Cyberterrorism Research Paper

Cyberterrorism Research Paper
Maritime cyberterrorism is the theft or infiltration by terrorists of important information that is used
in maritime operations (Belmont, 2016). In the maritime environment there are many systems that
are vulnerable from maritime cyberterrorism. These systems include, but are not limited to, security
systems, computers, navigation systems, and communication systems among others (Belmont,
2016). Cyberterrorism poses many threats and challenges to maritime operations because if these
systems are not properly protected, they could disrupt port operations. The disruption of port
operations could have a significant negative impact on the local, regional, and national economy.
Moreover, cyberterrorism also has the potential of causing accidents in maritime operations, which
could cause a disaster that could result in many casualties. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Some of this confidential information could include the port Facility Security Plan (FSP), the port
Facility Security Assessment (FSA), advance notices of ships that are expected to arrive the port and
the type of cargo that they are bringing, among others. If terrorist are able to steal this information,
they could use it to learn the vulnerabilities and security protocols of the port. Moreover, they could
also use the information to identify ships that are transporting large amounts of hazardous materials.
Terrorist could analyze all these factors and create a plan for a terrorist attack that will allow them to
be successful. Therefore, it is very important that the different electronic systems that are used in
port operations are well protected against cyberattacks and that they receive routine maintenance.
Moreover, it is equally important that the personnel that uses these systems are properly trained on
how to properly use them to prevent a cyberterrorism
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Persuasive Essay On Cyber Security
Increased Acts of Cyber Terrorism Call into Question its Prevention
With the widespread use of technology becoming more prominent, acts of cyber terrorism pose an
increased threat to safety. Cyber terrorists exploit the internet and its users to commit acts that can
be increasingly detrimental to their targets. Some of the terrorist activities include large scale
corruption of computer networks by using tools like computer viruses. Certain individuals even have
the ability of creating severe damage to government systems, national security systems and even
hospital servers. Most of the technology made today only has intentions of making life easier for
people. However, skilled users can manipulate the cyber world for negative intentions. Staying
informed when it comes to cyber terrorism and cybercrime is important to do because of the
increased reliance on technology in society. Steps to improve cyber security before an attack ensures
the safety of sensitive information. The topic of cyber security and cyber warfare are interesting
topics to keep up to date with. Understanding these topics can be beneficial to my dream of being in
the FBI, ensuring the safety of others by working to prevent acts of cyberterrorism.
1. Cybercrime
2. Cyberwarfare
3. Cyberterrorism
4. Cyber Security
While doing some of my research, I chose to use Computer Source as my database. The main
subject of the database was trends in technology. It allowed me to search trends from any time
which was particularly helpful for my topic. The type of search that can be completed using this
database is Boolean searching. This type of searching style came in handy because the information I
was searching for involved the cyber world, so it made it easier to differentiate which aspect of the
cyber world I was researching. For example, differentiating between Cyber Terrorism and Terrorism
or Cyber Warfare. Computer Source lets its users search by publication date rather than by
scholarship level. Computer Source also showed similarities with Academic Search Complete in that
they shared similar fields. But after conducting similar searches, Computer Source provided me with
more relevant information. Overall, my search results were more refined and

Cyberterroist Attacks: The Fight Against Terrorism
Cyberterrorist attacks can be threats, intimidation or even a violent act for personal gain, whereas a
hacktivist will use less threatening approaches like a distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack to
take down a service in an attempt to promote social change.
Anonymous has claimed to have taken down accounts on twitter, battling against the terrorist group
ISIS (Cimpanu, 2015). This type of approach, I view as hactivism as it is fighting against terrorism.
I view Anonymous as a hacktivist group as they merely try to raise awareness to current events and
the real terrorists using the digital world as their battleground. However, groups like Lizard Squad I
will view as a cyberterrorist group. In (Gilbert, 2015)
The world is becoming more and more digital everyday, things as simple as the lights in our houses
can be linked to a network. Nevertheless, these networks can be a window of opportunity for
cyberterrorist groups, or hacktivists to exploit. Technology has also given the resources needed for
these groups to become more efficient at what they do, like increasing bandwidth speeds or more
efficient computers for example, but also the same technologies can be used to strengthen security
measures against these attacks. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some may believe that allowing the government to observe everything you access or view on the
internet will save lives, it may, but I believe that the terrorists will continue to do so regardless if
they are being watched or not, and now you have lost this privacy you once

The Dangers Of Terrorism And Terrorism
Since the twin towers fell at the Word Trade Center in New York City on that fateful September day
in 2001, a great emphasis by government, the media, and the general public has been placed on the
phenomenon of terrorism and other forms of ideological extremism and what measures can be taken
to mitigate, deter, and disrupt the threat of terrorism. While the days of physical terrorist attacks and
actions within the continental United States are by no means behind us, there has been an incredible
shift towards the realm of cyberspace in the planning, aid, and execution of actual physical terrorist
attacks. Further, cyberspace has increasingly become a target for malicious terrorist actors who seek
to disrupt critical infrastructure, threaten ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In other words, in order to elevate the traditional cybercriminal to the status of a cyberterrorist it
becomes necessary to establish the individual actively holds membership in a covert group, engages
in a targeted and premeditated attack against an information system in an attempt to achieve political
objectives against a civilian population, and that an element of violence is present. "Attacks that lead
to death or bodily injury, explosions or significant economic losses can be examples of such attacks,
" thus the element of "violence" does not merely extend to cyberattacks which, for example, disrupt
the industrial control systems of a manufacturing plant causing an explosion that result in grievous
bodily harm or death; in fact, significant economic losses are considered a standalone form of
"economic violence" that satisfies the overall element of violence as it relates to the criteria of who
is considered a "cyberterrorist" (Luca, 2017). Cyberattacks originating from such covert groups that
are especially aggressive, intimidate a given civilian population, or have a recognizable adverse
impact on persons or property are all thus considered acts of cyberterrorism (Luca, 2017). Next, it is
important to ascertain the fact that traditional terrorist groups are becoming progressively even more
involved in acts of cyberterrorism and the general use of cyberpace in order to further the goals and
objectives of their organizations. The desire for

Cyberterrorism Essays
Cyberterrorism
Introduction
Cyberterrorism is the convergence of terrorism and cyberspace. It is generally
understood to mean unlawful attacks and threats of attack against computers,
networks, and the information stored therein. Possibly to intimidate, influence a
government or its people to further political or social gain. To qualify as
cyberterrorism, an attack should result in violence against persons or property, or
generate fear. Attacks that lead to death or bodily injury, explosions, plane
crashes, water contamination, or severe economic loss would be examples, serious
attacks against important infrastructures could be acts of cyberterrorism,
depending on their impact. This essay will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Individual protection
Currently there are no foolproof ways to protect a system. The completely secure system can never
be accessed by anyone. Most government and militarie classified information is kept on machines
with no outside connection, as a form of prevention of cyber terrorism. Apart from such isolation,
the most common method of protection is encryption. The wide spread use of encryption is inhibited
by the governments ban on its exportation, so intercontinental communication is left relatively
insecure. The
American president administration team and the FBI oppose the export of encryption in favour of a
system where by the government can gain the key to an encrypted system after gaining a court order
to do so. Encryption's draw back is that it does not protect the entire system, an attack designed to
cripple the whole system, such as a virus, is unaffected by encryption. Others promote the use of
firewalls to screen all communications to a system, including e–mail messages, which may carry
logic bombs or email bombs. Firewall is a relatively generic term for methods of filtering access to a
network. They may come in the form of a computer, router other communications device or in the

form of a network configuration. Firewalls serve to define the services and access that are permitted
to each user. One method is to screen
user

The Pros And Cons Of Cyber Terrorism
Cyber operations entail getting behind the most serious aspects of cyber terrorism and leading to the
capture of those perpetrating cyber crimes.
Our society's dependence on the Internet for public and private institutions in the critical sectors of
government, defense, emergency services, public health, even the basics of food and water, put us at
great risk of cyber terrorism. Telecommunications, transportation, banking, and the like are all
conducted via the Internet and this dependence creates a frightening scenario.
Cyberspace is composed of hundreds of computers, servers, routers, switches and fiber–optic cables
that allow the system to work. Any act of cyber terrorism against any of these institutions is a
violation to our national security. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hackers have proven that it is not all that difficult to get into a computer network and manipulate it
at will. Although hackers are not in themselves cyber terrorists, they have proven how simple this
type of mayhem would be to create. Those who would like to inflict cyber terrorism can follow this
example and gain access to critical data from governments, as well as private computer networks.
This type of cyber terrorism could disable financial and military organizations. Our society's
dependence on the Internet, and our focus on having everything accessible via the Web, has created
vulnerabilities in our defense systems. Where once it would have been difficult for a terrorist to
tamper with a water treatment facility, it is quite feasible that a cyber terrorist could manipulate such
a facility with disastrous results. It would be safe to say that the real risk of cyber terrorism is well
founded. However, there is still some exaggeration in the media that is not rational when it comes to
the threat of cyber

Military Advances The Private Sector
Military Advances the Private Sector As technology continues to grow, the concept of privacy and
the question of how private our lives really are continuing to change. Thanks to the use of the
internet and social media services people can share and access information instantaneously. This is
has greatly benefited our ability to state informed and update with information all over the world.
But this has also allowed for our information to be put out there and stolen by people online through
the internet by hackers. The United States military, specifically the Air Force and how RAND aids
them on the forefront of cyberwarfare and cyberterrorism, and the use of computer forensics to
capture the culprits. Rand is a nonprofit institution ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The use of computer forensics is a great to stop crime or to catch someone who has committed one,
by being able to track and trace their actions digitally. This can also be a con for the reason of those
of us who are not criminals. You don't really know who is watching you and what their intent may
be with watching you or with the information they get by watching you (Whatever happened to
privacy, 2014). More and more threats of outside source continue to change the landscape of
information security and how the government or military goes about doing their investigations.
Every though you are in the public, most people do not like the sense of being watched, and now
with the use bot nets, sniffers, write blockers, advanced encryption techniques and other forms of
software or hardware, everyone is capable of committing internet crimes, creating an environment
where most people are being watched some way or another. Along with hacking devices, and
encryption software, tracking devices can be useful but also dangerous. With a tracking device in
either your car could be tracked, and followed, and the same with your child, and this could lead to
stopping criminals from these acts. But where would the government stop, and who else may use
these devices against civilians? Why not put tracking devices in everyone, to keep everyone from
committing crimes, this could be a dangerous

Cyberterrorism And The War On Terrorism
Cyberterrorism is also clearly an emerging threat. Terrorist groups are increasingly computer savvy,
and some probably are acquiring the ability to use cyber attacks to inflict isolated and brief
disruptions of US infrastructure. Due to the prevalence of publicly available hacker tools, many of
these groups probably already have the capability to launch denial–of–service and other nuisance
attacks against Internet–connected systems. As terrorists become more computer savvy, their attack
options will only increase." (War on Terrorism, 2003)
This is what Robert Mueller, FBI Director, testified on 11 February 2003 before the US Senate on a
hearing about War On Terrorism against Al–Qaeda and other terrorist organizations. The US and
global media

Terrorism : Terrorism And Its Impact On The World
The world and multiple nations are now facing a form of threat that is plaguing the very existence of
our society: terrorism. The awareness and spread of terrorist activities are constantly being shown to
us on a daily, giving us a reminder of the damage it has done, can be done, and how it has affected
the many lives all around the world. The evolution of technology and information technology,
terrorism has evolved in their criminal methods as well. Like Whitman and Mattord (2011) states,
"the largely imbalanced set of resources compels the terrorists to be in constant lookout for
innovative ways of attack, which are not only cost effective but could also provide adequate
anonymity and avoid easy detection" (p. 158). Weimann (2005) describes cyberterrorism as "the use
of computer network tools to harm or shut down critical national infrastructures" (p. 130) with the
intention of coercing or influencing the government. Cyberterrorism has been under scrutiny by
security management and the government since the mid–1990s and the threats became
acknowledged since the 9/11 attacks. Since all daily operations within government and private
sectors involves the use of information technology, and critical infrastructures also rely heavily on
information technology, it is critical that the government place great emphasis on securing them so
that they are not vulnerable to cyberattacks.
Even though there has not been a recorded incident of a cyber terrorist attack on critical

Cyber Terrorism (FBI) Enforces Federal Laws
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) enforces federal laws, those created by Congress which
apply to everyone nationwide. One area of law which they enforce is cyber terrorism, which
involves crimes of terrorism that occur electronically. These crimes occur against individuals,
businesses, organizations, and against the government itself. Cyberterrorism is the use of the
Internet to conduct violent acts that result in or threaten the loss of life or significant bodily harm in
order to achieve political gains through intimidation. It is also sometimes considered the act of
Internet terrorism in terrorist activities, including acts of deliberate, large–scale disruption of
computer networks, especially of personal computers attached to the

Traditional Terrorists
Terrorists
When I think of the word terrorism, the first thing that pops into my mind is 9/11. A day I will never
forget, as I am sure countless other Americans will not as well. I never took the time to truly think
about a terrorist, what they are thinking, what their motives are, or whom they are trying to hurt or
even why they are terrorist. In doing this research, I have acquired knowledge about not only the
'traditional' terrorist but also the cyberterrorist. In some ways these criminals are similar, and the
reasons behinds their actions sometimes overlap, yet they also are different. Although some people,
including myself, could get the two of them confused, they are not the same.
In looking at both a traditional terrorist and a cyberterrorist, a clear definition is not universal which
could account for the reason that some people get them confused or overlap them. Once
cyberterrorism terms are determinable, we would have a clear view on how to deal with such
malicious acts. The only way to avoid that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The traditional terrorist had to find their followers or incite them to follow them by means of printed
literature. Cyberterrorist hide behind a computer screen, this group can cause extreme damage to our
computer infrastructure without moving out of one place. Traditional terrorists are out in the
physical world, although they may use the Internet to help commit or assist with the crime, they
physically do the damage. Cyberterrorist destroy their targets as well, they just do through the
Internet. "One primary difference between a cyberterrorist and a traditional terrorist is that the
former would have a sophisticated knowledge of hacking and information technology
vulnerabilities– or would have the funds to employ people skilled in those areas (Poremba, 2011).
Cyberterrorist are smart individuals, they have the knowledge or training to be a master at
destroying any infrastructure with a few key

The Issue Of Counter Cyber Terrorism
I. Introduction
International jurisprudence regarding the "use of force " in matters pertaining to cyber–terrorism and
the exercise of permissible of counter–cyber terrorism measures remains predominately unsettled
"as... current international law does not specifically address cyber warfare. " With respect, this legal
brief draws upon the arguments put forth by Schmitt for the purpose of arguing that states shall only
engage in counter cyber terrorism measures such as surveillance in accordance with the principles of
"jus ad bellum [which defines] when states may lawfully resort to force [and] jus in bello which
governs how force may be used once an armed conflict has commenced. " In order to successfully
argue that Australia has the right ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
B. Current Stance of Customary International Law
Definitions
To begin with, the first issue which arises is "regarding the precise legal parametres of cyberwarfare.
" In advising the department, counsel advises the department to utilize the following definition cited
by Schaap as the bedrock upon its understanding of cyber warfare rests; "The department of defence
defines the phrase computer network attack as actions taken through the use of computer networks
to disrupt, deny, degrade or destroy information resident in computers... or the computer networks
themselves. " The aforementioned definitions must be read in conjunction with the definition of
sovereignty in "Island of Palmas Arbitral Award of 1928 [the case held] that" "Sovereignty... is the
right to exercise therein, to the exclusion of any other state, the function of a state." In determining
whether cyber–warfare has in fact take place between two states there must be evidence of
malicious malpractice which Raboin poignantly terms as "problematic and destructive real world
effects." . In effect, the victim's state's "territorial integrity or political independence" must be
threatened. Whilst this essay stands in agreement

Chapter 9 Of Beyond Sovereignty Chapter 1 Analysis
Chapter 9 of Beyond Sovereignty discusses the expansion of cyberspace and its response to
globalization. Cyberattacks and other problems arise within cyberspace which can range from minor
inconveniences to a national security problem. These attacks are dangerous because of the vastness
of the Internet which makes it hard to pinpoint the exact motive of a hacker. Also, constantly
evolving technology leads to new ways of infiltrating. Cyberattacks come in the form of hacking,
virus–spreading, and information operations. As dependence of technology increases, more terrorist
organizations use the Internet as a way to plan and carry operations. For example, in 2007, Estonia's
entire Internet infrastructure was attacked by the Russians. The denial–of–service ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Like real terrorists, cyberterrorists are politically motivated. They utilize vast information
technology and networks to further their agendas and attack through communication, utilities, and
airport systems. For example, the terrorist group called the Internet Black Tigers attacked the Sri
Lankan government with "suicide e–mail bombings" in order to get their message and motive
across. Cyber–based terrorist attacks have advantages over physical attacks because they are
cheaper and don't require an investment in weapons and can be plan and conducted anonymously.
Even though there is an awareness to the severity of potential terrorist attacks, a very limited amount
can be done to try to prevent them. Many things are not protected on the Internet and privacy–rights
are a heavily debated issue that gets in the way of intrusive security measures. Cyberterrorism is a
growing issue that is difficult to defend

Essay about Internet Terrorism
Internet Security Holes and Cyberterrorism
Abstract: This paper investigates and substantiates the potential for hackers to cause damage in the
physical world. A fictional case study is provided along with an analysis of past, present, and future
technological threats. The combination of a historic apathy towards computer security and an
increased reliance on technology may soon lead to a real–world "cybercatastrophe".
I first learned about computer hacking from an article featured in the New York Times magazine
several years ago. It described the life of members of a hacking group known as L0pht. They were
neither benign nor malicious; they would simply look for holes in software products and post the
results on the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On the anniversary of the release of Windows 2004, a terrorist hacking group known as Horizon
launched a full–scale assault on the city of Seattle. At exactly 6:30 P.M., the height of rush hour,
chaos was unleashed on the city. In many instances, disaster could not be avoided simply because no
physical system was in place to alleviate computer malfunction. Horizon successfully altered the
destinations of several trains, causing them to collide, killing hundreds in the process. Brake systems
on new–model cars were triggered, causing multi–car accidents on major highways. Automated
devices in hospitals ceased working altogether, leaving many patients without critical life support.
As a final touch, Horizon diverted several airplanes to the corporate headquarters of Microsoft in
nearby Redmond, Washington, burning the complex to the ground with a multitude of personnel still
inside. Rescue efforts were initiated immediately, but the severity of the attacks left the dead
numbering in the thousands.
Over the course of the next few weeks, Microsoft employees were able to recreate the crime and
track down the flaw. In the meantime, fears of a second attack crippled life across America. Public
transportation, airports, and most anything that relied on Microsoft–run

Homeland Security: The Fight Against Cyber Terrorism
Many people know that curiosity killed the cat, for hacker's curiosity is deep in their roots. It started
with the word hack. "Hack" was used as a term witch is to improve performance of programs.
Pagllery stated that "Hacking became the art of figuring out unique solutions." and that "hackers
wanted to make technology work better...." In the 1970s hackers used a whistle tone for free
international phone calls. In the 1980s, instead of teenage hacking the phone network system,
hackers began to attack computers for money and espionage (Pagllery). This brings in the DHS
(Department of Homeland Security) to combat terrorism, but later to also combat the growing
cyberterrorism. The DHS was created after the 2001 terrorist attack on the world trade ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
takes steps to combat cyberterrorism "All FBI special agents are receiving cyber–training, and
specialists in the area will receive the best possible training, Mueller [FBI Director] promised"
(Rashid). Next, The FBI Director moves on about arresting the group that made a malware which
changes the DNS (Domain Name System) and slows down the owner's computer (Rashid).
Cyberattacks like this caused one million computers to be damaged with that malware. The FBI has
taken the right steps against cyber–crimes and cyber espionage. This can be done by simply getting
the right qualified people in other U.S. government agencies'. Cyberespionage is one of the reasons
why cyber–attacks from terrorist happed, usably for political reasoning, or for

Essay on Cyber Terrorism
Cyber Terrorism
Thus far we have scratched the surface of the ever–perplexing problem of terrorism. As it has
evolved those in the position of countering it have also gained some valuable experience. Even with
this knowledge it is very difficult, bordering on impossible to prevent terrorist acts from occurring.
In the recent past there has been an extra element added to this confusing and dangerous equation,
the Internet and other computer capabilities. Cyber–terrorism is a realistic possibility but is it as
detrimental as other forms of conventional terrorism such as a car bomb? I will argue that the
implications of a cyber attack could be just as harmful.
Traditionally terrorist acts target a specific locale and are executed ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
On the contrary, the only tools needed for cyber–terror are the proper knowledge and a powerful
computer.
One of the key elements of terrorism is the creation of mass fear. This takes little effort with the use
of computers. So many people are already intimidated by the efficacies of computers that the
simplest cyber act could infuse a massive scare. Take for example the spreading of a virus. As soon
as the word is out that a virus has been detected people take all possible actions to ensure that their
files and data are protected. Taking this action to a higher level, if someone were to put a virus
through a bank mainframe or something even bigger than that, then the general public would be
afraid to make transactions over the computer and would return to doing business in person. The
concern related to cyber–terrorism is warranted although we have been lucky thus far not to have
experienced firsthand anything devastating.
In summary, cyber–terrorism opens opportunities for terrorists by expanding the arena and through
the mass dependency on computers. So what leads me to believe that a cyber– terrorist attack could
be just as harmful as conventional terrorism? There are a few reasons which lead me to this
conclusion.
First of all, other forms of terrorism have been seen often enough to determine to some extent what
to expect. Granted there are no guaranteed results of a conventional attack there are

From Hacking to Cyber Terrorism Essay
From Hacking to Cyber Terrorism
Introduction
Information technology (IT) is evolving everyday and our day–to–day life is becoming more and
more dependent on it. In this twenty first century, we cannot imagine ourselves without emails,
online banking systems and health care systems and without World Wide Web. In other words,
evolution of IT has given a modern, technologically advanced and convenient life to the society.
But, over the time we are also observing explosive growth in the darker side of the IT – regarding
hacking and cyber crimes. Activities like unauthorized computer intrusion, denial of service (DOS),
stealing computer passwords and secure data; causing damage to computer systems and databases
and causing damage to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some hackers are malicious, whilst others are merely naïve and do not cause any real harm. Their
motivations for hacking includes financial gain, revenge, ideology or just plain mischief making 1.
There are different categories of hackers – algorithm hacker, system hacker, password hacker etc.
What is cyber terrorism?
Cyber terrorism is a new class of threat to the world. This is one of the extreme cases of hacking.
Here, instead of physical terror efforts are focused upon attacking information systems or resources
especially using World Wide Web. Cyber terrorists use computer systems and software to create
violence and loss by breaking security of target systems or by stealing/corrupting computer systems.
Unlike hackers, Cyber terrorists usually work under political or ideological influence and always
more harmful than a hacker. However it's always possible that a hacker can turn into a cyber terrorist
by providing his technical skills to perform terrorist activities. Hacker himself can be a terrorist or
can be hired by terrorist organizations for hacking. In this case, we see overlaps between hacking
and cyber terrorism activities.
Cyber terrorists use Internet for a number of purposes, as described below.
* Propaganda/Publicity – Some terrorists use

Cyber-Terrorism : The Causes Of Cyber Terrorism
Cyber Terrorism
Terrorism, the unlawful use of violence and threats to gain an often public response, is a worldwide
concern. The Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) describes cyber terrorism as, "the
attempted destruction of national foundations such as those who power government enterprises or
transportation (Tafoya)." Worldwide, people have become so dependent on these fundamental
operations, that cyber terrorists use this dependability against societies. Cyber criminals use virtual
crimes to instill fear in the public who rely on computers and internet for everyday life. According to
the FBI, cyber terrorism breaks down into multiple categories. These categories are based on the
idea that cyber terrorists use fear to attack critical infrastructures and information.A cybersecurity
group known as iPredator categorizes the motivational drives of digital criminals into three
classifications. Many organizations dedicated to the resolution of cyber terrorism remain on the
lookout for anyone who classifies as someone engaged in the destruction of credibility and security.
A cause of cyber–terrorism is the ease of accessibility for attackers. In a TedTalk spotlighting James
Lyne, a cybersecurity specialist, Lyne talks about how easy being a criminal on the web is. Lyne
describes different websites and tutorials that are available to make it "as easy as 1,2,3," to steal
your personal identification or to shut down entire modes of transportation or to

Cyberterrorism In The United States
The existence of cyberterrorism has been around since the 1980's, but defining cyberterrorism has
proven to be difficult especially within the United States. Devising a common terminology has been
extremely difficult because there have been various published definitions from agencies such as the
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Department of Defense (DoD), The Department of
Homeland Security (DHS) and the Department of Justice (DOJ). Each agency has there own distinct
understanding of what cyberterrorism means and because of the lack of a more unified definition,
the area of cyberterrorism suffers from a limited source base to draw upon based on variables that
are not so easily identified. Some of the most difficult questions to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Bots is taken from the word robots and it's an automated process that interacts with other network
services. Bots are utilized to gather information for either good or malicious purposes, but the latter
of the two is designed to infect the host and reconnect back to a central server, which acts as a
Command and Control (C&C) center for an entire network of comprised devices (Cisco, n.d.). The
use of bots is the most sophisticate tool hackers have at their disposal because bots have the
versatility of worms and bots also utilize existing viruses, backdoors, and exploits already exposed
to log in keystrokes, gather password information, analyze packets, and gather financial information
without being immediately noticed (Cisco,

How Does Cyberterrorism Affect Our Critical Infrastructures
This research project will answer how cyberterrorism will affect our critical infrastructures along
with ways of mitigating this event from occurring as well as our government efforts to educate the
private and public sectors by qualitative research. Since the war on terrorism came into effect after
9/11 our nation has implemented various protection measures ranging from PPD's, EO's, and the
creation of cyber security programs for our nation's protection. We are facing a new threat from the
cyber world which allows our enemies to attack from various parts of the world by pushing a button
to inflict damage to our nation's information technology systems. This threat is one which political
figures have warned the U.S. government about for years ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
government are taking for our critical infrastructures are necessary for Americans everyday life as
well as the wealth of our nation. This is due to the advancement of the cyber world and how we have
advanced in technology. The upgrade of facilities has caused our nation to ensure cyber security has
as well with vulnerability assessments. As a country with a growing dependency on technology the
threat from terrorist organization and other adversaries have an increasing chance of infiltrating our
nation's cyber space causing disruption to our everyday life. Due to the importance of our critical
infrastructures, we as a nation will continue to attract threats trying to shut down our society with
extremist groups and terrorist groups. The qualitative research approach was the main structure for
this paper impart of the human behavior for their actions of committing terrorist acts. Researchers
and scholars have conducted analysis on the effects of terrorist attacks on our nation's critical
infrastructures as well as data from cyber–attacks against our government. All of which federal
agencies have adopted in their vulnerability

How Does Cyberspace Affect National Security?
From the advent of the Internet, there came with it the opportunity for any of its users to have access
to any information they seeked right at their fingertips. With this access; entertainment, market
opportunities, educational information, productivity, and global communication were able to grow
and flourish, however with these gains seen came with it the weakening of the once secure national
strength seen in nations. In the last two decades cyberspace has been defined as the 'fifth
battleground' for international relations, with the aspects of cyber war, cyber terrorism, and
cybercrime as some of the largest threats to the security of the national and international community.
(Popović, 2013) With this 'fifth battleground' of the cyberspace thrown into the international
battlegrounds of old, its effectiveness and effect on the both the modern state and the international
bodies of the world, posing the question of how will this increased accessibility to the cyberspace
will affect national security in the coming years?
As to why this issue of cyberspace is important enough to garner research on the subject, the main
reason comes from the possible destructive nature cyberspace has the capabilities of exploiting. In
our ever digitalizing world, the more national security comes to risk; as things such as international
communications, military plans, launch codes and the AI controlling drones becomes easier for
access for the nation in question, it also opens it up for hackers

Our Safeguards Against Cyberterrorism And What We Can Do...
Nathaniel Howard
COMS 3053
Paper #1
Our Safeguards against Cyberterrorism In reality, attacks in cyber–space happen all the time. Over
20 million cyber–attacks happened within Utah in 2013 each day, and this was from Utah's
government websites, not including businesses. ("Fortis Blog") Just imagine the various ways one
could hack a website. Someone can even look up how to do it nowadays, and with at least half of the
population in the U.S. using a computer, there are an untold number of people who use hack from
inside the country. There are also those who hack from outside the country, and that is at least
enough to accumulate up to 20 million attacks a day. Unfortunately, there are fewer ways to secure
ourselves from these attacks, but ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Just as a hacker can get information from any citizen in the world, a cyber–terrorist can get
information from any government. The methods used to block these attacks could also be similar,
even though there might be a few select methods tailored to each.
Why do we need safeguards?
As it was stated earlier, attacks happen every day, probably too many to count, and the need to
secure our systems grows exponentially every day. New systems, devices, programs, etc., are being
developed, and the current growth of technology is quite staggering. We also give our information
online in order to use several services, such as Facebook and Amazon. This information can be used
against us, and used to find other pieces of personal information, such as a social security number.
The concern to guard our technology was present before some of us were even born. For example,
in 1982, the CIA created the "logic bomb" to disrupt a pipeline in Siberia, which opened up a new
tool for hackers ("25 Biggest Cyber Attacks," 2013). In 2007, the email address belonging to the
Secretary of Defense was hacked as part of a spree to exploit weaknesses at the Pentagon ("history
of cyber attacks"). Even a high ranking official's email address wasn't safe from cyberterrorists. This
information alone should scare some people into making cyber–security the top of their worry list.
Everyone's information is always at risk.
How can we be attacked?
A hacked, or exposed, computer

Cyber Terrorism
In 1999, Chinese hackers targeted United States government sites, after an accidental bombing of a
Chinese embassy in Belgrade. During this attack, government sites were hijacked and some sites
suffered a denial of service attack. Most recently, it was suspected that Bank of America was the
victim of a cyber terrorism attack; although no definitive evidence is available to substantiate that
claim. Cyber terror attacks pose a threat against the national security of the United States. In order to
fully comprehend the threat that cyber terrorism poses, it is essential to understand the background,
the effects, the reality of the threat and the future of cyber terrorism. This assessment examines the
reality of the cyber terrorism threat, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Likewise, terrorists will strive to improve their cyber terror attack capabilities by keeping pace with
the emerging technologies and overcoming countermeasures.
Many computer security experts question the possibility that the Internet could be used to inflict
death on a large scale. Some precautions have been made. Systems have been established in the last
five years, which aim at preventing a possible cyber terrorism attack. "Air gapping" has been
established on all nuclear weapons, meaning the weapons are not connected to the Internet or any
open computer network and cannot be accessed by intruders or terrorists. Still, other areas of
concern include subways, gas lines, power grids and communication systems; which are owned
primarily by the private sector and are managed by Internet enabled computer systems.
Reality of a Cyber Terror Attack
Malicious cyber activity is occurring more frequently and with unexpected complexity. In mid–
December of 2009, Google experienced a highly sophisticated and targeted attack which originated
in China on its search engine infrastructure and e–mail, as well as on at least 20 other companies.
Attacks are occurring within the United States, as well. Attacks on government networks are
omnipresent. In 2008, NASA and other departments of Defense, Homeland Security and Commerce
suffered major intrusions by "unknown foreign entities" which

Terrorism: Cyberterrorism In The United States
Tomorrow's terrorist may be able to do more damage with a keyboard than with a bomb (National
Research Council1). The United States Department of States defined terrorism as: "...premeditated,
politically motivated violence perpetrated against non–combatant targets by sub–national groups or
clandestine agents." Terrorism not only occurs on the real life today but also on the internet. As the
technology rapidly developed, there is an increase in the usage of internet, the threat comes along
the way. Due to the occurrence of internet terrorism–generating fears to the public, the term
"Cyberterrorism" was coined by Barry Collin in the 1980's (Cyberterrorism Defined). The definition
of cyberterrorism differs from various legal systems and government

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Cyberterrorism
Introduction Prevalent to the current trend now is the dependency of the society on Information
technology and communication systems. Every aspect of human life is one way or the other linked
and controlled by information technology tools. The importance of information technology cannot
be over emphasized as its unavailability could lead to a form of disaster or the other. Pivotal
infrastructures like finance, healthcare, education and security are driven by information technology.
However, information technology and its benefits are accompanied by vulnerabilities and risks that
can be exploited by people with the necessary technical skills. Individuals like 'Hackers' and 'Cyber
Terrorist' can cause disruption to information systems, commit financial fraud and also attack
computers and networks. These attacks and disruptions could result to violence against people and
properties. In some cases, death, serious injuries and severe economic loss could occur as a result of
these attacks. What is Cyberterrorism? A lot of opinions and meanings has been given to the word
"Cyberterrorism". Some of these meanings and definitions varies. In this light, Gordon and Ford
(2003) are concerned that when 10 people define cyberterrorism and nine of the given answers are
different, and these 10 people represent different government agencies tasked with safeguarding
national assets and infrastructure, then it becomes a critical issue. According to Furnell and Warren
(1999), Evidence suggests that technology is growingly seen as a potential tool for terrorist
organizations and the widespread use of information technology by terrorist groups and
organizations has led to the birth of a new class of menace termed "Cyberterrorism". Cyberterrorism
could be used in many diverse ways. Sometimes, a country's pivotal infrastructures could be shut
down and harmed using computer network and tools. There have been impediments in trying to give
a clear and concise definition to the term "cyberterrorism". But Denning (2007) which supersedes
Denning (2000) gives an unambiguous definition to cyberterrorism: Cyberterrorism is generally
understood to refer to highly damaging computer–based attacks or threats of attack by non–state
actors against

Cyberterrorism And Terrorism
No physical weapon was needed to kill patients. No killer stepped into the hospital to kill dozens of
patients. The murder was done virtually. One day a group of terrorists hacked the computer system
in a hospital. These terrorists altered medical records of patients. Weeks gone by and doctors were
treating patients with wrong medicines and procedures. Innocent lives were taken by unfactual
evidence. When realizing this epidemic, doctors refused to advance in any treatments with patients
and false medical records. Which led patients to be on their own causing the hospital to lose money.
The terrorists made a proposal to the hospital. Either pay the terrorists to stop tampering with the
systems or transfer all patients to another hospital that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This advancement in technology will draw terrorist in. Lately businesses are taking in personal
information without knowing there is a huge risk of identity theft. In 2012, the federal Bureau of
Justice Statistics estimated 17 million people experienced at least one incident of identity theft.
Which caused financial losses totaling almost 25 billion dollars. Social medias are also a huge
component of this risk factor. We create our identity by 'liking' our interests, making our
relationships public, sharing our opinions, and sharing our problems. With social media becoming a
norm, terrorists will want to target it. Terrorists will want to ruin reputations.
Overall, cyberterrorism is an issue that must not be taken so lightly. It is a threat that everyone must
be aware about. A threat that not only future generations must be cautious of, but must be prevented.
Punishments must be severe for this act of crime. Everyone must be aware of impacts and how
advancing technology can provoke cyberterrorism. Additionally, we must prevent our technology
and our personal information to become so vulnerable. If we allow these cybercrimes affect us, we
as people are failing our future generations. We must end all the setbacks with punishments for

Cyberterrorism
Cyberterrorism is the utilization of PC system instruments to hurt or close down basic national
bases, e.g. transportation and government operations. The reason of cyberterrorism is that as
countries and basic base turned out to be more subject to PC systems for their operation, new
vulnerabilities are made. Cyberterrorism is an alluring alternative for cutting edge terrorists, who
esteem its secrecy, its capability to exact gigantic harm, its mental effect, and its media offer. The
risk postured by cyberterrorism has gotten the consideration of the broad communications, the
security group, and the data innovation (IT) industry. Columnists, lawmakers, and specialists in an
assortment of fields have promoted a situation in which complex digital terrorists electronically
break into PCs that control dams or aviation authority frameworks, wreaking devastation and
jeopardizing a large number of lives as well as national security itself. But, in spite of all the bleak
forecasts of a digital produced doomsday, no single occurrence of genuine cyberterrorism has been
recorded (Verton 129).
Since most basic base in Western social orders is arranged through PCs, the potential risk from
cyberterrorism is, no doubt, extremely disturbing. Programmers, despite ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Further, to qualify as cyberterrorism, an assault ought to bring about brutality against persons or
property, or if nothing else cause enough mischief to create dread. Assaults that prompt demise or
substantial harm, blasts, or serious monetary misfortune would be cases. Genuine assaults against
basic foundations could be demonstrations of cyberterrorism, contingent upon their effect. Assaults
that upset unimportant administrations or that are chiefly an expensive aggravation would not
(Janczewski

The Causes And Impacts Of Cyberterrorism And The Popular...
Chapter 7 Cyberterrorism Cyberterrorism has been hard to specifically define. With the
sensationalism of popular media, the action and drama of Hollywood films, and new ways of
attacking and bothering people via the internet popping up regularly (Weimann, 2004). Dorothy
Dunning coined a widely utilized definition: "Cyberterrorism is the convergence of cyberspace and
terrorism. It refers to unlawful attacks and threats of attack against computers, networks, and the
information stored therein when done to intimidate or coerce a government or its people in
furtherance of political or social objectives. Further, to qualify as cyberterrorism, an attack should
result in violence against persons or property, or at least cause enough harm to generate fear. Attacks
that lead to death or bodily injury, explosions, or severe economic loss would be examples. Serious
attacks against critical infrastructures could be acts of cyberterrorism, depending on their impact.
Attacks that disrupt nonessential services or that are mainly a costly nuisance would not." (Denning,
2000) According to Denning and others Cyberterrorism consists of the attack and harm of people to
further an agenda. So, if a hacker or group attacks a company's website and post obscene messages
and causes annoyance to the company it is not cyberterrorism; but if a group attacks a 911 system
downing it for several hours and people who are unable to reach 911 die that would be terrorism
(Denning, 2000). Despite the fact

Cyberterrorism Identity Theft
Technology has been advancing worldwide over the course of history, the successful innovations
that were created to make the modern world possible eventually conspired to cause a great danger
for today's technology. Society has reached a critical point when the 21st century launched, and with
it comes the technological mishaps erupting along with solutions. Cyberterrorism and Identity theft
are well–known criminal acts that can potentially be a greater danger to humanity, especially as time
passes since their technology improves immeasurably. Having two of the most known networked
crimes becoming one single organization could be a desolation towards an age of corruption on the
internet. It will only get worse if prevention does not improve.
It has been concluded to the public that no act of cyberterrorism has occurred in the United States
that would ruin the status of the country, but then President Obama has declared that cyber–attacks
are one of the biggest threats that the United States could face and declaring it to be a national
emergency if it occurs. The results that come from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The information on people's name, addresses, and even Social Security numbers can be easily stolen
from workplaces. Identity theft can be more threatening since it can happen in person instead of
remaining anonymous through online hacking. Commission has compiled an accurate statistics
which presents over five–hundred thousand cases, with the average victim being robbed seventeen
thousand dollars (Bielski). The cases involving "data snatching" gives an insight on what is to be
expected when criminals steal or duplicate someone's information to use it for potential advantages.
Federal agencies like the IRS, the Centres for Medicare & Medicaid Services, are usually the areas
where big data are eventually used for money ("SIRF's up). States continue to lag behind as the
situation get worse, this type of crime is

Difference Between Cyberterrorism And Traditional Terrorism
There is plenty of discussion surrounding the difference, if any, between cyberterrorism and
traditional terrorism.
According to Foltz and Holt:
If the attack is intent on interfering with the, social, political or economic running of an organisation
or nation, or to, provoke either physical violence this qualified as cyberterrorism These differences
distinguish the point that extremist organisations use the Internet closer to the features of
cybercrimes with the distribution of data to provoke violence and injury. That cyberterrorism is a
subcategory of a broader type of terrorism To qualify as a cyberterrorism, the attack must have all
the components of terrorism covered.
According to Stohl and Pollitt:
To maintain

The Patriot Act Title Vii Section 814 And 816
Introduction
Although it has been argued that the Patriot Act in and of itself infringes on upon the right bestowed
upon citizens of the United States, the aim of this paper is describe in depth The Patriot Act Title VII
Section 814 and 816. These sections of the Patriot Act protects the citizens of The United States
from the world's newest form of terror; Cyber–Terrorism. The aim is to explain this law, its
adequacies, and inadequacies in detail and to offer suggestions and solutions for its shortcomings.
Commission of Cyber Terrorism
In 2013, a man, investigators named the "Sexual Cyber Terrorist" extorted over 350 women by
hacking into their email accounts and baiting them into giving him nude photos. If the women did
not comply with his demand he threatened to hack into their social media accounts and posting
photos that he allegedly already had of them. Another ploy to obtain these photos from women
would be to pose as close friends and get them to send nude photos. After a thorough investigation
the FBI found more than 3,000 nude to seminude photos of victims. The "Sexual Cyber Terrorist",
Karen (Gary) Kazaryan was sentenced to 5 years in federal prison after pleading guilty to all
charges.
Victims of Cyber Terror Crimes
With the growing threat of cyber–terror crimes it is no secret that the victims and potential victims
of these crimes would be uneasy. The short terms affects could include loss of valuable information,
money, damage to brand and company reputation

The Pros And Cons Of Communication Using The Internet
There are multiple ways to communicate using the internet. Communication is when someone is
physically doing something to talk to another person. Communication includes talking, touching,
screaming, texting, and many other ways through digital or person. The internet is a computer
networking system that connects smaller networks and computers worldwide. That is why it is
called the "World Wide Web". The World Wide Web is an information system that lets a person
share data electronically. The information highway was designed so that people could send
messages and share data. The internet links a person to anyone who has access to the internet. The
World Wide Web allows people to talk to strangers and that is when many of the problems can come
in affect. When a person is talking to a complete stranger over the internet, it can involve
"Catfishing" which is when a person is using another person's identity for their profile. The online
network can help a stranger steal a person's identity and any background information about that
person even if that information is private. There have been incidents where people have lost
everything that they have because a stranger stole their identity and their personal information.
People have gone through major depression and anxiety because someone over the World Wide Web
has bullied them or threatened them. People have tried to commit suicide in multiple ways because
someone would not stop harming them emotionally. There are people who are dying, harming
themselves, losing everything that they love because someone is using the internet and
communicating through it in a bad way. The negative sides of the internet are cybercrime, which is
the act of doing a crime through the internet. Cyberterrorism is a political attack against important
information. Cyberstalking is when a person repeatedly sends another person threatening remarks to
try to harass them and
Frighten them. Cyberbullying can also be a bad way of using the information highway because
people try to bully others.
The Negative Sides of Internet and Communication Cybercrime is one way of exampling a bad way
of using the internet as a form of communication. Cybercrime is a way of using the internet to do
crimes.

Introduction to Cyber Terrorism
Introduction to Cyber Terrorism:
Cyber Terrorism is an attack executed by Cyber Terrorists via information systems to significantly
interfere with the political, social or economic functioning of a groups or organizations of a nation
or induces physical violence and creates panic. We define hackers as individuals who wish to access,
modify data, files and resources without having the necessary authorization to do so, and/or wish to
block services to authorized users. Cyber Terrorists are individuals or groups to utilize computer and
networking technologies to terrorize. In this paper, we study the behavior of two groups of hackers:
Cyber Terrorists and Common Hackers. Cyber Terrorism and Cyber Terrorists is generally
considered classified information which cannot be released to the public, we can usually only
interfere that Cyber Terrorism and Cyber Terrorists exits. However in 2010 federal bureau of
investigation chief, Robert Mueller, told an RSA conference of computer security professionals,
"The Cyber Terrorism threat is real and rapidly expanding". He indicated that terrorists have shown
a clear interest in hacking skills and combining real attacks with Cyber–attacks. [8]
What is Cyber Terrorism?
Cyber Terrorist's use of internet based activities or threats including disruption of computer network,
with the inattention to cause harm or further social, religious, political or ideological, similar
objectives. The Cyber Terrorists affects not only physically, mentally

Is Cybercrime A Type Of Crime That Is Committed Over The...
The uses of Internet and computers have made life much easier; technology in general has improved
the economy, medical research, and healthcare. Internet and computers have become a huge part of
many people 's lives in this era; it allows individuals to stay in touch, find information, and even
make a living through online businesses. When there are positive points, there are bound to be some
negative ones, and that is "Cybercrime". Cybercrime is a type of crime that is committed over the
Internet using computers and networks; also known as "Hacking". Cybercrimes are a major issue
individual face in today 's society; this is because the number of people using the Internet has grown
rapidly over the last decade. Technology is available to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One might think that cybercrime is just hacking a computer, but there are many sides that this paper
will examine.
Review of Literature
Cyber criminals across the world have found multiple ways to use technology for fraud, identity
theft, and unauthorized computer access (Wiener–Bronner, 2014). Some of the most common types
of cybercrimes include fraud, spamming, hardware hijacking, cyberterrorism, cyberstalking, and
cyberwarfare ("The Most Common Forms of Cybercrime." n.d.). Cyber fraud is one very typical
crime that takes place over the Internet; many people have been victims of cyber fraud or more
commonly called "identity theft." Cybercriminals hack computers and gain access to personal
financial information like credit cards, bank passwords, and access to bank accounts. Many hackers
collect customer's information by hacking consumer databases, from various social media or online
shopping sites (Amazon, e–bay, and Facebook) ("The Most Common Forms of Cybercrime." n.d.).
Once they gain access to personal information they can easily use to for his/her benefit.
Spamming is a very devious method for hackers to gather personal information; spam messages are
carriers of computer viruses also known as worms. Most widely recognized spam is sending users
electronic messages. Messages are sent directly to one 's mailbox and opening these spam mails
leaves computers vulnerable for spammers to

A Brief Note On The Intersection Of Technology And Terrorism
Final Paper Sean Kosma ADMJ 1220 Dec. 5, 2014 Cyberterrorism: the intersection of technology
and terrorism The cyber–world around us is an evolving organic entity. The incredible
advancements with technology and the interconnectivity between such systems make everyday life
for the average American as easy as swiping a finger. From a person's smartphone used to pass the
time by mindlessly playing games to the United States' federal computer networks filled with
incredibly confidential databases and mainframes, the wide range of differing types of technology
and networks is utilized for an even larger spectrum of capabilities, depending on who is operating.
With a world that is becoming much more dependent on these networks running smoothly and
efficiently as possible, these networks are becoming prime targets for individuals or organizations
that may have other, more malicious ideas of how to utilize the true capabilities of these networks.
Present day has seen its fair share of networks that have been compromised by unauthorized actors,
but the real question that arises with this looming theory of "cyberterrorism" is what the actors'
desired endstate is. When a network is hacked and compromised, how the act is categorized is all
dependent on the identity of those guilty, the intended targets, the desired outcome, and the
overarching desired outcome the actors wished would come to fruition. All these components have
led to the classification of cybercrimes, cyberterrorism,

Cyber-Terrorism: A Threat To The United States
Terrorism has been an ongoing problem in society; however, Cyberterrorism is relatively new. Our
country has to adapt to all media threats and how to handle them effectively. A strategic plan needs
to be put into action such as finding the enemies goal for the threat, who the enemy is, what their
operational techniques are, as well as the resources they have to actually carry out this threat.
Terrorist groups now utilize technology to carry out and construct their attacks, which is a possible
threat to the United States. This article discussed how military, legal, and political parties confront a
threat, and the difficulties associated with cyber– terrorism. For prevention, they analyze domestic
and international law and address vulnerabilities in the system, such as setting up a firewall. Also,
changing, or rethinking, previous understanding of cyber terrorism by focusing on response and
responsibility. Additionally, there are other ways to prevent cyber–terrorism. For example, tradeoffs,
tensions, calculations and choices. Every tactic in this article is very descriptive; therefore, I chose
three important points to further explain in depth, which are domestic and international law,
addressing vulnerabilities, and trade–offs and tensions. Regarding domestic and international law, I
found this very important when handling cyber–terrorism, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
I was unaware of all legal challenges our country faces with this issue and all the different strategies
and tactics that are involved to counter cyber–terrorism. It appears by this article that countries are
still struggling to define exactly what cyber–terrorism is and how to properly maintain and handle it
efficiently. There are many important influences and circumstances to consider when dealing with
cyber–terrorism and I felt this article was very informative in addressing all issues and

Cyber Attacks : The Threat Of Cyberterrorism
Hacking to Peace:
The Threat of Cyberterrorism
Computer systems have become essential to the way of life that exists in the United States and other
Western nations. However, America's dependency on computers results in the nation being
vulnerable to cyber–attacks. This paper will discuss cyber threats to American security as they
pertain to the nation's government, military, businesses, and infrastructure. Such threats include
possible acts of cyber terrorism, as well as espionage and information theft. It will be seen that
cyber–attacks could result in physical as well as economic damage to the nation. It will be argued
that the threat of cyber–attack is real and that it needs to be taken seriously. Since the techniques of
those involved ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Such entities can steal critical information, disrupt vital services, and cause economic or even
physical damage.
The risk is related to the fact that American society has become increasingly dependent on computer
networks. According to Cetron, et al., computer networks enrich life and increase efficiency in all
kinds of important operations. However, dependency on networked systems results in America
being vulnerable to cyber–attacks. In the words of Cetron, et al., "disrupt essential information or
communications systems, and a company, government agency, or military unit could be dead in the
water, or at least cut off from oversight and coordination with its partners" (46). Because of
interconnections between systems, a single cyber–attack could cause widespread damage. Cyber–
attacks are appealing to terrorists and other wrongdoers because it is relatively cheap, quick and
easy to launch such an attack in comparison to launching a traditional military assault (Clark &
Levin). Also, cyber–attacks are attractive because they can be carried out anonymously. Because of
this, it is possible for a terrorist group to initiate a devastating attack "without ever being identified
or facing retribution" (Cetron, et al. 47).
Experts are worried about the risk of cyber–attacks against the nation's military and government
systems. In addition, they are worried about possible attacks on the nation's infrastructure. As noted
by

Was Robin Hood Bad
Ask audience question: Was Robin Hood good or bad? Please put your hand up if you think he was
good... Please put your hand up if you think he was bad... Robin Hood – a thief, killer, vandal, anti–
monarchist. Yet, in folklore he's a hero, a saviour, a glorious rebel! And why is that? Did he have
good intentions? Is it because he give money to the poor? Yes. And that's why this criminal is
considered a good person. Now most of us are too young, but recently, a website called Ashley
Madison was hacked. Ashley Madison is an online dating website where married people can have
affairs. Recently, a few hackers hacked into the website, and gradually started releasing the email
accounts and details of every member. Furthermore, over 100 emails from the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Hackers may be motivated by many reasons, such as challenge, profit, enjoyment, protest, or to
evaluate those weaknesses to help remove them. Hackers can generally be divided into two or three
groups: A "white hat hacker" breaks security for what are considered "good" reasons, perhaps to test
their own security system or while working for a security company which makes security software.
The term "white hat" refers to an ethical hacker. A "black hat" hacker is a hacker who disrupts
computer security for little reason beyond personal gain. Black hat hackers make the illegal,
stereotypical hacking groups often portrayed in popular culture. Black hat hackers break into
networks to modify, destroy, or steal data; or to make the network unusable for those who are
authorized to use the network. Black hat hackers are also referred to as the "crackers" within the
security industry and by modern programmers. A grey hat hacker lies between a black hat and a
white hat hacker. A grey hat hacker may surf the Internet and hack into a computer system for the
sole purpose of notifying the administrator that their system has a security defect, for example. They
may then offer to correct the defect for a fee. Grey hat hackers sometimes find the defect of a system
and publish the facts to the world instead of a group of

The Liberties, Ideologies, And Effects Of Hacktivism
This paper discusses the liberties, ideologies, and effects of hacktivism. Hacktivism, is the
combination of hacking and activism, and is where a hacker creates a technology–centered
disturbance with a political or social motive. Unlawful hackers typically cause cyber damage for
amusement, or monetary gain. While traditional hackers are perceived as criminals, hacktivists are a
transgressive group. Cyberterrorism is the most extreme version of hacking, where the goal is to
cause permanent damage. There are benefits to hacktivism such as, anyone can log on and share
their opinion, regardless of their location or position. However, some forms of hacktivism may be
closer to cyberterrorism, where there may be a malicious intent. Controversy ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In reality, hackers are a variety of people, with a range of reasons for what they do. Hacking began
in the late seventies and early eighties out of curiosity. Quickly, people began to realize the potential
for destruction through cyber attacks. From 2008 to 2012, the hacktivist group Anonymous, became
prevalent, because pretty much any amateur with a cause what kind of cause could join
Anonymous.. But after several group figureheads were arrested, the general public was deterred
from participating this hacktivist group.
From 2012 to the present, the door opened for hacktivist specialists beyond Anonymous, to cause
destruction. Hacktivism has shifted from large amounts of amateurs causing minimal damage, to
small amounts of hacking specialists causing tremendous amounts of damage. Due to the fact that
the Internet is largely privatized, it is very hard for hacktivists to get their point across to a large
number of people without breaking the law. So, a free speech space needs to be established online to
ensure that everyone has a chance to speak their mind on a "digital sidewalk." The extreme side of
hacktivism is cyberterrorism. Terrorist groups like ISIS have begun to hire specialists to wage
cyberwar for their religious and political gain. The Internet battlefield has become just as important
as a physical one.
However, not all hackers are terrorists, criminals, or even hacktivists. Some hackers take up

Cyberterrorism Research Paper

More Related Content

Similar to Cyberterrorism Research Paper

More from Rachel Phillips

Recently uploaded

Cyberterrorism Research Paper