2) E,F,G
(Class 3) No groups
Determines the existence and extent of Hazardous (Classified) Location in
a facility handling any of installation of electrical equipment, wiring devices
and methods to prevent the ignition of flammable or explosive mixtures.
www.RotorOptics.com
25. CLASS I Flammable
Gas, Liquids, Vapor
CLASS II Combustible
Metal Dust
CLASS III Fibers
& Flying's
E
F
G
No Groups
for Class III
A Acetylene
B Hydrogen
C
Cyclopropane
Ethylene
Groups and typical material types are:
D
Acetone, Butane,
Hexane, Natural
Gas, Fuel Oil
Combustible
Metals
Carbonaceous
material, including
coal dust
Flour, grain,
wood, plastic etc.
Hazardous (Classified) Location:
Groups
www.RotorOptics.com
27. Electromagnetic interference is disturbance that
affects an electrical circuit due to either
electromagnetic induction or electromagnetic
radiation emitted from an external source.
Electromagnetic Interference
Operating a small unmanned aerial system is
like flying a small computer. A problem for
computer is electromagnetic interference (EMI)
or radiation.
www.RotorOptics.com
28. EMI caused by high voltage power lines or electric motors due
to motor design can cause an affect or interference with the
unmanned aircraft electrical components and radio controls.
Electromagnetic Interference
Electrical
Components
Radio
Controls
www.RotorOptics.com
29. Small UAS Safety in the
Petrochemical
Questions:
• What safety standards &
procedures should be
implement to ensure safe
sUAS operations in hazardous
industries.
• What design requirements
should be applied to avoid
source of ignition, radio and
electromagnetic interference.
• What maintenance & training
programs should be
developed.
www.RotorOptics.com
30. Suggested Safety Practices
Pre-Flight Plan:
• Detail Job Description & Plan
• Electrical Area (Classification) Drawings
• Test Flight / Equipment Check List
Drone Hazard Analysis(DHA)
• Identify Hazards In The Area.
• Gas Test/ Fly Zone/ Emergency Landings
• Determine Weather & Wind Conditions
Post Flight Analysis
• Data Collection/ Records /Documentation
• Equipment Maintenance/ Record Log
• Findings and Lesson Learn
www.RotorOptics.com
31. Small UAS Vision in Oil & Gas
Contact Information:
Danny A. Zepeda
P:(760)473-3366
danny.zepeda@rotoroptics.com
www.rotoroptics.com
Editor's Notes
I like to first thank Patrick for giving me the opportunity to present at todays exposition.
Looking at the list of speaker on the website I feel extremely honor to be apart of this program and very great full to present today because it is my actual Birthday.
Let me quickly introduce myself for I am press for time.
-My name is Danny Zepeda and I received my Electrical Engineering Degree Emphasis in Power systems form Cal Poly San Luis Obispo.
-After graduation I was recruited by Valero Energy in Benicia Refinery and currently Electrical Engineer for the Electrical Reliability Department.
I’ve also work in Utility industry with San Diego Gas & Electric and worked at San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station down in Southern California . I am heavily involved in IEEE-Industrial Application Society and also sever on the committee board for the Petroleum & Chemical Industry Conference that IAS holds every year.
- I am also the cofounder Rotor Optics , a group of engineer that share a common interest in small UAS Application in various industries.
The objective of my presentation is to share the potential hazards and safety consideration that should be considered when operating a SUAS in hazardous environment's like the Oil and Gas industry.
I begin on briefly showing how the new standards and regulation developed by the FAA will become the base or foundation for other industries to develop their own specific standards and practices for their own sUAS operations.
The heart of my presentation will share useful information on main hazard that an drone operator should consider:
I discuss common characteristic/properties of hazardous material that should be known
I then build on that hazardous material and attempt to explain how to classify hazardous locations
I will discuss the electromagnetic inference and how then may effect drone systems electrical components and radio communications.
I then will conclude my presentation with a few questions and share some safety practices that have been developed to start operating in hazardous locations.
It is no secret that there is a great push to safely integrate small UAS into the Nation Air Space to unlock the benefits of increasing safety, create lasting jobs, boosting local economies, and further advance innovation and technology.
As the FAA integrates small unmanned aircraft systems into the National Airspace their main concern is to avoid air collisions with other manned aircrafts and damaging properties and endangering people on the ground.
Now that FAA is not responsible for additional safety concerns using SUAS application in specific industries.
I predict that the new rules and regulation developed by the FAA will become a base/foundation for other industries to develop specific Drone Safety Standards and Practices for their own industry.
For example:
Drone Standards and Regulation may be developed for different industries like:
Electric Utility
Emergency Response
Oil & Gas
And any other industries that may develop drone programs.
Now with my interest in Small Unmanned Aircraft System and my background in the Oil & Gas Industry, I hope to pave the way and develop safety practices for sUAS application in the petrochemical Industries.
The benefits of using sUAS in Oil & Gas industry allows to and complete difficult task without risking any personal and making it a safer, increasing productive and can be cost effective solutions.
I could have present today the various Drone application in the Oil & Gas refineries but I felt that there may have been a great amount of information that already exist.
So I wanted to take step further and take a proactive approach and ask the question “ can these Drones potentially cause an incident that may in danger people or cause an environmental impact.
With that being asked I believe when developing a Drone program in such similar industries, Hazards and Risk should be identified and mitigated when developing a program.
I attempt to break these safety consideration into three sections.
I will discuss Hazardous material and common properties that should be known
Then I will then Segway into identifying Hazardous Classified Location.
I’ll switch gears and discuss Electromagnetic Inference and how this energy may effects drone systems electrical and communication components.
In the oil and gas industry the most common concern is the mixture of the following components.
When fuel is mixed with oxidizing agent, most commonly oxygen and finding a potential ignition source which results into a fire or explosion to occur.
These are the three elements of the fire triangle and when simultaneously present in certain quantities can cause fires or explosions.
In my presentation I don’t specify specific hazardous material, instead I share common characteristics and properties of specific hazards material that I believe will be useful information when operating in chemical plants.
(Fuel) I will explain and compare the difference between a flammable and combustible liquids and vapor
(Oxygen) Explain the vapor concentration in Air and discuss the vapor Lower and Upper Explosive limits.
(Ignition ) And I will show some exampled of common ignition sources.
Flammable and combustible liquids are easily ignited,
Each flammable and combustible liquids has a property called flashpoint which indicate the danger that this liquid pose as a fire hazard.
The flash point of a flammable and combustible liquid is the minimum temperature where it begins to give off enough vapor to form a ignitable mixture in the air.
I show a flammable liquid at a certain temperature. This flammable liquid has a flashpoint of 77 degree F, as this liquid temperature increase and surpasses the flashpoint the liquid begins to produces a vapor to form an ignitable mixture in the air.
Flammable liquids themselves will not burn but as the liquid evaporates it gives off vapor that can mix with air, at the right concentration these vapors can form dangerous gases that can be set off by a small spark.
The difference between a flammable and combustible liquid is identified by the flashpoint. All flammable liquids are less that 100 degree F and all combustible liquids are above 100 degree F.
Even though Combustible liquids have higher flash points than flammable liquids, they can still pose a serious fire or explosion hazards when heated.
These flammable and combustible liquid can be further subdivided into categories depending on the liquids flash points and boiling points.
I’ve discussed the 1st element of the fire triangle: Fuel, in form of a flammable and combustible liquids or gases.
The second element is the oxidizing agent where I will explain by using this graph. This graph represents the percentage of fuel in air.. (left) is 0% fuel in air and then gradually increase to the right to 100% fuel in air.
Each gas vapor has a lower explosive limit and a upper explosive limit.
This is the lowest and highest concentration percentage for a gas vapor in air to be capable of producing a flash of fire when ignited.
I demonstrate a flammable liquids below its LEL limit…… When it reach it flashpoint it begins to produce vapor that mixes with air. If the concentration is below its LEL limit it is consider to be too lean to produce a flash of fire …… and vapor will not ignite.
I demonstrate a flammable liquids above its UEL limit…… When the liquid reaches its flashpoint it begins to produce vapor that mixes with air…..If the concentration is above its UEL limit it is consider to be too rich to produce a flash of fire….the vapor will not ignite.
Now the same liquid produced a vapor that mixes with air in between its flammable range……This gas vapor in air is now capable of producing a flash of fire when ignited….. The vapor will ignite and cause a flash of fire
The final element to complete the fire triangle is the Ignition source. I show a few common ignition sources that may exist in the Oil & gas refineries.
As sUAS are being integrated into the National Air Space, more and more industries will begin developing various application for their industries. These SUAS can now be potential ignition source.
These unmanned aircraft systems contain various of mechanical and electrical components that may malfunction or overheat and can be cause ignition sources.
For example: stripper wire, short circuits, system collisions and overheated components or electric speed controllers.
The scenario that I will present will show my concern on operating a drone in hazardous environments.
I demonstrate part of a chemical process unit where I identify locations consider to be Division 1 areas. This means potential sources ignitable gases may exist under normal conditions. This is do to frequent operations, maintenance or repairs at these locations.
Every process block contains electrical equipment like lights motors heater etc. Now we are seeing more drones application to complete difficult task and will be a consider a frequently tool to be utilize.
If an abnormal condition where to exist like a gas leak or large vapor release. And if this vapor is in-between its flammable range and finds a ignitions source can result to serious consequences like catastrophic fire or explosion.
It only takes a small static charge for a accident or catastrophic event to occur. That why there are strict safety requirements implements in hazardous environments like such, It is important to operate safely and to not in danger the community people, equipment and cause harm to the environment.
In order to prevent and minimize the likability of an incident the industry has set requirements and standards for location with significant hazards.
I now Segway into the identifying these standards for hazardous (classified) locations that have been implemented by the NEC and is important to have some knowledge when operating in such industry.
The definition of a hazardous location is a place where concentrations of flammable gases vapors or dust occur.
It is important to know the characteristic of all material used these locations and any potential sources of leaks and determine the extent of the hazards associated with each leak source.
Once the area is classified the National Electric Code provides a very specific requirements regarding the electrical equipment installed in such locations.
These requirements are intended to prevent electrical equipment from being an ignition source in flammable or combustible atmospheres.
Each refineries site has electrical area classification drawings which determines the existence and extent of hazardous (classified) locations in a facility handling any of the installation of electrical equipment to prevent the ignition of flammable gases.
Each drawing provides Classes, Division and the chemical group.
The traditional way the NEC classifies the hazardous location bases on the type and quality of ignitable material presented;
Class I: Denotes areas where flammable gas, vapor, or liquid is present.
(For example Petrochemical & Solvent Processing Plants, Sewage Treatment Area, Recycling Plant, Food Processing Plants etc.)
Class II: Denotes areas where combustible dust is present. (These include Grain elevators, coal handling operation and various types of processing operations)
Class III: Denotes areas where ignitable fibers and flying fire hazards are present. (Cotton textile operations are good example of Class III)
In additions to classes; The NEC also identifies the condition of the Hazard of which they may exist.
If a potential sources of ignitable gases exist under normal conditions due to the frequent operations, maintenance or repairs. These locations are identifies as Division 1 Area.
If the hazard is presented as abnormal conditions such as a vapor released or a gas leak, these location are identified as a Division 2 Area.
This example show the difference between the Division I and Division II locations.
Division 1 are identified on this slide which demonstrate where there might be a hazard during normal operations.
Division 2 location identified are area that may contain a hazard during a abnormal condition.
Having this this knowledge allows the drone operator to identify where to safely operate a unmanned aircraft system.
Most of the Electrical Area Classification Drawings will also entitle the specific groups and typical material in the locations.
Groups ABC and D corresponds to Class I locations
Groups EF and G corresponds to Class II locations.
and there are no groups corresponding to Class III locations.
I now switch gear and move away from hazardous material and location I begin to share my final safety concern, electro magnetic interference and how it may effect the controls and communication of a unmanned aircraft system.
These drones are consider to be small flying computers. A problem for computer is electromagnetic interference (EMI) or radiation.
Electromagnetic interference is the disturbance that affects an electrical circuit due to either electromagnetic induction or electromagnetic radiation emitted from an external source.
Oil and Gas refineries are expose to various energies from high voltage equipment.
EMI causes by high voltage power lines or electric motor can cause an effect or inference with the unmanned aircraft electrical components and radio controls.
Design requirements should be set to insure that these systems will not effected or malfunctions when operated in such environments with various electrical magnetic energy.
Furthermore specific radio controls should be consider to ensure constant commutation and control with the aircraft.
This slide Identifies the various radio control that exist.
Amplitude modulation (AM) should not be use due to the amplitude changes which can be effected by almost any electrical noise present.
Frequency modulation (FM) changes frequency instead of amplitude but can also be effected by other present stray frequency signals.
Pulse code modulation uses emended signals in the radio wave for the radio to encode digital signal.
The most recently commonly used are spread spectrum which spreads the signal over a wider range of the spectrum which makes the signal to less likely to run into interference.
Now before I conclude here are a few basic question we should ask ourselves if specific hazardous industries chooses to develop Drone programs in hazardous locations.
What safety standards & procedures should be implement to ensure safe sUAS operations in Hazardous industries.
What design requirements should be applied to avoid a potential source of ignition, or radio and electromagnetic interference with the systems components and communications to prevent aircraft collision or malfunctions.
What maintenance & training programs should be developed to ensure that drone operator are educated and train to identify potential risk.
Even though I’ve only scratch the surface and we are in the process of developing our own sUAS safety practices for various industries. We have developed the following:
A Pre-Flight Plan which allows to detailed job description and develops a safe flight plan. This also forces the operator to pull any electrical area classification drawings to help identify hazardous locations. This is also will include a suggested test flight and equipment test check list before operation.
Drone Hazard Analysis help identify any hazards in immediate area. This includes safe operating location, request gas testing, identify different fly zones, emergency landings, emergency exits, identify weather and wind conditions etc.
When a flight mission is complete our post flight analysis includes the data collection for the specific applications.
We will be require to fill out equipment maintenance record log to track equipment usage. We also plan to record any finding or lessons learns to help keep track and begin to find ways improve the Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems Programs.
There are many application and benefit using drones in various industries.
I hope to present two IEEE papers (Drone Application and This the topic discussed today Drone Safety Considerations) for the 2016 Petroleum & Chemical Industry Conference which will be held Philadelphia.
I believe each industry should insure that this technology will be use properly and safely with the their specific industry.
My vision to provide aerial service and engineering and help various industries to develop safe drone practice and come up with specific solution related unmanned aircraft systems.
I have provide contact information and can reach by phone or email at danny.zepeda@rotoroptics.com or feel free to check out our website at www.rotoroptics.com. Thank you for your time and I will be available for any question. This concludes my presentation.