The document analyzes the empirical effect of international cybercrime legislation, specifically the Convention on Cybercrime (COC), on deterring distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. The study finds that enforcing the COC reduces the number of DDoS attack victims within enforcing countries but redirects attacks to non-enforcing countries. International cooperation provisions in the COC help reduce attacks. This provides evidence that cyber criminals respond rationally to economic incentives and that international cooperation is needed to effectively deter cybercrime.
Review of national cyber security policy 2013 by chintan pathakChintan Pathak
The document provides a review of India's National Cyber Security Policy from 2013. It discusses the following key points:
- The policy aims to create a framework to enhance cyber security in India through specific actions and programs. Its vision is to build a secure and resilient cyber space for citizens, businesses, and government.
- The policy seeks to protect information and infrastructure, build cyber security capabilities, reduce vulnerabilities, and minimize damage from incidents. It also aims to establish a national cyber security agency and legal framework.
- While the policy addresses many important issues, it is silent on some key areas like cloud computing, citizen privacy, social media governance, and balancing citizen liberty with national security.
- For the policy
Ø Information security is the protection of information from unauthorised access, use, disclosure or destruction through various means. This includes protecting both physical and electronic data.
Ø Cyber security, also known as information security, aims to ensure the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information by protecting it from malicious attacks, damage or misuse when stored and accessed digitally.
Ø As an employee, you are responsible for securing any information about customers, your organisation, colleagues and yourself to prevent misuse or unauthorized access according to the Data Protection Act 2018. This includes information stored electronically and in physical records.
This document discusses cyber crime and security. It begins with an overview of topics to be covered, including the history and basics of cyber crimes, various categories of cyber crimes, and motivations for cyber attacks. It then discusses the history of cyber crimes and defines cyber attacks and cyber crimes. Various types of cyber crimes are outlined, including those against persons, property, and government. Common cyber crime techniques like social engineering, viruses, and ransomware are explained. The document notes that cyber crime groups are starting to operate more like organized crime rings. It concludes by discussing how opportunities provided by Web 2.0 technologies can be exploited for cyber crimes.
This document summarizes two key cyber laws in Pakistan: the Electronic Transaction Ordinance 2002 and the Electronic/Cyber Crime Bill 2007. The Electronic Transaction Ordinance 2002 was the first IT law created to recognize electronic documentation, protect e-commerce, and address cyber crimes. It deals with areas like digital signatures and online transactions. The Electronic/Cyber Crime Bill 2007 addresses specific cyber crimes like cyber terrorism, data damage, electronic fraud, and establishes punishments. It gives investigation powers to the Federal Investigation Agency. Both laws aim to address cyber crimes and regulate electronic transactions and systems in Pakistan.
This document defines cyber crime and lists common types. Cyber crime involves harmful acts committed using or against computers and networks, where the computer is used as a tool or target. The types of cyber crime discussed include hacking, virus attacks, cyber theft, software piracy, email bombs, cyber terrorism, password trafficking, identity theft, phishing, and credit card fraud. Safety tips to prevent cyber crime are also provided.
This document discusses cyber crime and cyber security. It begins with an introduction and overview of cyber crime types, causes, perpetrators, and laws. It then discusses common cyber crimes like fraud, hacking, and harassment. The document outlines tips for prevention, including securing devices and updating passwords. It defines cyber security as protecting information systems and data from theft, damage, or disruption. Cyber security provides protection from viruses while allowing safe browsing and privacy for users. In conclusion, awareness is key to self protection in the borderless world of cyberspace.
This document discusses cyber crime and security. It begins with an introduction to cyber crime and a brief history highlighting some early cyber crimes. It then categorizes cyber crimes as those using computers as targets or weapons. Several types of cyber crimes are outlined such as hacking, child pornography, denial of service attacks, and software piracy. The document notes that cyber crimes threaten national security and discusses cyber security advantages and safety tips. It concludes with an overview of India's cyber laws.
Review of national cyber security policy 2013 by chintan pathakChintan Pathak
The document provides a review of India's National Cyber Security Policy from 2013. It discusses the following key points:
- The policy aims to create a framework to enhance cyber security in India through specific actions and programs. Its vision is to build a secure and resilient cyber space for citizens, businesses, and government.
- The policy seeks to protect information and infrastructure, build cyber security capabilities, reduce vulnerabilities, and minimize damage from incidents. It also aims to establish a national cyber security agency and legal framework.
- While the policy addresses many important issues, it is silent on some key areas like cloud computing, citizen privacy, social media governance, and balancing citizen liberty with national security.
- For the policy
Ø Information security is the protection of information from unauthorised access, use, disclosure or destruction through various means. This includes protecting both physical and electronic data.
Ø Cyber security, also known as information security, aims to ensure the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information by protecting it from malicious attacks, damage or misuse when stored and accessed digitally.
Ø As an employee, you are responsible for securing any information about customers, your organisation, colleagues and yourself to prevent misuse or unauthorized access according to the Data Protection Act 2018. This includes information stored electronically and in physical records.
This document discusses cyber crime and security. It begins with an overview of topics to be covered, including the history and basics of cyber crimes, various categories of cyber crimes, and motivations for cyber attacks. It then discusses the history of cyber crimes and defines cyber attacks and cyber crimes. Various types of cyber crimes are outlined, including those against persons, property, and government. Common cyber crime techniques like social engineering, viruses, and ransomware are explained. The document notes that cyber crime groups are starting to operate more like organized crime rings. It concludes by discussing how opportunities provided by Web 2.0 technologies can be exploited for cyber crimes.
This document summarizes two key cyber laws in Pakistan: the Electronic Transaction Ordinance 2002 and the Electronic/Cyber Crime Bill 2007. The Electronic Transaction Ordinance 2002 was the first IT law created to recognize electronic documentation, protect e-commerce, and address cyber crimes. It deals with areas like digital signatures and online transactions. The Electronic/Cyber Crime Bill 2007 addresses specific cyber crimes like cyber terrorism, data damage, electronic fraud, and establishes punishments. It gives investigation powers to the Federal Investigation Agency. Both laws aim to address cyber crimes and regulate electronic transactions and systems in Pakistan.
This document defines cyber crime and lists common types. Cyber crime involves harmful acts committed using or against computers and networks, where the computer is used as a tool or target. The types of cyber crime discussed include hacking, virus attacks, cyber theft, software piracy, email bombs, cyber terrorism, password trafficking, identity theft, phishing, and credit card fraud. Safety tips to prevent cyber crime are also provided.
This document discusses cyber crime and cyber security. It begins with an introduction and overview of cyber crime types, causes, perpetrators, and laws. It then discusses common cyber crimes like fraud, hacking, and harassment. The document outlines tips for prevention, including securing devices and updating passwords. It defines cyber security as protecting information systems and data from theft, damage, or disruption. Cyber security provides protection from viruses while allowing safe browsing and privacy for users. In conclusion, awareness is key to self protection in the borderless world of cyberspace.
This document discusses cyber crime and security. It begins with an introduction to cyber crime and a brief history highlighting some early cyber crimes. It then categorizes cyber crimes as those using computers as targets or weapons. Several types of cyber crimes are outlined such as hacking, child pornography, denial of service attacks, and software piracy. The document notes that cyber crimes threaten national security and discusses cyber security advantages and safety tips. It concludes with an overview of India's cyber laws.
These slides guides you through the tools and techniques one can use for footprinting websites or people.You will find amazing tools and techniques have a look
This document discusses various types of cyber crimes including crimes against individuals, property, organizations and society. It describes causes of cyber crimes such as passion of youngsters, desire for recognition or money, and security issues. It then focuses on specific cyber crimes like unauthorized access, viruses, trojans, hacking, social engineering techniques like phishing and baiting, and spam. Common hacking tools are also outlined. Throughout, methods of prevention and popular examples are provided for each topic.
Spyware refers to software that is installed on an user's computer without their consent and is used to collect information about their internet activity. Unlike viruses and worms, spyware does not self-replicate but exploits infected computers to display unsolicited ads, steal personal information, and monitor browsing activity. Users typically notice unwanted ads, reduced performance, and changes to browser settings due to multiple spyware infections. While anti-spyware software and safe computing practices can help detect and remove spyware, rogue anti-spyware programs also pose a threat by falsely claiming to find infections.
The document discusses how the Blue Coat family of products can provide layered defense against malware threats through the ProxySG, BCWF, and ProxyAV. It describes five methods: 1) blocking access to known malware sites with BCWF categories and dynamic ratings, 2) detecting hidden file types with CPL tests, 3) removing active content from HTML pages with CPL transformations, 4) blocking mobile malicious code with CPL string rewriting and script injection, and 5) implementing anti-malware protection with ProxyAV scanning. The layered approach follows the principle of "defense in depth" to prevent malware infection.
The document discusses various types of cybercrimes. It begins by defining cybercrime as crimes occurring in cyberspace, also known as computer-related crimes. It then categorizes cybercrimes into three types: crimes where the computer is the target, where it is used as a tool, and where it plays a minor role. Various examples of specific cybercrimes are then outlined such as hacking, phishing, malware attacks, and financial crimes. The history and evolution of cybercrime from early computer crimes to modern internet-based crimes is also summarized.
Computer forensics involves identifying, preserving, analyzing, and presenting digital evidence from computers or other electronic devices in a way that is legally acceptable. The main goal is not only to find criminals, but also to find evidence and present it in a way that leads to legal action. Cyber crimes occur when technology is used to commit or conceal offenses, and digital evidence can include data stored on computers in persistent or volatile forms. Computer forensics experts follow a methodology that involves documenting hardware, making backups, searching for keywords, and documenting findings to help with criminal prosecution, civil litigation, and other applications.
The document discusses internet security and proposes three key points:
1. The Obama administration proposed an international effort to bolster internet security as cyberspace has become both a communications tool and a potential security threat in the 21st century.
2. The internet has become integral to many aspects of modern life from banking and medical records to infrastructure and national security. However, this increased reliance on the internet also increases security risks.
3. Proper browser security settings can help prevent malware infections, protect personal information, and limit damage from cyber attacks by disabling potentially risky features like ActiveX controls and configuring privacy, history, and download options.
Cyberwarfare, also known as cyberterrorism, refers to politically motivated attacks on computer systems and networks. The document discusses various methods of cyberwarfare such as espionage, sabotage, and attacks on critical infrastructure networks. Specific examples of cyberattacks between nations are provided, such as attacks from Russia on Estonia in 2007 and cyber operations between the US and Iran in 2012. The document also examines cybercrime trends in Greece and strategies for improving cybersecurity defenses.
presentation on cyber crime and securityAlisha Korpal
This document discusses various types of cybercrimes and cybersecurity issues. It defines cybercrimes as crimes committed using computers and the internet, such as identity theft. It then provides statistics on common types of cyber attacks like financial fraud, sabotage of networks, and viruses. The document also discusses specific cybercrimes like hacking, child pornography, denial of service attacks, and software piracy. It concludes by offering tips for improving cybersecurity, such as using antivirus software and firewalls, and maintaining safe internet practices.
Cyber crime refers to criminal activities that involve computers and networks. It includes crimes where computers are the target, such as hacking and phishing, and crimes where computers are used as a tool to enable traditional crimes, such as fraud. Common types of cyber crimes are cyber terrorism, phishing, email spoofing, computer vandalism, and software piracy. India ranks 11th globally for cyber crimes due to factors such as its growing internet user base and increased online shopping and social media usage. Cyber security aims to protect sensitive data, while cyber laws in India regulate criminal activities both in cyber space as well as traditional crimes addressed under the Indian Penal Code.
Industrial espionage takes two main forms: acquiring intellectual property like manufacturing processes and recipes, or sequestering proprietary operational information like customer data, pricing, and research. It involves activities like theft of trade secrets, bribery, and technological surveillance to gain commercial advantages. For example, in 1993 Volkswagen was accused of and later settled industrial espionage allegations after executives from GM's Opel division defected to Volkswagen, resulting in a $100 million settlement and agreement to purchase $1 billion in parts from GM over 7 years.
Social engineering involves manipulating people into revealing confidential information through psychological tricks, deception or pretending to need access for legitimate reasons. Attackers use methods like pretexting, phishing and fake websites to obtain personally identifiable data, financial information, passwords and other sensitive details from targets like employees or customers. The impacts of social engineering can be significant, as demonstrated by a $80 million cyberattack on Bangladesh's central bank. To protect against social engineering, organizations should promote security awareness training to help people identify inappropriate requests and understand the risks of revealing private information.
This document discusses cyber security issues facing government offices in India and provides recommendations. It notes that over 14,000 Indian sites were hacked in one year, banks lost money to cyber criminals, and personal data has been leaked from breaches. Proper precautions are recommended like using strong passwords, two-factor authentication, privacy settings, and firewalls. Government offices should maximize security by properly configuring firewalls and operating systems, installing essential secure software and certificates, and monitoring network activity.
This document discusses cyber warfare trends from 2010-2017. It summarizes cyber attacks and operations conducted by nation-states including Russia, UAE, Qatar, Vietnam, Mexico, Iran, and the US against each other. These include political influence campaigns, spying campaigns, and digital espionage. The document also discusses cyber attacks on critical infrastructure like banks, mobile networks, electric grids, and nuclear power plants. It notes that many countries are building up their cyber warfare capabilities including the US, Israel, Turkey, Iran, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Pakistan, and India. The document concludes with lessons learned around building cyber capacity, asymmetry in cyber attacks, the importance of social networks and agility in responding to attacks.
The document discusses cyber crimes and related laws in Pakistan. It provides definitions of cyber crimes and examples. It summarizes the Electronic Transactions Ordinance of 2002, which recognized electronic records and transactions. It also discusses the Electronic/Cyber Crime Bill of 2007 and Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act of 2016, which defined additional cyber crimes and penalties. Key sections from these laws are outlined dealing with issues like data damage, electronic fraud, and cyber terrorism.
15 Tips to Protect Yourself from Cyber AttacksThe eCore Group
The document provides 15 tips to protect yourself from cyber attacks, including deleting unused applications, using unique and strong passwords for each account, only visiting secure websites that start with HTTPS, deleting cookies regularly, covering your webcam, entering URLs manually, not responding to emails from strangers, taking regular data backups, locking your computer and phone when not in use, avoiding pirated content, never revealing financial information online or over the phone, keeping your antivirus software updated, avoiding opening attachments from unknown senders, creating a separate user account for added security, and being careful about what you share on social media to prevent identity theft.
This document discusses cyber crime and provides an overview presented by Dr. Soreingam Ragui. It defines cyber crime as any illegal activity committed using computers or networks. India ranks 11th globally for cyber crime, constituting 3% of total cyber crime. Reasons for India's high rates include a rapidly growing internet user base. Common cyber crimes include hacking, phishing, and intellectual property theft. The document also discusses Indian cyber law and acts like the Information Technology Act of 2000.
This document discusses cyber crime. It defines cyber crime as any illegal criminal activity that uses a computer as a tool, target, or means of perpetrating crime. Cyber crimes can range from security breaches and identity theft to cyber stalking and child exploitation. The document outlines several types of cyber crimes such as hacking, email spoofing, computer vandalism, and cyber terrorism. It also discusses reasons for cyber crimes and how to avoid becoming a victim.
This document discusses digital crime and digital forensics. It begins by defining digital crime and noting the complexities involved in investigating digital crimes due to issues like anonymity and lack of legal governance across borders. It then examines how digital crime has evolved and compares digital crimes to conventional crimes. Challenges in digital forensics are also evaluated, such as untrained staff and challenges in preserving evidence across jurisdictions. The document argues that while digital crimes pose serious threats, digital forensics remains an important tool for determining culpability and preventing future attacks.
The document provides an overview of global cybercrime trends, including:
1. Cybercrime is evolving rapidly with new types emerging each year driven by technological changes. Many countries now view cybersecurity as a national security issue and have cybersecurity strategies.
2. State-sponsored cyberattacks are a major concern, and virtual currency exchanges are increasingly targeted by hackers. Ransomware has become a significant threat affecting both individuals and organizations globally.
3. Other evolving threats include business email compromise scams, child sexual abuse materials trafficking on the dark web and encrypted messaging apps, and the targeting of children on social media. Law enforcement faces challenges in investigating these crimes that cross international borders.
These slides guides you through the tools and techniques one can use for footprinting websites or people.You will find amazing tools and techniques have a look
This document discusses various types of cyber crimes including crimes against individuals, property, organizations and society. It describes causes of cyber crimes such as passion of youngsters, desire for recognition or money, and security issues. It then focuses on specific cyber crimes like unauthorized access, viruses, trojans, hacking, social engineering techniques like phishing and baiting, and spam. Common hacking tools are also outlined. Throughout, methods of prevention and popular examples are provided for each topic.
Spyware refers to software that is installed on an user's computer without their consent and is used to collect information about their internet activity. Unlike viruses and worms, spyware does not self-replicate but exploits infected computers to display unsolicited ads, steal personal information, and monitor browsing activity. Users typically notice unwanted ads, reduced performance, and changes to browser settings due to multiple spyware infections. While anti-spyware software and safe computing practices can help detect and remove spyware, rogue anti-spyware programs also pose a threat by falsely claiming to find infections.
The document discusses how the Blue Coat family of products can provide layered defense against malware threats through the ProxySG, BCWF, and ProxyAV. It describes five methods: 1) blocking access to known malware sites with BCWF categories and dynamic ratings, 2) detecting hidden file types with CPL tests, 3) removing active content from HTML pages with CPL transformations, 4) blocking mobile malicious code with CPL string rewriting and script injection, and 5) implementing anti-malware protection with ProxyAV scanning. The layered approach follows the principle of "defense in depth" to prevent malware infection.
The document discusses various types of cybercrimes. It begins by defining cybercrime as crimes occurring in cyberspace, also known as computer-related crimes. It then categorizes cybercrimes into three types: crimes where the computer is the target, where it is used as a tool, and where it plays a minor role. Various examples of specific cybercrimes are then outlined such as hacking, phishing, malware attacks, and financial crimes. The history and evolution of cybercrime from early computer crimes to modern internet-based crimes is also summarized.
Computer forensics involves identifying, preserving, analyzing, and presenting digital evidence from computers or other electronic devices in a way that is legally acceptable. The main goal is not only to find criminals, but also to find evidence and present it in a way that leads to legal action. Cyber crimes occur when technology is used to commit or conceal offenses, and digital evidence can include data stored on computers in persistent or volatile forms. Computer forensics experts follow a methodology that involves documenting hardware, making backups, searching for keywords, and documenting findings to help with criminal prosecution, civil litigation, and other applications.
The document discusses internet security and proposes three key points:
1. The Obama administration proposed an international effort to bolster internet security as cyberspace has become both a communications tool and a potential security threat in the 21st century.
2. The internet has become integral to many aspects of modern life from banking and medical records to infrastructure and national security. However, this increased reliance on the internet also increases security risks.
3. Proper browser security settings can help prevent malware infections, protect personal information, and limit damage from cyber attacks by disabling potentially risky features like ActiveX controls and configuring privacy, history, and download options.
Cyberwarfare, also known as cyberterrorism, refers to politically motivated attacks on computer systems and networks. The document discusses various methods of cyberwarfare such as espionage, sabotage, and attacks on critical infrastructure networks. Specific examples of cyberattacks between nations are provided, such as attacks from Russia on Estonia in 2007 and cyber operations between the US and Iran in 2012. The document also examines cybercrime trends in Greece and strategies for improving cybersecurity defenses.
presentation on cyber crime and securityAlisha Korpal
This document discusses various types of cybercrimes and cybersecurity issues. It defines cybercrimes as crimes committed using computers and the internet, such as identity theft. It then provides statistics on common types of cyber attacks like financial fraud, sabotage of networks, and viruses. The document also discusses specific cybercrimes like hacking, child pornography, denial of service attacks, and software piracy. It concludes by offering tips for improving cybersecurity, such as using antivirus software and firewalls, and maintaining safe internet practices.
Cyber crime refers to criminal activities that involve computers and networks. It includes crimes where computers are the target, such as hacking and phishing, and crimes where computers are used as a tool to enable traditional crimes, such as fraud. Common types of cyber crimes are cyber terrorism, phishing, email spoofing, computer vandalism, and software piracy. India ranks 11th globally for cyber crimes due to factors such as its growing internet user base and increased online shopping and social media usage. Cyber security aims to protect sensitive data, while cyber laws in India regulate criminal activities both in cyber space as well as traditional crimes addressed under the Indian Penal Code.
Industrial espionage takes two main forms: acquiring intellectual property like manufacturing processes and recipes, or sequestering proprietary operational information like customer data, pricing, and research. It involves activities like theft of trade secrets, bribery, and technological surveillance to gain commercial advantages. For example, in 1993 Volkswagen was accused of and later settled industrial espionage allegations after executives from GM's Opel division defected to Volkswagen, resulting in a $100 million settlement and agreement to purchase $1 billion in parts from GM over 7 years.
Social engineering involves manipulating people into revealing confidential information through psychological tricks, deception or pretending to need access for legitimate reasons. Attackers use methods like pretexting, phishing and fake websites to obtain personally identifiable data, financial information, passwords and other sensitive details from targets like employees or customers. The impacts of social engineering can be significant, as demonstrated by a $80 million cyberattack on Bangladesh's central bank. To protect against social engineering, organizations should promote security awareness training to help people identify inappropriate requests and understand the risks of revealing private information.
This document discusses cyber security issues facing government offices in India and provides recommendations. It notes that over 14,000 Indian sites were hacked in one year, banks lost money to cyber criminals, and personal data has been leaked from breaches. Proper precautions are recommended like using strong passwords, two-factor authentication, privacy settings, and firewalls. Government offices should maximize security by properly configuring firewalls and operating systems, installing essential secure software and certificates, and monitoring network activity.
This document discusses cyber warfare trends from 2010-2017. It summarizes cyber attacks and operations conducted by nation-states including Russia, UAE, Qatar, Vietnam, Mexico, Iran, and the US against each other. These include political influence campaigns, spying campaigns, and digital espionage. The document also discusses cyber attacks on critical infrastructure like banks, mobile networks, electric grids, and nuclear power plants. It notes that many countries are building up their cyber warfare capabilities including the US, Israel, Turkey, Iran, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Pakistan, and India. The document concludes with lessons learned around building cyber capacity, asymmetry in cyber attacks, the importance of social networks and agility in responding to attacks.
The document discusses cyber crimes and related laws in Pakistan. It provides definitions of cyber crimes and examples. It summarizes the Electronic Transactions Ordinance of 2002, which recognized electronic records and transactions. It also discusses the Electronic/Cyber Crime Bill of 2007 and Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act of 2016, which defined additional cyber crimes and penalties. Key sections from these laws are outlined dealing with issues like data damage, electronic fraud, and cyber terrorism.
15 Tips to Protect Yourself from Cyber AttacksThe eCore Group
The document provides 15 tips to protect yourself from cyber attacks, including deleting unused applications, using unique and strong passwords for each account, only visiting secure websites that start with HTTPS, deleting cookies regularly, covering your webcam, entering URLs manually, not responding to emails from strangers, taking regular data backups, locking your computer and phone when not in use, avoiding pirated content, never revealing financial information online or over the phone, keeping your antivirus software updated, avoiding opening attachments from unknown senders, creating a separate user account for added security, and being careful about what you share on social media to prevent identity theft.
This document discusses cyber crime and provides an overview presented by Dr. Soreingam Ragui. It defines cyber crime as any illegal activity committed using computers or networks. India ranks 11th globally for cyber crime, constituting 3% of total cyber crime. Reasons for India's high rates include a rapidly growing internet user base. Common cyber crimes include hacking, phishing, and intellectual property theft. The document also discusses Indian cyber law and acts like the Information Technology Act of 2000.
This document discusses cyber crime. It defines cyber crime as any illegal criminal activity that uses a computer as a tool, target, or means of perpetrating crime. Cyber crimes can range from security breaches and identity theft to cyber stalking and child exploitation. The document outlines several types of cyber crimes such as hacking, email spoofing, computer vandalism, and cyber terrorism. It also discusses reasons for cyber crimes and how to avoid becoming a victim.
This document discusses digital crime and digital forensics. It begins by defining digital crime and noting the complexities involved in investigating digital crimes due to issues like anonymity and lack of legal governance across borders. It then examines how digital crime has evolved and compares digital crimes to conventional crimes. Challenges in digital forensics are also evaluated, such as untrained staff and challenges in preserving evidence across jurisdictions. The document argues that while digital crimes pose serious threats, digital forensics remains an important tool for determining culpability and preventing future attacks.
The document provides an overview of global cybercrime trends, including:
1. Cybercrime is evolving rapidly with new types emerging each year driven by technological changes. Many countries now view cybersecurity as a national security issue and have cybersecurity strategies.
2. State-sponsored cyberattacks are a major concern, and virtual currency exchanges are increasingly targeted by hackers. Ransomware has become a significant threat affecting both individuals and organizations globally.
3. Other evolving threats include business email compromise scams, child sexual abuse materials trafficking on the dark web and encrypted messaging apps, and the targeting of children on social media. Law enforcement faces challenges in investigating these crimes that cross international borders.
Investigating and Prosecuting Cyber Crime - Forensic Dependencies and Barrier...Cameron Brown
This document summarizes an article that investigates barriers to prosecuting cyber crimes. It discusses how cyber crimes can be complex and challenges include cross-border nature of offenses, differences between legal frameworks of countries, and ways criminals hide their identities online. The article analyzes how these factors hamper investigations and convictions. It uses a case study to illustrate how a cyber crime may progress through the criminal justice system. The author argues stakeholders like police, prosecutors, judges need better understanding of technology to effectively handle cyber crime cases. Recommendations are made to remove barriers and streamline the criminal justice process for these offenses.
The document summarizes international efforts to combat cybercrime through a 3-tier strategy of law enforcement and national security cooperation, establishing ground rules for the internet economy through policy frameworks, and encouraging private sector self-protection. It outlines initiatives by organizations like the OECD, G8, APEC, and IGF to facilitate cross-border cooperation on issues like spam, privacy, and critical infrastructure protection through legal instruments, policy guidelines, and public-private partnerships. While criminal law and enforcement are important, robust international cooperation is needed across legal, policy, and technical domains to build a secure internet that maximizes economic and social benefits.
Supporting the global efforts in strengthening the safety, security and resilience of Cyberspace, the Commonwealth Cybersecurity Forum 2013, organised by the Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation. The ceremonial opening examined how Cyberspace could be governed and utilised in a manner to foster freedom and entrepreneurship, while protecting individuals, property and the state, leading to socio-economic development. Speakers of this session, Mr Mario Maniewicz, Chief, Department of Infrastructure, Enabling Environment and E-Applications, ITU; Mr David Pollington, Director, International Security Relations, Microsoft; Mr Alexander Seger, Secretary, Cybercrime Convention Committee, Council of Europe; Mr Nigel Hickson, Vice President, Europe, ICANN and Mr Pierre Dandjinou, Vice President, Africa, ICANN, added their perspectives on various approaches to Cybergovernance, with general agreement on the role Cyberspace could play to facilitate development equitably and fairly across the world.
Hosted by the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications of Cameroon together with the Telecommunications Regulatory Board of Cameroon and backed by partners and industry supporters including ICANN, Council of Europe, Microsoft, MTN Cameroon, AFRINIC and Internet Watch Foundation, the Commonwealth Cybersecurity Forum 2013 seeks to broaden stakeholder dialogue to facilitate practical action in Cybergovernance and Cybersecurity, some of which will be reflected in the CTO’s own work programmes under its Cybersecurity agenda.
A new approach to International Judicial Cooperation through secure ICT platf...ePractice.eu
Authors: Mauro Cislaghi | Domenico Pellegrini | Elisa Negroni.
Cooperation between judicial systems is a key factor for sustainable development, one of the EU’s major priorities. eGovernment plans and e-Justice initiatives supported by the European Commission and national governments create a very favourable background for the adoption of ICT standards in the area of cross-border judicial cooperation, both in Member States and in pre-Accession countries.
A few weeks ago, organizations in more than 150 countries were victims of an unprecedented cyberattack which used the ransomware Wanna cry, disrupting thousands of businesses and public institutions around the world.
CYBER PEACE PROPOSAL
Running head: CYBER PEACE
CYBER PEACE2
Introduction
The ubiquitous use of the internet for a myriad of purposes has made the internet the most targeted platform for cyber threats and cybercrimes on both individuals and organizations. The impacts of the cyber-crime is so well established. Companies have lost millions of money, internet users committed suicide or plunged into chronic mental conditions as well lives lost through the terrorist conspiracies of the internet (Reich et al., 2012). For this reason, cyber space becomes a quite important for the safety of countries and individuals around the globe. The issue discussed regarding cyber peace is that there is no Genera convention that addresses the cybercrime as propagated through the internet. Despite the rampant rummage of groups on the internet, there lacks infrastructure that addresses cyber peace conducted by the Geneva Convention.
Background
Until recently, the internet and all its users made a small community that exploited the various functionalities of the internet. However, with the increase in the usage of the internet, there has been a spate in the cybercrimes executed over the internet. As it stands, there are about 2 million people using the internet, and none of them has the level of internet security that can secure them from cybercrime. In the bid to address the issue of cyber peace, the interdependence between countries to face the issue has been focused on (Eriksson & Giacomello, 2007). The interdependence between technologically developed and technologically developing states is the first angle from which the issue can be tackled. States have not yet come to terms with the severe implications of cyber peace. Due to this, there lacks that collaborative effort to ensure the efforts are streamlined towards establishing cyber peace.
The Geneva Convention that legislates policies on warfare across the actors is now being glared at to provide solutions aligned to cybercrime. This is in line with the ways in which the Geneva Convention mobilizes countries for the sake of participation in peace keeping. The path to cyber peace is however crippled because of lack of co-operation. The states lack the knowledge of what constitutes cyber-attacks, cyber terrorism and so forth. Therefore, the countries’ security department have for a long time taken a backseat, waiting for the internet developers to design ways to secure users. This has not been very fruitful especially with the up surge in cybercrimes. The most that most of the countries have done is to have national policies addressing the issue of cyber security. The level of implementation of the polices is highly questionable and no specific party has been assigned the duty to ensure cyber peace prevails.
On the international co-operative perspective, cyber peace as an issue has always remained in the periphery of the security talks. The states retaliating for cyber-attacks seems to be the m.
Security technology and democratic legitimacyblogzilla
1. The document discusses the legitimacy and efficacy of various security technologies from multiple perspectives, noting concerns about lack of evidence, costs, impacts on rights and liberties, and political feasibility within a democratic framework.
2. It questions whether citizens and representatives have full information on security technologies' costs and benefits, and whether they are compatible with human rights.
3. The document advocates comparing security proposals to doing nothing and using savings to rebuild and compensate victims, considering negative effects beyond direct costs.
Supporting the global efforts in strengthening the safety, security and resilience of Cyberspace, the Commonwealth Cybersecurity Forum 2013, organised by the Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation. The ceremonial opening examined how Cyberspace could be governed and utilised in a manner to foster freedom and entrepreneurship, while protecting individuals, property and the state, leading to socio-economic development. Speakers of this session, Mr Mario Maniewicz, Chief, Department of Infrastructure, Enabling Environment and E-Applications, ITU; Mr David Pollington, Director, International Security Relations, Microsoft; Mr Alexander Seger, Secretary, Cybercrime Convention Committee, Council of Europe; Mr Nigel Hickson, Vice President, Europe, ICANN and Mr Pierre Dandjinou, Vice President, Africa, ICANN, added their perspectives on various approaches to Cybergovernance, with general agreement on the role Cyberspace could play to facilitate development equitably and fairly across the world.
Hosted by the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications of Cameroon together with the Telecommunications Regulatory Board of Cameroon and backed by partners and industry supporters including ICANN, Council of Europe, Microsoft, MTN Cameroon, AFRINIC and Internet Watch Foundation, the Commonwealth Cybersecurity Forum 2013 seeks to broaden stakeholder dialogue to facilitate practical action in Cybergovernance and Cybersecurity, some of which will be reflected in the CTO’s own work programmes under its Cybersecurity agenda.
The Effect of International Prosecutions on the Commission of Norm ViolationsPeter Grenzow
This document discusses theories of deterrence related to international criminal prosecutions and analyzes evidence regarding their effects. It finds:
1) General prosecutorial deterrence may deter some would-be norm violators if the threat of prosecution is viewed as credible, as evidenced by behaviors adjusting to avoid liability.
2) Statistical analyses found international criminal court actions reduced civilian killings by governments and rebels.
3) Specific deterrence via indicting individuals may backfire by causing leaders to entrench their power and escalate crimes to avoid liability, as some leaders' behaviors showed.
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Cybercrime Deterrence and International Legislation: Evidence from Distributed Denial of Service Attacks
1. Cybercrime Deterrence and International
Legislation: Evidence from Distributed Denial of
Service Attack
Kai-Lung Hui (Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)
Seung Hyun Kim (Yonsei University)
Qiu-Hong Wang (Singapore Management University)
MIS Quarterly,Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 497-523, June 2017
2. In a Nutshell
(c) Hui, Kim and Wang 20172
We study the empirical effect of international legislation
on cybercrime deterrence
Enforcing the Convention on Cybercrime:
Reduces the number of DDOS attack victims within the
enforcing countries
Redirects DDOS attacks to non-enforcing countries
Reduces DDOS attacks largely because of the provision of
international co-operation
Implications:
Network effect exists in international law enforcement
Cyber criminals are rational, meaning economic incentives may
work in deterring cybercrimes
The world should work together in cybercrime deterrence!
3. Cybercrime
Causes annual global lost of $400 billion, ranges $375-
575 billion (McAfee, June 2014)
Characteristics of cybercrimes
Not confined by national boundaries
Extremely low cost
E.g., DDoS, cross-site scripting, phishing, …
Low observability and hence low probability of apprehension
and punishment
Key issue: How to tackle such cybercrime?
3 (c) Hui, Kim and Wang 2017
5. Solution
5
Prevention and detection
Operate at the individual level
Do not ex ante reduce attack motivation
Legislation
Heightens the penalty of aggression
Depending on implementation, may increase the chance of
apprehension and conviction
Applies at the national, or even international level
May ex ante affect hacker decisions?
(c) Hui, Kim and Wang 2017
6. Scope of Legislation
6
Domestic enforcement
International cooperation
E.g., preserving data for investigating cybercrimes initiated
from or targeting other countries
Requires similar treatment of crimes and mutual understanding
of enforcement
Cybercrime specific international initiative:
The Convention on Cybercrime (COC)
(c) Hui, Kim and Wang 2017
7. The Convention on Cybercrime
(COC; Europe Treaty Series No. 185)
Convention on Cybercrime (COC)
7 (c) Hui, Kim and Wang 2017
8. The Convention on Cybercrime
Drafted by 41 Council of Europe member states + Canada,
Japan, USA, and South Africa
Opened for signature on November 23, 2001
First enforced by Albania, Croatia, Estonia, Hungary, and
Lithuania on July 1, 2004
As of 2015, 49 countries signed and 47 ratified (enforced)
the COC
8 (c) Hui, Kim and Wang 2017
9. The COC: 4 Chapters
1. Definitions
2. National-level measures
Establishing substantive criminal laws on offences (e.g.,
illegal access and interception, data and system interference,
etc.)
Procedural laws
Establishment of jurisdictions over offences
3. Principles of international cooperation
E.g., extradition arrangement, mutual assistance
4. Scope of application, reservations, etc.
9 (c) Hui, Kim and Wang 2017
10. Not confined by national boundaries (Png et al. 2008, Kshetri
2013a, 2013b)
Extremely low cost
e.g., DDoS, cross-site scripting, phishing, …
Low observability and hence low probability of
apprehension and punishment
The unique profiles of cyber criminals (Kshetri 2006, 2010)
Minors
Juvenile
Professional syndicates
Characteristics of cybercrimes
10 (c) Hui, Kim and Wang 2017
11. Related Literature
The deterrence effect of perceived threat and
punishment at the individual level in an
organizational setting (D’Arcy et al. 2009; Johnston et al. 2015)
Supportive evidence on deterrence effectiveness
Capital sanctions and execution (Yang 2008)
Gun-carrying laws (Lott 1997a)
Enforcement against rape and other sexual offences (Vaillant
2009)
Counter evidence was also recorded (Kirchgassner 2011)
Lack of quality data
11 (c) Hui, Kim and Wang 2017
12. COC: Staggered Enforcement
12
31
3 3
1
5
0 0
3
0
1
0 0
2
00 0 0
6
5
4
6
2
3
4
1
6
3
2
5
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Signature Entry into force
2004
Albania
Croatia
Estonia
Hungary
Lithuania
Romania
2005
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Denmark
Macedonia
Slovenia
2006
France
Bosnia &
Herzegovina
Norway
Ukraine
2007
Armenia
Finland
Iceland
Latvia
Netherlands
U.S.A.
2008
Italy
Slovakia
2009
Germany
Moldova
Serbia
2010
Azerbaijan
Montenegro
Portugal
Spain
2011
U.K.
2012
Austria
Belgium
Georgia
Japan
Malta
Switzerland
2013
Australia
Czech Republic
Dominican
Republic
2014
Mauritius
Panama
2015
Luxembourg
Poland
Turkey
Canada
Sri Lanka
(c) Hui, Kim and Wang 2017
13. COC: Delay in Establishing Authorities
Country Enforcement
date
Establishment
of Responsible
Authorities
Albania 01/07/2004 19/06/2006
Armenia 01/02/2007 16/07/2008
Bosnia and Herzegovina 01/09/2006 15/11/2011
Bulgaria 01/08/2005 12/09/2005
Croatia 01/07/2004 09/01/2009
Cyprus 01/05/2005 05/08/2009
Estonia 01/07/2004 08/10/2007
Slovenia 01/01/2005 20/12/2006
Republic of Macedonia 01/01/2005 13/10/2006
Article 24 –
authority
responsible for
extradition or
provisional arrest
Article 27 –
authorities
responsible for
mutual assistance
Article 35 – 24/7
Network
13 (c) Hui, Kim and Wang 2017
14. COC: Difference in adoption
Article 4 – Data
interference
Article 6 – Misuse of
devices
Article 11 – Attempt and
aiding or abetting
Article 14 – Scope of
procedural provisions
Article 22 – Jurisdiction
Article 29 – Expedited
preservation of stored
computer data
14
Country Article 4 Article 6 Article 11 Article 14 Article 22 Article 29
Australia*
Austria*
Azerbaijan*
Belgium*
Bulgaria
Canada*
Czech
Republic*
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany*
Japan*
Latvia**
Lithuania
Montenegro*
Norway
Poland*
Slovakia
Switzerland*
Turkey*
Ukraine
U.K. *
U.S.A.
(c) Hui, Kim and Wang 2017
15. Research Questions
Does the enforcement of the COC help deter
cybercrime?
Do establishment of responsible authorities and the
reservation of Articles matter?
If the COC does reduce cybercrime, how does the
enforcement of other countries affect a country’s
victimization?
15 (c) Hui, Kim and Wang 2017
16. Theoretical Foundation: GDT & RAT
Potential criminals as rational actors who would weigh the
benefits and costs before committing a crime (Becker 1968;
Mookherjee and Png 1994)
Criminal motivation
General deterrence theory
(GDT) – improper
behavior can be deterred
by raising the certainty and
severity of punishment.
(Gibbs 1975)
Crime victimization
Routine activity theory
(RAT) – crime is shaped
by environmental factors,
particularly the presence
of a motivated offender
and suitable target, and
the absence of a capable
guardian (Cohen and Felson
1979).
16
“someone whose mere
presence serves as a gentle
reminder that someone is
looking” (Hollis-Peel et al.
2011).
(c) Hui, Kim and Wang 2017
17. Potential Contributions
Pioneering evidence on whether international
legislation helps curb cybercrime and how the
deterrence effect is affected by implementation.
A formal test of enforcement externality and find
cybercrime enforcement can be complementary and
drives cyber-attacks to non-enforcing countries.
Evidences that hackers are rational and strategic
The innovative use of backscatter data and linking
international legislation and the Internet topology to
analyze cyber attack path.
17 (c) Hui, Kim and Wang 2017
18. COC: Does It Matter?
2007: Russian convicted for attacking Estonia’s
government services
Estonia enforcement: 2004
2010: Programmer in USA convicted for attacking
rollingstone.com in 2008
USA enforcement: 2007
2011: German convicted for cyber-extorting six online
bookmakers
Germany enforcement: 2009
18 (c) Hui, Kim and Wang 2017
19. COC: Does It Matter?
From Hackforums:“I live in a small town in Romania. Until 1 months ago I
thought is no danger in hacking...I've got only a warning because I was under
18...then I realized why this happened: that was because we just
joined...European Union and there are new laws in IT...from now I take care
because...it never knows when the cops catch you...”
“...the law follows the same guidelines for all countries in the european union and
they're very strict about that”“There are conventions...within European Union borders
he can be transported due to the crime, because of the European Unions conventions
about partnership in law”
“...I would rethink your theory on Croatia not having cybercrime laws:The cybercrime
convention is a European directive to which Croatia is a member state...As of 2007,
Croatia integrated this into local laws...All of the offences proscribed in the Cybercrime
Convention (to which Croatia is a State Party and which has been in force in Croatia
since 1 July 2004), with the exception of offences that can generally be described as
cyberterrorism, are incorporated into the domestic legal framework”
19 (c) Hui, Kim and Wang 2017
20. The Deterrence of the COC
when the victim country has not enforced COC
A
B
C
D
Hacker
zombie
zombie
zombie
zombie
Victim' infrastructure
COC country
Non-COC
country
?
?
?
COC country
Non-COC
country
Router
20 (c) Hui, Kim and Wang 2017
22. The Reinforcement of the COC
when only two countries enforced COC
A
B
C
D
Hacker
zombie
zombie
zombie
zombie
Victim' infrastructure
COC country
COC country
Non-COC
country
Non-COC
country
? √
?
?
Router
22 (c) Hui, Kim and Wang 2017
24. The Displacement of the COC
Targeting enforcing country?
A
B
C
D
Hacker
zombie
zombie
zombie
zombie
Victim' infrastructure
COC country
COC country
Non-COC
country
√ √
?
COC country
√
Router
Router
24 (c) Hui, Kim and Wang 2017
25. The Displacement of the COC
Targeting non-enforcing country!
A
B
D
C
Hacker
zombie
zombie
zombie
zombie
Victim' infrastructure
COC country
COC country
Non-COC
country
?
?
COC country
?
Router
25 (c) Hui, Kim and Wang 2017
26. Study Setting
Distributed denial of service (DDOS) attack in 106
countries in 177 days in 2004-2008
Why DDOS attack?
Most prevalent cyber attack causing great damage
Unambiguously criminalized by the COC
Conducted on a network of electronic devices international
cooperation is relevant
26 (c) Hui, Kim and Wang 2017
27. Hypotheses 1:
the deterrence effect of the COC
H1a (Enforcement): COC enforcement reduces the number of
DDOS attack victims in the enforcing countries.
H1b (Establishing Responsible Authorities): Among
enforcing countries, establishing the authority responsible for
reacting to external requests for international co-operation
reduces the number of DDOS attack victims more than those
that have not established such an authority.
H1c (Reservation on international co-operation):
Reservation on Article 29 (expedited preservation of stored
computer data) increases the number of DDOS attack victims
in the enforcing countries.
27 (c) Hui, Kim and Wang 2017
28. Hypotheses 2:
the externalities of the COC
H2a (Network effect): The effect of COC enforcement on the
number of DDOS attack victims in the enforcing countries is
stronger as the enforcement in other countries increases.
H2b (Displacement): Enforcement of the COC will cause
cybercrime displacement; non-enforcing countries will receive
more DDOS attacks as the enforcement in other countries
increases.
28 (c) Hui, Kim and Wang 2017
29. Attack Data
Country-level DDOS attack data on a daily basis
From the Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis (CAIDA)
Responses sent by DDOS attack victims to spoofed traffic for at least a
week-long period in each quarter between 2004 and 2008 (“backscatter”
data)
29 (c) Hui, Kim and Wang 2017
31. The Model (Fixed-effects OLS)
Cumulative domestic legislation Lit
Control variables, xit
Country and day fixed effects, μi and τt
Continuous country-specific time trends, γit
Spatial correlation consistent standard errors (Driscoll and Kraay, 1998)
31
H1a. Enforcement indicator
H2b. Displacement effect
H2a. Network effect
Externality
H1b. Enforcement indicators with
or without the responsible
authorities
H1c. Enforcement indicators with
various reservations
the extent of enforcement
in other countries ω-i, t
(c) Hui, Kim and Wang 2017
32. Control Variables
Socio-economic: unemployment rate, gross domestic product
(GDP) per capita in PPP, number of higher education students
IT Infrastructure: number of Internet hosts, number of Internet
users, number of integrated services digital network (ISDN)
subscribers, percentage of digital main lines
Others: domestic legislations, land area
Governance quality: control of corruption, government
effectiveness, political stability and absence of
violence/terrorism, regulatory quality, rule of law, voice and
accountability
32 (c) Hui, Kim and Wang 2017
33. Descriptive statistics
(106 countries, 16429 observations)
33
Variable Unit Mean Std. dev. Min Max Source
COC enforcement 1 = enforce; 0 = not enforced 0.152 0.3587 0 1 COE
COC signature 1 = signed; 0 = not signed 0.414 0.4925 0 1 COE
Reservations Number of reservations 0.142 0.6098 0 6 COE
CPHRFF enforcement 1 = enforce; 0 = not enforced 0.085 0.2789 0 1 COE
Cumulative domestic legislation
Number of
legislations/revisions
1.123 2.464 0 36
COE, UNODC,
ITU, GCLD
Victim IP addresses 817.137 5,013.3900 0 91,755 CAIDA
…per 1,000 Internet hosts 2.216 13.9751 0 621.359 Self-computed
Internet hosts Per 1,000 inhabitants 87.377 156.7580 0 1,039.270 CIA
Unemployment rate % economically active people 8.173 5.7605 0.400 37.300 GMID
GDP in PPP Thousand dollars per capita 18.878 16.0343 0.620 84.249 GMID
Higher education students Per 100 inhabitants 3.213 1.6346 0.033 6.713 GMID
Internet users Per 1,000 inhabitants 356.875 259.8545 2.197 911.319 GMID
% digital main lines % of telephone main lines 95.996 10.5286 34.000 100 GMID
ISDN subscribers Per 1,000 inhabitants 16.822 32.4338 0 177.903 GMID
Land area sq. km per 1,000 inhabitants 34.899 83.6094 0.142 617.118 GMID
Control of corruption Normalized index 0.373 1.0340 -1.459 2.591 WGI
Government effectiveness Normalized index 0.481 0.9271 -1.236 2.374 WGI
Political stability and absence of
violence/terrorism
Normalized index 0.142 0.9014 -2.550 1.586 WGI
Regulatory quality Normalized index 0.495 0.8625 -1.647 1.983 WGI
Rule of law Normalized index 0.361 0.9703 -1.734 2.014 WGI
Voice and accountability Normalized index 0.299 0.9390 -1.770 1.826 WGI
% Internet users covered by
others’ enforcement
0.120 0.101 0 0.285 Self-computed
% AS connections to other
enforcing countries
0.162 0.199 0 0.889 CAIDA
(c) Hui, Kim and Wang 2017
34. Identification Strategies
Similar to DID, but staggered enforcement over time
Upward bias due to reverse causality
2SLS instrumented by the enforcement of Protocol No.
12 to the Convention for the Protection of Human
Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
Falsification test replacing the enforcement indicator by
signature
Effective enforcement relies on responsible authorities
Article 29 serves as an indirect assessment of the merit
of international co-operation.
34 (c) Hui, Kim and Wang 2017
35. Results – Test of H1: COC deterrence effect
35 (c) Hui, Kim and Wang 2017
36. How to differentiate the externality?
B
COC country
A
C Non-COC
country
D E COC country
AS1
AS2
AS3
AS4
AS5
AS6
AS7
AS8
AS9 AS10
Non-COC
country
4/6 AS connections
are between COC
countries
2/6 AS
connections are
between COC
countries
COC country
AS 12AS 11
The differential externality ω-i, t
No. AS connections to other
enforcing countries divided by the
number of AS connections to all
other countries
The differential externality ω-i, t
No. AS connections to other
enforcing countries divided by the
number of AS connections to all
other countries
36 (c) Hui, Kim and Wang 2017
37. Results – Test of H2: Network Effects
37 (c) Hui, Kim and Wang 2017
40. Implications
Hackers indeed take into consideration expected cost of
punishment
So, on top of preventive measures such as IDS, or
advanced security intelligence systems, maybe the
government can do more
Timely finding because conventional approaches, such as
bandwidth overprovisioning or perimeter controls, are
gradually losing the battle
Also curb insider threats which is difficult to prevent or
detect
40 (c) Hui, Kim and Wang 2017
41. Implications
International cooperation matters a lot!
Note that DDOS is notoriously difficult to track
If COC enforcement works on DDOS, then we have good
reason to believe it should work well on other cybercrimes
(e.g., cyber extortion, phishing)
41 (c) Hui, Kim and Wang 2017
42. Concluding Remarks
COC enforcement is effective from victim-side data
At least 11.8% reduction in DDOS attack
Getting attacker side data will be a big leap forward, but
data are difficult to come by
Our sample – 2004 to 2008, which predates DDOS attacks
motivated by political ideologies or patriotism
North Korea vs. South Korea and USA in 2009
China vs. USA in 2013
Taiwan and Philippines in 2013
42 (c) Hui, Kim and Wang 2017