This manifesto outlines the principles of Dadaism through a series of contradictory statements and assertions. It rejects the importance of manifestos and principles while presenting one. It advocates for spontaneity and "I don't give a damn" attitudes while criticizing logic, thought, and systems. The work emphasizes that art should be a private matter for the artist and rejects the commercialization and commodification of art.
This manifesto outlines the Dada movement's rejection of traditional art forms and established principles. It states that Dada means nothing and was born from a need for independence and distrust of unity. The manifesto criticizes previous art movements like Cubism and Futurism for relying on established theories and principles. It advocates for art that is directly created from raw materials without symbolic or illusionistic elements, and rejects the idea that art should be analyzed or have a higher purpose beyond individual expression. The manifesto concludes that art should be a private matter without systems or theories.
This document discusses William Shakespeare and analyzes 10 of his sonnets. It begins by providing context about Shakespeare and classical poetry. It then examines Sonnets 1, 10, 16-17, 55, 116, 129, and 147-150. Several of the sonnets deal with themes of beauty, mortality, love, and overcoming lust. The analysis explores layers of meaning in the sonnets and suggests they provide a glimpse into Shakespeare's insights on human nature. It speculates that Sonnet 116 takes on added irony and meaning if viewed in the context of a hypothesis about the identity of the "dark lady" addressed in some of the sonnets. Overall, the document aims to select sonnets that capture Shakespeare's depth of
This document summarizes Edgar Allan Poe's process for writing his famous poem "The Raven." It discusses how Poe first considered the length, tone, and refrain/repetition element. He chose a melancholy tone and the word "Nevermore" as the repetitive refrain. He then developed the plot of a lover lamenting the death of his beloved Lenore, with a raven answering "Nevermore" to the man's questions. Poe explains how he crafted each stanza to vary the questions and emotional impact, building to the climax question about being reunited with Lenore in the afterlife. The document provides insight into Poe's meticulous and mathematical approach to composition.
Pathetic fallacy is a literary device used by the author to attribute human emotions and traits to nature or inanimate objects. For instance, the following descriptions refer to weather and how it affects the mood, which can add atmosphere to a story: smiling skies, somber clouds, angry storm, or bitter winter.
This document contains 15 notes from Zühre, a previous work written in Arabic by the author. The notes discuss various spiritual and philosophical topics. They criticize a corrupt version of Europe that promotes harmful philosophy and civilization. They also contrast this view with the path presented in the Quran, which brings happiness in this life and the next. The notes aim to guide people towards truth and eternity rather than temporary things of this world.
The document discusses the concept of the "null part kingdom", a place without space or time coordinates where theatre can inspire acceptance and exhale dreams. It proposes that in this kingdom, paths from distant places can meet and theories can be explored vertically. The author searches for this null part kingdom to build parallel histories to the one that engulfs us. Theatre is proposed as a science where interdisciplinarity of languages on stage can create a true theatrical work without any language overriding the others.
Ralph Waldo Emerson - Poetry and Philosophy
[1] Ralph Waldo Emerson was an American essayist, lecturer, and poet who was a leading figure of the transcendentalist movement of the 19th century. [2] In his writings, he explores nature and the Over-Soul, the universal spirit that connects all things. [3] He believed the poet represents beauty and stands at the center of the world, announcing what no one else has foretold.
T.S. Eliot's essay discusses the relationship between an individual poet's work and poetic tradition. It argues that the most individual parts of a poet's work may be where the influence of past poets is most evident. The essay also claims that a poet must have a historical sense of the whole of literature that came before them, and that new works of poetry alter the existing order and tradition of literature. Finally, it asserts that the poet's mind acts as a "receptacle" that combines various feelings and experiences into new artistic compounds, rather than directly expressing their own personality.
This manifesto outlines the Dada movement's rejection of traditional art forms and established principles. It states that Dada means nothing and was born from a need for independence and distrust of unity. The manifesto criticizes previous art movements like Cubism and Futurism for relying on established theories and principles. It advocates for art that is directly created from raw materials without symbolic or illusionistic elements, and rejects the idea that art should be analyzed or have a higher purpose beyond individual expression. The manifesto concludes that art should be a private matter without systems or theories.
This document discusses William Shakespeare and analyzes 10 of his sonnets. It begins by providing context about Shakespeare and classical poetry. It then examines Sonnets 1, 10, 16-17, 55, 116, 129, and 147-150. Several of the sonnets deal with themes of beauty, mortality, love, and overcoming lust. The analysis explores layers of meaning in the sonnets and suggests they provide a glimpse into Shakespeare's insights on human nature. It speculates that Sonnet 116 takes on added irony and meaning if viewed in the context of a hypothesis about the identity of the "dark lady" addressed in some of the sonnets. Overall, the document aims to select sonnets that capture Shakespeare's depth of
This document summarizes Edgar Allan Poe's process for writing his famous poem "The Raven." It discusses how Poe first considered the length, tone, and refrain/repetition element. He chose a melancholy tone and the word "Nevermore" as the repetitive refrain. He then developed the plot of a lover lamenting the death of his beloved Lenore, with a raven answering "Nevermore" to the man's questions. Poe explains how he crafted each stanza to vary the questions and emotional impact, building to the climax question about being reunited with Lenore in the afterlife. The document provides insight into Poe's meticulous and mathematical approach to composition.
Pathetic fallacy is a literary device used by the author to attribute human emotions and traits to nature or inanimate objects. For instance, the following descriptions refer to weather and how it affects the mood, which can add atmosphere to a story: smiling skies, somber clouds, angry storm, or bitter winter.
This document contains 15 notes from Zühre, a previous work written in Arabic by the author. The notes discuss various spiritual and philosophical topics. They criticize a corrupt version of Europe that promotes harmful philosophy and civilization. They also contrast this view with the path presented in the Quran, which brings happiness in this life and the next. The notes aim to guide people towards truth and eternity rather than temporary things of this world.
The document discusses the concept of the "null part kingdom", a place without space or time coordinates where theatre can inspire acceptance and exhale dreams. It proposes that in this kingdom, paths from distant places can meet and theories can be explored vertically. The author searches for this null part kingdom to build parallel histories to the one that engulfs us. Theatre is proposed as a science where interdisciplinarity of languages on stage can create a true theatrical work without any language overriding the others.
Ralph Waldo Emerson - Poetry and Philosophy
[1] Ralph Waldo Emerson was an American essayist, lecturer, and poet who was a leading figure of the transcendentalist movement of the 19th century. [2] In his writings, he explores nature and the Over-Soul, the universal spirit that connects all things. [3] He believed the poet represents beauty and stands at the center of the world, announcing what no one else has foretold.
T.S. Eliot's essay discusses the relationship between an individual poet's work and poetic tradition. It argues that the most individual parts of a poet's work may be where the influence of past poets is most evident. The essay also claims that a poet must have a historical sense of the whole of literature that came before them, and that new works of poetry alter the existing order and tradition of literature. Finally, it asserts that the poet's mind acts as a "receptacle" that combines various feelings and experiences into new artistic compounds, rather than directly expressing their own personality.
G.K. Chesterton takes a walk on the downs near his home with chalks and brown paper to draw pictures inspired by nature. However, upon starting to draw he realizes he has forgotten the essential white chalk. He laughs upon realizing the entire landscape is made of white chalk, allowing him to break off a piece of the chalky rock to use. Chesterton reflects on how the quality of brownness in nature inspired his artistic works, and how the white chalk represents the affirmative aspects of virtue rather than just an absence of vice.
Philip Sidney: The Golden World of English Literatureniamhdowning
This document provides a summary of key events and developments during the Renaissance period in England from the early 1500s through the late 1600s. It discusses the English Reformation under Henry VIII and the establishment of the Church of England. It also mentions the English Civil War between Royalists and Parliamentarians, as well as the Interregnum and Restoration periods. The document provides context on the Renaissance as a rebirth of classical literature and culture. It discusses key figures and developments in Renaissance humanism and the studia humanitatis curriculum. Finally, it touches on some debates around poetry and the role of imitation during this time. The overall summary is that the document outlines important political, religious, and intellectual changes in England during the Renaissance
'Psyche Art' by Swapnil - Find your Naked ColoursNakedColours
This document introduces Psyche Art, which is described as an art form that captures the true colors, thoughts, and beliefs of individuals. Psyche Art celebrates a person's identity rather than showcasing the artist's skills. It is meant to immortalize the subject and allow their soul to live on for generations. The document discusses how pieces of famous artists were previously collected as symbols of power and status, but did not capture the subject's true soul. Psyche Art aims to change this by having the subject themselves be the inspiration for the artwork.
This document discusses classical concepts of art and beauty according to Plato and Aristotle. For Plato, ideal beauty is found in eternal, unchanging forms like geometric shapes and ratios that bring order and intelligibility. Inspiration involves transmitting emotions without knowledge. Aristotle viewed poetry as creative making that represents universal truths through characters and plots. For him, exemplars depict ideal species through harmonious combinations of traits, free from individuals' defects.
This document provides an excerpt from a longer conversation about political poetry. It includes short poems and quotes from various poets discussing themes of racism, community, language, and social change. The document presents ideas for reimagining political poetry and engaging in decolonizing acts through poetic translation and writing.
This document is a collection of poems and quotes from black poets discussing issues of racism, political poetry, community, and displacement. It begins with a black poet declaring they will not remain silent about racism in America. Other poems address topics like erasing individuality through stereotypes, living with the effects of racism, generating community through poetry, and the social functions of a lack of social function in poetry. The document serves to continue a conversation about these issues through sharing poems and ideas from black poets.
This document contains several poems exploring themes of nature, loneliness, desire, and the human condition. The poems utilize vivid imagery of the natural world to depict feelings of isolation in the city and longing for a more wild, free existence. Imagery of decaying fruit and trees represents the inevitable passing of time and deterioration of the body. Overall, the poems reflect on the duality of human nature and experience through poetic language.
This document provides an introduction and summary for Ruskin's book "Elements of Drawing and Perspective". It discusses Ruskin's drawings that were exhibited in 1907, which illustrated his artistic development and teaching philosophy. It highlights passages from Ruskin's works that relate to concepts in the "Elements" book, such as proportion, accurate observation, and depicting nature. The introduction concludes with a bibliography of Ruskin's major published works.
This document discusses the concepts of taste and aesthetics from the 18th century onwards. It outlines debates around whether taste can be cultivated and the extent to which it relates to food, beauty, and other areas. It also discusses the emergence of the concept of aesthetics and how this relates to emotional responses versus rational judgments. The document provides a timeline of key thinkers such as Shaftesbury, Hutcheson, and Hume and how their works influenced debates around taste. It also examines how gender, politics, and other social factors influenced philosophies of taste over time.
“Conceit deceitful”: the painting of Hecuba and the Trojan War in The Rape of...Marianne Kimura
The document discusses Shakespeare's use of "conceits" in his works. It analyzes Lucrece's interpretation of a painting depicting the fall of Troy, noting how she develops a conceit comparing the painting's characters and plot to her own rape. The author argues this reveals Shakespeare's approach of using classical stories as conceits or allegories. Additionally, Lucrece is shown giving voice to the voiceless painted figure of Hecuba, implying artists should do the same, such as Shakespeare voicing opposition to coal through his works. In general, the document analyzes Shakespeare's aesthetic philosophy and use of conceits/allegories as a way to express social commentary and criticism.
The story is about a woman named Mrs. Mallard who is told that her husband has died in a railroad accident. She initially grieves wildly but then goes to her room alone. While sitting in an armchair by the window, she realizes that as a widow she will now be free from her husband. This realization brings her great joy, as she had not always loved her husband. However, when her husband unexpectedly returns home, still alive, the shock of this news coupled with her feelings of freedom and independence cause her to die of heart disease.
"The Astronomer-Poet of Persia and Percy Bysshe Shelley"~ Rituparna Ray Chaud...Rituparna Ray Chaudhuri
"Then to this earthen Bowl did I adjourn
My Lip the secret Well of Life to learn:
And Lip to Lip it murmur'd-"While you live
Drink!-for once dead you never shall return." "
The document is a love poem addressed to a beloved. It consists of 22 stanzas where the speaker reassures the beloved not to worry. In each stanza, the speaker says that while their body part may seem otherwise, when it comes to helping or protecting the beloved, that body part suddenly transforms into something powerful. The body parts referenced include hands, lips, teeth, shoulders, feet, eyes, fingers, eyelashes, throat, eyelids, spine, shadow, nails, bones, blood, conscience, hair, breath, and heartbeats. The overall message is a declaration of the speaker's unconditional love and dedication to the protection and care of the beloved.
The document provides notes from Italian and English literature students on the concept of infinity in the works of G. Leopardi and J. Keats. It summarizes that both poets used imagination and nature to understand and depict the infinite, though they approached it differently. Leopardi viewed the infinite as an illusion that provides temporary pleasure, while Keats found the infinite in the eternal works of classical art and the freezing of time.
The document discusses characteristics of Samuel Taylor Coleridge as a Romantic poet. It notes that he collaborated with William Wordsworth on Lyrical Ballads in 1798, which aimed to find a balance between realism and romance. The document then examines several key characteristics of Coleridge's poetry, including supernatural elements, mystery, fertile imagination, and a dream-like quality. It provides examples and analysis of how these characteristics are demonstrated in several of Coleridge's major works.
This document is a short story titled "Berenice" by Edgar Allan Poe. It is summarized in 3 sentences:
The story follows a man named Egaeus who becomes obsessed with the teeth of his cousin Berenice after she falls ill and dies. Egaeus had an unusual mental condition where he became intensely focused on trivial things. In a moment of madness, Egaeus extracts Berenice's teeth from her grave after she dies, driven by his morbid fixation and delirium.
This document provides an excerpt from the prologue of the novel Lungbarrow. It introduces a solitary figure watching fires in the city of Gallifrey from the Omega Memorial. The Hand of Omega, a sentient machine, follows and bothers him. He considers suicide by stepping off the memorial but knows the machine would save him. Agents of Rassilon approach to arrest him. He prepares to leave Gallifrey, knowing there will be no return. The prologue establishes the setting and introduces a character preparing to depart his home world against his will.
Habitability and Specters in the House of Language: Approaching (post)moderni...Margarita García Candeira
The document discusses the relationship between ghosts, reason and rationality. It argues that ghosts came to represent unreason with the rise of the Enlightenment, as empiricists sought to prove ghosts were illusions. It also discusses the link between poetry, desire and the poetic sign in Western culture. Finally, it examines the presence of nothingness in poetic language and how literature serves to continually name this void.
This document discusses an initiative by JSTOR to make nearly 500,000 scholarly works from their digital library freely available to everyone worldwide. Known as the Early Journal Content, this collection includes articles, letters and other writings published in over 200 academic journals from the 17th to early 20th centuries. JSTOR encourages sharing and redistributing this content non-commercially to increase access to important historical scholarly works.
Coleridge introduced a new technique of appreciation criticism focused on interpreting works of art rather than judging them. He believed criticism should stress the emotional effect of art and saw art as a source of moral and philosophical wisdom. His major critical work, Biographia Literaria, contained theories of poetry and examined the difference between a poem, which deals with subjects through structured language, and poetry, which deals with objects and can arouse shock through secondary imagination.
WHAT ISLITERATUREJEAN-PAUL SARTRETranslated from th.docxphilipnelson29183
WHAT IS
LITERATURE?
JEAN-PAUL SARTRE
Translated from the French
by
BERNARD FRECHTMAN
PHILOSOPHICAL LIBRARY
NEW YORK
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword
I What is Writing? 7
II Why Write? 38
III For Whom Does One Write? 67
IV Situation of the Writer in 1947 161
Index 299
FOREWORD
"If you want to engage yourself," writes a young im-
becile, "what are you waiting for? Join the Communist
Party." A great writer who engaged himself often and
disengaged himself still more often, but who has forgotten,
said to me, "The worst artists are the most engaged. Look
at the Soviet painters" An old critic gently complained,
"You want to murder literature. Contempt for belles-let-
tres is spread out insolently all through your review." A
petty mind calls me pigheaded, which for him is evidently
the highest insult. An author who barely crawled from
one war to the other and whose name sometimes awakens
languishing memories in old men accuses me of not being
concerned with immortality; he knows, thank God, any
number of people whose chief hope it is. In the eyes of
an American hack-journalist the trouble with me is that
I have not read Bergson or Freud; as for Flaubert, who
did not engage himself, it seems that he haunts me like
remorse. Smart-alecks wink at me, "And poetry? And
painting? And music? You want to engage them, too?"
And some martial spirits demand, "What's it all about?
Engaged literature? Well, it's the old socialist realism,
unless it's a revival of populism, only more aggressive."
What nonsense. They read quickly, badly, and pass
judgment before they have understood. So let's begin all
over. This doesn't amuse anyone, neither you nor me. But
we have to hit the nail on the head. And since critics
condemn me in the name of literature without ever say-
ing what they mean by that, the best answer to give them
is to examine the art of writing without prejudice. What
is writing? Why does one write? For whom? The fact is,
it seems that nobody has ever asked himself these
questions.
WHAT IS WRITING?
No, we do not want to "engage" painting, sculpture,
and music "too/
5
or at least not in the same way. And why
would we want to? When a writer of past centuries ex-
pressed an opinion about his craft, was he immediately
asked to apply it to the other arts? But today it's the thing
to do to "talk painting
55
in the argot of the musician or
the literary man and to "talk literature
55
in the argot of
the painter, as if at bottom there were only one art which
expressed itself indifferently in one or the other of these
languages, like the Spinozistic substance which is ade-
quately reflected by each of its attributes.
Doubtless, one could find at the origin of every artistic
calling a certain undifferentiated choice which circum-
stances, education, and contact with the world particu-
larized only later. Besides, there is no doubt that the arts
of a period mutually influence each other and are con-
ditioned by the same social fact.
The Stream of Consciousness: A Cerebration of PoetryJinglyNama
An amateur prose writer strays into the dangerous wilderness of Verse- and lives to tell the tale.
A gripping narrative on the mysteries and dangers of casual rhyme.
G.K. Chesterton takes a walk on the downs near his home with chalks and brown paper to draw pictures inspired by nature. However, upon starting to draw he realizes he has forgotten the essential white chalk. He laughs upon realizing the entire landscape is made of white chalk, allowing him to break off a piece of the chalky rock to use. Chesterton reflects on how the quality of brownness in nature inspired his artistic works, and how the white chalk represents the affirmative aspects of virtue rather than just an absence of vice.
Philip Sidney: The Golden World of English Literatureniamhdowning
This document provides a summary of key events and developments during the Renaissance period in England from the early 1500s through the late 1600s. It discusses the English Reformation under Henry VIII and the establishment of the Church of England. It also mentions the English Civil War between Royalists and Parliamentarians, as well as the Interregnum and Restoration periods. The document provides context on the Renaissance as a rebirth of classical literature and culture. It discusses key figures and developments in Renaissance humanism and the studia humanitatis curriculum. Finally, it touches on some debates around poetry and the role of imitation during this time. The overall summary is that the document outlines important political, religious, and intellectual changes in England during the Renaissance
'Psyche Art' by Swapnil - Find your Naked ColoursNakedColours
This document introduces Psyche Art, which is described as an art form that captures the true colors, thoughts, and beliefs of individuals. Psyche Art celebrates a person's identity rather than showcasing the artist's skills. It is meant to immortalize the subject and allow their soul to live on for generations. The document discusses how pieces of famous artists were previously collected as symbols of power and status, but did not capture the subject's true soul. Psyche Art aims to change this by having the subject themselves be the inspiration for the artwork.
This document discusses classical concepts of art and beauty according to Plato and Aristotle. For Plato, ideal beauty is found in eternal, unchanging forms like geometric shapes and ratios that bring order and intelligibility. Inspiration involves transmitting emotions without knowledge. Aristotle viewed poetry as creative making that represents universal truths through characters and plots. For him, exemplars depict ideal species through harmonious combinations of traits, free from individuals' defects.
This document provides an excerpt from a longer conversation about political poetry. It includes short poems and quotes from various poets discussing themes of racism, community, language, and social change. The document presents ideas for reimagining political poetry and engaging in decolonizing acts through poetic translation and writing.
This document is a collection of poems and quotes from black poets discussing issues of racism, political poetry, community, and displacement. It begins with a black poet declaring they will not remain silent about racism in America. Other poems address topics like erasing individuality through stereotypes, living with the effects of racism, generating community through poetry, and the social functions of a lack of social function in poetry. The document serves to continue a conversation about these issues through sharing poems and ideas from black poets.
This document contains several poems exploring themes of nature, loneliness, desire, and the human condition. The poems utilize vivid imagery of the natural world to depict feelings of isolation in the city and longing for a more wild, free existence. Imagery of decaying fruit and trees represents the inevitable passing of time and deterioration of the body. Overall, the poems reflect on the duality of human nature and experience through poetic language.
This document provides an introduction and summary for Ruskin's book "Elements of Drawing and Perspective". It discusses Ruskin's drawings that were exhibited in 1907, which illustrated his artistic development and teaching philosophy. It highlights passages from Ruskin's works that relate to concepts in the "Elements" book, such as proportion, accurate observation, and depicting nature. The introduction concludes with a bibliography of Ruskin's major published works.
This document discusses the concepts of taste and aesthetics from the 18th century onwards. It outlines debates around whether taste can be cultivated and the extent to which it relates to food, beauty, and other areas. It also discusses the emergence of the concept of aesthetics and how this relates to emotional responses versus rational judgments. The document provides a timeline of key thinkers such as Shaftesbury, Hutcheson, and Hume and how their works influenced debates around taste. It also examines how gender, politics, and other social factors influenced philosophies of taste over time.
“Conceit deceitful”: the painting of Hecuba and the Trojan War in The Rape of...Marianne Kimura
The document discusses Shakespeare's use of "conceits" in his works. It analyzes Lucrece's interpretation of a painting depicting the fall of Troy, noting how she develops a conceit comparing the painting's characters and plot to her own rape. The author argues this reveals Shakespeare's approach of using classical stories as conceits or allegories. Additionally, Lucrece is shown giving voice to the voiceless painted figure of Hecuba, implying artists should do the same, such as Shakespeare voicing opposition to coal through his works. In general, the document analyzes Shakespeare's aesthetic philosophy and use of conceits/allegories as a way to express social commentary and criticism.
The story is about a woman named Mrs. Mallard who is told that her husband has died in a railroad accident. She initially grieves wildly but then goes to her room alone. While sitting in an armchair by the window, she realizes that as a widow she will now be free from her husband. This realization brings her great joy, as she had not always loved her husband. However, when her husband unexpectedly returns home, still alive, the shock of this news coupled with her feelings of freedom and independence cause her to die of heart disease.
"The Astronomer-Poet of Persia and Percy Bysshe Shelley"~ Rituparna Ray Chaud...Rituparna Ray Chaudhuri
"Then to this earthen Bowl did I adjourn
My Lip the secret Well of Life to learn:
And Lip to Lip it murmur'd-"While you live
Drink!-for once dead you never shall return." "
The document is a love poem addressed to a beloved. It consists of 22 stanzas where the speaker reassures the beloved not to worry. In each stanza, the speaker says that while their body part may seem otherwise, when it comes to helping or protecting the beloved, that body part suddenly transforms into something powerful. The body parts referenced include hands, lips, teeth, shoulders, feet, eyes, fingers, eyelashes, throat, eyelids, spine, shadow, nails, bones, blood, conscience, hair, breath, and heartbeats. The overall message is a declaration of the speaker's unconditional love and dedication to the protection and care of the beloved.
The document provides notes from Italian and English literature students on the concept of infinity in the works of G. Leopardi and J. Keats. It summarizes that both poets used imagination and nature to understand and depict the infinite, though they approached it differently. Leopardi viewed the infinite as an illusion that provides temporary pleasure, while Keats found the infinite in the eternal works of classical art and the freezing of time.
The document discusses characteristics of Samuel Taylor Coleridge as a Romantic poet. It notes that he collaborated with William Wordsworth on Lyrical Ballads in 1798, which aimed to find a balance between realism and romance. The document then examines several key characteristics of Coleridge's poetry, including supernatural elements, mystery, fertile imagination, and a dream-like quality. It provides examples and analysis of how these characteristics are demonstrated in several of Coleridge's major works.
This document is a short story titled "Berenice" by Edgar Allan Poe. It is summarized in 3 sentences:
The story follows a man named Egaeus who becomes obsessed with the teeth of his cousin Berenice after she falls ill and dies. Egaeus had an unusual mental condition where he became intensely focused on trivial things. In a moment of madness, Egaeus extracts Berenice's teeth from her grave after she dies, driven by his morbid fixation and delirium.
This document provides an excerpt from the prologue of the novel Lungbarrow. It introduces a solitary figure watching fires in the city of Gallifrey from the Omega Memorial. The Hand of Omega, a sentient machine, follows and bothers him. He considers suicide by stepping off the memorial but knows the machine would save him. Agents of Rassilon approach to arrest him. He prepares to leave Gallifrey, knowing there will be no return. The prologue establishes the setting and introduces a character preparing to depart his home world against his will.
Habitability and Specters in the House of Language: Approaching (post)moderni...Margarita García Candeira
The document discusses the relationship between ghosts, reason and rationality. It argues that ghosts came to represent unreason with the rise of the Enlightenment, as empiricists sought to prove ghosts were illusions. It also discusses the link between poetry, desire and the poetic sign in Western culture. Finally, it examines the presence of nothingness in poetic language and how literature serves to continually name this void.
This document discusses an initiative by JSTOR to make nearly 500,000 scholarly works from their digital library freely available to everyone worldwide. Known as the Early Journal Content, this collection includes articles, letters and other writings published in over 200 academic journals from the 17th to early 20th centuries. JSTOR encourages sharing and redistributing this content non-commercially to increase access to important historical scholarly works.
Coleridge introduced a new technique of appreciation criticism focused on interpreting works of art rather than judging them. He believed criticism should stress the emotional effect of art and saw art as a source of moral and philosophical wisdom. His major critical work, Biographia Literaria, contained theories of poetry and examined the difference between a poem, which deals with subjects through structured language, and poetry, which deals with objects and can arouse shock through secondary imagination.
WHAT ISLITERATUREJEAN-PAUL SARTRETranslated from th.docxphilipnelson29183
WHAT IS
LITERATURE?
JEAN-PAUL SARTRE
Translated from the French
by
BERNARD FRECHTMAN
PHILOSOPHICAL LIBRARY
NEW YORK
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword
I What is Writing? 7
II Why Write? 38
III For Whom Does One Write? 67
IV Situation of the Writer in 1947 161
Index 299
FOREWORD
"If you want to engage yourself," writes a young im-
becile, "what are you waiting for? Join the Communist
Party." A great writer who engaged himself often and
disengaged himself still more often, but who has forgotten,
said to me, "The worst artists are the most engaged. Look
at the Soviet painters" An old critic gently complained,
"You want to murder literature. Contempt for belles-let-
tres is spread out insolently all through your review." A
petty mind calls me pigheaded, which for him is evidently
the highest insult. An author who barely crawled from
one war to the other and whose name sometimes awakens
languishing memories in old men accuses me of not being
concerned with immortality; he knows, thank God, any
number of people whose chief hope it is. In the eyes of
an American hack-journalist the trouble with me is that
I have not read Bergson or Freud; as for Flaubert, who
did not engage himself, it seems that he haunts me like
remorse. Smart-alecks wink at me, "And poetry? And
painting? And music? You want to engage them, too?"
And some martial spirits demand, "What's it all about?
Engaged literature? Well, it's the old socialist realism,
unless it's a revival of populism, only more aggressive."
What nonsense. They read quickly, badly, and pass
judgment before they have understood. So let's begin all
over. This doesn't amuse anyone, neither you nor me. But
we have to hit the nail on the head. And since critics
condemn me in the name of literature without ever say-
ing what they mean by that, the best answer to give them
is to examine the art of writing without prejudice. What
is writing? Why does one write? For whom? The fact is,
it seems that nobody has ever asked himself these
questions.
WHAT IS WRITING?
No, we do not want to "engage" painting, sculpture,
and music "too/
5
or at least not in the same way. And why
would we want to? When a writer of past centuries ex-
pressed an opinion about his craft, was he immediately
asked to apply it to the other arts? But today it's the thing
to do to "talk painting
55
in the argot of the musician or
the literary man and to "talk literature
55
in the argot of
the painter, as if at bottom there were only one art which
expressed itself indifferently in one or the other of these
languages, like the Spinozistic substance which is ade-
quately reflected by each of its attributes.
Doubtless, one could find at the origin of every artistic
calling a certain undifferentiated choice which circum-
stances, education, and contact with the world particu-
larized only later. Besides, there is no doubt that the arts
of a period mutually influence each other and are con-
ditioned by the same social fact.
The Stream of Consciousness: A Cerebration of PoetryJinglyNama
An amateur prose writer strays into the dangerous wilderness of Verse- and lives to tell the tale.
A gripping narrative on the mysteries and dangers of casual rhyme.
Avant-Garde and Kitsch One and the same civilization produ.docxcelenarouzie
This document summarizes and analyzes the relationship between avant-garde art and kitsch. It argues that avant-garde art, which seeks to innovate and push artistic boundaries, emerged in response to increasing doubts about social norms and values, but now relies on support from a shrinking elite class. Meanwhile, kitsch or commercial popular art emerged to entertain the new urban masses through easily digestible formulas, threatening the future of challenging art forms. Overall, the document examines how social and economic changes have impacted both high and low artistic cultures.
This document summarizes the typical literary development of a writer from early idealism to greater social awareness and responsibility. It begins by discussing how writers initially focus on beauty, style and abstraction, but through experience of world events and societal problems, their work takes on greater depth and addresses issues of justice, truth and social reform. The document uses the example of Teodoro Kalaw to illustrate this shift from a young "columnist" focused on aesthetics to a more mature writer addressing politics and society. It warns that indifference or cynicism are dangers for writers, but sensitivity coupled with strong principles can guide them to use their skills and platform to positively influence society.
This document is a curated collection of artist profiles and statements. It features brief biographies and descriptions of the artistic practices and interests of 14 different visionary artists. Their works explore themes like altered states of consciousness, sacred geometry, mythology, dreams, and the imagination. The artists use a variety of media including painting, sculpture, digital art, and mixed media to create imaginative and symbolic visions.
This document provides a detailed analysis of the poem "Lady Lazarus" by Sylvia Plath. It begins with an introduction to the poem and its themes of suicide and Holocaust imagery. It then analyzes the text and imagery in detail. The analysis explores Plath's likely intentions in writing the poem as an expression of anger and frustration, as well as a representation of universal female protest. It examines the poem's style and its use of colloquial language to portray the speaker's pain and disintegration.
This document discusses the concept of perception and representation through a dialogue between Roy and Coyote. Coyote tells a story about tricking a trader to illustrate that perception is tricky. He argues that we do not directly perceive the world, but that something comes between our perceptions and reality. Roy is skeptical but engaged in the discussion. Coyote maintains that perception involves tricks and illusions that reveal the beginnings of knowledge, not its end.
Air GuitarDave Hickey(from Air Guitar Essays on Art and.docxgalerussel59292
Air Guitar
Dave Hickey
(from Air Guitar: Essays on Art and Democracy, Art issues. Press, 1997)
Colleagues of mine will tell you that people despise critics because they fear our power. But I
know better. People despise critics because people despise weakness, and criticism is the weakest
thing you can do in writing. It is the written equivalent of air guitar—flurries of silent,
sympathetic gestures with nothing at their heart but the memory of the music. It produces no
knowledge, states no facts, and never stands alone. It neither saves the things we love (as we
would wish them saved) nor ruins the things we hate. Edinburgh Review could not destroy John
Keats, nor Diderot Boucher, nor Ruskin Whistler; and I like that about it. It’s a loser’s game, and
everybody knows it. Even ordinary citizens, when they discover you’re a critic, respond as they
would to a mortuary cosmetician—vaguely repelled by what you do yet infinitely curious as to
how you came to be doing it. So, when asked, I always confess that I am an art critic today
because, as a very young person, I set out to become a writer—and did so with a profoundly
defective idea of what writing does and what it entails.
Specifically, I embarked upon a career in writing blithely undismayed by the fact that, as a writer,
I was primarily interested in that which writing obliterates: in the living atmosphere of all that is
shown, seen, touched, felt, smelled, heard, spoken, or sung. I knew this was a peculiar obsession,
of course, but I thought writers were supposed to be peculiar. I thought it was just a “problem,”
that it could be solved, and that, once solved, the enigmatic whoosh of ordinary experience would
become my “great subject”—that I could then proceed to celebrate the ravishing complexity and
sheer intellectual pleasure of simply being alive in the present moment forever after. I thought.
So I began by writing poems, quickly shifted to fiction, abandoned that for pharmaceutically
assisted pastiche, and abandoned that for gonzo reportage—always trying to get out of the book,
trying to get closer to the moment, and always floating farther from it, slamming myself up
against the fact that writing, even the best writing, invariably suppresses and displaces the greater
and more intimate part of any experience that it seeks to express. Ultimately, I would be forced to
admit that all the volumes of Proust were nothing, quantitatively, compared to the twenty-minute
experience of eating breakfast on a spring morning at a Denny’s in Mobile—and that the more
authoritatively and extensively I sought to encode such an experience, the more profoundly it was
obliterated from the immediacy of memory and transported into the imaginary realm of
remembrance, invested with identity, shorn of utility, and polished up as an object of delectation.
I would begin, every time, trying to approximate some fragment of that enigmatic whoosh and
end up, every time, inevitably, writing an edited, imaginary ve.
This document provides an analysis of Mexican artist Francisco Toledo and his artistic style. It discusses how Toledo draws from both his indigenous Zapotec roots and influences from modern art movements like surrealism. While his work acknowledges his Mexican and indigenous heritage, it is done using a universal artistic language influenced by artists like Picasso, Tamayo, and Klee. The analysis describes Toledo's work as creating new worlds and perspectives through metaphor and symbolism. His art blends the natural and spiritual realms through techniques like metamorphosis and the use of masks. Overall, the document examines how Toledo's work combines pre-Hispanic and modern influences to propose a new vision of the world and humanity's
The document discusses several works of art including a bronze sculpture of Shiva as Nataraja from 1000 CE, Vincent van Gogh's Starry Night from 1889, and Juan de Valdés Leal's Vanitas painting from 1672. It explains that visual perception is subjective and influenced by factors like personal experience, culture, and knowledge. Works of art can mean different things to different people and our understanding can change over time as we learn more. The document emphasizes close observation of details in works of art to understand the artist's message.
Critical Aesthetics: Race, Class, Gender and Cultural Capital in Art and DesignTony Ward
This document provides an introduction to critical aesthetics. It discusses how aesthetics is usually associated with perceptions of beauty in artworks. It analyzes several famous artworks and discusses how they came to be considered beautiful and significant. It notes that art has the ability to reveal insights about the world and help people understand complex issues. The document then discusses how gnomes and other folk art objects found in everyday places can also be considered art and provoke reflection on human experiences and society. It analyzes several examples of unique homes and gardens created by ordinary people using found objects. It argues these works embody a creative spirit and philosophy shared by famous artists like Gaudi, who incorporated objects from local people into his distinctive architectural works in Barcelona
It is only myth that Marxism is a scientific ideology,which absolutely denies Religion in its all forms; and there is culmination of Hegel's philosophy in its material reformation.This fallacious propaganda is due to ignorance or bias; because Marx had been not only the follower, but religious missionary of Epicureanism. He adopted the dialectical idiom of Hegel,only to address more widely the educated masses in his Europe, and conceal his Epicurean zeal of religion in the cover of devious language and terms.
The Marxists in Pakistan are ridiculously lagging behind the world thinking after Marx, like Sunni Muslim world after the fall of Baghdad. Their psychology has been fossilized; and they fear to come out of kangaroo pouch of Marx and Lenin. They live in their cherished dream of the Soviet Union and Stalin.They do not want to open their eye in the daylight of living world and its real demands.To revive into existence the ghost of Bolshevism in Pakistan is their sweet object of mutilated efforts.
The document discusses the concept of fetishism and the sublime in relation to art objects. It explores how art objects can take on magical or spiritual qualities beyond their material existence and how this relates to humans' innate desire for transcendence. Several artworks are examined that trigger profound reactions and have taken on iconic status due to their ability to inspire awe or shock in viewers. Experts in fields like art, economics and perception are proposed to discuss these ideas further in a panel format.
This document provides context and analysis of Roger White's final collection of poetry titled "The Language of There". It discusses the significance of 1992 as both the 100th anniversary of Baha'u'llah's ascension and a time of spiritual renewal referred to in messages from the Universal House of Justice. White published two final works that year before passing away in 1993. The document examines themes in White's last poems, including reflections on the afterlife, and analyzes how his poetry evolved over his career to convey optimism, humility and joy even in addressing death. It highlights the appeal and impact of White's final works in continuing to stimulate readers and convey spiritual truths through his distinctive style until the very end.
This document contains summaries of two artworks:
1) "Self-Portrait with Vanitas Symbols" by David Bailly from 1651. It blurs the lines between portrait and still life by including portraits within the still life arrangement, symbolizing the transience of life.
2) "Grayground" by contemporary Filipino artist Ronald Ventura from 2011. It depicts chaotic scenes with forces represented by horses going in opposite directions and figures in the void. It emphasizes the tension that occurs when two realms are in reverse. Ventura is known for blending realism, cartoons and graffiti in his works exploring themes of national identity in the Philippines.
This document provides an overview and summary of the author's book "Dead People on Holiday". The book explores philosophical ideas about humanity and existence. It discusses how people strive for happiness and meaning, yet true happiness is fleeting and found in overcoming adversity, not in constant contentment. It also examines ideas of individuality, conformity, and finding purpose as a solitary being rather than only among crowds. The author questions society's obsession with positivity and fulfillment at all costs.
In the Saturn-Gnosis the planet and archetype of Saturnus is the focal point for the manifestation of the Demiurge.
Saturnus is seen as the breaker of cosmic order and unity - thus he instituted death, causing regeneration and change to come into being. Thus in many ways Saturnus is identical with Prometheus of Greek tradition, and is certainly to be identified as well with the Serpent of Paradise.
―Fire & Ice, 1995
NOTE: Pandora/Prometheus are moons of Saturn. It's the beast, AI psycho, binary logic, man's brain, carnal mind, ego/intellect, serpent/ouroboros, 666, evil, blind machine controlling & being controlled by the material world. The old man devouring the child. The superego that denies the timeless now of paradise. The figleaf crime against love. The external power structure people obey. Saturn governs measurements which is how science/technology are developed, by quantifying/rationalizing. It's everything costs money (debt/sin). Time=Money=Kronos. Today numbers are nothing but a control device to oppress life with time. Leary/RAW said "The Promethean brain thinks its thoughts are reality" and so money is thought to be real. Vaneigem said "Prometheus/Lucifer stem from the intellect" whose reason enslaves, justifying hierarchy, slavery, religion, government, etc.
Saturn is the opposite to Jupiter; his symbol is the cross above the sign of Luna. He is the Satan, the Tempter, or rather the Tester. His function is to chastise and tame the unruly passions in the primitive man.
―Freemasonry & the Ancient Gods
NOTE: This is the function of civilization (i.e. end times market economy or Sodom/Babylon which is not God's Kingdom or the New Atlantis mankind must create), of police, prison & punishment. The origin of guilt over one's own desires/body which is how to gain power over others to put them to work. Patriarchy enabled by agriculture (in Japanese Saturn is called Dosei the soil star). The devil creates vicious cycles: laws/punishments which are the opposite of Christ's love/forgiveness. The self-destructive pattern behavior of the herd which doesn't know what it does or why it's doing it. Religion/Tradition. The symbol means that the soul (half-circle) is oppressed under matter (cross). Saturn is toxic lead: EGO.
In ancient times it has been called The Great Malefic which was opposed to Jupiter The Great Benefic. Saturn is esoterically associated with man’s limitations, restrictions, death & decay. His Greek name was Kronos the ruler of time, time being the main factor inevitably leading to the death of mortals.
NOTE: Saturn & Jupiter will merge. Love will tame the machine, creating a Golden Age.
Alan Harrington said the devil copies nature, this is technology's purpose. Intellect forms matter into computers that show us the spirit. Gene therapy cures aging processes. We cross the Threshold to Uranus, Heaven & the Sun, Freedom, Gold.
Saturn as Kabbalistic BINAH can be positive: individuality/originality/creativity.
This document discusses the Victorian art critic and writer John Ruskin. It describes him as an influential English critic of art, architecture, and society in the 19th century who helped inspire the Gothic Revival and Arts and Crafts movements. The document outlines Ruskin's praise of contemporary artists like Turner and the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. It also discusses Ruskin's contributions to 19th century discussions around fantasy, the grotesque, and pictorial symbolism.
This document is the preface to the second edition of Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte. It thanks the public, the press, and her publishers for their support of her novel. Bronte acknowledges those who encouraged her as an unknown author. She also addresses critics who doubted the tendency of her book, suggesting they make distinctions between conventionality and morality, and appearances and truth. The preface concludes by dedicating the second edition to William Makepeace Thackeray, praising his talents as a novelist.
This document provides an overview of Walter Pater and his influential 1873 work Studies in the History of the Renaissance. Some key points:
- Pater was an Oxford scholar who studied Greek philosophy and published Studies in the History of the Renaissance in 1873, seen as manifesto of aestheticism.
- The book explored how 15th/16th century Italian culture embodied qualities Victorians wanted to appropriate, like classical scholarship and valuing individualism.
- It promoted embracing sensory experiences and momentary pleasures over fixed moral or religious principles, generating controversy.
- Pater's work influenced Oscar Wilde and notions of "art for art's sake," though some critiqued it for espousing a theory
This document provides biographical information about Mariana Freijomil Seoane, an art history instructor. It outlines her education background, professional experience teaching art history and languages, and personal interests. The document then discusses the course she will be teaching on famous 20th century artists who pioneered surrealism and early modernism, focusing on Spanish artists Pablo Picasso, Salvador Dali, and Joan Miro. Students will analyze the artists' works and how their styles were influenced by cultural and philosophical movements of the time period. Requirements for evaluations such as exams, projects, and participation are also outlined.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
Surrealism was an art movement that began in the 1920s in Paris and was influenced by Dada and psychoanalysis. It aimed to express unconscious thoughts through automatic techniques and dream imagery. The founder, André Breton, advocated liberating imagination from rational constraints. Surrealists drew inspiration from the psychological theories of Sigmund Freud and aimed to challenge norms of perception through juxtaposing unexpected images. Major surrealist artists included René Magritte, Salvador Dalí, and Hans Arp who created works exploring dreams, desires, and the unconscious through figurative and abstract styles.
The document describes the "trencadís" technique used in Antoni Gaudí's architectural works. Trencadís involves creating a mosaic using broken pieces of ceramic tiles joined with mortar. Josep Maria Jujol first used this technique on the entrance of Casa Güell in Barcelona, as whole tiles could not be used for the winding architecture. The document provides details on how Jujol sourced and arranged the ceramic pieces to create colorful, textured surfaces that complemented Gaudí's organic architectural forms.
Lluís Domènech i Montaner was a Catalan architect born in 1850 in Barcelona who is considered essential in defining Modernismo architecture in Catalonia. His most notable works included the Hospital de Sant Pau in Barcelona, completed between 1905-1910, and the Palau de la Música Catalana, completed in 1908. Domènech i Montaner's style was influenced by his studies in Germany and combined rationality and ornamentation inspired by Hispano-Arabic architecture, using materials like brick, iron, glass and ceramics. His buildings evolved separately from Gaudi's to be increasingly lighter and less solid structures.
El documento habla sobre el trencadís, un tipo de mosaico realizado con fragmentos de cerámica unidos con argamasa. Los arquitectos catalanes del modernismo utilizaban baldosas cerámicas, pero Antoni Gaudí propuso el trencadís, el cual era realizado con piezas de rechazo y fragmentos de platos y tazas blancos. Josep Maria Jujol aplicó esta técnica por primera vez en la entrada de la finca Güell de Barcelona, donde la arquitectura sinuosa requería romper baldosas.
Antoni Gaudí was a prominent Spanish architect during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He is known for his highly original designs that drew inspiration from nature and other architectural styles. Some of Gaudí's most notable early works included Casa Vicens, Palau Güell, and the Crypt of Colònia Güell, which featured innovative structural elements like parabolic arches and catenary vaults. During this period, Gaudí experimented with different materials and styles, integrating influences from Gothic, Mudejar, and other traditions. He is especially renowned for his masterwork, the Sagrada Família basilica in Barcelona, which he spent over 40 years designing and developing
Este documento describe la vida y obra del arquitecto modernista Antoni Gaudí. Detalla sus primeros trabajos desde 1878 hasta 1883, donde experimentó con diferentes estilos como el neogótico y el eclecticismo. También habla de algunas de sus obras más importantes realizadas entre 1883 y 1900, como la Casa Vicens, el Palacio Güell y el Convento de las Teresianas, donde se aprecia la influencia de estilos árabes y mudéjares.
El documento resume las características principales del Plan Cerdà de 1859 para la expansión de Barcelona. El plan promovía una ciudad igualitaria y científicamente planificada con calles rectas y paralelas para mejorar la movilidad y la salubridad pública. Las manzanas internas contarían con jardines y árboles para mejorar la calidad de vida de los residentes. Sin embargo, la especulación inmobiliaria y la oposición a la visión racional del plan llevaron a la construcción más densa y la pérdida de los
The document summarizes the key aspects of the Cerdá Plan from 1859 for expanding Barcelona. It laid out an egalitarian design with straight, perpendicular streets and blocks surrounded by gardens and trees for sanitation. Each block would have a central garden and multi-family buildings around its perimeter to provide light and ventilation to all homes. The plan aimed to balance urban and rural values but speculative development later eliminated gardens and increased building heights and densities against Cerdá's vision.
El documento resume las características principales del Plan Cerdà de 1859 para la expansión de Barcelona. El plan promovía una ciudad igualitaria y científicamente planificada con calles rectas y paralelas para una mejor movilidad y condiciones higiénicas. Las manzanas internas contarían con jardines y árboles para mejorar la calidad de vida de los residentes. Sin embargo, la especulación inmobiliaria y la oposición a la visión de Cerdà llevaron a modificaciones no planificadas del diseño original.
3.3. demolición de las murallas y plan cerdà inglésHome
Ildefons Cerdà was commissioned to plan the expansion of Barcelona after the city's walls were demolished in 1854-1868. He created a topographic map of the plain in 1855 and his expansion plan was approved in 1859, though it was unpopular locally. The plan connected Barcelona with surrounding towns and included orderly urban planning with blocks and streets laid out in a grid. Other architects like Garriga I Roca and competition winner Antoni Rovira i Trias also proposed expansion plans before Cerdà's was accepted due to approval from Madrid authorities.
The document summarizes the origins and growth of the calico industry in Barcelona, which helped drive industrialization in the region. It describes how the first steam-powered factory was introduced in Barcelona in 1833, sparking the industrial revolution in Spain. As industries grew, they began moving outside the city walls to municipalities on the Plain of Barcelona like Sant Marti, El Poblenou, and Sants. By the late 19th century, Barcelona had experienced a transformation with the growth of industries and factories across the city and merging of surrounding towns.
3.3. demolición de las murallas y plan cerdà españolHome
Ildefons Cerdà diseñó el Plan de Ensanche de Barcelona en 1859 después de que las murallas fueran demolidas en 1854. Miquel Garriga i Roca creó mapas detallados del centro histórico dividido en barrios llamados "quarterons". Antoni Rovira i Trias ganó el concurso de 1858 para expandir Barcelona, aunque su plan no se implementó. Cerdà propuso una red ortogonal de manzanas que sigue siendo la base de la ciudad moderna.
The document summarizes the origins and growth of the calico industry in Barcelona, which helped drive industrialization in the region. It describes how the first steam-powered factory was introduced in Barcelona in 1833, sparking the industrial revolution in Spain. As industries grew, they began moving outside the city walls to municipalities on the Plain of Barcelona like Sant Marti, El Poblenou, and Sants. By the late 19th century, Barcelona had experienced a transformation with the growth of industries and factories across the city and merging of surrounding towns.
3.3. demolición de las murallas y plan cerdà inglésHome
Ildefons Cerdà was commissioned to plan the expansion of Barcelona after the city's walls were demolished in 1854-1868. He created a topographic map of the plain in 1855 and his expansion plan was approved in 1859, though it was unpopular locally. The plan connected Barcelona with surrounding towns and included orderly urban planning with blocks and streets laid out in a grid. Other architects like Garriga I Roca and competition winner Antoni Rovira i Trias also proposed expansion plans before Cerdà's was accepted due to approval from Madrid authorities.
The document summarizes architectural changes and movements in the 19th century, a period of significant political, social, and economic transformations in Europe. Key developments included the demolition of city walls and reforms to urban planning in major cities like Barcelona, Paris, and Vienna. Architecture during this time moved away from unified styles and increasingly focused on functionality, using new materials like glass, iron, and concrete. Historicism and Eclecticism drew inspiration from old styles, while Art Nouveau emerged around 1890 as an international style that incorporated natural and organic motifs into design. Major architectural works represented different national variations of this style across Europe.
La industrialización tuvo un gran auge en Cataluña y Barcelona en particular durante los siglos XVIII y XIX. La industria textil, especialmente la producción de telas de algodón estampadas, fue clave en el desarrollo inicial. La primera fábrica con máquina de vapor se estableció en Barcelona en 1833. Para mediados del siglo XIX, el crecimiento industrial llevó a prohibir nuevas fábricas en el interior de la ciudad, expandiéndose la industrialización a municipios cercanos como Sant Martí, Sants y Grà
El documento describe los cambios arquitectónicos que ocurrieron en Europa durante el siglo XIX. Se dividió la arquitectura entre la ingeniería, enfocada en materiales nuevos y funcionalidad, y la arquitectura historicista, enfocada en estilos del pasado. Además, se mencionan reformas urbanísticas como la de París y Barcelona y estilos como el Neoclásico, el Historicismo, y el Modernismo/Art Nouveau a finales del siglo XIX.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
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1. Dada Manifesto (1918)
The magic of a word - DADA - which for journalists has opened the door to an unforeseen
world, has for us not the slightest importance.
To launch a manifesto you have to want: A.B. & C., and fulminate against 1, 2, & 3, work
yourself up and sharpen you wings to conquer and circulate lower and upper case As, Bs & Cs,
sign, shout, swear, organise prose into a form that is absolutely and irrefutably obvious, prove
its ne plus ultra and maintain that novelty resembles life in the same way as the latest apparition
of a harlot proves the essence of God. His existence had already been proved by the accordion,
the landscape and soft words. * To impose one's A.B.C. is only natural - and therefore
regrettable. Everyone does it in the form of a crystalbluff-madonna, or a monetary system, or
pharmaceutical preparations, a naked leg being the invitation to an ardent and sterile Spring.
The love of novelty is a pleasant sort of cross, it's evidence of a naive don't-give-a-damn
attitude, a passing, positive, sign without rhyme or reason. But this need is out of date, too. By
giving art the impetus of supreme simplicity - novelty - we are being human and true in relation
to innocent pleasures; impulsive and vibrant n order to crucify boredom. At the lighted
crossroads, alert, attentive, lying in wait for years, in the forest.
I am writing a manifesto and there's nothing I want, and yet I'm saying certain things, and in
principle I am against manifestos, as I am against principles (quantifying measures of the moral
value of every phrase - too easy; approximation was invested by the impressionists).
I'm writing this manifesto to show that you can perform contrary actions at the same time, in one
single, fresh breath; I am against action; as for continual contradiction, and affirmation too, I am
neither for nor against them, and I won't explain myself because I hate common sense.
DADA - this is a word that throws up ideas so that they can be shot down; every bourgeois is a
little playwright, who invents different subjects and who, instead of situating suitable characters
on the level of his own intelligence, like chrysalises on chairs, tries to find causes or objects
(according to whichever psychoanalytic method he practices) to give weight to his plot, a talking
and self-defining story. *
Every spectator is a plotter, if he tries to explain a word (to know!) From his padded refuge of
serpentine complications, he allows his instincts to be manipulated. Whence the sorrows of
conjugal life.
To be plain: The amusement of redbellies in the mills of empty skulls.
DADA DOES NOT MEAN ANYTHING
If we consider it futile, and if we don't waste our time over a word that doesn't mean anything...
The first thought that comes to these minds is of a bacteriological order: at least to discover its
etymological, historical or psychological meaning. We read in the papers that the negroes of the
2. Kroo race call the tail of a sacred cow: DADA. A cube, and a mother, in a certain region of Italy,
are called: DADA. The word for a hobby horse, a children's nurse, a double affirmative in
Russian and Romanian, is also: DADA. Some learned journalists see it as an art for babies,
other Jesuscallingthelittlechildrenuntohim saints see it as a return to an unemotional and noisy
primitivism - noise and monotonous. A sensitivity cannot be built on the basis of a word; every
sort of construction converges into a boring sort of perfection, a stagnant idea of a golden
swamp, a relative human product. A work of art shouldn't be beauty per se, because it is dead;
neither gay nor sad, neither light nor dark; it is to rejoice or maltreat individualities to serve them
up the cakes of sainted haloes or the sweat of a meandering chase through the atmosphere. A
work of art is never beautiful, by decree, objectively, for everyone. Criticism is, therefore,
useless; it only exists subjectively, for every individual, and without the slightest general
characteristic. Do people imagine they have found the psychic basis common to all humanity?
The attempt of Jesus, and the Bible, conceal, under their ample, benevolent wings: shit, animals
and days. How can anyone hope to order the chaos that constitutes that infinite, formless
variation: man? The principle: "Love thy neighbour" is hypocrisy. "Know thyself" is utopian, but
more acceptable because it includes malice. No pity. After the carnage we are left with the hope
of a purified humanity. I always speak about myself because I don't want to convince, and I
have no right to drag others in my wake, I'm not compelling anyone to follow me, because
everyone makes his art in his own way, if he knows anything about the joy that rises like an
arrow up to the astral strata, or that which descends into the mines stewn with the flowers of
corpses and fertile spasms. Stalactites: look everywhere for them, in creches magnified by pain,
eyes as white as angels' hares. Thus DADA was born1 , out of a need for independence, out of
mistrust for the community. People who join us keep their freedom. We don't accept any
theories. We've had enough of the cubist and futurist academies: laboratories of formal ideas.
Do we make art in order to earn money and keep the dear bourgeoisie happy? Rhymes have
the smack of money, and inflexion slides along the line of the stomach in profile. Every group of
artists has ended up at this bank, straddling various comets. Leaving the door open to the
possibility of wallowing in comfort and food.
Here we are dropping our anchor in fertile ground.
Here we really know what we are talking about, because we have experienced the trembling
and the awakening. Drunk with energy, we are revenants thrusting the trident into heedless
flesh. We are streams of curses in the tropical abundance of vertiginous vegetation, resin and
rain is our sweat, we bleed and burn with thirst, our blood is strength.
Cubism was born out of a simple manner of looking at objects: Cezanne painted a cup twenty
centimetres lower than his eyes, the cubists look at it from above, others complicate it
appearance by cutting a vertical section through it and soberly placing it to one side (I'm not
forgetting the creators, nor the seminal reasons of unformed matter that they rendered
3. definitive). * The futurist sees the same cup in movement, a succession of objects side by side,
mischievously embellished by a few guide-lines. This doesn't stop the canvas being either a
good or a bad painting destined to form an investment for intellectual capital. The new painter
creates a world whose elements are also its means, a sober, definitive, irrefutable work. The
new artist protests: he no longer paints (symbolic and illusionistic reproduction) but creates
directly in stone, wood, iron, tin, rocks, or locomotive structures capable of being spun in all
directions by the limpid wind of the momentary sensation. * Every pictorial or plastic work is
unnecessary , even if it is a monster which terrifies servile minds, and not a sickly-sweet object
to adorn the refectories of animals in human garb, those illustrations of the sad fable of
humanity. - A painting is the art of making two lines, which have been geometrically observed to
be parallel, meet on a canvas, before our eyes, in the reality of a world that has been
transposed according to new conditions and possibilities. This world is neither specified nor
defined in the work, it belongs, in its innumerable variations, to the spectator. For its creator it
has neither case nor theory. Order = disorder; ego = non-ego; affirmation - negation: the
supreme radiations of an absolute art. Absolute in the purity of its cosmic and regulated chaos,
eternal in that globule that is a second which has no duration, no breath, no light and no control.
* I appreciate an old work for its novelty. It is only contrast that links us to the past. * Writers who
like to moralise and discuss or ameliorate psychological bases have, apart from a secret wish to
win, a ridiculous knowledge of life, which they may have classified, parcelled out, canalised;
they are determined to see its categories dance when they beat time. Their readers laugh
derisively, but carry on: what's the use?
There is one kind of literature which never reaches the voracious masses. The work of creative
writers, written out of the author's real necessity, and for his own benefit. The awareness of a
supreme egoism, wherein laws become significant. * Every page should explode, either
because of its profound gravity, or its vortex, vertigo, newness, eternity, or because of its
staggering absurdity, the enthusiasm of its principles, or its typography. On the one hand there
is a world tottering in its flight, linked to the resounding tinkle of the infernal gamut; on the other
hand, there are: the new men. Uncouth, galloping, riding astride on hiccups. And there is a
mutilated world and literary medicasters in desperate need of amelioration.
I assure you: there is no beginning, and we are not afraid; we aren't sentimental. We are like a
raging wind that rips up the clothes of clouds and prayers, we are preparing the great spectacle
of disaster, conflagration and decomposition. Preparing to put an end to mourning, and to
replace tears by sirens spreading from one continent to another. Clarions of intense joy, bereft
of that poisonous sadness. * DADA is the mark of abstraction; publicity and business are also
poetic elements.
4. I destroy the drawers of the brain, and those of social organisation: to sow demoralisation
everywhere, and throw heaven's hand into hell, hell's eyes into heaven, to reinstate the fertile
wheel of a universal circus in the Powers of reality, and the fantasy of every individual.
A philosophical questions: from which angle to start looking at life, god, ideas, or anything else.
Everything we look at is false. I don't think the relative result is any more important than the
choice of patisserie or cherries for dessert. The way people have of looking hurriedly at things
from the opposite point of view, so as to impose their opinions indirectly, is called dialectic, in
other words, heads I wind and tails you lose, dressed up to look scholarly.
If I shout:
Ideal, Ideal, Ideal
Knowledge, Knowledge, Knowledge
Boomboom, Boomboom, Boomboom
I have recorded fairly accurately Progress, Law, Morals, and all the other magnificent qualities
that various very intelligent people have discussed in so many books in order, finally, to say that
even so everyone has danced according to his own personal boomboom, and that he's right
about his boomboom: the satisfaction of unhealthy curiosity; private bell-ringing for inexplicable
needs; bath; pecuniary difficulties; a stomach with repercussions on to life; the authority of the
mystical baton formulated as the grand finale of a phantom orchestra with mute bows,
lubricated by philtres with a basis of animal ammonia. With the blue monocle of an angel they
have dug out its interior for twenty sous worth of unanimous gratitude. * If all of them are right,
and if all pills are only Pink, let's try for once not to be right. * People think they can explain
rationally, by means of thought, what they write. But it's very relative. Thought is a fine thing for
philosophy, but it's relative. Psychoanalysis is a dangerous disease, it deadens man's anti-real
inclinations and systematises the bourgeoisie. There is no ultimate Truth. Dialectics is an
amusing machine that leads us (in banal fashion) to the opinions which we would have held in
any case. Do people really think that, by the meticulous subtlety of logic, they have
demonstrated the truth and established the accuracy of their opinions? Even if logic were
confined by the senses it would still be an organic disease. To this element, philosophers like to
add: The power of observation. But this magnificent quality of the mind is precisely the proof of
its impotence. People observe, they look at things from one or several points of view, they
choose them from amongst the millions that exist. Experience too is the result of chance and of
individual abilities. * Science revolts me when it becomes a speculative system and loses its
utilitarian character - which is so useless - but is at least individual. I hate slimy objectivity, and
harmony, the science that considers that everything is always in order. Carry on, children,
humanity ... Science says that we are nature's servants: everything is in order, make both love
and war. Carry on, children, humanity, nice kind bourgeois and virgin journalists... * I am against
5. systems; the most acceptable system is that of have none on no principle. * To complete
oneself, to perfect oneself in one's own pettiness to the point of filling the little vase of oneself
with oneself, even the courage to fight for and against thought, all this can suddenly infernally
propel us into the mystery of daily bread and the lilies of the economic field.
DADAIST SPONTANEITY
What I call the I-don't-give-a-damn attitude of life is when everyone minds his own business, at
the same time as he knows how to respect other individualities, and even how to stand up for
himself, the two-step becoming a national anthem, a junk shop, the wireless (the wire-less
telephone) transmitting Bach fugues, illuminated advertisements for placards for brothels, the
organ broadcasting carnations for God, all this at the same time, and in real terms, replacing
photography and unilateral catechism.
Active simplicity.
The incapacity to distinguish between degrees of light: licking the twilight and floating in the
huge mouth filled with honey and excrement. Measured against the scale of Eternity, every
action is vain - (if we allow thought to have an adventure whose result would be infinitely
grotesque - an important factor in the awareness of human incapacity). But if life is a bad joke,
with neither goal nor initial accouchement, and because we believe we ought, like clean
chrysanthemums, to make the best of a bad bargain, we have declared that the only basis of
understanding is: art. It hasn't the importance that we, old hands at the spiritual, have been
lavishing on it for centuries. Art does nobody any harm, and those who are capable of taking an
interest in it will not only receive caresses, but also a marvellous chance to people the country
of their conversation. Art is a private thing, the artist makes it for himself; a comprehensible work
is the product of a journalist, and because at this moment I enjoy mixing this monster in oil
paints: a paper tube imitating the metal that you press and automatically squeeze out hatred,
cowardice and villainy. The artist, or the poet, rejoices in the venom of this mass condensed into
one shopwalker of this trade, he is glad to be insulted, it proves his immutability. The author or
the artist praised by the papers observes that his work has been understood: a miserable lining
to a collaborating with the heat of an animal incubating the baser instincts. Flabby, insipid flesh
multiplying itself with the aid of typographical microbes.
We have done violence to the snivelling tendencies in our natures. Every infiltration of this sort
is macerated diarrhoea. To encourage this sort of art is to digest it. What we need are strong
straightforward, precise works which will be forever misunderstood. Logic is a complication.
Logic is always false. It draws the superficial threads of concepts and words towards illusory
conclusions and centres. Its chains kill, an enormous myriapod that asphyxiates independence.
If it were married to logic, art would be living in incest, engulfing, swallowing its own tail, which
still belongs to its body, fornicating in itself, and temperament would become a nightmare tarred
and feathered with protestantism, a monument, a mass of heavy, greyish intestines.
6. But suppleness, enthusiasm and even the joy of injustice, that little truth that we practise as
innocents and that makes us beautiful: we are cunning, and our fingers are malleable and glide
like the branches of that insidious and almost liquid plant; this injustice is the indication of our
soul, say the cynics. This is also a point of view; but all flowers aren't saints, luckily, and what is
divine in us is the awakening of anti-human action. What we are talking about here is a paper
flower for the buttonhole of gentlemen who frequent the ball of masked life, the kitchen of grace,
our white, lithe or fleshy girl cousins. They make a profit out of what we have selected. The
contradiction and unity of opposing poles at the same time may be true. IF we are absolutely
determined to utter this platitude, the appendix of alibidinous, evil-smelling morality. Morals
have an atrophying effect, like every other pestilential product of the intelligence. Being
governed by morals and logic has made it impossible for us to be anything other than impassive
towards policemen - the cause of slavery - putrid rats with whom the bourgeois are fed up to the
teeth, and who have infected the only corridors of clear and clean glass that remained open to
artists.
Every man must shout: there is great destructive, negative work to be done. To sweep, to clean.
The cleanliness of the individual materialises after we've gone through folly, the aggressive,
complete folly of a world left in the hands of bandits who have demolished and destroyed the
centuries. With neither aim nor plan, without organisation: uncontrollable folly, decomposition.
Those who are strong in word or in strength will survive, because they are quick to defend
themselves; the agility of their limbs and feelings flames on their faceted flanks.
Morals have given rise to charity and pity, two dumplings that have grown like elephants,
planets, which people call good. There is nothing good about them. Goodness is lucid, clear
and resolute, and ruthless towards compromise and politics. Morality infuses chocolate into
every man's veins. This task is not ordained by a supernatural force, but by a trust of ideas-
merchants and academic monopolists. Sentimentality: seeing a group of bored and quarrelling
men, they invented the calendar and wisdom as a remedy. By sticking labels on to things, the
battle of the philosophers we let loose (money-grubbing, mean and meticulous weights and
measures) and one understood once again that pity is a feeling, like diarrhoea in relation to
disgust, that undermines health, the filthy carrion job of jeopardising the sun. I proclaim the
opposition of all the cosmic faculties to that blennorrhoea of a putrid sun that issues from the
factories of philosophical thought, the fight to the death, with all the resources of
DADAIST DISGUST
Every product of disgust that is capable of becoming a negation of the family is dada; DADA;
acquaintance with all the means hitherto rejected by the sexual prudishness of easy
compromise and good manners: DADA; abolition of logic, dance of those who are incapable of
creation: DADA; every hierarchy and social equation established for values by our valets:
DADA; every object, all objects, feelings and obscurities, every apparition and the precise shock
7. of parallel lines, are means for the battle of: DADA; the abolition of memory: DADA; the abolition
of archaeology: DADA the abolition of prophets: DADA; the abolition of the future: DADA; the
absolute and indiscutable belief in every god that is an immediate product of spontaneity:
DADA; the elegant and unprejudiced leap from on harmony to another sphere; the trajectory of
a word, a cry, thrown into the air like an acoustic disc; to respect all individualities in their folly of
the moment, whether serious, fearful, timid, ardent, vigorous, decided or enthusiastic; to strip
one's church of every useless and unwieldy accessory; to spew out like a luminous cascade any
offensive or loving thought, or to cherish it - with the lively satisfaction that it's all precisely the
same thing - with the same intensity in the bush, which is free of insects for the blue-blooded,
and gilded with the bodies of archangels, with one's soul. Liberty: DADA DADA DADA; - the
roar of contorted pains, the interweaving of contraries and all contradictions, freaks and
irrelevancies: LIFE.