This document summarizes the process of customs documentation for export and import trade in India. It discusses how customs house agents play a vital role in efficiently handling the complex documentation process on behalf of shippers and buyers. The summary is as follows:
1) Customs documentation is a complex process that involves filing various documents like shipping bills and bills of entry. It is made more efficient through the use of customs house agents.
2) Export documentation requires coordinating many documents from various parties and filing the shipping bill. Import documentation follows a similar process using bills of entry.
3) Customs house agents simplify this process by collecting necessary documents from shippers and buyers and filing the documents on their behalf using both manual
This document provides an introduction and literature review for a study exploring differences in the pace of internationalization between "born global" small-to-medium enterprises (SMEs) and more gradually globalizing SMEs. The researcher plans to conduct in-depth case studies of 12 SMEs to better understand characteristics of born globals and their internationalization process. Key factors that may influence the pace of internationalization discussed include industry globalization, management experience, networking, product characteristics, and domestic market size.
This document provides an overview of international business and trade. It defines international business as the buying and selling of goods and services across borders. It also defines trade and distinguishes between domestic and international trade. Some key differences between domestic and international business are differences in currencies, geographical conditions, legal systems, and political barriers imposed by sovereign states. The document then discusses several theories of international trade such as mercantilism, absolute cost advantage, and comparative cost advantage. It also outlines some common types of international business arrangements.
The document discusses various concepts related to global business environment including definitions of multinational, global, international and transnational companies. It also discusses factors that contribute to complexity in global strategic planning and different strategies companies can adopt to compete globally such as cost leadership, differentiation, focus and best cost strategies. The document further elaborates on reasons for competing internationally and factors affecting decisions related to country selection and entry strategies.
This document is the first chapter of a textbook on international business. It discusses the concepts of globalization and international business. Globalization refers to the integration of economic, financial, cultural and political systems across the world. Factors driving globalization include economic liberalization and technological advances, while factors restraining it include protectionism and cultural differences. International business involves cross-border trade, investment, and management. Companies expand internationally to access new markets or cut costs. Managing globally requires integrated strategies and adapting to different country environments.
Export barriers Perceived By the Entrepreneurs of a Country in Transition: Th...inventionjournals
The Perception Of Export Barriers Is Particularly Important And Was Identified By Several Studies As Essential Factor Of The Export Success Of The SME. An Exploratory Survey With Tunisian Exporters SME Allowed To Identify Which Barriers Exports Are Perceived By The Entrepreneurs.
This document provides an introduction and literature review for a study exploring differences in the pace of internationalization between "born global" small-to-medium enterprises (SMEs) and more gradually globalizing SMEs. The researcher plans to conduct in-depth case studies of 12 SMEs to better understand characteristics of born globals and their internationalization process. Key factors that may influence the pace of internationalization discussed include industry globalization, management experience, networking, product characteristics, and domestic market size.
This document provides an overview of international business and trade. It defines international business as the buying and selling of goods and services across borders. It also defines trade and distinguishes between domestic and international trade. Some key differences between domestic and international business are differences in currencies, geographical conditions, legal systems, and political barriers imposed by sovereign states. The document then discusses several theories of international trade such as mercantilism, absolute cost advantage, and comparative cost advantage. It also outlines some common types of international business arrangements.
The document discusses various concepts related to global business environment including definitions of multinational, global, international and transnational companies. It also discusses factors that contribute to complexity in global strategic planning and different strategies companies can adopt to compete globally such as cost leadership, differentiation, focus and best cost strategies. The document further elaborates on reasons for competing internationally and factors affecting decisions related to country selection and entry strategies.
This document is the first chapter of a textbook on international business. It discusses the concepts of globalization and international business. Globalization refers to the integration of economic, financial, cultural and political systems across the world. Factors driving globalization include economic liberalization and technological advances, while factors restraining it include protectionism and cultural differences. International business involves cross-border trade, investment, and management. Companies expand internationally to access new markets or cut costs. Managing globally requires integrated strategies and adapting to different country environments.
Export barriers Perceived By the Entrepreneurs of a Country in Transition: Th...inventionjournals
The Perception Of Export Barriers Is Particularly Important And Was Identified By Several Studies As Essential Factor Of The Export Success Of The SME. An Exploratory Survey With Tunisian Exporters SME Allowed To Identify Which Barriers Exports Are Perceived By The Entrepreneurs.
International Business Dynamics by Nagarjun Reddy module 3PNagarjunReddyReddy
The document discusses the World Trade Organization (WTO), regional trade blocks, and India's adoption of liberalization, privatization, and globalization (LPG) policies. It provides background on the WTO, including that it was established in 1995 and provides a framework for global trade rules. It also describes regional trade blocks and strategic alliances between countries. In addition, it outlines India's LPG policies introduced in 1991 to liberalize and open its economy, including the goals, components (liberalization, privatization, globalization), impacts, and examples of privatization in India.
This document contains a review questions bank for an MBA course on International Business Environment. It includes 52 questions across various topics related to international business environment. Some of the key topics covered in the questions include defining international business and analyzing international business environment, understanding the role of organizations like World Bank, Asian Development Bank, GATT, WTO, UNCTAD, issues related to multinational corporations like their types, critics and defenders, technology transfer barriers and issues, external macro environment forces, reasons for going global, political and legal environments faced by global businesses, foreign investment types and flows. The questions require analysis and discussion of various concepts, frameworks, objectives, functions, arguments related to international business environment.
Complete detail on International Business Dynamics first Module-1
Introduction Chapter, Contents Meaning and definition of International Business to Significance to Aid International Managers please go through it, If any inputs or queries reach me through Instagram and Facebook (allnewcrazy)
1. The document discusses various topics related to international business including what international business is, types of international businesses, reasons for growth in international business, and challenges.
2. International business involves commercial activities that cross national borders such as international trade, manufacturing, and services. Common types include global, multi-domestic, and international companies.
3. Recent growth is due to factors like expanding technology, lower trade barriers, and reduced transportation and communication costs that enable companies to better capitalize on international opportunities. Challenges include political risks, high costs, and exchange rate instability.
Global business involves cross-border trade and has occurred for millennia, but increased dramatically after the 16th century with the rise of trading companies connecting continents. It continues today to allow for the sharing of resources, ideas, technology, and services between nations. While globalization aims to reduce poverty and promote education, global business faces barriers from negotiating different environments, cultures, ideologies, and governments. Shipping and logistics play a key role by facilitating over 90% of world trade by sea. Successful global business management requires understanding cultural differences between peoples and countries.
Ppt 01 introduction to international businessPadmini Agrawal
This document provides an introduction to international business. It defines international business as economic transactions that occur across national boundaries between two countries. It discusses several theories of international trade and factors that influence international business such as different legal, political, and social environments between countries. The document also lists assignments for students and references for further reading on international business.
Internationalization of Services (KIBS)Mikko Rindell
Internationalization of services.
Appropriate non-equity modes of internationalization for small KIBS firms.
Bachelor's thesis at Turku School of Economics.
This document provides an overview of an international business course. It discusses the course structure, objectives, topics, requirements and limitations. The course aims to provide a conceptual framework for designing global supply chains and managing cross-border business relationships. It will cover general principles, history, country and industry examples, and strategic implications. Topics include international transactions, trade barriers, world class operations, and the challenges of adapting business practices across cultures. The course materials have a US viewpoint and do not cover all regions and industries.
This document provides information about international business and regulatory bodies. It defines international business and lists factors that affect it such as cultural differences, logistics, and different laws between countries. It then discusses the structure and functions of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and includes a diagram. Finally, it provides short summaries of several international regulatory bodies: the European Union, United Nations, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC).
This document discusses the nature of international business. It defines international business as business activities that cross national boundaries. Some key aspects of international business highlighted include the need for accurate and timely information to make good decisions, operating at a large scale to impact foreign economies, segmenting markets geographically, pursuing opportunities in international markets that are wider in scope and size than domestic markets alone. International business also involves activities like international marketing, investment, finance, human resources management, and strategic management across countries.
The document discusses key concepts in international business including definitions of international business and trade. It outlines differences between domestic and international business such as differences in currencies, natural conditions, and legal systems. The importance of international business is explained as helping with expansion, managing product life cycles, accessing new opportunities and technologies, and earning foreign exchange. International trade theories covered include mercantilism, absolute cost advantage, and comparative cost advantage. Trends in international business like regional trade agreements, developing country trade, and e-commerce are also summarized.
The document discusses various topics related to international business including:
- Definitions of international business, trade, and differences between domestic and international business.
- The importance of international business such as helping expansion, managing product life cycles, and earning foreign exchange.
- Problems in international business like multinationals controlling markets and exhausting natural resources.
- Theories of international trade like mercantilism, absolute cost advantage, and comparative cost advantage.
- Types of international business activities like export-import trade, foreign direct investment, licensing, franchising, and management contracts.
This document provides a review and summary of customs documentation processes for import and export trade. It discusses the key roles of customs house agents who assist with the complex documentation requirements on behalf of shippers and buyers. The summary is as follows:
1) Customs documentation plays a vital role in the import and export process, requiring a specific set of documents to be accurately filed for customs clearance.
2) Customs house agents handle the documentation responsibilities on behalf of shippers and buyers who may not have the time or expertise required.
3) The documentation process involves different requirements for export versus import, with export documentation requiring coordination of various certificates and filing the shipping bill correctly.
4) Electronic documentation systems have
This document discusses customs documentation for export and import trade in India. It provides an overview of the role of Customs House Agents who assist with the complex documentation process on behalf of shippers and buyers. The summary is as follows:
1) Customs documentation for trade is a complex process in India that involves many formalities and documents.
2) Customs House Agents play a vital role by efficiently handling documentation and facilitating swift customs clearance on behalf of shippers and buyers who may not have the time or expertise.
3) The role and responsibilities of Customs House Agents are regulated in India through the Customs House Agents Licensing Regulations.
International Logistics A Guide for Exporters.pdfJahirSeo
This booklet describes the basics of how to export your products internationally and the different logistics options that a company can use to do so.
https://www.tradecouncil.org/
International Trade Council, International Logistics Advice, Exporting Internationally, Logistics and Freight Internationally
The impact of regulation on cross-border trade.
Does regulation contribute to bottlenecks?
Responding to change: Having a nimble, flexible supply chain.
A working team:the cargo owner, freight forwarder and customs.
Streamlining Global Logistics A Guide to International Freight ForwardingRuby James
Explore the world of international freight forwarding with our comprehensive guide. From understanding customs regulations to optimizing shipping routes, we cover everything you need to know to streamline your global logistics operations. Whether you're new to the industry or looking to enhance efficiency, our guide provides valuable insights and practical tips to help you navigate the complexities of international trade. Discover how to minimize delays, reduce costs, and ensure smooth transportation of goods across borders. Start optimizing your supply chain today with our expert advice on international freight forwarding.
The document discusses e-business standards for logistics planning and transport e-logistics promoted by the United Nations. It provides information on various UN bodies that develop recommendations, standards and tools to facilitate trade and electronic commerce, including UNECE and UN/CEFACT. It also summarizes the key components of the international trade transaction process involving buying, shipping and paying, and the stakeholders involved at each stage.
Role of indian_logistics_industry_in_international_trade-dissertation-acHeisenberg26
This document appears to be a dissertation report on studying the role of India's logistics industry in international trade. It contains 10 chapters that analyze various aspects of India's trade and logistics landscape. Chapter 1 introduces the increasing importance of trade and logistics globally and establishes the problem statement around India needing to improve its trade competitiveness through better logistics infrastructure, regulations and policies. Chapter 2 will review relevant literature on this topic. The remaining chapters analyze India's current trade scenario, logistics infrastructure sectors, public-private partnership models, trade agreements, and provides recommendations. The document aims to prove that improving logistics performance and trade facilitation can boost trade, investment, and economic growth for India.
New drivers accelerators around Single Window_KENTRADE_SWC2016AAEC_AFRICAN
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International Business Dynamics by Nagarjun Reddy module 3PNagarjunReddyReddy
The document discusses the World Trade Organization (WTO), regional trade blocks, and India's adoption of liberalization, privatization, and globalization (LPG) policies. It provides background on the WTO, including that it was established in 1995 and provides a framework for global trade rules. It also describes regional trade blocks and strategic alliances between countries. In addition, it outlines India's LPG policies introduced in 1991 to liberalize and open its economy, including the goals, components (liberalization, privatization, globalization), impacts, and examples of privatization in India.
This document contains a review questions bank for an MBA course on International Business Environment. It includes 52 questions across various topics related to international business environment. Some of the key topics covered in the questions include defining international business and analyzing international business environment, understanding the role of organizations like World Bank, Asian Development Bank, GATT, WTO, UNCTAD, issues related to multinational corporations like their types, critics and defenders, technology transfer barriers and issues, external macro environment forces, reasons for going global, political and legal environments faced by global businesses, foreign investment types and flows. The questions require analysis and discussion of various concepts, frameworks, objectives, functions, arguments related to international business environment.
Complete detail on International Business Dynamics first Module-1
Introduction Chapter, Contents Meaning and definition of International Business to Significance to Aid International Managers please go through it, If any inputs or queries reach me through Instagram and Facebook (allnewcrazy)
1. The document discusses various topics related to international business including what international business is, types of international businesses, reasons for growth in international business, and challenges.
2. International business involves commercial activities that cross national borders such as international trade, manufacturing, and services. Common types include global, multi-domestic, and international companies.
3. Recent growth is due to factors like expanding technology, lower trade barriers, and reduced transportation and communication costs that enable companies to better capitalize on international opportunities. Challenges include political risks, high costs, and exchange rate instability.
Global business involves cross-border trade and has occurred for millennia, but increased dramatically after the 16th century with the rise of trading companies connecting continents. It continues today to allow for the sharing of resources, ideas, technology, and services between nations. While globalization aims to reduce poverty and promote education, global business faces barriers from negotiating different environments, cultures, ideologies, and governments. Shipping and logistics play a key role by facilitating over 90% of world trade by sea. Successful global business management requires understanding cultural differences between peoples and countries.
Ppt 01 introduction to international businessPadmini Agrawal
This document provides an introduction to international business. It defines international business as economic transactions that occur across national boundaries between two countries. It discusses several theories of international trade and factors that influence international business such as different legal, political, and social environments between countries. The document also lists assignments for students and references for further reading on international business.
Internationalization of Services (KIBS)Mikko Rindell
Internationalization of services.
Appropriate non-equity modes of internationalization for small KIBS firms.
Bachelor's thesis at Turku School of Economics.
This document provides an overview of an international business course. It discusses the course structure, objectives, topics, requirements and limitations. The course aims to provide a conceptual framework for designing global supply chains and managing cross-border business relationships. It will cover general principles, history, country and industry examples, and strategic implications. Topics include international transactions, trade barriers, world class operations, and the challenges of adapting business practices across cultures. The course materials have a US viewpoint and do not cover all regions and industries.
This document provides information about international business and regulatory bodies. It defines international business and lists factors that affect it such as cultural differences, logistics, and different laws between countries. It then discusses the structure and functions of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and includes a diagram. Finally, it provides short summaries of several international regulatory bodies: the European Union, United Nations, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC).
This document discusses the nature of international business. It defines international business as business activities that cross national boundaries. Some key aspects of international business highlighted include the need for accurate and timely information to make good decisions, operating at a large scale to impact foreign economies, segmenting markets geographically, pursuing opportunities in international markets that are wider in scope and size than domestic markets alone. International business also involves activities like international marketing, investment, finance, human resources management, and strategic management across countries.
The document discusses key concepts in international business including definitions of international business and trade. It outlines differences between domestic and international business such as differences in currencies, natural conditions, and legal systems. The importance of international business is explained as helping with expansion, managing product life cycles, accessing new opportunities and technologies, and earning foreign exchange. International trade theories covered include mercantilism, absolute cost advantage, and comparative cost advantage. Trends in international business like regional trade agreements, developing country trade, and e-commerce are also summarized.
The document discusses various topics related to international business including:
- Definitions of international business, trade, and differences between domestic and international business.
- The importance of international business such as helping expansion, managing product life cycles, and earning foreign exchange.
- Problems in international business like multinationals controlling markets and exhausting natural resources.
- Theories of international trade like mercantilism, absolute cost advantage, and comparative cost advantage.
- Types of international business activities like export-import trade, foreign direct investment, licensing, franchising, and management contracts.
This document provides a review and summary of customs documentation processes for import and export trade. It discusses the key roles of customs house agents who assist with the complex documentation requirements on behalf of shippers and buyers. The summary is as follows:
1) Customs documentation plays a vital role in the import and export process, requiring a specific set of documents to be accurately filed for customs clearance.
2) Customs house agents handle the documentation responsibilities on behalf of shippers and buyers who may not have the time or expertise required.
3) The documentation process involves different requirements for export versus import, with export documentation requiring coordination of various certificates and filing the shipping bill correctly.
4) Electronic documentation systems have
This document discusses customs documentation for export and import trade in India. It provides an overview of the role of Customs House Agents who assist with the complex documentation process on behalf of shippers and buyers. The summary is as follows:
1) Customs documentation for trade is a complex process in India that involves many formalities and documents.
2) Customs House Agents play a vital role by efficiently handling documentation and facilitating swift customs clearance on behalf of shippers and buyers who may not have the time or expertise.
3) The role and responsibilities of Customs House Agents are regulated in India through the Customs House Agents Licensing Regulations.
International Logistics A Guide for Exporters.pdfJahirSeo
This booklet describes the basics of how to export your products internationally and the different logistics options that a company can use to do so.
https://www.tradecouncil.org/
International Trade Council, International Logistics Advice, Exporting Internationally, Logistics and Freight Internationally
The impact of regulation on cross-border trade.
Does regulation contribute to bottlenecks?
Responding to change: Having a nimble, flexible supply chain.
A working team:the cargo owner, freight forwarder and customs.
Streamlining Global Logistics A Guide to International Freight ForwardingRuby James
Explore the world of international freight forwarding with our comprehensive guide. From understanding customs regulations to optimizing shipping routes, we cover everything you need to know to streamline your global logistics operations. Whether you're new to the industry or looking to enhance efficiency, our guide provides valuable insights and practical tips to help you navigate the complexities of international trade. Discover how to minimize delays, reduce costs, and ensure smooth transportation of goods across borders. Start optimizing your supply chain today with our expert advice on international freight forwarding.
The document discusses e-business standards for logistics planning and transport e-logistics promoted by the United Nations. It provides information on various UN bodies that develop recommendations, standards and tools to facilitate trade and electronic commerce, including UNECE and UN/CEFACT. It also summarizes the key components of the international trade transaction process involving buying, shipping and paying, and the stakeholders involved at each stage.
Role of indian_logistics_industry_in_international_trade-dissertation-acHeisenberg26
This document appears to be a dissertation report on studying the role of India's logistics industry in international trade. It contains 10 chapters that analyze various aspects of India's trade and logistics landscape. Chapter 1 introduces the increasing importance of trade and logistics globally and establishes the problem statement around India needing to improve its trade competitiveness through better logistics infrastructure, regulations and policies. Chapter 2 will review relevant literature on this topic. The remaining chapters analyze India's current trade scenario, logistics infrastructure sectors, public-private partnership models, trade agreements, and provides recommendations. The document aims to prove that improving logistics performance and trade facilitation can boost trade, investment, and economic growth for India.
New drivers accelerators around Single Window_KENTRADE_SWC2016AAEC_AFRICAN
INTERCONNECTION BETWEEN SINGLE WINDOWS AND OTHER EXISTING SYSTEMS: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES_KENTRADE PRESENTATION - SINGLE WINDOW CONFERENCE 2016 MARRAKESH
Customs4trade Customs and Trade management softwarePavel Malei
CAS is an end-to-end solution for customs and trade management. It’s designed by and for customs experts in order to drive efficiency in a time-critical and complex customs and trade landscape. CAS is a Software-as-a-Service solution, which means it is kept up-to-date with changing legislation and tariff measures automatically. It can easily be integrated with your ERP/WMS data and administration.
M Bridge 2 (1) CASA 2018 The Logistician cum Lawyer.pdfCINEC Campus
This document discusses the relationship between logistics and law. It begins by defining logistics and law separately, then explores how knowledge of law can help those working in logistics. It discusses several key laws related to logistics, including international transportation conventions. The document also examines global logistics performance and trends, the role of law in areas like risk management and infrastructure development, and argues for increased education in logistics-based law.
The Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT) is a voluntary supply-chain security program led by U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) focused on improving the security of private companies' supply chains with respect to terrorism. The program was launched in November 2001 with seven initial participants, all large U.S. companies. As of December 1, 2014, the program had 10,854 members. The 4,315 importers in the program account for approximately 54% of the value of all merchandise imported into the U.S.
Companies who achieve C-TPAT certification must have a documented process for determining and alleviating risk throughout their international supply chain. This allows companies to be considered low risk, resulting in expedited processing of their cargo, including fewer customs examinations
International logistics involves managing the flow of materials, services, and information across international borders. It includes transportation infrastructure, vessels for ocean shipping like liner, bulk, and tramp services, air freight, inventory management, packaging, storage facilities, trade zones, outsourcing logistics services, e-commerce, security, environmental impacts, government influences, and export documentation requirements. Effective international logistics coordination balances centralized and decentralized control and considers many regulatory, cultural, economic and infrastructure factors.
This document discusses trade compliance as it relates to international trade and logistics in the Netherlands. It identifies three main innovation paths to reduce the administrative burden of trade compliance: 1) system-based control through increased information sharing across supply chains, 2) coordinated border management through increased cooperation between government agencies, and 3) pushing out border inspections to earlier points in the logistics process. Accelerating these innovations could strengthen the Netherlands' position as a logistics hub and lower supply chain costs. The Network Trade Compliance and Dinalog research institute are collaborating to promote discussion of trade compliance issues and identify opportunities to create efficiencies for both government and industry.
M Bridge 9 CASA Transfoming 10 PL Oganizations.pdfCINEC Campus
This document discusses logistics service providers and their evolution. It begins by defining a logistics service provider as a company that manages the flow of goods between origin and destination, handling shipping, inventory, warehousing and other functions. It notes that manufacturers outsource distribution, warehousing and fulfillment to these providers. It then discusses how third-party logistics providers specialize in integrated transportation and warehousing services, bridging manufacturers and transporters. Finally, it briefly introduces the concept of fourth-party logistics providers as consultants that assemble resources and technology for supply chain management.
Trade agreements and marketing strategiesAinsley Brown
1. What are trade agreements?
2. Why are they important?
3. How are they connected to supply chain management?
4. Trade agreements in the Jamaican context
5. Trade agreement tools
This document provides an overview of the logistics sector in India. It discusses key sectors driving growth in logistics such as metals, cement, agriculture, textiles, retail, and coal. It outlines the major modes of logistics transportation in India including air, road, marine, and rail. It also identifies challenges facing the Indian logistics sector such as inadequate infrastructure, high transportation costs, lack of technology adoption, and skills shortages. Third party logistics is also discussed as an important part of the Indian logistics industry.
The document discusses various topics related to international business management.
It first discusses the importance of environment scanning for international businesses and the factors that need to be scanned, such as economic, political, legal, demographic, and socio-cultural factors.
It then discusses greenfield investment, describing it as constructing new facilities from the ground up. Greenfield investments are beneficial for developing countries like India as they create new production capacity and jobs.
Finally, it discusses different types of regional integration, including preferential trading agreements, free trade areas, customs unions, and common markets, explaining how regional integration can help grow trade between countries.
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2. International Journal of Management Research and Development (IJMRD) ISSN 2248-938X
(Print), ISSN 2248-9398 (Online) Volume 3, Number 1, Jan-March (2013)
INTRODUCTION
The Indian Ports has handled 849.9 million tones traffic during 2009-10. All major
and Non-major Port’s growth rate in cargo handling during 2009-10 was 5.8% and 35.4%
respectively. It is higher than when compared to 2.2% and 3.3% achievement in 2008-09
(Ministry of Shipping, India).
Trade between nations is vital to economic growth. It results either in inflow and
outflow of goods and services. Every country has its own customs duties and regulations.
Exporters and importers have to fulfill all such customs formalities. Such formalities are
absent in home trade where we have usually greater freedom in the movement of goods and
in the settlement of dues. Each country has its own legal system and very often the legal
system operated by different legal systems makes the task of the businessman more difficult.
Various formalities are to be completed to export and import goods. An exporter and
importer have to observe many formalities and submit a number of documents. An exporter
and importer should be familiar with these formalities.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Managing International Physical Distribution Activities, International distribution
management is complex. Success requires the correct answers to a number of difficult issues
in order to develop the optimal distribution system for each target market (James R. Stock,
Douglas M. Lambert, 1983).Three channels are discussed: the international transaction and
payment channel; the international distribution channel (through which the goods physically
move); and the documentation/communications channel. Third parties or middlemen
frequently appear in channels to facilitate their operations (Donald F. Wood,
1990).Management of the Export Shipment, Export distributors, customs house brokers and
foreign freight forwarders are amongst the major organisations involved in exporting activity.
Documentation remains of paramount importance. Operating in an unfamiliar financial
environment, it is essential to take account of exchange rates, tax, levels of inflation and other
financial aspects affecting physical distribution; all will impact on profit levels and, if
mismanaged or overlooked, will generate losses (James R. Stock, Douglas M. Lambert,
1983).A bill of lading holds as a document of title, including the proprietary effects a transfer
of goods in transit can have and the bill's use as a means of security as well as its limitations
in modern international commerce. (Torsten Schmitz, 2011).
Even in a relatively routine international transaction fifteen or more separate parties
can be involved. Information has to be supplied at the right time for up to fifty commercial
and official procedures. This information is normally exchanged using paper documentation
(Gary Davies, Charles Freebury, 1987).It was found that the unwieldy customs procedures
and inspections, lack of coordination, and arbitrary rulings are some barriers to freer cross-
border trade within ASEAN (Sumeet Gupta, Mark Goh, Robert Desouza, Miti Garg, 2011).
Customs brokers pointing out ways in which the current regulatory framework can be
violated (Nikos Passas, Kimberly Jones, 2007).
If EDI is to succeed to a similar degree as paper-based systems then international
harmonization and standardization must be achieved across all functional groups (banking,
transport, insurance, and customs) and industry sectors on message standard and structures
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3. International Journal of Management Research and Development (IJMRD) ISSN 2248-938X
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(Robert M. Mulligan, 1999).The computers have been using the international distribution of
manufactures, concentrating on their application in order processing and documentation (G.J.
Davies, 1981). EDI helps to consequent improvement in scheduling and reduction of
paperwork (Sue Garstone, 1995).
In an earlier article Gray and Davies used the expression “international logistics” to
mean a system in which documentation flows are as much a part of the main logistical flow
as flows of product (G.J. Davies, 1987).One of the most obvious objectives in the
development of orderliness and economics in international logistics and trade would, of
course, be the standardization of regulations, documentation, packaging, containers and
transport vehicles (E. Ralph Sims, Jr, 1973).
CUSTOMS CLEARANCE IN INDIA
In India, Custom Clearance is a multifaceted and time captivating procedure that
every export looks in his export business. Corporeal control is still the source of custom
clearance in India where each shipment is physically examined in order to levy various types
of export duties. High import tariffs and array of exemptions and export promotion schemes
also underwrite in obscuring the documentation and procedures. So, a correct knowledge of
the custom rules and regulation becomes imperative for the exporter. For clearance of export
and import cargo, the shipper or buyer has to commence some formalities to file the shipping
bill for clearance of export cargo. But it is very multifaceted and also customs clearance
process is knowledgeable and difficult work. So, extensively the CHA (Customs House
Agent) have been use as a middleman by Shipper and Buyer. The Shippers and Buyers
themselves may have neither time nor the necessary knowledge on their own. Therefore,
agents are permitted to act on their behalf. In overseas trade, there are countless
intermediaries between the primary producer or seller and the definitive consumer or buyer.
All these middlemen be attentive in their own branches and sell their specialized services at
very sensible rates. They are captivating the risk of documentation process. It will be done by
good management decision making. According to Peter F. Drucker, “Whatever a manger
does, he does through making decisions”. Hence a manger can be viewed as a specialist in the
art of decision-making. According to Haynes and Massie, “decision-making is a process of
selection from a set of alternative courses of action which is thought to fulfill the objective of
the decision problem more satisfactorily than others”.
CUSTOMS HOUSE AGENT (CHA)
Customs House Agent (CHA) is an agent to act on behalf of buyers and shippers. He
is dictated by the highly involved and technical nature of the job to be done in joining with
clearance of imports into and exports across the country. The work of the agent is governing
by the Customs House Agents Licensing Regulations of India. There are convinced
responsibilities fastened on the agent of the shipper or buyer under Sections given by the law.
Some of these responsibilities are in the flora of extension of and exclusions to the liability of
an agent. Newly, the practiced technical experts at Logistics Company can help shippers or
buyers cargos clear speedily and competently with a computerized customs clearance
network. They can lead through the difficulty of customs department. They handle all import
and export permit necessities for cargos and also give desired advice on any product
necessities or non-tariff barriers.
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Section 146 of the Customs Act, 1962 states that no person shall carry on business as
an agent relating to entry or departure of a conveyance or the import or export of goods at any
customs station unless such person holds a license granted in this behalf in accordance with
ustoms
regulations made in this regard by the Board. Thus, any person desirous to carry on business
as a Custom House Agent relating to entry or departure of a conveyance or import or export
of goods at any Customs station is required to obtain a license, which is referred to as the
,
CHA license and the person concerned as the Custom House Agent (CHA) (Customs-
Manual-2012(29)).
According to CHA Regulations of India, "Customs House Agent" means a person
have licensed under these regulations to act as agent for the transaction of any business
relating to the entry or departure of transferences or the import or export of cargo at any
Customs Station; "firm", "firm name", "partner" and "partnership" shall have the same
meanings respectively assigned to them in the Indian Partnership Act, 1932 (9 of 1932), but
the expression "partner" shall also include any person who, being a minor, has been admitted
to the benefits of partnership;
The Commissioner of Customs shall also gratify himself whether the candidate if he
candidate,
is an individual, possesses, or in spite of a firm or company, the persons who shall be really
betrothed in the effort relating to clearance of cargo through customs on behalf of that firm or
oms
company, possess agreeable knowledge of English and the homegrown language of the
Customs Station: Delivered that in the case of persons delegated to job exclusively in the
docks, knowledge of English shall not be obligatory. Knowledge of Hindi shall be consid
considered
as desirable qualification (Under the CHA Regulation of India).
CUSTOMS DOCUMENTATION
Documentation plays a very significant role. Customs Documentation is a process of
filing Shipping Bill or Bill of Entry for customs examination and clearance cargo for export
rgo
or import. The handiness of exact documents, the precision of the information available in the
documentation as well as the aptness in submitting the documents and filing the essential
applications for the Customs Clearance defines the efficiency of the Customs Clearance
process. Customs Documentation process necessitates set of documents to be submitted by
the shipper or buyer. Customs Documentation is generally classified into two dimensions as
figure.1.
DOCUMENTATI
ON
EXPORT IMPORT
DOCUMENTATI DOCUMENTATI
ON ON
Figure: 1 Dimensions of Customs Documentation
:
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5. International Journal of Management Research and Development (IJMRD) ISSN 2248-938X
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(a) Export Documentation
Export documentation is difficult in nature as the sum of documents to be filled is very
enormous, which should be submitted to concerned authorities. Therefore, advisable to take the help
of shipping and forwarding agents who will get and fill out the documents properly as well as
organize for transportation. Shippers are mandatory to follow definite formalities and procedures,
using an amount of documents. Each of these documents attends a precise purpose and hence conveys
its own importance. A vibrant understanding of all documents and their purpose, how to prepare the
documents, number of copies required, when and where to file, is a necessity for all export specialists.
Accurate Documentation will certify smooth sailing with the necessities of the above agencies
and the subsequent transaction will be a successful one. Imprecise or incomplete documentation will
outcome in serious fiscal and goodwill losses. Such losses can be totally evaded by undoubtedly
understanding of documentation necessities of all concerned parties and then accurately planning to
get the precise documents in the right numbers, at the right places and at the right time.
PROCESS OF EXPORT DOCUMENTATION
Export documentation is hard when compare with Import, Because of coordinating the
shipment and collecting various documents such as Quality control certificate, Certificate of origin
etc. But work to be done is small when compare to import. Export documentation process is clearly
showed in figure.2.
Figure: 2 Process of Export Documentation using CHA
In this process, shipper makes export documentation using by CHA. It is usual and popularly
followed way. Shipper who wish to export the goods first intimate to freight forwarders for
consolidate the goods or coordinate the shipment work like as Container or carriage and transport
arrangements etc. In some exports, CHA act as freight forwarder which is the shipper wish. Shipper
directly can arrange those works. The shipper will intimate to the Liner and book the container. And
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9398 Jan
he did vessel arrangements too. Then they also inform to CHA to do document filing and clearing.
the
When the authenticated information received from shipper by CHA, he ask and note full details of
container and vessel details form relevant liner. There are few significant documents required to fill
customs document that is called Shipping Bill. CHA will collect required documents like Invoice,
Packing List, LC/DC or Purchase order or Sales Agreement, and SDF etc. Then he does work to file
shipping bill through Manual or EDI system. It shows in figure.3.
figure.
Now the documents filing procedure make easy by ICE GATE in India. ICEGATE stands for
the Indian Customs Electronic Commerce/Electronic Data interchange (EC/EDI) Gateway.
ICEGATE is a portal that provides e-filing services to the trade and cargo carriers and other clients of
e iers
Customs Department (collectively called Trading Partner). At present, about 8500 users are registered
with ICEGATE who are serving about 6.72 lakhs importer/exporter. ICEGATE links about 15/broad
la
types partners with Customs EDI through message exchanges enabling faster Customs clearance and
through
in turn facilitating EXIM Trade. (Refer ICE GATE of India).
CUSTOMS
DOCUMENATION
FILING
MANUAL FILING Through
FILING EDI
Figure: 3 Types of Customs Filing (Shipping Bill/Bill of Entry)
After filing shipping bill, the CHA have print Shipping bill check list (see Annexure 1) and go
to CFS or ICD with all the above documents for examination and clearance work. He surrenders all
the documents to Customs officials in CFS or ICD for verification. The customs officer has check
verification.
with filed shipping bill through EDI system. If verification is clear, he will go to examine cargo
directly and permit to staff or load. Already the cargo stored in CFS or ICD by sipper. If any problems
ff
with cargo, he should break the work and cancel the shipping bill. Then it comes to legal action.
ld
Whether cargo staffed, the container will sealed by customs officials and send to port. The CFS or
ICD receipt use to enter port area. The CHA will go to port terminals and show the receipt and p
show pay
terminal charges.
Then he will receive ER (Electronic Receipt) from port terminal. The receipt will be shown to
customs officials in port terminals for loading container in vessel. If it is clear, the officials do permit
load
and provide shipping bill. The shipping bill copy is given to liner by CHA. The Liner release the Bill
of Lading (BL- see Annexure 3) based on shipping bill. By using this BL Copy the Liner files the
)
EGM (Export General Manifest) after the shipment gets over. The CHA finally have to send all the
documents to shipper like shipping bill, BL, certificate of origin etc.
(b) Import Documentation
Import documentation is a process of customs documents filing, examining and clearing the
cargo to buyer when goods imported from other country. It is done by CHA. Any interruption in filing
fro
or non-availability of documents can adjournment the process and in this manner buyer positions not
availability
only to incur demurrage on the imported cargo but also position to lose business opportunitie
opportunities.
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7. International Journal of Management Research and Development (IJMRD) ISSN 2248-938X
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PROCESS OF IMPORT DOCUMENTATION
Import documentation is very important to customs. Because of the maximum duties
are collected on import of goods. So the importer and customs officials should be careful.
The significant process of import documentation is clearly showed in following figure.3. It is
usual way of Import documentation using by CHA.
For example, if the cargo exported to Indian buyer by a shipper from any one country.
Now the buyer has to do import documentation process. He must collect all relevant
documents from shipper. Then he go to intimate the CHA to do this work efficiently and in
fast manner. CHA can do documentation and customs clearance when it receives authorized
information and required documents from buyer. There are required set of documents like
Invoice, Packing List, Certificate Origin and Bill of Lading (BL). The Clearing Agent have
collected all the documents and surrender the BL to authorized Liner for filing IGM (Import
General Manifest)and issue DO (Delivery Order). Then the Liner has to check the BL and to
file IGM in Customs office.
Figure: 3 Process of Import Documentation using CHA
After this process, they will issue DO to clearing agent. By using this order, clearing agent
can move the container from port terminal to CFS (Container Freight Station) or ICD (Inland
Container Depot) for examination and clearance. When filed IGM, CHA file the Bill of Entry
in customs office manually or through EDI. Recently EDI system is in use. After this process,
clearing agent should print the Bill of Entry check list (see Annexure 2) and go to CFS with
all above documents. The customs officers in CFS have check the documents trough EDI and
directly examine the imported goods. If it is perfectly match with documents and relevant
duties are paid, the goods will be cleared. If it is not perfect, they will go for legal action. If
the goods cleared, Bill of Entry issued by Customs officials is given to Clearing Agent. Then
the goods deliver to buyer with all other documents.
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RISK MANAGEMENT
Risk is normal term in any one business. But more in cross border business. The management
will handle this risk by various strategic ways. Some risks in business can efficiently handle by some
other people or agencies. One of the major and critical risk is customs documentation and clearance. It
will be given to CHA by Shipper and Buyer. As the CHA is knowledgeable and talented in this work,
Shipper and Buyer could surrender their own risk to them. The shipper and buyer have do only send
and receive the goods but other work related to export and import handle and mange by middleman
like Freight forwarder, CHA etc. it is better solution to awaiting lot business risk by Shipper and
Buyer.
CONCLUSION
This paper enhance really work of customs documentation and clearance and emphasis
significance of CHA in this work. The process of documentation and clearance in Export and Import
is highlighted and explore in this paper. This study misses as proper explanation of required
documents for documentation. But it is very large subject. It must be scope for further next study
about document’s information. In this paper, only total process of documentation for export and
import of goods using CHA is nicely viewed. However the Customs Documentation has been
significant work and successfully done by CHA. Shipper and Buyer manage the risk by placing CHA
as a middleman.
REFERENCE
[1] Donald F. Wood (1990), “International Logistics Channels”, International Journal of
Physical Distribution & Logistics Management Volume: 20 Issue: 9.
[2] E. Ralph Sims, Jr. (1973), “THE INVISIBLE IMPEDIMENTS TO FREIGHT
INTEGRATION:: Prospects and Proposals for the Future” International Journal of
Physical Distribution & Logistics Management Volume: 3 Issue: 5.
[3] Gary Davies, Charles Freebury (1987), “The Management of Documentation by British
Exporters”, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management
Volume: 17 Issue: 6.
[4] G.J. Davies (1981), “Computer Based Export Systems”, International Journal of Physical
Distribution & Logistics Management Volume: 11 Issue: 5/6.
[5] G.J. Davies (1987), “The International Logistics Concept”, International Journal of Physical
Distribution & Logistics Management Volume: 17 Issue: 2.
[6] James R. Stock, Douglas M. Lambert (1983), “Physical Distribution Management In
International Marketing”, International Marketing Review Volume: 1 Issue: 1.
[7] Nikos Passas, Kimberly Jones (2007), “The regulation of non-vessel-operating common
carriers (NVOCC) and customs brokers: Loopholes big enough to fit container ships”, Journal
of Financial Crime Volume: 14 Issue: 1.
[8] Robert M. Mulligan (1999), “EDI in foreign trade: a perspective on change and international
harmonization”, Logistics Information Management Volume: 12 Issue: 4.
[9] Sue Garstone (1995), “Electronic data interchange (EDI) in port operations”, Logistics
Information Management Volume: 8 Issue: 2.
[10] Sumeet Gupta, Mark Goh, Robert Desouza, Miti Garg (2011), “Assessing trade friendliness
of logistics services in ASEAN”, Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics Volume: 23
Issue: 5.
[11] Torsten Schmitz (2011), “The bill of lading as a document of title”, Journal of International
Trade Law and Policy Volume: 10 Issue: 3.
[12] www.icegate.gov.in
[13] www.cbec.gov.in/customs/cs-act
[14] www.shipping.gov.in
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9. International Journal of Management Research and Development (IJMRD) ISSN 2248-938X
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ANNEXURE – 1
ABC SHIPPING AGENCIES
[Shipping Bill Check List]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S.B No. & Date : Printed On:15/02/2013
Icegate Job No :264 File Reference No:DUMMY1 Date:15/02/2013
CHA :AAFFV5694ECH009 Name :ABC SHIPPING AGENCIES
Port of Loading:INTUT1 State of Origin :TAMIL NADU
Printed On :15/02/2013 Entered On :15/02/2013
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXPORTER DETAILS : CONSIGNEE DETAILS:
3296014977 BIN NULL CLAIRE GROUP A/S,
FACCTUM WEARS, MARSVEJ 6-10,
Branch Sr. No. :0 DK-7430 IKAST,
FACCTUM WEARS, DENMARK
12, K.P.P GARDEN, 1ST FLOOR,
KONGU MAIN ROAD,
TIRUPUR -641 607.
TAMIL NADU-
Port of Loading :CusHouse, Tuticorin
Total Packages :
Port of Discharge :AARHUS Loose Packets :
Gross Weight : Net Weight :
Country of Dest. :DENMARK Number of Ctrs :0
Nature Of Cargo. :
Forex Bank A/c No :1494 RBI Waiver No/Date:
FOB Value(INR) :15062 DRAWBACK(INR) :1295.33
Adcode :0230492 Bank A/c Number :
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INVOICE DETAILS Number of Invoices : 1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Invoice S.NO. :1
Invoice Number :FWS-105/2010-11Date :08/11/2012
Nature Of Contract :FOB Buyer Details :
Nature Of Payment :DA SAME AS CONSIGNEE
Period Of Agreement:60 `
Currency Code :USD
Exchange Rate :44.3
Invoice Value(FC) :340
Invoice Value(INR) :15062 DBK Value(INR) : 1295.33
Rate Currency Amount
Insurance 0 USD 0
Freight 0 USD 0
Commission 0 USD 0
Discount 0 USD 0
Other Ded. 0 USD 0
30
10. International Journal of Management Research and Development (IJMRD) ISSN 2248-938X
(Print), ISSN 2248-9398 (Online) Volume 3, Number 1, Jan-March (2013)
Packing Charges 0 USD 0
------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------
ITEMS OF EXPORT
------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------
No RITC CD Description
Quantity Units Item RatePer Unit Value(FC) FOB(INR) SchCd
Scheme Description PMV TOT PMV
------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------
1 61091000 95%COTTON 5% ELASTANE KNITTED GIRLS T-SHIRT
100 PCS 3.40 Per 1 PCS 340.00 15062 19
DRAWBACK (DBK) 165.68 16568.00
------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------
TOTAL FOB : 15062
TOTAL PMV : 16568
------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------
DRAWBACK PAYABLE
------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------
Inv Item DBK SNo Customs Rate DBK Adv DBK Qty Unit
Sno SNO DBK SNo Excise Rate DBK Rate Spec DBK Amt(INR)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------
1 1 610902A 0 8.6 100 PCS
0 28 1295.33
------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------
1295.33
------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------
I/We declare that the particulars given herein are true and
are correct.
Signature of
For ABC SHIPPING AGENCIES
31
11. International Journal of Management Research and Development (IJMRD) ISSN 2248-938X
(Print), ISSN 2248-9398 (Online) Volume 3, Number 1, Jan-March (2013)
ANNEXURE – 2
CHECK LIST - Bill of Entry
==========================
Date: 15/02/2013
___________________________________________________________________
Port of Submission : TUTICORIN Mode of Tranport: Sea
CHA : AAFFV5694ECH009 ABC SHIPPING AGENCIES
Job No /Job Yr: 5/2012
Importer:3506001841 PAN: Green Channel: No
KAYCEE INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS PVT.LTD
Branch SlNo. : 0 Sec 48:
111/33/E-1 MAIN ROAD,
STATE BANK COLONY,
TUTICORIN
TAMILNADU PIN- 0
BE Type : Home Consumption
Kaccha BE :No
Govt./Private:Private Prior BE: Normal First Check: No
IGM No./YR : 2009018 /2011 24/03/2011 Port of Loadg. :HAIPHONG
Cntry of Orig.:VIETNAM, DEMOCRATIC REP. OF
Cntry of Consgn : VIETNAM,
DEMOCRATIC REP. OF
BL. : MAXHAI1208TUT211 HBL :
Date :25/02/2011 Date :
No. of Pkgs :1250 BAG Gross Wt.: 50400 KGS
Marks :AS ADDRESS
& Nos :<Nil>
<Nil>
INVOICE DETAILS SUPPLIER DETAILS
Inv No. & Dt : DLH-KCIC/1102001 24/02/2011
D.L.H MINERALS JSC
Inv Value : 5750 USD ToI: CIF 7TH FL NGUPHUC TOWER,NO.7 LOT 3B
Freight : 0% LE HONG STR,NGO QUYEN,HAI PHONG,
Insurance : 0% VIETNAM
SVB Load(Dty): 0 Cust. House: VN,
SVB Load(Ass): 0 Hss Load Rate: 0.00 Amount : 0.00
Misc Charges : 0 Total Misc. Amt : 0
Discount Rate : 0.00 Discount Amount: 0.00
32
12. International Journal of Management Research and Development (IJMRD) ISSN 2248-938X
(Print), ISSN 2248-9398 (Online) Volume 3, Number 1, Jan-March (2013)
Exchange Rate: 1 USD = 45.2 INR
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-------
ITEM DETAILS
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-------
Slno RITC Item Description RSP
Qty Unit Price CTH C.Notn C.NSNO Cus Duty Rt BCD
Amt(Rs)
Unit Ass Value CETH E.Notn E.NSNO Exc Duty Rt CVD
Amt(Rs)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-------
1 25221000 QUICK LIME N
50 115 25221000 021/2002 517 5% 13125
MTS 262499 25221000 0% 0
Educational Cess on CVD : 3% 0
Customs Educational Cess : 0 3% 393.7
Additional Duty - 2006 : 019/2006 4 %
11040.7
Health Duty : 0% 0.00
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Rs. 262499 Inv.Gross Total Rs. 24559.4
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Rs. 262499 BE Gross Total Rs. 24559.4
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Duty Payable Rs. 24559.4
CONTAINER DETAILS
IGM NO CONTAINER NO SEAL NO LCFC
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
2009018/2011
YMLU2511019 F
2009018/2011
YMLU2450058 F
33
13. International Journal of Management Research and Development (IJMRD) ISSN 2248-938X
(Print), ISSN 2248-9398 (Online) Volume 3, Number 1, Jan-March (2013)
ANNEXURE – 3
Bill of Lading (BL)
SHIPPER (MAX 5 LINES) BOOKING NO.22020202
ABC INDIA PVT. LTD.
GAT NO.147, VILLAGE TAMGAON, SEA WAY BILL
TALUKA : KARVEER
DIST. KOLHAPUR-416234 - INDIA
Consignee: (MAX 5 LINES)
EYZ SPA.
VIA SALTORE
FROM : XYZ INT’L SHIPPING PVT LTD.
ITALY – P.IVA 01141930261
1 Notify Party: ( MAX 5 LINES)
SAME AS CONSIGNEE
Vessel and Voyage No: Place of Receipt:
TIGER CAPE V-130 E
Port of Loading: PORT of Discharge Place of Delivery:
VENICE, ITALY
TUTICORIN , INDIA VENICE
Shipping Marks & Nos Number and Kind of Packages Gross Net Weight
Weight
Description of Goods In kgs.
In Kgs.
1 X 40’HC FCL SAID TO CONTAIN
39 PACKAGES 19892.20 18300.00
NE 100/2 20 PALLETS & 19 CARTONS KGS KGS
(TWENTY PALLETS & NINTEEN CARTONS )
COMBED COTTON YARN
100% GREY COTTON YARN MORE OR LESS THAN 10
PCT OF KGS
20 PALLETS OF NE 100/2 COMBED WEAVING
19 CARTONS OF GASSING TFO COTTON YARN ON
CONES
CONTAINER NO.: INVOICE NOS.:
TMI/ME/EXP/04 DT.13.06.2009
HLXU 6257256
SHIPPING BILL NO.:
SEAL NO: 2109665 DT.13.06.2009
5824242
“ FREIGHT PREPAID”
34