This document discusses a study on the fatigue analysis of glass fiber reinforced composites. It describes how glass fiber reinforced epoxy laminate composite samples were manufactured using vacuum bagging technique. The samples were then cut and tested under varying cyclic loads on a fatigue testing machine. The results showed that the glass fiber reinforced composites could withstand fatigue loads efficiently compared to aluminum and the number of cycles before failure decreased as the applied load increased. The document concludes that future work could extend these tests under different loading conditions to improve stress variation understanding and enable application in aircraft structures.
STRENGTH CHARACTERIZATION OF GLASSCARON HYBRID REINFORCEMENTS - AN EXPERIMENT...IAEME Publication
This study aims to characterize and quantify the mechanical properties of hybrid
reinforcements which have been introduced in the research field of polymer composites as a
facelift. Hybrid reinforcement is the fusion of more than one type of material into one element.
A combination of glass and carbon in the ratio of 60:40 is used as Hybrid reinforcement in this
study. The carbon fiber is used as the inner core surrounded with glass fiber using epoxy
thermo set resin. This present work is mainly centered on the tensile and transverse shear
strength of glass-carbon Hybrid reinforcements. Hybridisation offers a profitable mode for
manufacturing a product with reduced cost, high specific modulus, strength, corrosion
resistance and in many cases excellent thermal stability. Based on the-way of fabrication,
different types of hybrid composites can be prepared. The current study presents the
experiments that has been carried out on 8 mm diameter hybrid rods using ASTM (American
Society for testing and Methods) standards. The results were compared with 10 mm Glass
Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) reinforcements and 10 mm Conventional (steel)
reinforcements. From the experimental observation, it has been found out that hybrid
reinforcement exhibits a tensile strength 1.5 to 2.0 times higher than GFRP and Conventional
reinforcements. Similarly, hybrid reinforcement performs slightly greater Transverse shear
strength than GFRP and Conventional reinforcements respectively.
AXIAL CRUSHING OF GFRP FRUSTA: EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL ANALYSISIAEME Publication
Experimental and numerical analysis of the axial crushing of glass fiber
reinforced polymer (GFRP) frusta tubes are presented in this study. The frusta tubes
are fabricated from plain woven C-glass fabric bonded with the epoxy system LY-556
resin and HY951 hardener. Two semi-apical angles 5º and 10º with 95mm height and
1.4mm wall thickness were studied under quasi-static crush conditions. All specimens
showed progressive damage in region starts from the contact with the crushing
crosshead and spreads about 7mm ahead the crushing surface. Mix of tiny debris and
strip shaped chunks are generated in the crushing zone. The debris is accumulated as
outside or inside fronds formation. The strip shaped chunks are generated
peripherally due to shear effects by crusting from the frusta body and crack growth at
the outmost crush zone points from the crushing surface. The 5º frusta showed better
crashworthiness performance than 10º frusta. Simulation results showed good
agreement with the experimental findings in both collapse mode and energy
absorption
Fracture and failure analyses of plastics and reinforced plasticsPadmanabhan Krishnan
This ppt describes the structure property correlationship between structure, microstructure and the observed properties of plastics and reinforced plastics./ Fracture , failure analysis and fractography are discussed in details.
Hybrid polymer composites are the materials made by combining two or more
different type of fibers in a matrix. Hybrid polymer composite material offers the
designer to obtain the required properties in a controlled considerable extent by the
choice of fibers and matrix. The properties are tailored in the material by selecting
different kinds of fiber incorporated in the same resin matrix. They offer wide range of
properties that cannot be obtained with a single type of reinforcement. Due to its high
specific strengths, high specific modulus, low densities, light weight etc. based on its
applications. Presently they are playing a vital role in aerospace, defence, transport,
sport applications. Worldwide researches are keenly interested in finding out their
behavior in real life exposed to various environmental conditions, variety of loads etc.
In this paper, We fabricated carbon, e-glass and hybrid composites by using hand
layup technique in uni-directional orientation with epoxy as a matrix material and
conducted various tests such as tensile, compression on Universal Testing Machine
(UTM) and hardness. The results are validated with FEA and observed that Al-6061-
T6 which is used in manufacturing of military aircraft landing mats, truck bodies and
frames etc. has a tensile strength of about 310.25Mpa.The tensile strength of hybrid
fiber is 341Mpa which is higher than Al 6061-T6. We have compared the
experimental results with ansys results and found that the experimental values are
very close to the ansys results. But when compared within the fibers carbon fiber
exhibited more strength when compared to other fibers
Experimental Test of Stainless Steel Wire Mesh and Aluminium Alloy With Glass...IJERA Editor
At present, composite materials are mostly used in aircraft structural components, because of their excellent properties like lightweight, high strength to weight ratio, high stiffness, and corrosion resistance and less expensive. In this experimental work, the mechanical properties of laminate, this is reinforced with stainless steel wire mesh, aluminum sheet metal, perforated aluminum sheet metal and glass fibers to be laminate and investigated. The stainless steel wire mesh and perforated aluminum metal were sequentially stacked to fabricate, hybrid composites. The aluminum metal sheet is also employed with that sequence to get maximum strength and less weight. The tensile, compressive and flexure tests carried out on the hybrid composite. To investigate the mechanical properties and elastic properties of the metal matrix composite laminate of a material we are using experimental test and theoretical calculation. The experimental work consists of Tensile, compressive and flexural test. The expectation of this project results in the tensile and compressive properties of this hybrid composite it is slightly lesser than carbon fibers but it could facilitate a weight reduction compared with CFRP panels. So this hybrid laminates composite material offering significant weight savings and maximum strength over some other GFRP conventional panels
STRENGTH CHARACTERIZATION OF GLASSCARON HYBRID REINFORCEMENTS - AN EXPERIMENT...IAEME Publication
This study aims to characterize and quantify the mechanical properties of hybrid
reinforcements which have been introduced in the research field of polymer composites as a
facelift. Hybrid reinforcement is the fusion of more than one type of material into one element.
A combination of glass and carbon in the ratio of 60:40 is used as Hybrid reinforcement in this
study. The carbon fiber is used as the inner core surrounded with glass fiber using epoxy
thermo set resin. This present work is mainly centered on the tensile and transverse shear
strength of glass-carbon Hybrid reinforcements. Hybridisation offers a profitable mode for
manufacturing a product with reduced cost, high specific modulus, strength, corrosion
resistance and in many cases excellent thermal stability. Based on the-way of fabrication,
different types of hybrid composites can be prepared. The current study presents the
experiments that has been carried out on 8 mm diameter hybrid rods using ASTM (American
Society for testing and Methods) standards. The results were compared with 10 mm Glass
Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) reinforcements and 10 mm Conventional (steel)
reinforcements. From the experimental observation, it has been found out that hybrid
reinforcement exhibits a tensile strength 1.5 to 2.0 times higher than GFRP and Conventional
reinforcements. Similarly, hybrid reinforcement performs slightly greater Transverse shear
strength than GFRP and Conventional reinforcements respectively.
AXIAL CRUSHING OF GFRP FRUSTA: EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL ANALYSISIAEME Publication
Experimental and numerical analysis of the axial crushing of glass fiber
reinforced polymer (GFRP) frusta tubes are presented in this study. The frusta tubes
are fabricated from plain woven C-glass fabric bonded with the epoxy system LY-556
resin and HY951 hardener. Two semi-apical angles 5º and 10º with 95mm height and
1.4mm wall thickness were studied under quasi-static crush conditions. All specimens
showed progressive damage in region starts from the contact with the crushing
crosshead and spreads about 7mm ahead the crushing surface. Mix of tiny debris and
strip shaped chunks are generated in the crushing zone. The debris is accumulated as
outside or inside fronds formation. The strip shaped chunks are generated
peripherally due to shear effects by crusting from the frusta body and crack growth at
the outmost crush zone points from the crushing surface. The 5º frusta showed better
crashworthiness performance than 10º frusta. Simulation results showed good
agreement with the experimental findings in both collapse mode and energy
absorption
Fracture and failure analyses of plastics and reinforced plasticsPadmanabhan Krishnan
This ppt describes the structure property correlationship between structure, microstructure and the observed properties of plastics and reinforced plastics./ Fracture , failure analysis and fractography are discussed in details.
Hybrid polymer composites are the materials made by combining two or more
different type of fibers in a matrix. Hybrid polymer composite material offers the
designer to obtain the required properties in a controlled considerable extent by the
choice of fibers and matrix. The properties are tailored in the material by selecting
different kinds of fiber incorporated in the same resin matrix. They offer wide range of
properties that cannot be obtained with a single type of reinforcement. Due to its high
specific strengths, high specific modulus, low densities, light weight etc. based on its
applications. Presently they are playing a vital role in aerospace, defence, transport,
sport applications. Worldwide researches are keenly interested in finding out their
behavior in real life exposed to various environmental conditions, variety of loads etc.
In this paper, We fabricated carbon, e-glass and hybrid composites by using hand
layup technique in uni-directional orientation with epoxy as a matrix material and
conducted various tests such as tensile, compression on Universal Testing Machine
(UTM) and hardness. The results are validated with FEA and observed that Al-6061-
T6 which is used in manufacturing of military aircraft landing mats, truck bodies and
frames etc. has a tensile strength of about 310.25Mpa.The tensile strength of hybrid
fiber is 341Mpa which is higher than Al 6061-T6. We have compared the
experimental results with ansys results and found that the experimental values are
very close to the ansys results. But when compared within the fibers carbon fiber
exhibited more strength when compared to other fibers
Experimental Test of Stainless Steel Wire Mesh and Aluminium Alloy With Glass...IJERA Editor
At present, composite materials are mostly used in aircraft structural components, because of their excellent properties like lightweight, high strength to weight ratio, high stiffness, and corrosion resistance and less expensive. In this experimental work, the mechanical properties of laminate, this is reinforced with stainless steel wire mesh, aluminum sheet metal, perforated aluminum sheet metal and glass fibers to be laminate and investigated. The stainless steel wire mesh and perforated aluminum metal were sequentially stacked to fabricate, hybrid composites. The aluminum metal sheet is also employed with that sequence to get maximum strength and less weight. The tensile, compressive and flexure tests carried out on the hybrid composite. To investigate the mechanical properties and elastic properties of the metal matrix composite laminate of a material we are using experimental test and theoretical calculation. The experimental work consists of Tensile, compressive and flexural test. The expectation of this project results in the tensile and compressive properties of this hybrid composite it is slightly lesser than carbon fibers but it could facilitate a weight reduction compared with CFRP panels. So this hybrid laminates composite material offering significant weight savings and maximum strength over some other GFRP conventional panels
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Mechanical Behaviour ofAl2014 Reinforced with Boron Carbide and Short Basalt ...IJERA Editor
The present study was aimed at evaluating the effect of short Basalt Fiber and B4Con hardness and impact
strength of Al 2014 Composites. These AMCs with individual and multiple reinforcement (hybrid MMCs) are
finding increased applications in aerospace, automobile, space, underwater and transportation applications. An
effort is made to enhance the Hardness and Impact properties of AMCs by reinforcing Al2014 matrix with
Varying Proportion of Short basalt fiber and Boron carbide by stir casting method. Aluminum alloy matrix
varying proportions of boron carbide particulates and Short Basalt fibers were fabricated. The microstructure,
hardness and impact strength properties of the fabricated AMCs were analyzed. The optical microstructure study
revealed the homogeneous dispersion of B4C particles and Short Basalt fiber in the matrix. Based on the results
obtained from the Hardness and Impact of the metal matrix composites it is observed that, the hardness and
impact strength increases with increase in the amount of reinforcement‘s.
Modelling and Analysis of Hybrid Composite Joint Using Fem in ANSYSIJMER
Composite materials are widely used in the various Fields. Due to the high strength they
arewidelyusedinthelowweightconstructionsandalsousedasasuitablealternativetometals.Invariousapplicat
ionsAnd also for joining various composite parts together, they are fastened together using adhesives or
Mechanical fasteners. Modelling and static analysis of 3-D Models of joints such as bonded, riveted and
hybrid. The results were found in terms of von-mises stress, shear stress and normal stress for stress
distribution. ANSYS FEA tool has been used for stress distribution characteristics of various
configurations of double riveted single lap joint with three joining methods namely bonded, riveted and
hybrid the present study deals with the analysis of single lap joint subjected to the given tensile load and
the stress distribution in the members under various design conditions are found
Indonesia is one of the countries that has a very high seismic intensity. To meet
the standardization of the building design, several studies were conducted, including
the use of base isolation in residential buildings. The base isolator consists of several
layers of rubber and steel or lamination fibers which function to increase the vertical
stiffness of the isolator. Some has managed to use lamination fiber to make isolator
costs cheaper. This research uses fiberglass type net and woven roving types WR4
and WR6. Fiberglass is modeled according to the ASTM standard dogbone.
Fiberglass is tested as a standard matrix and is a composite. As a composite, the first
type is combined with 2504H Eternal resins and mepoxe catalyst, and second with
adhesive lord chemlok. The effect of curing on a temperature of 150 °C was observed
according to the conditions of making Low-Cost Rubber Base Isolation (LCRBI) on
the printing machine.
The result, fiberglass type Net matrix has a higher tensile strength compared to
other materials. For fiberglass net matrix composite has increased tensile strength in
the oven for 1 hour and returns to the oven for 2 hours at 150 °C. While the
composites of the WR4 and WR6 matrix materials have tensile strengths below 500
MPa and have a relatively small increase and decrease in value. Net type fiberglass is
suitable to be used as reinforcement on low-cost rubber base isolation for residential
areas, where with a small service load from the house it is needed a base isolator that
is not too stiff (optimal elastic). In addition, the fiberglass type net has a hollow
shape, allowing the layer between the rubbers to be more perfect for perfect
attachment
Study of mechanical and morphological properties of glass fiber reinforced mo...eSAT Journals
Abstract Polymethylmethacrylate and Poly (acrylonitrile-co-butadiene) rubber were used to modify Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) type epoxy resin and cured with stoichiometric quantities of the hardener 4,4’ diamino dipheny methane. This modified epoxy resin was used as the matrix for the preparation of glass fiber reinforced composites. E- Glass fiber was used as fiber reinforcement. The morphology and mechanical properties of the composite analysed. Morphological analysis of the fractured surface of the composites indicated good adhesion between the matrix polymer and the glass fibers. Hence an enhancement in mechanical properties of the composite such as tensile, flexural, impact and fracture toughness has been observed as there has been an effective transfer of the load from the matrix to the fiber. Hence these composites which exhibit high toughness, strength and dimensional stability can be envisaged to provide valuable contribution to high performance structural applications. Keywords: Glass composites, mechanical properties, modified epoxy matrix, morphology and ternary blend
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Mechanical Behaviour ofAl2014 Reinforced with Boron Carbide and Short Basalt ...IJERA Editor
The present study was aimed at evaluating the effect of short Basalt Fiber and B4Con hardness and impact
strength of Al 2014 Composites. These AMCs with individual and multiple reinforcement (hybrid MMCs) are
finding increased applications in aerospace, automobile, space, underwater and transportation applications. An
effort is made to enhance the Hardness and Impact properties of AMCs by reinforcing Al2014 matrix with
Varying Proportion of Short basalt fiber and Boron carbide by stir casting method. Aluminum alloy matrix
varying proportions of boron carbide particulates and Short Basalt fibers were fabricated. The microstructure,
hardness and impact strength properties of the fabricated AMCs were analyzed. The optical microstructure study
revealed the homogeneous dispersion of B4C particles and Short Basalt fiber in the matrix. Based on the results
obtained from the Hardness and Impact of the metal matrix composites it is observed that, the hardness and
impact strength increases with increase in the amount of reinforcement‘s.
Modelling and Analysis of Hybrid Composite Joint Using Fem in ANSYSIJMER
Composite materials are widely used in the various Fields. Due to the high strength they
arewidelyusedinthelowweightconstructionsandalsousedasasuitablealternativetometals.Invariousapplicat
ionsAnd also for joining various composite parts together, they are fastened together using adhesives or
Mechanical fasteners. Modelling and static analysis of 3-D Models of joints such as bonded, riveted and
hybrid. The results were found in terms of von-mises stress, shear stress and normal stress for stress
distribution. ANSYS FEA tool has been used for stress distribution characteristics of various
configurations of double riveted single lap joint with three joining methods namely bonded, riveted and
hybrid the present study deals with the analysis of single lap joint subjected to the given tensile load and
the stress distribution in the members under various design conditions are found
Indonesia is one of the countries that has a very high seismic intensity. To meet
the standardization of the building design, several studies were conducted, including
the use of base isolation in residential buildings. The base isolator consists of several
layers of rubber and steel or lamination fibers which function to increase the vertical
stiffness of the isolator. Some has managed to use lamination fiber to make isolator
costs cheaper. This research uses fiberglass type net and woven roving types WR4
and WR6. Fiberglass is modeled according to the ASTM standard dogbone.
Fiberglass is tested as a standard matrix and is a composite. As a composite, the first
type is combined with 2504H Eternal resins and mepoxe catalyst, and second with
adhesive lord chemlok. The effect of curing on a temperature of 150 °C was observed
according to the conditions of making Low-Cost Rubber Base Isolation (LCRBI) on
the printing machine.
The result, fiberglass type Net matrix has a higher tensile strength compared to
other materials. For fiberglass net matrix composite has increased tensile strength in
the oven for 1 hour and returns to the oven for 2 hours at 150 °C. While the
composites of the WR4 and WR6 matrix materials have tensile strengths below 500
MPa and have a relatively small increase and decrease in value. Net type fiberglass is
suitable to be used as reinforcement on low-cost rubber base isolation for residential
areas, where with a small service load from the house it is needed a base isolator that
is not too stiff (optimal elastic). In addition, the fiberglass type net has a hollow
shape, allowing the layer between the rubbers to be more perfect for perfect
attachment
Study of mechanical and morphological properties of glass fiber reinforced mo...eSAT Journals
Abstract Polymethylmethacrylate and Poly (acrylonitrile-co-butadiene) rubber were used to modify Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) type epoxy resin and cured with stoichiometric quantities of the hardener 4,4’ diamino dipheny methane. This modified epoxy resin was used as the matrix for the preparation of glass fiber reinforced composites. E- Glass fiber was used as fiber reinforcement. The morphology and mechanical properties of the composite analysed. Morphological analysis of the fractured surface of the composites indicated good adhesion between the matrix polymer and the glass fibers. Hence an enhancement in mechanical properties of the composite such as tensile, flexural, impact and fracture toughness has been observed as there has been an effective transfer of the load from the matrix to the fiber. Hence these composites which exhibit high toughness, strength and dimensional stability can be envisaged to provide valuable contribution to high performance structural applications. Keywords: Glass composites, mechanical properties, modified epoxy matrix, morphology and ternary blend
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Experimental Test of Stainless Steel Wire Mesh and Aluminium Alloy With Glass...IJERA Editor
At present, composite materials are mostly used in aircraft structural components, because of their excellent properties like lightweight, high strength to weight ratio, high stiffness, and corrosion resistance and less expensive. In this experimental work, the mechanical properties of laminate, this is reinforced with stainless steel wire mesh, aluminum sheet metal, perforated aluminum sheet metal and glass fibers to be laminate and investigated. The stainless steel wire mesh and perforated aluminum metal were sequentially stacked to fabricate, hybrid composites. The aluminum metal sheet is also employed with that sequence to get maximum strength and less weight. The tensile, compressive and flexure tests carried out on the hybrid composite. To investigate the mechanical properties and elastic properties of the metal matrix composite laminate of a material we are using experimental test and theoretical calculation. The experimental work consists of Tensile, compressive and flexural test. The expectation of this project results in the tensile and compressive properties of this hybrid composite it is slightly lesser than carbon fibers but it could facilitate a weight reduction compared with CFRP panels. So this hybrid laminates composite material offering significant weight savings and maximum strength over some other GFRP conventional panels.
Study on Effect of Thickness and Fibre Orientation on a Tensile and Flexural ...IJERA Editor
This project presents the study of tensile, flexural & moisture absorption properties of composites made from S-glass, Carbon and E-glass fibre. The specimens are prepared using hand lay-up techniques as per ASTM standard for different thickness 2mm and 3mm and fibre orientation of 30º, 45º and 60º, where an attempt is made to study the properties of composite materials by composing the different materials together to obtain the desired properties by increasing the thickness and fibre orientation. By the variation of thickness tensile strength of hybrid composite is observed for each thickness and is compared with the finite element analysis results. The test ready specimens were subjected to tensile and flexural loads on UTM. This research indicates that tensile strength is mainly dependent on the fiber orientation & thickness of laminated polymer composites. The moisture absorption increases with the fibre, filler content and duration of immersion in water.
Influence of Carbon & Glass Fiber Reinforcements on Flexural Strength of Epox...IJERA Editor
Hybrid composite materials are more attracted by the engineers because of their properties like stiffness and high specific strength which leads to the potential application in the area of aerospace, marine and automobile sectors. In the present investigation, the flexural strength and flexural modulus of carbon and glass fibers reinforced epoxy hybrid composites were studied. The vacuum bagging technique was adopted for the fabrication of polymer hybrid composite materials. The hardness, flexural strength and flexural modulus of the hybrid composites were determined as per ASTM standards. The hardness, flexural strength and flexural modulus were improved as the fiber reinforcement contents increased in the epoxy matrix material.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of fibers on Hybrid Matrix CompositesIJERA Editor
Frictional co-efficient, impact quality; dielectric quality and compound resistance examination of bamboo/glass strands strengthened epoxy half breed composites were considered. Two distinctive crossover composites, for example, treated and untreated bamboo filaments were manufactured and impact of soluble base treatment of the bamboo strands on these properties were additionally concentrated on. It was watched that, effect quality and frictional co-proficient properties of the half and half composites increment with expansion in glass fiber content. These properties observed to be higher when salt treated bamboo filaments were utilized as a part of the half breed composites. It is watched that, concoction resistance was fundamentally increments for all chemicals with the exception of carbon tetrachloride. The disposal of nebulous hemi-cellulose with salt treatment prompting higher crystallinity of the bamboo filaments with antacid treatment may in charge of these perceptions. The impact of salt treatment on the holding between glass/bamboo composites was additionally concentrated on. Checking electron magnifying lens (SEM) were additionally directed on the cross segments of broke surfaces with a specific end goal to rate the execution crossover composites were likewise conferred bear natural products
Composites are engineered materials made from two or more constituents with different physical or chemical
properties, which remain separate and distinct within the finished structure. A fiber is a material, which is made into
a long filament with diameter generally in the order of 10 microns. The aspect ratio of length to diameter can be
ranging from thousands to infinity in continuous fibers. Increasing worldwide environmental awareness is
encouraging scientific research into the development of cheaper, more environmentally friendly and more
sustainable construction and packing materials. For environment concern on synthetic fiber (such as glass, carbon,
ceramic gibers etc) natural fibers (such as flax, hemp, jute, kenai) etc are widely used. Industrial hemp fiber is one
of the strongest of the natural fibers available and possesses benefits such as low cost and low production energy
requirements. The primary objective of this research is to fabricate the natural fiber composites with suitable
processing/manufacturing methods and to examine the mechanical properties when subjected to Tension, Bending
and to compare & contrast the results with the available literature. In this research work, hemp fiber reinforced
Epoxy matrix composites have been developed by hand layup method with varying process parameters, such as
coupling agent(with and without compatibilizers) and different fiber percentages (10%,20% and 30% by weight).
The developed composites were then characterized by tensile test and flexural testing. Results show that the tensile
strength and flexural properties increases with the increase in fiber percentage. However after a certain percentage
the tensile strength decreases again. Compared to untreated hemp fiber, no significant changes in the tensile strength
have been observed for treated hemp fiber reinforcement. The flexural strength / modulus of the composite were
higher compared to pure epoxy for all filler/fiber loadings.
Optimization of Heavy Vehicle Suspension System Using CompositesIOSR Journals
A leaf spring is a simple form of spring, commonly used for the suspension in wheeled vehicles. Leaf
Springs are long and narrow plates attached to the frame of a trailer that rest above or below the trailer's axle.
There are mono leaf springs, or single-leaf springs, that consist of simply one plate of spring steel. These are
usually thick in the middle and taper out toward the end, and they don't typically offer too much strength and
suspension for towed vehicles. Drivers looking to tow heavier loads typically use multi leaf springs, which
consist of several leaf springs of varying length stacked on top of each other. The shorter the leaf spring, the
closer to the bottom it will be, giving it the same semielliptical shape a single leaf spring gets from being thicker
in the middle. The automobile industry has shown increased interest in the replacement of steel spring with
fiberglass composite leaf spring due to high strength to weight ratio. In this thesis a leaf spring used in a heavy
vehicle is designed. While designing leaf spring following four cases are considered: by changing the thickness,
changing no. of leaves, changing camber and changing span .Present used material for leaf spring is Mild Steel.
The objective of this thesis is to compare the load carrying capacity, stiffness and weight savings of composite
leaf spring with that of steel leaf spring. The design constraints are stresses and deflections. In this thesis, the
material is replaced with composites since they are less dense than steel and have good strength. The strength
validation is done using FEA software ANSYS by structural analysis. Modal analysis is also done to determine
the frequencies. Analysis is done by layer stacking method for composites by changing number of layers 3, 5, 11
and 23. The composites used are Aramid Fiber and Glass Fiber
Experimental Test on Gfrp-Epoxy Composite Laminate for Mechanical, Chemical &...IOSR Journals
GFRP (glass fibre reinforced plastic) composite materials are used in many engineering applications
because of its high strength to weight ratio. The purpose of this experiment is to investigate mechanical,
chemical and thermal properties of GFRP rotor blades which are used in cooling towers. These blades are
manufactured by pressure bag moulding process by using suitable mould. Before installation (Delivery), the
blade must be tested for mechanical, chemical, thermal and other properties. For this testing, GFRP laminate is
made by hand layup technique. Epoxy resin is used as matrix in manufacturing of the gfrp laminate
Experimental Evaluation of effect of filler on tensile behaviour of E-glass/e...IJRES Journal
The present work describes the processing and tensile characterization of polymer matrix composites (PMC). Two types of E-glass laminates namely woven and chopped are used as a reinforcing materials and epoxy resin constitutes matrix system. Several works has been carried out to prove that strength of glass fibre composites progressively increased with adding fillers. Keeping this in mind the present work successeded in using wollastonite as a filler material, tensile test samples from both woven and chopped type were prepared and tests are conducted as per ASTM standards and corresponding results are tabulated and discussed. The present work also highlights the tensile strength for both woven and chopped laminates were compared. It is observed that use of wollastonite filler influences greatly on tensile properties of polymer matrix composites. And it is also cleared that woven laminates shows higher resistance to tensile loading as compared to chopped laminates.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
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During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
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- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
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Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
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This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
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Cv33588591
1. A.Mohamed Ansar, Dalbir Singh, Balaji.D / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.588-591
588 | P a g e
Fatigue analysis of glass fiber reinforced composites
1
A.Mohamed Ansar, 2
Dalbir Singh, 3
Balaji.D
Department of Aeronautical Engineering Hindustan University, Chennai-603103
ABSTRACT
Some structure materials can match the
flexibility and effectiveness of glass fiber
Reinforced plastic, commonly called GFRP for
short or simply fiberglass. Even it is very high
strength, light weight, strong, and completely
waterproof, it can be molded into free form
shapes such as aerospace structures, and then
also it has its endurance limits. Endurance limit
means loss of strength and stiffness. This article
describes about the fatigue life material
properties of GFRP composites are studied
based on an extensive experimental study. Then
the loss of stiffness was used as a damage
parameter and related to raise the temperature.
The objective of this project is to analyze the
damage and ageing effects in composites and
find the change in physical and mechanical
properties. The work discusses the experimental
investigations carried out on Glass Fiber
reinforced plastic (GFRP) composite specimens
in which the acquire result is analyzed. Mainly
this article explains about the fatigue analysis of
glass fiber reinforced composites with varying
loads and shown the number of cycles with
stand.
Keywords: Composite materials, GFRP
composites, Mechanical properties, Flexural
strength, fatigue, cyclic impact.
1. INTRODUCTION
FRP composites are defined as the
materials that contain fibers embedded in a resin
matrix. The aim of combining fibers and resins that
are different in character is to take advantage of the
unique material features of either component to
result in an engineered material with desired
overall composite action for particular applications.
Continuous fiber-reinforced composites contain
reinforcements contain lengths much more than
their cross-sectional dimensions. Such a composite
is considered to be a irregular fiber or short fiber
composite if its properties differ with fiber length.
On the other hand, when the length of the fiber is
such that any additional increase in length does not,
for example, additional increase the elastic
modulus or strength of the composite, the
composite is considered to be continuous fiber
reinforced. Most continuous fiber composites, in
fact, contain fibers that are similar in length to the
overall dimensions of the composite part.
Engineering properties of FRP composites for
structural applications, in most cases, are subject by
fiber reinforcements. Additional fibers usually give
rise to high strength and stiffness. Excessively high
fiber/matrix ratios may, however lead to strength
decrease or premature failure due to internal
fracture. Fiber lengths and orientation also affect
the properties.
Glass fibers: The most common reinforcement for
the polymer matrix composites be a glass fiber.
Most of the fibers are based on silica (SiO2), with
addition of oxides of Ca, Na, B, Al, and Fe. The
glass fibers are classified into three classes-
E-glass
S-glass
C-glass
The E-glass is chosen for electrical use
and the S-glass for high strength. The C-glass is for
high corrosion resistance, and it is special for civil
engineering application. Of the three fibers, the E-
glass is the most common reinforcement material
used in civil engineering structures. It is created
from lime-alumina borosilicate which can be easily
obtained from plenty of raw materials like sand.
The glass fiber strength and modulus can
degrade with increasing
temperature. Even if the glass material creeps
under a sustained load, it can be
designed to perform satisfactorily. The fiber itself
is regarded as an isotropic material and has a
poorer thermal expansion coefficient than the steel.
E-glass (electrical) Family of glassed with a
calcium aluminum borosilicate composition and a
maximum alkali composition of 3%. These are
used when strength and high electrical resistivity
are essential.
S-glass (tensile strength) Fibers have a
magnesium alumina-silicate composition, which
demonstrates high strength and used in use where
the very high tensile strength is required.
C-glass (chemical) It contains a soda lime
borosilicate composition that are mainly used for
its chemical stability in corrosive environment. It is
frequently used on composites that contain acidic
materials.
Structure of glass fiber: Glass fibers have high
tensile strength, impact strengths and high chemical
resistance. Then they have relatively low modulus,
low fatigue resistance, self-abrasiveness and very
low adhesion to matrix composites. Then the three
dimensional network of structure of glass results in
isotropic properties of glass fibers, in contrast to
2. A.Mohamed Ansar, Dalbir Singh, Balaji.D / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.588-591
589 | P a g e
those of carbon and Kevlar aramid fibers which are
anisotropic. The elastic modulus of glass fibers
measured along the fiber axis is the same as that
measured in the transverse direction, a
characteristic unique to glass fibers.
Material Preparation: If bidirectional (0°/90°)
glass fiber reinforced epoxy laminate will be study
in this project. Here the composite laminate is
made up of seven layers of glass fibers with epoxy
resin were fabricated. The plain weave fabric of E
glass E420 fibers and LY 556 Epoxy Resin with
XY 951 Hardener were used. The constant
thickness of 3.4mm will be maintained throughout
the experiment. Fiber-volume fraction of the
composites was 65%. Vacuum bagging technique
was used for the manufacturing of composite
laminate. Resin and hardener were mixed in the
ratio of 10:1. Alternate layer of resin-hardener
mixture and carbon fibers were applied at room
temperature. Curing at room temperature was done
for 24 hours and post- curing at 100°C was done
for 2 hours.
Material Cutting: Test coupons will be cut
according to the ASTM E 466-01 for Fatigue
testing by using water jet cutting technique. The
test coupon will have dimension of length 250mm
and width 25 mm and thickness 3mm as shown in
figure.
Test Coupons Preparation: After cutting the
material it’s should be cleaned then gripping
surface to attach the coupons as per the ASTM
E 466-01 standard. If the gripping material
should be rough in nature so will place the 1mm
aluminum plate on both sites. By using the
araldite nature so will place the 1mm aluminum
plate on both sites. By using the araldite resin and
hardener to paste the plates. Then it’s should de
3. A.Mohamed Ansar, Dalbir Singh, Balaji.D / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.588-591
590 | P a g e
rough by using the fillet. And the test test coupons
are as shown in figure
.
Water Jut cutting machine:
Water jet cutting machine is a device which is used
for to cut the material in exact dimension and its
reduces the wastage. And its specification is
58000psi/4000 bar high pressure of stream water.
Its spraying value is 11 mach speeds. Then the
tolerance value is +/-0.1mm to +/-0.3mm.
Fatigue Testing Machine: In this testing machine,
materials are subjected to vibrating or oscillating
forces. The apply the materials
under such load conditions differs from the
behavior under a static load. Because the material
is subjected to repeated load cycles (fatigue) in
actual use, designers are faced with predicting
fatigue life.
ID MARKS AH/31876-
1
A
AH/31876-
2
B
AH/31876-
3
C
THICHNESS(mm) 2.03 2.03 2.03
BREATH(mm) 24.73 24.73 24.73
AREA(mm)2 50.20 50.20 50.20
LOAD(KN) 15.00 15.00 15.00
CYCLES 3293 3199 3196
FREQUENCY(HZ) 12 12 12
FRECTURE YES YES YES
ID MARKS AH/31875-
1
A
AH/31875-2
B
AH/31875-
3
C
THICHNESS(m
m)
2.03 2.03 2.03
BREATH(mm) 24.73 24.73 24.73
AREA(mm)2 50.20 50.20 50.20
LOAD(KN) 10.00 10.00 10.00
CYCLES 5193 5199 5180
FREQUENCY(H
Z)
12 12 12
FREACTURE YES YES YES
ID MARKS AH/31874-
1
A
AH/31874-
2
B
AH/31874-
3
C
THICHNESS (mm) 2.03 2.03 2.03
BREATH(mm) 24.73 24.73 24.73
AREA (mm)2 50.20 50.20 50.20
LOAD(KN) 5.00 5.00 5.00
CYCLES 11293 11354 11285
FREQUENCY(HZ) 12 12 12
FREACTURE YES YES YES
4. A.Mohamed Ansar, Dalbir Singh, Balaji.D / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.588-591
591 | P a g e
RESULT:
Test pieces photo:
Conclusion and future work :
The fatigue test for GFRC shows that it can
withstand the fatigue load efficiently compare to
aluminum. In the future this work can be extended
with different loading conditions to prove who the
stress variation can be improved, by knowing the
stress variation this can be used in airframe of the
aircrafts.
REFERENCES
1. Analysis of fatigue and damage in glass-
fibre-reinforced polypropylene composite
materials. J.A.M. Ferreira a,*, J.D.M.
Costa a, P.N.B. Reis b, M.O.W.
Richardson c
2. Wysgoski MG, Novak GE. Fatigue
fracture of long fiber rein-forced Nylon
66. Polym Compos 1995; 16(1):38-51.
3. Curtis PT. A review of the fatigue of
composite materials. Royal Aircraft
Establishment, Technical Report 87031,
1987.
4. Compressive strength of &bre composites
with random&bre waviness.
D. Liu, N.A. Fleck∗ , M.P.F. Sutcli
5. Glass Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene
Mechanical Properties Enhancement by
Adhesion Improvement. Mariana
Etcheverry and Silvia E. Barbosa *
6. Fatigue resistant fiberglass laminates for
wind turbine blades. Daniel D. Samborsky
and John F. Mandell
7. L. Lorenzo and H. T. Hahn, in
“Composite Materials: Fatigue and
Fracture”, edited by H. T. Hahn, ASTM
STP 907, Philadelphia (PA), American
Society for Testing and Materials, 1986.
8. Ellyin, F. and El-Kadi, H.A. (1990). A
Fatigue Failure Criterion of Fiber
Reinforced Laminates, Composite
Structures, 15(1): 61–74.
9. Fatigue Life Prediction of Pultruded E-
glass/Polyurethane Composites.
PIZHONG QIAO* AND MIJIA YANG
10. Hwang, W. and Han, K.S. (1986a).
Cumulative Damage Models and Multi-
Stress Fatigue Life Prediction,
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