A hospital information system (HIS) is a computer system designed to manage all of a hospital's medical and administrative information. HIS were first developed in the 1960s and include clinical, financial, laboratory, nursing, pharmacy, and radiology information systems. A HIS typically uses a client-server architecture and can be desktop-based or web-based. Benefits of a HIS include easy access to patient data, improved decision making, efficient administration, and reduced errors.
This document discusses various interconnection mechanisms for connecting processors and memories. It describes shared buses, interconnection networks using static and dynamic topologies, and circuit switching vs packet switching. Performance parameters like throughput, latency and bandwidth are discussed for different network topologies like grids/meshes. Switching mechanisms and different routing techniques are also summarized. Performance of switches is analyzed considering effects of buffering, conflicts and retransmitted requests.
A multi-core processor is a single computing component with two or more independent actual processing units (called "cores"), which are units that read and execute program instructions. The instructions are ordinary CPU instructions (such as add, move data, and branch), but the multiple cores can run multiple instructions at the same time, increasing overall speed for programs amenable to parallel computing. Manufacturers typically integrate the cores onto a single integrated circuit die (known as a chip multiprocessor or CMP), or onto multiple dies in a single chip package.
Reduced instruction set computing, or RISC (pronounced 'risk', /ɹɪsk/), is a CPU design strategy based on the insight that a simplified instruction set provides higher performance when combined with a microprocessor architecture capable of executing those instructions using fewer microprocessor cycles per instruction.
This document provides an introduction to the Python programming language. It discusses why Python is easy to learn, relatively fast, object-oriented, strongly typed, widely used and portable. It then provides instructions on getting started with Python on Mac, including how to start the Python interpreter and run a simple "Hello World" program. It also demonstrates using the Python interpreter interactively to test code. The document explains the basic Python object types of numbers, strings, lists, tuples, dictionaries and files. It introduces the concepts of literals, variables and the import command. It provides examples of using command line arguments in Python programs.
A hospital information system (HIS) is a computer system designed to manage all of a hospital's medical and administrative information. HIS were first developed in the 1960s and include clinical, financial, laboratory, nursing, pharmacy, and radiology information systems. A HIS typically uses a client-server architecture and can be desktop-based or web-based. Benefits of a HIS include easy access to patient data, improved decision making, efficient administration, and reduced errors.
This document discusses various interconnection mechanisms for connecting processors and memories. It describes shared buses, interconnection networks using static and dynamic topologies, and circuit switching vs packet switching. Performance parameters like throughput, latency and bandwidth are discussed for different network topologies like grids/meshes. Switching mechanisms and different routing techniques are also summarized. Performance of switches is analyzed considering effects of buffering, conflicts and retransmitted requests.
A multi-core processor is a single computing component with two or more independent actual processing units (called "cores"), which are units that read and execute program instructions. The instructions are ordinary CPU instructions (such as add, move data, and branch), but the multiple cores can run multiple instructions at the same time, increasing overall speed for programs amenable to parallel computing. Manufacturers typically integrate the cores onto a single integrated circuit die (known as a chip multiprocessor or CMP), or onto multiple dies in a single chip package.
Reduced instruction set computing, or RISC (pronounced 'risk', /ɹɪsk/), is a CPU design strategy based on the insight that a simplified instruction set provides higher performance when combined with a microprocessor architecture capable of executing those instructions using fewer microprocessor cycles per instruction.
This document provides an introduction to the Python programming language. It discusses why Python is easy to learn, relatively fast, object-oriented, strongly typed, widely used and portable. It then provides instructions on getting started with Python on Mac, including how to start the Python interpreter and run a simple "Hello World" program. It also demonstrates using the Python interpreter interactively to test code. The document explains the basic Python object types of numbers, strings, lists, tuples, dictionaries and files. It introduces the concepts of literals, variables and the import command. It provides examples of using command line arguments in Python programs.
This document discusses the limitations of traditional file-based data systems and advantages of database management systems (DBMS). Traditional file-based systems have issues like data duplication, separation of data across different applications, and incompatible file formats. A DBMS addresses these limitations by providing a centralized database that stores logically related shared data and metadata. It also provides languages to define, modify and access the database along with security features.
The document describes a butterfly network topology. A butterfly network has the following properties:
- The number of nodes increases exponentially based on the number of ranks K.
- The number of ranks is K+1.
- The diameter of the network, the longest path between any two nodes, is 2K.
- The bisection width, the number of links between the two halves of the network, is 2^K.
- Nodes are connected based on their rank and identifier, with each node connecting to nodes in the previous rank based on bit inversion rules.
The document discusses game playing strategies and algorithms, including tic-tac-toe, minimax algorithm, alpha-beta pruning, and AND/OR graphs. It describes how the minimax algorithm works to generate a game tree and evaluate moves to maximize winning potential. Alpha-beta pruning improves on minimax by pruning unwanted portions of the search tree. AND/OR graphs represent problems that can be decomposed into subproblems, some of which must be solved, and are explored using the AO* algorithm.
The document discusses frequency modulation techniques, specifically GMSK modulation. It provides an overview of digital modulation, describes the key parameters and expression for GMSK modulation, and discusses implementing a GMSK modulator. It explains that GMSK modulation uses continuous phase modulation with a Gaussian frequency shaping filter. The document also provides the mathematical expressions for the GMSK modulated signal and describes calculating the baseband components and elementary phase pulse using Matlab.
TCP/IP is a set of communication protocols used to connect devices on the internet and other networks. It has two main protocols - TCP for reliable transmission of data between devices, and IP for addressing devices and routing packets across networks. TCP/IP uses ports to allow multiple applications to run simultaneously on a single device. Routers use IP addressing and routing tables to determine the best path for sending packets between devices on different networks.
Parallel computing is a type of computation in which many calculations or the execution of processes are carried out simultaneously. Large problems can often be divided into smaller ones, which can then be solved at the same time. There are several different forms of parallel computing: bit-level, instruction-level, data, and task parallelism. Parallelism has been employed for many years, mainly in high-performance computing, but interest in it has grown lately due to the physical constraints preventing frequency scaling. As power consumption (and consequently heat generation) by computers has become a concern in recent years, parallel computing has become the dominant paradigm in computer architecture, mainly in the form of multi-core processors.
Documentation management system & information databasesSyed Zaid Irshad
A document management system (DMS) is a computer system (or set of computer programs) used to track and store electronic documents and/or images of paper documents.
Digital signals can be encoded in various ways:
1) NRZ-L uses two voltage levels to represent 0s and 1s, maintaining a constant level during each bit.
2) NRZI represents 1s as transitions and 0s as no transitions at the start of each bit.
3) Bipolar-AMI represents 0s as no signal and alternating positive and negative pulses for 1s, eliminating long runs of the same signal.
Computer graphics are pictures and films created using computers. Usually, the term refers to computer-generated image data created with help from specialized graphical hardware and software. It is a vast and recent area in computer science.
Computer graphics are pictures and films created using computers. Usually, the term refers to computer-generated image data created with help from specialized graphical hardware and software. It is a vast and recent area in computer science.
Addressing modes are an aspect of the instruction set architecture in most central processing unit (CPU) designs. The various addressing modes that are defined in a given instruction set architecture define how machine language instructions in that architecture identify the operand(s) of each instruction.
the modulation of a wave by varying its amplitude, used especially as a means of broadcasting an audio signal by combining it with a radio carrier wave.
This document provides an overview of operating systems. It discusses that an operating system acts as an interface between the user and hardware, managing resources and running applications. Key parts of an operating system include the kernel and system programs. Operating systems allow for multiprogramming and time-sharing to enable efficient sharing of resources between multiple processes. Interprocess communication and process synchronization are important aspects that operating systems facilitate.
This document is a lab manual for database management systems. It contains instructions for installing and using Visual Studio and SQL Server software. Visual Studio is a popular integrated development environment used to develop a wide range of computer programs and applications. It includes features like a code editor, debugger, and various designers. The document provides guidance on tasks for several labs covering topics like creating applications in Visual Studio, installing and managing databases in SQL Server, and building a school management system to apply concepts.
The document provides an outline for a course on data structures and algorithms. It includes topics like data types and operations, time-space tradeoffs, algorithm development, asymptotic notations, common data structures, sorting and searching algorithms, and linked lists. The course will use Google Classroom and have assignments, quizzes, and a final exam.
This document discusses algorithms and their analysis. It defines an algorithm as a finite sequence of unambiguous instructions that terminate in a finite amount of time. It discusses areas of study like algorithm design techniques, analysis of time and space complexity, testing and validation. Common algorithm complexities like constant, logarithmic, linear, quadratic and exponential are explained. Performance analysis techniques like asymptotic analysis and amortized analysis using aggregate analysis, accounting method and potential method are also summarized.
The document contains a multiple choice quiz with questions about various topics in computer science. There are 47 multiple choice questions testing knowledge about topics like binary, memory, operating systems, programming languages, networks, and security. The questions are short, with single sentences providing the prompts and possible multiple choice answers.
The document contains 40 multiple choice questions related to computer science class 12. It covers topics like variables, data types, operators, loops, functions, arrays and more. The questions test concepts like escape sequences, format specifiers, assignment operators, comments, input/output functions, and the difference between various loops in C programming language. It is a practice test to help students prepare for their computer science exam.
This document provides an introduction to databases. It defines what a database is, the steps to create one, and benefits such as fast querying and flexibility. It describes database models like hierarchical, network, entity-relationship, and relational. Key database concepts are explained, including entities, attributes, primary keys, and foreign keys. Finally, it outlines database management system components, common users, and introduces Microsoft Access.
Program, Language, & Programming Language
Object Oriented Programming vs Procedure Oriented Programming
About C
Why still Learn C?
Basic Terms
C Stuff
C Syntax
C Program
Flowcharts provide a graphical representation of steps in a process or algorithm using standard symbols. They were developed in the 1920s-1930s to document business processes but are now widely used to depict computer programs and workflows. The key symbols include boxes, diamonds, arrows, and other shapes to represent tasks, decisions, data, and flow. Flowcharts clarify complex processes, help teams understand them, and can be used to improve or design new procedures.
This document discusses the limitations of traditional file-based data systems and advantages of database management systems (DBMS). Traditional file-based systems have issues like data duplication, separation of data across different applications, and incompatible file formats. A DBMS addresses these limitations by providing a centralized database that stores logically related shared data and metadata. It also provides languages to define, modify and access the database along with security features.
The document describes a butterfly network topology. A butterfly network has the following properties:
- The number of nodes increases exponentially based on the number of ranks K.
- The number of ranks is K+1.
- The diameter of the network, the longest path between any two nodes, is 2K.
- The bisection width, the number of links between the two halves of the network, is 2^K.
- Nodes are connected based on their rank and identifier, with each node connecting to nodes in the previous rank based on bit inversion rules.
The document discusses game playing strategies and algorithms, including tic-tac-toe, minimax algorithm, alpha-beta pruning, and AND/OR graphs. It describes how the minimax algorithm works to generate a game tree and evaluate moves to maximize winning potential. Alpha-beta pruning improves on minimax by pruning unwanted portions of the search tree. AND/OR graphs represent problems that can be decomposed into subproblems, some of which must be solved, and are explored using the AO* algorithm.
The document discusses frequency modulation techniques, specifically GMSK modulation. It provides an overview of digital modulation, describes the key parameters and expression for GMSK modulation, and discusses implementing a GMSK modulator. It explains that GMSK modulation uses continuous phase modulation with a Gaussian frequency shaping filter. The document also provides the mathematical expressions for the GMSK modulated signal and describes calculating the baseband components and elementary phase pulse using Matlab.
TCP/IP is a set of communication protocols used to connect devices on the internet and other networks. It has two main protocols - TCP for reliable transmission of data between devices, and IP for addressing devices and routing packets across networks. TCP/IP uses ports to allow multiple applications to run simultaneously on a single device. Routers use IP addressing and routing tables to determine the best path for sending packets between devices on different networks.
Parallel computing is a type of computation in which many calculations or the execution of processes are carried out simultaneously. Large problems can often be divided into smaller ones, which can then be solved at the same time. There are several different forms of parallel computing: bit-level, instruction-level, data, and task parallelism. Parallelism has been employed for many years, mainly in high-performance computing, but interest in it has grown lately due to the physical constraints preventing frequency scaling. As power consumption (and consequently heat generation) by computers has become a concern in recent years, parallel computing has become the dominant paradigm in computer architecture, mainly in the form of multi-core processors.
Documentation management system & information databasesSyed Zaid Irshad
A document management system (DMS) is a computer system (or set of computer programs) used to track and store electronic documents and/or images of paper documents.
Digital signals can be encoded in various ways:
1) NRZ-L uses two voltage levels to represent 0s and 1s, maintaining a constant level during each bit.
2) NRZI represents 1s as transitions and 0s as no transitions at the start of each bit.
3) Bipolar-AMI represents 0s as no signal and alternating positive and negative pulses for 1s, eliminating long runs of the same signal.
Computer graphics are pictures and films created using computers. Usually, the term refers to computer-generated image data created with help from specialized graphical hardware and software. It is a vast and recent area in computer science.
Computer graphics are pictures and films created using computers. Usually, the term refers to computer-generated image data created with help from specialized graphical hardware and software. It is a vast and recent area in computer science.
Addressing modes are an aspect of the instruction set architecture in most central processing unit (CPU) designs. The various addressing modes that are defined in a given instruction set architecture define how machine language instructions in that architecture identify the operand(s) of each instruction.
the modulation of a wave by varying its amplitude, used especially as a means of broadcasting an audio signal by combining it with a radio carrier wave.
This document provides an overview of operating systems. It discusses that an operating system acts as an interface between the user and hardware, managing resources and running applications. Key parts of an operating system include the kernel and system programs. Operating systems allow for multiprogramming and time-sharing to enable efficient sharing of resources between multiple processes. Interprocess communication and process synchronization are important aspects that operating systems facilitate.
This document is a lab manual for database management systems. It contains instructions for installing and using Visual Studio and SQL Server software. Visual Studio is a popular integrated development environment used to develop a wide range of computer programs and applications. It includes features like a code editor, debugger, and various designers. The document provides guidance on tasks for several labs covering topics like creating applications in Visual Studio, installing and managing databases in SQL Server, and building a school management system to apply concepts.
The document provides an outline for a course on data structures and algorithms. It includes topics like data types and operations, time-space tradeoffs, algorithm development, asymptotic notations, common data structures, sorting and searching algorithms, and linked lists. The course will use Google Classroom and have assignments, quizzes, and a final exam.
This document discusses algorithms and their analysis. It defines an algorithm as a finite sequence of unambiguous instructions that terminate in a finite amount of time. It discusses areas of study like algorithm design techniques, analysis of time and space complexity, testing and validation. Common algorithm complexities like constant, logarithmic, linear, quadratic and exponential are explained. Performance analysis techniques like asymptotic analysis and amortized analysis using aggregate analysis, accounting method and potential method are also summarized.
The document contains a multiple choice quiz with questions about various topics in computer science. There are 47 multiple choice questions testing knowledge about topics like binary, memory, operating systems, programming languages, networks, and security. The questions are short, with single sentences providing the prompts and possible multiple choice answers.
The document contains 40 multiple choice questions related to computer science class 12. It covers topics like variables, data types, operators, loops, functions, arrays and more. The questions test concepts like escape sequences, format specifiers, assignment operators, comments, input/output functions, and the difference between various loops in C programming language. It is a practice test to help students prepare for their computer science exam.
This document provides an introduction to databases. It defines what a database is, the steps to create one, and benefits such as fast querying and flexibility. It describes database models like hierarchical, network, entity-relationship, and relational. Key database concepts are explained, including entities, attributes, primary keys, and foreign keys. Finally, it outlines database management system components, common users, and introduces Microsoft Access.
Program, Language, & Programming Language
Object Oriented Programming vs Procedure Oriented Programming
About C
Why still Learn C?
Basic Terms
C Stuff
C Syntax
C Program
Flowcharts provide a graphical representation of steps in a process or algorithm using standard symbols. They were developed in the 1920s-1930s to document business processes but are now widely used to depict computer programs and workflows. The key symbols include boxes, diamonds, arrows, and other shapes to represent tasks, decisions, data, and flow. Flowcharts clarify complex processes, help teams understand them, and can be used to improve or design new procedures.
Algorithm
What is an algorithm?
How are mathematical statements and algorithms related?
What do algorithms have to do with computers?
Pseudo Code
What is pseudocode?
Writing pseudocode
Pseudo Code vs Algorithm
This document outlines the chapters and content covered in a Computer Science course. It includes 17 total chapters, with 5 theoretical chapters, 8 practical chapters, and 4 optional chapters. The chapters cover topics like programming concepts, algorithms, an overview of the C language, variables, operators, input/output statements, selection and iteration control structures, functions, arrays, strings, pointers, data files, data management systems, and Microsoft Access. It also provides a study plan which includes performing practical work every Tuesday, having question/answer sessions every Friday, and using other days for theoretical content, as well as creating a WhatsApp group for the class.
The document discusses computer crimes and cyber crimes under Pakistani law. It defines computer crimes such as copyright violation, cracking codes, cyberbullying and various types of computer viruses. It then outlines specific cyber crimes in Pakistan such as spreading false information about an individual, making or spreading explicit images without consent, cyberstalking, and hacking for stalking. The punishments for these crimes under Pakistani law include prison sentences up to 7 years and fines up to 10 million Pakistani rupees.
Components of Data Communication
Characteristics of Data Transmission
Communication Media
Communication Speed
Communication Hardware
Communication Software
OSI Model
This document provides an overview of basic concepts in information technology, including definitions of computers and computer systems, their key characteristics and components. It describes common input devices like keyboards, mice, and scanners, as well as output devices like monitors, printers and speakers. It also discusses computer hardware, software, data, procedures, and different generations of computers from the past to present.
1st Year Computer Science Book
Sindh Text Book Board Introduction
Introduction
Syed Zaid Irshad
Rules (that You have to Follow)
Book Introduction
10 Chapters
Theoretical Chapters are 6
Practical Chapters are 4
Chapter 1: Basic Concept of Information Technology
Introduction of Computer
Definition
Characteristics
Parts of Computer
Input
Output
Memory
Primary Storage
Secondary Storage
Ports
Language Translator
Compiler
Interpreter
Generations of Programming Language
Ages of Computers
Generations of Computer
Classification of Computers
Chapter 2: Information Networks
Types of Network
LAN
WAN
MAN
GAN
Topologies
Star
Ring
Bus
Hybrid
File Transfer Protocol
World Wide Web
Chapter 3: Data Communication
Standards
Transmission
Simples
Half Duplex
Full Duplex
Media
Twisted Pair Cable
Coaxial Cable
Fiber Optic Cable
Microwave Transmission
Satellite Transmission
Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model)
Chapter 4: Applications and Use of Computers
Difference Between Application and Use
Impacts of Computers
Chapter 5: Computer Architecture
Address of Memory Locations
Instruction Format
Fetch and Execute
Chapter 6: Security, Copyright and The Law
Computer Crime
Computer Viruses
Computer Privacy
Software Piracy and Law
Chapter 7: Operating System
User Interface
Graphical User Interface
Operating Systems
Chapter 8: Word Processing
Introduction to MS Word
Creating
Editing
Formatting
Printing
Chapter 9: Spreadsheet
Introduction to MS Excel
Creating
Editing
Formatting
Printing
Formulae
Project
Chapter 10: Internet Browsing and Using E-mail
Create Email ID
Send Mail
Download File
Upload File
Study Plan
Every Tuesday we perform Practical
Every Friday Half of the Lecture will be used as question answer session
Rest of the days are for Theoretical Stuff
Make WhatsApp Group for class where we can share stuff related to the Subject
This document discusses SQL set operators such as UNION, UNION ALL, INTERSECT, and MINUS. It provides examples of how to use each operator to combine result sets from multiple queries, eliminate duplicates, return common or unique rows, and control the order of rows in the final output. Tables used in the examples include the EMPLOYEES and JOB_HISTORY tables, which contain data on current and previous employee jobs. Guidelines are provided around matching columns in UNION queries and using parentheses and ORDER BY.
2. Rule
• Number of switches = node/2
• Number of stages = log2 𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑠
• Matrix = switches x stages
• Use left to right circular shift to attach nodes with switches.