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- 2. INTRODUCTION Tonsillitis aretwo oval-shaped pads of tissue at the back of the throat, one tonsil on each side that help to protect the body from infection. Tonsillitis is infection & inflammation of the tonsils. Tonsillitis is a very common childhood illness typically affecting school-aged children aged four to sixteen.
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- 4. DEFINITION Inflammation of tonsilsdue to bacterial or viral infection causing a sore throat, fever & difficulty in swallowing is called tonsillitis. OR Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils most commonly caused by a viral or bacterial infection. Symptoms may include sore throat and fever. INCIDENCE The incidence is highest in children age 5 to 9 years old, and decreases with age.
- 5. TYPES • Acute Tonsillitis •Chronic Tonsillitis • Recurrent Tonsillitis 1. Acute Tonsillitis Acute tonsillitis is characterized by the sudden appearance of inflammation & swelling in the tonsils. It is often caused by a viral or bacterial infection like Streptococcus infection.
- 7. Subtype of AcuteTonsillitis i) Acute Catarrhal Tonsillitis Caused by virus. The symptom is light, inflammation located on mucosa. It is least severe form and manifested as redness & sore throat. ii) Acute Follicular Tonsillitis It is infection spread into the crypts & ear yellow patches. iii) Acute Parenchymatous There is congestion & swelling of the entire organ. iv) Acute Purulent Tonsillitis It is caused by bacteria. The symptoms are severe, inflammation develops in deep layers, purulent discharge from tonsil crypt.
- 8. 2. Chronic Tonsillitis Chronictonsillitis symptoms continue longer than acute tonsillitis. Chronic tonsillitis is often associated with recurring infections or an improperly & incompletely treated case of acute tonsillitis. 3. Recurrent Tonsillitis Recurrent tonsillitis is a condition where a person has multiple episodes of tonsillitis within a year. It is called recurrent tonsillitis. It is manifested by sore throat, fever & swallowing difficulty.
- 9. Other Causes Viral infection– Adenoviruses, Measles virus Bacterial infection – Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus A Fungal infection – Yeast infections Allergies Sinus infection – Can cause tonsillitis Influenza virus Risk Factor Younger age Frequent exposure to germs
- 10. . Pathophysiology Due toetiological factors 🔽 Bacterial Viral infection 🔽 Inflammatory response will occur 🔽 Tonsils red/swollen may develop pus discharge 🔽 Tonsillitis
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- 12. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION •Complaints &symptoms •Examination of the throat •Inflammatory parameters - leukocytosis, ESR & CRP are elevated •Bacteriological testing - Rarely taken because it takes 2-3 days to obtain a definitive result. •Rapid immunoassay - Can identify the causative organism as a group A streptococcus in 10 minutes. •Blood test •Throat swab •Monospot test
- 13. MANAGEMENT 1. MedicalManagement Antibiotics are used to treat acute tonsillitis. Saline throat irrigation or gargles may relieve the discomfort. Antibiotics Azithromycin - 12 mg/kg PO once daily for 5 days Clarithromycin - 250 mg PO q12h for 10 days Erythromycin succinate - 20 mg/kg PO Clindamycin - 20 mg/kg/day PO in 3 divided doses Penicillin V - 25-50 mg/kg/day divided every 6 hours Benzathine Amoxicillin - 50 mg/kg/day PO in 2 or 3 divided doses for 10 days
- 14. .. Analgesic • Acetaminophen orIbuprofen • Diclofenac Antipyretic • Paracetamol, Pacacef, Dolo Home Remedies ✔ Rest & drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration. Gargle with salt water. ✔ Drink warm liquids or eat ice pops. ✔ Use a cool-air humidifier. ✔ Eat smooth, cool foods like ice cream. ✔ 2. Surgical Management • Tonsillectomy - Removal of the tonsils. • Adenoidectomy - Removal of adenoids.
- 15. Nutritional Management •Adequate hydration– Encourage plenty of fluids such as water or electrolyte-rich beverages like Pedialyte. •Soft, easy-to-swallow foods – like bananas & smoothies. •Warm liquids – Provide warm liquids like tea or broth to help soothe the throat. •Avoid spicy or acidic foods. •Vitamin C
- 16. Nursing Management Promotingairway clearance Provide side-lying or prone position Maintaining fluid volume Relieving pain Administer analgesic Tepid sponging to reduce temperature
- 17. PREVENTION Eating abalanced diet Getting enough sleep Exercising regularly Managing stress Washing hands frequently Avoiding people who are sick
- 18. . COMPLICATION ✔ Chronictonsillitis Peritonsillar abscess ✔ Parapharyngeal abscess ✔ Rheumatic fever ✔
- 19. HEALTH EDUCATION •Educate thepatient about the disease and provide an information leaflet to help manage sore throat at home. •Advise the patient to lead a healthy lifestyle. •Promote immunization in children. •Provide alternatives to antibiotic prescriptions. •Educate on medication compliance & usage.
- 20. Conclusion Tonsillitis is simplythe inflammation of the tonsils by bacteria or less often viral. Overcrowding is one of the predisposing factors of tonsillitis. It is mainly caused by beta haemolytic streptococcus. Its management includes non- pharmacological interventions such as: Rest Saline gargles Taking lots of fluids, etc.
- 21. . Summary Introduction Definition Incidence Types Causes Pathophysiology Sign & Symptoms Diagnostic Evaluation Management ✔ Pharmacological ✔ Surgical ✔ Nutritional ✔ Nursing Management
- 22. . Prevention Complication Health Education Conclusion Summary