d- Holding chloroplasts in position inside the cell- e- Allowing cytop.docx
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Root hairs are long chains of cells found along the entire length of fibrous roots. They allow cytoplasm to pass between cells and hold chloroplasts in position. Echinoderms move using muscular waves of contraction along their tube feet. Carnivorous plants feed on flies because they have a high metabolic rate and the flies contain essential micronutrients. In mosses, sexual reproduction involves sperm being produced by archegonia and dispersal by wind transport of sperm to reach the female. In sponges, reproduction is not a function of amoebocytes.
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1. The document summarizes the nine major phyla of the animal kingdom - Porifera, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, and Chordata.
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QUESTION 1All of the following are parts of a flower except the.docx
QUESTION 1
All of the following are parts of a flower except the
A.
carpel.
B.
ovary.
C.
fruit.
D.
stamen.
E.
cuticle.
QUESTION 2
The segmented worms of the phylum Annelida
A.
have an open circulatory system.
B.
possess setae on each segment.
C.
are acoelomate.
D.
display radial symmetry.
E.
move by use of flagella.
QUESTION 3
In bryophytes, the rhizoids
A.
obtain nutrients.
B.
are involved in reproduction.
C.
obtain water.
D.
lure possible prey.
E.
serve as attachment structures.
QUESTION 4
Which of the following is not a characteristic differentiating Neanderthals from modern humans?
A.
Neanderthals had smaller brains.
B.
Neanderthals had larger noses.
C.
Neanderthals had projecting brow ridges.
D.
Neanderthals were shorter.
E.
Neanderthals were stronger.
QUESTION 5
Fungi exhibit certain characteristics. One of these characteristics is that they
A.
are capable of carrying on photosynthesis.
B.
lack cell nuclei.
C.
reproduce using seeds and pollen.
D.
reproduce using spores.
E.
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QUESTION 6
In plants, the secondary metabolites are primarily responsible for
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food gathering.
B.
nutrition.
C.
defense.
D.
protection against ultraviolet radiation.
E.
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In cnidarians, nematocysts are important in
A.
obtaining oxygen from the water.
B.
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C.
movement.
D.
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E.
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Cnidarians and ctenophores are similar in that they both have
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a pseudocoel.
B.
a digestive tract with two openings.
C.
radial symmetry.
D.
mesoderm.
E.
nematocysts.
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All members of the phylum Chordata share
A.
exoskeletons.
B.
gills present throughout their lives.
C.
tails present throughout their lives.
D.
a vertebral column.
E.
a notochord present sometime in their lives.
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It is generally thought that animals have undergone four major physiological and anatomical innovations during their evolution. These are (in no particular order)
A.
development of tissues, photosynthesis, bilateral symmetry, multicellularity.
B.
development of the versatile forelimb, multicellularity, origin of patterns of embryonic development, development of tissues.
C.
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D.
bilateral symmetry, development of tissues, origin of the multichambered heart, origin of patterns of embryonic development.
E.
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QUESTION 11
Mammals have two traits that set them apart from all other animals. These are
A.
body hair or fur, and being homeothermic.
B.
four-chambered heart and milk production.
C.
amniotic eggs and milk production.
D.
body hair or fur, and milk production.
E.
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QUESTION 1All of the following are parts of a flower except the.docx
QUESTION 1
All of the following are parts of a flower except the
A.
carpel.
B.
ovary.
C.
fruit.
D.
stamen.
E.
cuticle.
QUESTION 2
The segmented worms of the phylum Annelida
A.
have an open circulatory system.
B.
possess setae on each segment.
C.
are acoelomate.
D.
display radial symmetry.
E.
move by use of flagella.
QUESTION 3
In bryophytes, the rhizoids
A.
obtain nutrients.
B.
are involved in reproduction.
C.
obtain water.
D.
lure possible prey.
E.
serve as attachment structures.
QUESTION 4
Which of the following is not a characteristic differentiating Neanderthals from modern humans?
A.
Neanderthals had smaller brains.
B.
Neanderthals had larger noses.
C.
Neanderthals had projecting brow ridges.
D.
Neanderthals were shorter.
E.
Neanderthals were stronger.
QUESTION 5
Fungi exhibit certain characteristics. One of these characteristics is that they
A.
are capable of carrying on photosynthesis.
B.
lack cell nuclei.
C.
reproduce using seeds and pollen.
D.
reproduce using spores.
E.
are prokaryotes.
QUESTION 6
In plants, the secondary metabolites are primarily responsible for
A.
food gathering.
B.
nutrition.
C.
defense.
D.
protection against ultraviolet radiation.
E.
overcoming air pollutants.
QUESTION 7
In cnidarians, nematocysts are important in
A.
obtaining oxygen from the water.
B.
obtaining prey.
C.
movement.
D.
excretion of wastes.
E.
food digestion.
QUESTION 8
Cnidarians and ctenophores are similar in that they both have
A.
a pseudocoel.
B.
a digestive tract with two openings.
C.
radial symmetry.
D.
mesoderm.
E.
nematocysts.
QUESTION 9
All members of the phylum Chordata share
A.
exoskeletons.
B.
gills present throughout their lives.
C.
tails present throughout their lives.
D.
a vertebral column.
E.
a notochord present sometime in their lives.
QUESTION 10
It is generally thought that animals have undergone four major physiological and anatomical innovations during their evolution. These are (in no particular order)
A.
development of tissues, photosynthesis, bilateral symmetry, multicellularity.
B.
development of the versatile forelimb, multicellularity, origin of patterns of embryonic development, development of tissues.
C.
multicellularity, bilateral symmetry, origin of patterns of embryonic development, development of tissues.
D.
bilateral symmetry, development of tissues, origin of the multichambered heart, origin of patterns of embryonic development.
E.
origin of patterns of embryonic development, development of the versatile forelimb, origin of the multichambered heart, multicellularity.
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Mammals have two traits that set them apart from all other animals. These are
A.
body hair or fur, and being homeothermic.
B.
four-chambered heart and milk production.
C.
amniotic eggs and milk production.
D.
body hair or fur, and milk production.
E.
four-chambered heart and body hair or fur.
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Which of the following characteristics is not shared by typical birds and mammals?
A.
four limbs
B.
insulating skin ...
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Solution
Answer:
37) E
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38) D
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39) C
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Funaria botany
1. The document describes the life cycle and morphology of the moss Funaria. It has a haplontic and diplontic life cycle with alternation of generations exhibiting heteromorphy.
2. The gametophyte generation is the dominant phase and reproduces sexually or asexually. Sexual reproduction involves antheridia and archegonia that produce gametes for fertilization.
3. Fertilization leads to formation of a sporophyte which grows from the archegonium. The sporophyte bears spores in capsules and releases them to complete the life cycle.
Kingdoms
Classification systems help scientists communicate by arranging organisms into groups based on similar structures, behaviors, diets, and chemical makeup. There are five main kingdoms - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Organisms can be further classified into domains, kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species based on distinguishing characteristics. The animal kingdom contains nine phyla including Chordata which contains seven classes - Cyclostomata, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia - that differ in traits like temperature regulation, skeletal structure, and reproductive strategies.
18. phylum platyhelminthes II Full Explanation
The document summarizes key aspects of three phyla of parasitic flatworms - Monogenea, Trematoda, and Cestoidea. It describes their life cycles, important anatomical features, examples of parasites of humans, and how they infect and reside within host organisms. Some key points are that Monogenea have a direct life cycle, Trematoda have indirect life cycles requiring multiple hosts, and Cestoidea (tapeworms) absorb nutrients directly through their skin and consist of repeating reproductive segments.
Reproductive Systems
This document provides an overview of animal reproductive systems, with a focus on human reproduction. It begins with an outline of the key topics, including the differences between asexual and sexual reproduction. It then discusses the anatomy and functions of male and female reproductive systems in humans. For both sexes, it explains gamete production, hormonal regulation of reproduction, and processes like fertilization, gestation, and birth.
Plant tissue 2
This document summarizes the structure and types of xylem and phloem tissues. It describes that xylem is composed of tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem sclerenchyma which help conduct water and minerals upwards. Phloem contains sieve elements, companion cells and phloem parenchyma which conduct synthesized food materials downwards. Both tissues can be primary or secondary, and classified based on development and position of early vs late formed elements.
Riccia thallus structure and reproduction
Riccia is a genus of liverworts that includes around 138 species. It mainly grows in damp soil and shady places. The thallus has dichotomous branching forming a circular rosette. It has a ventral storage region and dorsal photosynthetic region. Reproduction can occur vegetatively through fragmentation, adventitious branches, tubers, or persistent apices, or sexually through antheridia and archegonia that produce sperm and eggs. Fertilization results in a sporophyte embedded in the gametophyte that produces spores through meiosis, completing the alternation of generations between haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte generations.
In developmental biology, an embryo is divided into two hemispheres.pdf
In developmental biology, an embryo is divided into two hemispheres: the animal pole and the
vegetal pole within a blastula.
The animal pole consists of small cells that divide rapidly, in contrast with the vegetal pole
below it. In some cases, the animal pole is thought to differentiate into the later embryo itself,
forming the three primary germ layers and participating in gastrulation.
The vegetal pole contains large yolky cells that divide very slowly, in contrast with the animal
pole above it. In some cases, the vegetal pole is thought to differentiate into the extraembryonic
membranes that protect and nourish the developing embryo, such as the placentain mammals and
the chorion in birds.
The development of the animal-vegetal axis occurs prior to fertilisation. Sperm entry can occur
anywhere in the animal hemisphere. The point of sperm entry defines the dorso-ventral axis -
cells opposite the region of sperm entry will eventually form the dorsal portion of the body
a. Males release so many sperm that the egg is covered by them.
b. The egg has a plasma membrane, a vitelline envelope, and a jelly coat.
c. Acrosome enzymes digest away the zona pellucida around the egg as it extrudes a filament
that attaches to a receptor on the vitelline jelly layer envelope.
d. This interaction between filament and receptor is a lock-and-key reaction that is species-
specific.
e. The egg plasma membrane and the sperm nuclear membrane fuse, allowing the nucleus to
enter.
f. Fusion takes place and the zygote begins development.
g. As soon as the plasma membranes of sperm and egg fuse, the plasma membrane and the
vitelline envelope undergo changes that prevent entrance of any other sperm.
h. The vitelline envelope now becomes the fertilization envelope.
Early Developmental Stages
1. Development includes events and processes that occur as a single cell becomes a complex
organism.
2. All chordate embryos go through same early developmental stages: zygote, morula, blastula,
early and late gastrula.
3. The presence of yolk, dense nutrient material, affects how the embryonic cells complete the
first three stages.
4. Following fertilization, a zygote undergoes cleavage, cell division without growth.
a. DNA replication and mitosis occur repeatedly; the cells get smaller each division.
b. As deuterostomes, lancelets have a radial and indeterminate pattern of cleavage.
1) In radial cleavage, any plane passing through will divide the embryo into symmetrical halves.
2) In indeterminate cleavage, cells have not differentiated; if separated, each one develops a
complete organism.
5. Because the lancelet has little yolk, the cell divisions are equal in the resulting morula.
6. A cavity called the blastocoel develops forming the hollow ball called the blastula.
7. Gastrulation is invagination of some cells of the blastocyst into blastocoel to form three
primary germ layers.
a. The outer layer of cells becomes the ectoderm.
b. The inner layer of cells becomes the endoderm.
c.
Anthoceros
1. Anthoceros is a genus of hornworts that reproduces sexually as a gametophyte generation.
2. The thallus is flattened, lobed, and lacks a midrib or branches; rhizoids are present on the ventral surface.
3. Reproduction can occur vegetatively through fragmentation, gemmae, or tubers, or sexually through antheridia and archegonia developing on the upper thallus surface.
4. Fertilization results in a diploid zygote that develops into an elongated, horn-like sporophyte embedded in the gametophyte thallus.
Physcia
Lichens are symbiotic organisms consisting of algae or cyanobacteria living among the filaments of multiple fungi. Physcia is a foliose lichen belonging to the genus Physcia and family Physciaceae. It reproduces vegetatively through fragmentation and soredia, and sexually through pycnidia, pycnidiospores, and apothecia containing ascospores. Physcia thrives in polluted environments and its nitrogen-loving nature makes it commonly found in cities and near roads.
Metamorphosis and immature stages in insects
1. The document discusses the different types of metamorphosis in insects including ametabola, paurometabola, hemimetabola, and holometabola. It also describes types of eggs laid by insects including sculptured, elongated, rounded, and those laid in groups like pedicellate eggs.
2. The types of larvae are described as oligopod, polypod, and apodous with subtypes under each. Pupa types include obtect pupae like chrysalises and tumblers, and exarate pupae. Coarctate pupae form a hardened puparium.
3. Cocoon materials and examples are listed including silken
3- Ant mutualists defend some species of plants by clearing neighborin.docx
3. Ant mutualists defend some species of plants by clearing neighboring plants and removing pest insects. What services does the plant provide in return?: a. Extrafloral nectaries, which are primarily rich in amino acids. b. Protein rich Beltian bodies. c. A protected enclosure to call home. d. B and C . e. All of the above 4. You're rummaging in the leaf litter and come across an interesting caterpillar-like larva, but you're unsure whether it's a member of the Symphyta or the Lepidoptera. To tell them apart you look for: a. Three pairs of true legs. b. A well-defined sclerotized head capsule. c. Prolegs that do not have crochets. d. Chewing mandibles versus sucking mouthparts. e. Who isn't vibing. 5. You come across a winged male insect and being a world-renowned myrmecologist, you immediately know it is an ant because of the following character(s) (circle any): a. The antennae are elbowed. b. The insect lacks a stinger. c. Only male ants have wings. d. It is not married to your uncle e. The mesosoma is separated from the gaster by a humped pedicel. 6. Which statements about insect symbionts are correct?: a. Alimentary tract symbionts are frequently transferred vertically, via eggs of the host. b. Endosymbionts are most commonly transferred horizontally, for instance by anal feeding by the host. c. Primary endosymbionts frequently evolve in parallel with their insect hosts. d. Secondary endosymbionts are typically obligate mutualists with their insect hosts. e. All of the above. 7. The Lepidopteran family a. Gracillaridae; particularly rapid metamorphosis. b. Sphingidae; when the pupa is able to move around. c. Agromyzidae; dramatic morphological changes between instars. d. Gracillaridae; dramatic morphological changes between instars.
.
Insect metamorphosis
This document discusses the different types of metamorphosis, insect eggs, larvae, and pupae. There are four main types of metamorphosis: ametabola (no metamorphosis), hemimetabola (incomplete metamorphosis), paurometabola (gradual metamorphosis), and holometabola (complete metamorphosis). Insect eggs can be laid singly or in groups, and come in different shapes and structures. Larvae are generally oligopod, polypod, or apodous. Pupae are either obtect, exarate, or coarctate. The document provides examples and details on the characteristics of each type.
Insect metamorphosis
This document discusses the different types of metamorphosis, insect eggs, larvae, and pupae. There are four main types of metamorphosis: ametabola (no metamorphosis), hemimetabola (incomplete metamorphosis), paurometabola (gradual metamorphosis), and holometabola (complete metamorphosis). Insect eggs can be laid singly or in groups, and come in different shapes and structures. Larvae are generally oligopod, polypod, or apodous. Pupae fall into the categories of obtect, exarate, or coarctate. The document provides examples and details on the characteristics of each type
What is the evolutionary advantage of an exoskeleton A. it waterpro.pdf
What is the evolutionary advantage of an exoskeleton? A. it waterproofs the body. B. it
protects the body c. it provides for muscle attachment D. it allows an animal to molt. E. A, B,
and C only. Why is the term cold-blooded not very appropriate to describe reptiles? A. the
metabolism of the reptiles can generate internal heat by radiation to the environment B. the
keratinized skin of the reptiles serves to insulate and conserve heat. C. the scales of reptiles
serves to rid excess body heat by radiation to the t environment. D. reptiles regulate body
temperature by using various mechanisms such as behavioral adaptations. E. Reptiles swallow
large prey whole to provide enough food to generate body heat. The ________ is a flagellated
cell that sweeps water through the sponge\'s body. A. spicule B. amoebocyte. C. choanocyte
D. spongin. E. sessile body. Protonepheridia are excretory organs found in A. earthworms B.
insects C. jellyfish. D. vertebrates. E. none of the above The feeding habits of lampreys are
best described as A. suspension feeding. B. predatory C. parasitic. D. Scavenging. E. all of the
above. Which of the following is NOT a chordate characteristic? A. the presence of pharyngeal
gills. B. postanal tail. C. ventral hollow nerve chord. D. notochord E. all of the above are
characteristic of chordates.
Solution
Answer:
37) E
Exoskeleton is outermost protective covering of the body in organisms such as arthropods, it is
hard and tough.
38) D
Reptiles are cold-blood animals due to regulation of the body temperature. But for there survival
the adaptation takes place in these animals.
39) C
Choanocyte are the cells that sweeps water through sponge body.
40) E. None of the above.
Protonepheridia is an excretory organs present in the flat worms
41) c
feeding habit is parasitic
42)E
All the given characters of the chordates.
Ectocarpusppt y.vani
Ectocarpus is a brown alga found in cold waters around the world. It grows attached to rocks and stones, and sometimes epiphytically on other algae. The thallus consists of profusely branched filaments that are either haploid or diploid. It reproduces both asexually through the formation of zoospores in one-celled or many-celled sporangia, and sexually through isogamy or anisogamy. This results in an alternation of generations between haploid gametophytes and diploid sporophytes.
structure and function in plants
This summary provides the key information about the structure and organization of plants from the given document in 3 sentences:
The document discusses the structure of plant organs like roots, stems, and leaves and compares monocot and eudicot plants. It describes the different plant tissues including epidermal, ground, and vascular tissues and how they are organized in roots, stems, and leaves. The organization of roots includes zones of cell division, elongation and maturation while stems undergo primary and secondary growth involving tissues like epidermis, cortex, vascular bundles and cork cambium in woody stems.
structure and function in plants
This chapter discusses the structure and organization of plants. It compares and contrasts monocot and eudicot plants, describing their tissues and the organization of roots, stems, and leaves. Plant organs, tissues, and structures are described in detail, including root systems, vascular tissue, epidermal tissue, ground tissue, and the zones and tissues of roots and stems. Woody and herbaceous stems are also compared.
Protozoa1.ppt
1. Protozoa are a diverse group of unicellular eukaryotes that lack cell walls and motile stages. They exhibit a variety of nutrition modes including ingestion of food.
2. Protozoa display complex cellular organization with specialized organelles. Reproduction can occur asexually through mitosis or sexually through conjugation.
3. They are found in many environments and play important ecological roles. Many protozoa are parasites of medical and veterinary significance.
Bio 130 microsporogenesis gametogenesis 2013
1. The development of pollen involves microsporogenesis within the anther, which produces haploid microspores through meiosis.
2. These microspores then undergo mitosis and develop into pollen grains containing a vegetative cell surrounding a generative cell.
3. The tapetum layer nourishes the developing pollen and is involved in forming the pollen wall, before degrading to release the mature pollen grains.
Order hemiptera True bugs
Hemiptera, commonly known as true bugs, is an order of insects characterized by their piercing and sucking mouthparts.
There are over 6000 described species of Hemiptera that vary greatly in size and habitat. They exhibit incomplete or "simple" metamorphosis, progressing from egg to nymph to adult. Nymphs resemble wingless adults.
Hemiptera are divided into three suborders - Heteroptera contain true bugs like bed bugs and water bugs, Auchenorrhyncha contain plant-feeding insects like cicadas and leafhoppers, and Sternorrhyncha contain sap-sucking insects like aphids and scales. Each suborder shares
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