CSS 220 Module 6 HomeworkStep by Step SortingShow the step

CSS 220 Module 6 Homework
Step by Step Sorting
Show the steps taken by each sort on the following unordered
list of integers (duplicate items are denoted with letters):
4, 1, 6, 8, 9, 2, 3
1. Insertion Sort
2. Selection Sort
3. Bubble Sort
Short Answer
1. We have a system running insertion sort and we find that it’s
completing faster than expected. What could we conclude about
the input to the sorting algorithm?

2. Give a 5-element array such that it elicits the worst-case
runtime for bubble sort.
Python Programming
Submit a Python file for each of the following. Do not use
prebuilt Python functions/methods. These should be solved
using loops and comparisons.
1. Find the smallest and largest numbers in the following
unsorted list: [4, 2, 7, 3, 8, 5]
2. Find the smallest missing element from the following sorted
list: [1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9]
3. Count the number of occurrences of the number 7 in the
following sorted list: [1, 2, 2, 2, 5, 7, 7, 7, 8, 9]
Legal Definitions of Terrorism

Classic Typology of Terrorism
Terrorists
Are Not
Dummies
Marie Hallion, PhD.
Judith Vandegriff, M.A.
©Vandegriff Research, 2014
United States Legal Definitions of Terrorism -
US State Department definitions are based on US Code and are
accepted by the US legal community as enforceable definitions.
Terrorism: According to the US legal Code, the term
terrorism means premeditated, politically motivated violence
perpetrated against noncombatant targets by sub national groups
or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an
audience.Involves groups operating in and targeting the United
States without foreign direction.
International Terrorism: Groups that operate primarily
across international borders and/or have foreign connections.
Foreign Intelligence surveillance Act (FISA) defines
International Terrorism the same way replacing primarily with
totally.
22 USC, Chapter 38, Section 2656f.
Transnational Terrorism: Violent acts intended to affect
civilian populations or governments and occurring mostly
outside the United States or transcending international
boundaries.

18 USC, Chapter 113B, Section 2331. For the purposes of the
US Code Chapter 113B of the Code, entitled "Terrorism”:
Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice.
The FBI divides terrorism into 2 categories:
Domestic - involving groups operating in and targeting the
United States without foreign direction;
International - groups that operate across international
borders and/or have foreign connections.
Definition of Terrorism: The unlawful use of force or violence
against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a
Government, the civilian population or any segment thereof, in
furtherance of political or social objectives.
FBI Policy and Guidelines: FBI Denver Division:
Counterterrorism. 12/2013. Retrieved from the web, 1/1/2014.
file://localhost/<http/::www.fbi.gov:about-
us:investigate:terrorism:terrorism-definition>
FBI Intelligence Defined
Simply defined, intelligence is information that has been
analyzed and refined so that it is useful to policymakers in
making decisions—specifically, decisions about potential
threats to our national security.
The FBI and the other organizations that make up the U.S.
Intelligence Community use the term "intelligence" in three
different ways:
1. Intelligence is a product that consists of information that
has been refined to meet the needs of policymakers.
2. Intelligence is also a process through which that information
is identified, collected, and analyzed.
3. And intelligence refers to both the
individual organizations that shape raw data into a finished
intelligence product for the benefit of decision makers and the

larger community of these organizations.
http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/intelligence/defined#portal-
globalnav
<retrieved Feb 10, 2014>
International definitions Based on the United Nations
International Security treaties and agreements
International Definitions: according to the United Nations
The term “Reign of Terror”, and labeling a group as “terrorists”
first appeared in a French newspaper during the French
revolution. The concept has been part of the human experience
since the beginning of recorded history.
United Nations: 14 International legal policy instruments,1963
www.un.org/en/terrorism/instruments.shtml
http://www.un.org/en/terrorism/instruments.shtml
Counter terrorism is a strategy
United Nations Counter Terrorism Strategy,
Office of Disarmament Affairs, 2006
www.un.org./disarmament/WMD/Counter_Terrorism
Terrorism is a tactic
First our job dissuade groups from using terrorism as a tactic
United Nations,Sec.Gen. 3/10/2005
www.un.org/press/en2005/sgsm9757.doc.htm
Classic Typology of Terrorism with some examples.
Excerpts from a lecture by Marie Hallion, PhD,UMUC 2010
edited and updated, October 2014.
It is not unusual for a group to exhibit the characteristics of
more than one category. For instance, the Aryan Nations serves
as an example of both separatist and neo-Nazi. Despite this,

there is generally one dominant factor, thus Aryan Nations is
thought of more as a neo-Nazi group than separatist.
Separatist
Many groups fall under this heading. These groups wish to
break away (“separate”) from an established nation state and
establish their own separate nation.
Groups: Irish PIRA, Basque ETA, Irish Real IRA, Tamil Tigers
LTTE
In the past, the United States has faced a threat from Puerto
Rican terrorist groups that carried out terrorist acts including
bombings and bank robberies in order to call attention to their
desire for independence. In 1950, they attempted to assassinate
President Harry S Truman, killing a White House policeman.
Two years later, they carried out an armed attack in the U.S.
Capitol. In 1993, Puerto Rico voted to remain within the U.S.
Commonwealth.
FALN and Los Macheteros carried out incidents both on the
mainland and Puerto Rico. The FALN bombed Fraunces Tavern
in Manhattan in January 1975, killing four and injuring 44. In
1983, Los Macheteros robbed the Wells Fargo terminal in
Hartford of more than $7 million.
Other separatist terrorist groups include the Provisional Irish
Republican Army, as well as Sikh and Armenian terrorist
elements. Over the years, these groups have carried out terrorist
and criminal activities in the United States, including
assassinations, bombings, weapons acquisition, illegal
immigration, and provision of safe haven to fugitives.
Sikh terrorists wish the State of Punjab to break away from
India and form a new nation called Kalistan. Armenian

terrorists like the Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide
have directed their actions against the Turkish government and
Turkish officials. They have served more as an example of
minority nationalist. Historically, they targeted Turkish
officials, worldwide, including some in the United States.
Revolutionary
These groups differ from separatist in that they try to bring
about a complete change in the government. The New People’s
Army in the Philippines serves as an example of a revolutionary
terrorist group. They wished to replace the Filipino government
with a Marxist-Leninist one. They often targeted U.S. military
personnel. Historically, the Algerian FLN, which led the
revolution against France in the 1950s serves as an example of
the first revolutionary terrorist organization. They based their
revolution on the book The Wretched of the Earth authored by
Frantz Fanon.
Ideological
These are the heirs of the 19th century anarchists. Their
philosophical mentor was Herbert Marcuse (“Bring the system
down”).
Examples: German Red Army Faction (in the 1970s known as
the Baader-Meinhof Gang in the 1970s); French Direct Action;
Belgium Communist Combatant Cells; Italian Red Brigades.
Incidents: Kidnapping and murder of prominent businessman
Hans Martin Schleyer (Baader-Meinhof Gang); Kidnapping and
murder of former Prime Minister Aldo Moro (Red Brigades);
murder of Renault President George Besse (Direct Action).
In the United States, many left-wing groups professed a
revolutionary socialist doctrine and viewed themselves as a
vanguard against capitalism and imperialism. Many were rooted
in the anti-Vietnam war protests of the 1960s. With the fall of

the Soviet Union in 1991, these left-wing groups lost their
ideological mentors.
Examples: Black Liberation Army; Black Panther Party;
Republic of New Africa; Symbionese Liberation Army; United
Freedom Front; Weather Underground.
In the United States, the Weather Underground claimed
responsibility for several bombings in the 1970s including the
U.S. Capitol (March 1, 1971) and office buildings in New York
City (September 28, 1973). This group was an offshoot of the
Students for a Democratic Society and the founders took their
name from the Lyrics of a Bob Dylan song “you don’t need a
weatherman to tell you which way the wind blows”.
In the 1980s a “survivors club” of the Weather Underground
was responsible for exploding a bomb in the U.S. Capitol and
was also involved in a $1.6 million armed robbery in Nyak,
New York, in which two police officers were killed along with a
Brink’s guard. The robbery was part of an effort to fill their
coffers for renewed terrorist activities.
From 1976 to 1984, the United Freedom Front bombed 19
courthouses, banks, corporations and military installations, and
robbed banks in five states. Their leader,William Manning, was
sentenced to life for killing a New Jersey State Trooper in 1981.
Neo-Nazi
These are “right-wing” groups, far more extreme than
conservatism. Their rhetoric is often like a replay of Nazi
propaganda in the 1930s. The Ku Klux Klan is the historical
antecedent of these groups. In the 1990s there was a merging of
some right-wing groups and white supremacists. Many articulate
antigovernment and/or anti-taxation and anti-abortion
sentiments, and engage in survivalist and/or paramilitary
training. These groups target Zionist Occupation Government or
ZOG, their name for federal, state and local officials.

Groups: Aryan Nations, Christian Identity Movement, The
Order, skinheads, World Church of the Creator (In 1984,
members of The Order killed Denver talk show host Alan Berg.)
Texts: The Turner Diaries, Hunter, White Man’s Bible
Religious
There are both formal groups with an infrastructure, personnel,
financial arrangements, and training facilities and loosely
affiliated groups that target U.S. interest and are able to plan
and mount terrorist campaigns.
According to the Ayatollah Khomeini, the goal of the Islamic
Revolution in Iran in 1979 was “to save Islam from the evil of
the superpowers of the foreign criminals.”
According to Kushner, “the religiously inspired terrorist is
petulant, with no taste for bargained compromises or
accommodations. Such attitudes betray an authoritarian streak.
Politically, the question that must haunt any society confronting
religious fanatics prepared for terror is whether it can muster
the strength and resolve to stand up to the threat.”
In August 1996, Osama bin Laden, founder of Al Qaida,
included in his organization’s goals the support of Islamic
revolutionary groups around the world. He maintained close
associations with the leaders of several Islamic terrorist groups,
has trained their members and provided safe haven and financial
support. In 1998 bin Laden convened a meeting in Afghanistan
attended by the leaders of autonomous Islamic groups including
Ayman al-Zawahiri, the head of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad. As
a result of this meeting, bin Ladin established the International
Islamic Front for Jihad against the Jews and Crusaders (IIF).
Osama bin Laden was killed, May 2, 2011 in Pakistan by US
Special Forces.

Groups: Al-Qaida, Philippine Abu Sayyaf Group, Algerian
Armed Islamic Group and Salafist Group for Call and Combat,
Egyptian Islamic Group (Al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya); Lebanese
Hizbollah; Palestinian Hamas; Southeast Asian Jemaah Islamiya
In 1968, Rabbi Meir Kahane founded the Jewish Defense
League to “protect Jews in the hostile, anti-Semitic environment
in the United States.” The Jewish Anti-Defamation
characterized Kahane’s teaching as “a radical form of Jewish
nationalism which reflected racism, violence and political
extremism.” Kahane moved to Israel in the early 1970s and
established a JDL-like organization, Kach. Kahane was killed in
New York in November 1990. His son later founded Kahane
Chai. The U.S. Department of State has
designated both organizations as foreign terrorist organizations.
In 1987, Shoko Asahara founded Aum Shinrikyo. Two years
later, the group was approved as a religious body under
Japanese law. In the 1990s the group became more and more of
a doomsday cult predicting the end of the world. On March 20,
1995, members of the group released the nerve agent sarin on
several subway trains in Tokyo. In October 1995, the Japanese
government withdrew its recognition of Aum Shinrikyo as a
religious organization. Asahara was arrested and later sentenced
to death for his role in the subway attacks. In January 2000 the
group changed its name from Aum to Aleph
disavowing the doomsday teachings of Asahara. In 2001
Russian followers of Asahara plotted to free Asahara and take
him to Russia. The plot was uncovered by Russian authorities
before they could carry it out.
Special Interest (Single Issue)
These groups focus on a specific issue like animal rights,
environmental concerns, and abortion. What makes them
different from special interest groups is their use of violence

(bombings and assassinations) to affect public opinion.
Groups: Army of God, Animal Liberation Front (ALF), Earth
Liberation Front (ELF). ALF has carried out attacks on mink
farms and animal research laboratories. ELF advocates
“monkeywrenching” (tree spiking, arson, sabotage).
Eric Robert Rudolph, a white supremacist and survivalist
bombed two abortion clinics.
Surrogate
State sponsors of terrorism have supported terrorist activities
and/or have relied on surrogates to carry out attacks.
State sponsors: Iran, Iraq, Libya, Sudan, Syria
Support: training camps, financial weapons, safe haven
Groups sponsored: Iran: Hizbollah, Hamas, Palestinian Jihad,
PFLP-GC
Iraq: Abu Nidal Organization
Libya: PIRA, ETA, Palestinian groups
Sudan: Al Qaeda, Hezbollah
Syria: Hamas, PFLP-GC, Islamic Jihad
Incidents: Bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 in December 1988
(Libya)
Terrorists and terrorist groups may also act as surrogates for
each other. The reasons vary. They share the same ideological
beliefs, they view it as a training exercise, or they are “guns-
for-hire.” “Carlos the Jackal” was perhaps one of the more
notorious surrogates.
The Japanese Red Army acted as surrogates for the PFLP in the
1970s. The JRA headquarters was in the Bekka Valley
(Lebanon).
Affiliates (see also Surrogates)
Definition of Affiliates – an entity associated with a terrorist
group as designated by CH.6, US State Department “Country

Reports on Terrorism” in conduct of terrorism as a tacti c, a
strategy or a policy. Groups designated as Affiliates in 2012:
Al Shabaab Al Qaeda (AQ) regional affiliate in Somalia
AI Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP)
Al Qaeda in Iraq (AQI)
Al Qaeda in Islamic Maghreb (AQIM)
Harakat-ul Jihad Islami (HUJI) A splinter group focused in
Indian Kashmir and Southwestern Pakistan. One of its leaders,
Mohammad Ilyas Kashmiri was killed in 2011.
Tehrik-e Taliban Pakstan (TTP)
Source US State department County Reports on Terrorism,
2013, Chapter 6,
http://www.state.gov/j/ct,
http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/210204.pdf
<retrieved April 9, 2014>
AL-QA’IDA and AFFILIATED GROUPS
AL-QA'IDA (AQ)
Variant spelling of al-Qa'ida, including al Qaeda; translation
“The Base”; Qa'idat al-Jihad (The Base for Jihad) ; formerly
Qa'idat Ansar Allah (The Base of the Supporters of God); the
Islamic Army; Islamic Salvation Foundation; the Base; The
Group for the Preservation of the Holy Sites; The Islamic Army
for the Liberation of the Holy Places; the World Islamic Front
for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders; the Usama Bin Ladin
Network; the Usama Bin Ladin Organization; al-Jihad; the Jihad
Group; Egyptian al-Jihad; Egyptian Islamic Jihad; New Jihad
Description: Designated as a Foreign Terrorist Organization on
October 8, 1999, al-Qa'ida (AQ) was established by Usama bin
Ladin in 1988. The group helped finance, recruit, transport, and
train Sunni Islamist extremists for the Afghan resistance. AQ's
strategic objectives are to remove Western influence and
presence from the Muslim world, topple “apostate” governments

of Muslim countries, and establish a pan-Islamic caliphate
governed by its own interpretation of Sharia law that ultimately
would be at the center of a new international order. These goals
remain essentially unchanged since the group's public
declaration of war against the United States in 1996. AQ leaders
issued a statement in February 1998 under the banner of “The
World Islamic Front for Jihad against the Jews and Crusaders,”
saying it was the duty of all Muslims to kill U.S. citizens,
civilian and military, and their allies everywhere. AQ merged
with al-Jihad (Egyptian Islamic Jihad) in June 2001. Many AQ
leaders were killed in 2011, including Usama bin Ladin and
then second in command Atiyah Abd al-Rahman in May and
August, respectively. Al-Rahman’s replacement, Abu Yahya al-
Libi, was killed in June 2012. Leader Ayman al-Zawahiri
remained at large.
Activities: AQ and its supporters conducted three bombings that
targeted U.S. troops in Aden in December 1992, and claim to
have shot down U.S. helicopters and killed U.S. servicemen in
Somalia in 1993. AQ also carried out the August 1998 bombings
of the U.S. Embassies in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam, killing up
to 300 individuals and injuring more than 5,000. In October
2000, AQ conducted a suicide attack on the USS Cole in the
port of Aden, Yemen, with an explosive-laden boat, killing 17
U.S. Navy sailors and injuring 39.
On September 11, 2001, 19 AQ members hijacked and crashed
four U.S. commercial jets – two into the World Trade Center in
New York City, one into the Pentagon near Washington, DC;
and the last into a field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania – leaving
over 3,000 individuals dead or missing.
In November 2002, AQ carried out a suicide bombing of a hotel
in Mombasa, Kenya that killed 15. In 2003 and 2004, Saudi-
based AQ operatives and associated extremists launched more
than a dozen attacks, killing at least 90 people, including 14
Americans in Saudi Arabia. Ayman al-Zawahiri claimed
responsibility on behalf of AQ for the July 7, 2005 attacks
against the London public transportation system. AQ likely

played a role in the unsuccessful 2006 plot to destroy several
commercial aircraft flying from the United Kingdom to the
United States using liquid explosives. AQ claimed
responsibility for a suicide car bomb attack on the Danish
embassy in 2008 that killed five, as retaliation for a Danish
newspaper re-publishing cartoons depicting the Prophet
Muhammad and for Denmark's involvement in Afghanistan.
In January 2009, Bryant Neal Vinas – a U.S. citizen who
traveled to Pakistan, allegedly trained in explosives at AQ
camps, was captured in Pakistan and extradited to the United
States – was charged with providing material support to a
terrorist organization and conspiracy to commit murder. Vinas
later admitted his role in helping AQ plan an attack against the
Long Island Rail Road in New York and confessed to having
fired missiles at a U.S. base in Afghanistan. In September 2009,
Najibullah Zazi, an Afghan immigrant and U.S. lawful
permanent resident, was charged with conspiracy to use
weapons of mass destruction, to commit murder in a foreign
country, and with providing material support to a terrorist
organization as part of an AQ plot to attack the New York
subway system. Zazi later admitted to contacts with AQ senior
leadership, suggesting they had knowledge of his plans. In
February 2010, Zazi pled guilty to charges in the United States
District Court for the Eastern District of New York.
In a December 2011 video, new AQ leader al-Zawahiri claimed
AQ was behind the August kidnapping of American aid worker
Warren Weinstein in Pakistan. As conditions for his release, al -
Zawahiri demanded the end of U.S. air strikes and the release of
all terrorist suspects in U.S. custody. Weinstein remained in
AQ custody throughout 2012.
Strength: AQ's organizational strength is difficult to determine
precisely in the aftermath of extensive counterterrorism efforts
since 9/11. The death or arrest of mid- and senior-level AQ
operatives—including the group's long-time leader Usama Bin
Ladin in May 2011— have disrupted communication, financial,
facilitation nodes, and a number of terrorist plots. AQ serves as

a focal point of “inspiration” for a worldwide network of
affiliated groups – al-Qa'ida in the Arabian Peninsula, al-Qa'ida
in Iraq, al-Qa'ida in the Lands of the Islamic Maghreb – and
other Sunni Islamic extremist groups, including the Islamic
Movement of Uzbekistan, the Islamic Jihad Union, Lashkar i
Jhangvi, Harakat ul-Mujahadin, and Jemaah Islamiya. Tehrik-e
Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and the Haqqani Network also have ties
to AQ. Additionally, supporters and associates worldwide who
are “inspired” by the group’s ideology may be operating without
direction from AQ central leadership, and it is impossible to
estimate their numbers.
Location/Area of Operation: AQ was based in Afghanistan until
Coalition Forces removed the Taliban from power in late 2001.
Since then, they have resided in Pakistan's Federally
Administered Tribal Areas. AQ’s regional affiliates -- AQI,
AQAP, AQIM, and al-Shabaab – work in Iraq and Syria,
Yemen, the Trans-Sahara, and Somalia, respectively.
External Aid: AQ primarily depends on donations from like-
minded supporters as well as from individuals who believe that
their money is supporting a humanitarian cause. Some funds are
diverted from Islamic charitable organizations.
Al-QA'IDA IN THE ARABIAN PENINSULA (AQAP)
aka al-Qa'ida in the South Arabian Peninsula; al-Qa'ida in
Yemen; al-Qa'ida of Jihad Organization in the Arabian
Peninsula; al-Qa'ida Organization in the Arabian Peninsula;
Tanzim Qa'idat al-Jihad fi Jazirat al-Arab; AQAP; AQY
Description: Al-Qa'ida in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) was
designated as a Foreign Terrorist Organization on January 19,
2010. In January 2009, the leader of al-Qa'ida in Yemen (AQY),
Nasir al-Wahishi, publicly announced that Yemeni and Saudi al-
Qa'ida (AQ) operatives were working together under the banner
of AQAP. This announcement signaled the rebirth of an AQ
franchise that previously carried out attacks in Saudi Arabia.
AQAP's self-stated goals include establishing a caliphate in the
Arabian Peninsula and the wider Middle East, as well as

implementing Sharia law.
On September 30, 2011, AQAP cleric and head of external
operations Anwar al-Aulaqi, as well as Samir Khan, the
publisher of AQAP's online magazine, Inspire, were killed in
Yemen.
Activities: AQAP has claimed responsibility for numerous
terrorist acts against both internal and foreign targets since its
inception in January 2009. Attempted attacks against foreign
targets include a March 2009 suicide bombing against South
Korean tourists in Yemen, the August 2009 attempt to
assassinate Saudi Prince Muhammad bin Nayif, and the
December 25, 2009 attempted attack on Northwest Airlines
Flight 253 from Amsterdam to Detroit, Michigan. AQAP was
responsible for an unsuccessful attempt to assassinate the
British Ambassador in April 2010, and a failed attempt to target
a British embassy vehicle with a rocket in October of that year.
Also in October 2010, AQAP claimed responsibility for a foiled
plot to send explosive-laden packages to the United States via
cargo plane. The parcels were intercepted in the United
Kingdom and in the United Arab Emirates.
AQAP took advantage of the pro-democracy demonstrations that
swept the Middle East in 2011 when similar demonstrations
took place in Yemen. The demonstrations quickly turned violent
in Sanaa; and as a result, the Yemeni government focused its
attention away from AQAP and towards suppressing the
upheaval in the capital. This allowed AQAP to carry out
numerous attacks, including multiple attempts to disrupt oil
pipelines, attacks on police and government personnel that
killed approximately 60 people, and the October assassination
of the head of the counterterrorism police force for Abyan
Governorate. AQAP was also able to seize small amounts of
territory in southern Yemen.
Strength: Although it is difficult to assess the number of
AQAP’s members, the group is estimated to have close to one
thousand members.
Location/Area of Operation: Yemen

External Aid: AQAP's funding primarily comes from robberies
and kidnap for ransom operations, and to a lesser degree
donations from like-minded supporters.
AL-QA'IDA IN IRAQ (AQI)
aka al-Qa'ida Group of Jihad in Iraq; al-Qa'ida Group of Jihad
in the Land of the Two Rivers; al-Qa'ida in Mesopotamia; al-
Qa'ida in the Land of the Two Rivers; al-Qa'ida of Jihad in Iraq;
al-Qa'ida of Jihad Organization in the Land of The Two Rivers;
al-Qa'ida of the Jihad in the Land of the Two Rivers; al-Tawhid;
Jam'at al-Tawhid Wa'al-Jihad; Tanzeem Qa'idat al Jihad/Bilad
al Raafidaini; Tanzim Qa'idat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn; The
Monotheism and Jihad Group; The Organization Base of
Jihad/Country of the Two Rivers; The Organizatio n Base of
Jihad/Mesopotamia; The Organization of al-Jihad's Base in Iraq;
The Organization of al-Jihad's Base in the Land of the Two
Rivers; The Organization of al-Jihad's Base of Operations in
Iraq; The Organization of al-Jihad's Base of Operations in the
Land of the Two Rivers; The Organization of Jihad's Base in the
Country of the Two Rivers; al-Zarqawi Network; Islamic State
of Iraq; al-Nusrah Front; Jabhat al-Nusrah; Jabhet al-Nusrah;
The Victory Front; al-Nusrah Front for the People of the Levant
Description: Al-Qa'ida in Iraq (AQI) was designated as a
Foreign Terrorist Organization on December 17, 2004. In the
1990s, Abu Mus'ab al-Zarqawi, a Jordanian-born militant,
organized a terrorist group called al-Tawhid wal-Jihad to
oppose the presence of U.S. and Western military forces in the
Islamic world and the West's support for and the existence of
Israel. In late 2004, he joined al-Qa'ida (AQ) and pledged
allegiance to Usama bin Ladin. After this al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
became known as al-Qa'ida in Iraq (AQI). Zarqawi traveled to
Iraq during Operation Iraqi Freedom and led his group against
U.S. and Coalition Forces until his death in June 2006. In
October 2006, AQI publicly re-named itself the Islamic State of
Iraq and has since used that name in its public statements. In
2012, AQI was led by Ibrahim Awwad Ibrahim Ali al-Badri, aka

Abu Du'a, who was designated under Executive Order 13224 on
October 4.
Since late 2011, AQI has also participated in the Syrian conflict
through its alias, al-Nusrah Front, which has sought to portray
itself as part of the legitimate Syrian opposition. A number of
al-Nusrah Front’s leaders have been members of AQI and its
facilitation network that operated in Syria and Iraq from 2004-
2011. [In mid-April 2013, al-Nusrah leader Muhammad al-
Jawlani publicly pledged al-Nusrah’s fealty to AQ and its
leader, Ayman al-Zawahiri.] Al-Nusrah works with other U.S.
designated terrorist organizations, such as Lebanon based Fatah
al-Islam. Al-Nusrah Front’s base of operations is probably
Damascus, but the group mirrors the organizational structure of
AQI in Iraq, with regional military, administrative, and local
media efforts. On December 11, 2012, the Department of State
amended AQI’s designation to include al-Nusrah Front as an
alias.
Activities: Since its founding, AQI has conducted high profile
attacks, including improvised explosive device (IED) attacks
against U.S. military personnel and Iraqi infrastructure,
videotaped beheadings of Americans Nicholas Berg (May 11,
2004), Jack Armstrong (September 22, 2004), and Jack Hensley
(September 21, 2004), suicide bomber attacks against both
military and civilian targets, and rocket attacks. AQI perpetrates
the majority of suicide and mass casualty bombings in Iraq,
using foreign and Iraqi operatives.
Examples of high profile AQI attacks in 2011 included a series
of bombings that spanned January 18-20 that killed 139 people
in Tikrit. In August, AQI vowed to carry out “100 attacks”
across Iraq, starting in the middle of the Ramadan, to exact
revenge for the May 2011 death of Usama bin Ladin. On
November 28, AQI killed 20 police officers, government
employees, civilians, and children, and wounded 28 others in a
suicide vehicle-borne IED attack in At Taji, Baghdad, Iraq. On
December 27, nine car bombs, six roadside bombs, and a mortar
round all went off in a two-hour period, targeting residential,

commercial, and government districts in Baghdad. AQI later
claimed responsibility for the attacks, which killed 70 and
wounded almost 200.
Since November 2011, al-Nusrah Front has claimed nearly 600
attacks, ranging from more than 40 suicide attacks to small arms
and IED operations in major city centers including Damascus,
Aleppo, Hamah, Dara, Homs, Idlib, and Dayr al-Zawr. For
example, on September 28, 2012, al-Nusrah Front claimed
responsibility for two suicide car bombs at a military complex
in Damascus that killed four and wounded 14, including
civilians. On October 3, 2012, the group claimed responsibility
for four bombings in Aleppo, including two suicide attacks that
killed more than 50 people. Al-Nusrah Front followed up those
attacks with an October 9 suicide bomb attack on a Syrian Air
Force Intelligence compound in a Damascus suburb that killed
and wounded at least 100, including civilians.
AQI was also active in Iraq in 2012. In a series of coordinated
attacks in March, AQI struck Shia pilgrims in the city of
Karbala, set cars on fire near a police headquarters in Kirkuk,
and targeted security forces and government officials in
Baghdad. In all, AQI struck eight cities in just under six hours,
killing 46 people and wounding 200. July was the bloodiest
month of AQI attacks in two years, with 325 people killed over
the span of multiple bombings and attacks. In August, the
Islamic State of Iraq, AQI’s political front, released a video
detailing a sophisticated attack in March on five locations in
Haditha and neighboring Barwana that included dozens of
fighters dressed as police commandos. During the raid, AQI
fighters killed 27 Iraqi policemen, including two police
commanders. In November, at least 166 Iraqi civilians, police,
and soldiers were killed in violence across the country,
according to the Government of Iraq.
Strength: In Iraq, membership is estimated between 1,000 and
2,000, making it the largest Sunni extremist group in Iraq.
Membership in Syria is unknown, though it is likely a small
force within the larger Syrian armed opposition

Location/Area of Operation: AQI’s operations are
predominately Iraq-based, but it has perpetrated attacks in
Jordan. In Syria, al-Nusrah Front has claimed attacks in several
major city centers. The group maintains a logistical network
throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Iran, South Asia, and
Europe.
External Aid: AQI receives most of its funding from a variety of
businesses and criminal activities within Iraq.
AL-QA'IDA IN THE ISLAMIC MAGHREB (AQIM)
aka AQIM; Group for Call and Combat; GSPC; Le Groupe
Salafiste Pour La Predication Et Le Combat; Salafist Group for
Preaching and Combat
Description: The Salafist Group for Call and Combat (GSPC)
was designated as a Foreign Terrorist Organization on March
27, 2002. After the GSPC officially merged with al-Qa'ida (AQ)
in September 2006 and became known as al-Qa'ida in the
Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), the Department of State amended the
GSPC designation to reflect the change on February 20, 2008.
AQIM remains largely a regionally-focused terrorist group. It
has adopted a more anti-Western rhetoric and ideology and has
aspirations of overthrowing “apostate” African regimes and
creating an Islamic Caliphate. Abdelmalek Droukdel, aka Abu
Mus'ab Abd al-Wadoud, is the group's leader.
Activities: Since 2007, when AQIM bombed the UN
headquarters building in Algiers and an Algerian government
building outside of Algiers killing 60 people, AQIM had been
relatively quiet and focused on its kidnapping for ransom
efforts. In 2011 and 2012, however, AQIM took advantage of
the deteriorating security situation in northern Africa to plan
and conduct operations. In 2011, AQIM targeted Mauritania n
President Muhammad Abdel Aziz and detonated a vehicle-borne
improvised explosive device (VBIED) in Nouakchott, injuring
nine soldiers, and also claimed responsibility for multiple
suicide bomb attacks against Algerian military and police
targets, which killed at least 20 people and wounded almost 50

others. In January 2012, Algerian authorities disrupted an
AQIM plot targeting U.S. or European ships in the
Mediterranean Sea. Some militants with ties to AQIM were
involved in the September 11 attack on U.S. facilities in
Benghazi that killed J. Christopher Stevens, the U.S.
Ambassador to Libya, and three staff members.
In addition to conducting attacks, AQIM also conducted kidnap
for ransom operations. The targets are usually Western citizens
from governments or third parties that have established a
pattern of making concessions in the form of ransom payments
for the release of individuals in custody. In September 2010,
AQIM claimed responsibility for the kidnapping of seven people
working at a uranium mine in Niger. AQIM released three of the
hostages in February 2011, but at the end of 2012, four French
citizens remained in captivity.
In January 2011, AQIM kidnapped two French civilians in
Niamey, Niger. The kidnappers later killed both hostages during
a failed rescue attempt. In February, AQIM conducted its first
abduction of a foreigner in Algeria since 2003 when it
kidnapped an Italian tourist in Alidena. In October, AQIM
kidnapped two Spanish and one Italian aid worker from a
refugee camp near Tindouf, Algeria. In November, AQIM was
responsible for the November 26 killing of a German man in
Mali and the abduction of three men from the Netherlands,
South Africa, and Sweden in Mali.
AQIM continued its kidnapping operations in 2012. In May,
AQIM killed a German hostage in Nigeria during a military
raid. AQIM was also believed to be behind the December
kidnapping of a French engineer in northern Nigeria, an
operation that resulted in the death of two Nigerians.
Strength: AQIM has under a thousand fighters operating in
Algeria with a smaller number in the Sahel. It is attempting to
take advantage of the volatile political situation in the Sahel to
expand its membership, resources, and operations.
Location/Area of Operation: Northeastern Algeria (including
but not limited to the Kabylie region) and northern Mali, Niger,

and Mauritania.
External Aid: AQIM members engage in kidnapping for ransom
and criminal activities to finance their operations. Algerian
expatriates and AQIM supporters abroad -- many residing in
Western Europe –may also provide limited financial and
logistical support.
JEMAAH ISLAMIYA (JI)
aka Jemaa Islamiyah; Jema'a Islamiyah; Jemaa Islamiyya;
Jema'a Islamiyya; JemaaIslamiyyah; Jema'a Islamiyyah; Jemaah
Islamiah; Jemaah Islamiyah; Jema'ah Islamiyah; Jemaah
Islamiyyah; Jema'ah Islamiyyah; JI
Description: Designated as a Foreign Terrorist Organization on
October 23, 2002, Jemaah Islamiya (JI) is a Southeast Asia-
based terrorist group co-founded by Abu Bakar Ba'asyir and
Abdullah Sungkar that seeks the establishment of an Islamic
caliphate spanning Indonesia, Malaysia, southern Thailand,
Singapore, Brunei, and the southern Philippines. More than 400
JI operatives have been captured since 2002, including
operations chief and al-Qa'ida (AQ) associate Hambali. In 2006,
several members connected to JI's 2005 suicide attack in Bali
were arrested; in 2007, JI emir Muhammad Naim (a.k.a.
Zarkasih) and JI military commander Abu Dujana were arrested;
and in 2008, two senior JI operatives were arrested in Malays ia
and a JI-linked cell was broken up in Sumatra. In September
2009, JI-splinter group leader Noordin Mohammad Top was
killed in a police raid. Progress against JI continued in February
2010, when Indonesian National Police discovered and
disbanded an extremist training base in Aceh in which members
of JI and other Indonesian extremist groups participated. The
police raid resulted in the capture of over 60 militants,
including some JI operatives, and led authorities to former JI
leader Dulmatin, one of the planners of the 2002 Bali bombing.
In March 2010, Dulmatin was killed outside of Jakarta. In June
2010, wanted JI commander Abdullah Sunata was captured
while planning to bomb the Danish Embassy in Jakarta. In
January 2011, JI member Umar Patek was captured in

Abbottabad, Pakistan, and put on trial in Indonesia, where he
was convicted and sentenced to 20 years in prison in June 2012
for his role in the Bali bombing.
Activities: In December 2001, Singaporean authorities
uncovered a JI plot to attack U.S., Israeli, British, and
Australian diplomatic facilities in Singapore. Other significant
JI attacks include the 2002 Bali bombings, which killed more
than 200, including seven U.S. citizens; the August 2003
bombing of the J. W. Marriott Hotel in Jakarta, the September
2004 bombing outside the Australian Embassy in Jakarta, and
JI's October 2005 suicide bombing in Bali, which killed 26,
including the three suicide bombers.
On July 17, 2009, a JI faction led by Noordin Mohammad Top
conducted the group’s most recent high-profile attacks, when
two suicide bombers detonated explosive devices at the J.W.
Marriott and Ritz-Carlton hotels in Jakarta, killing seven and
injuring more than 50, including seven Americans. The
Philippine military announced it had killed two JI members in
separate incidents in the south of the country in late 2012,
including one of the group’s senior-most representatives to the
Philippines
Strength: Estimates of total JI members vary from 500 to
several thousand.
Location/Area of Operation: JI is based in Indonesia and is
believed to have elements in Malaysia and the Philippines.
External Aid: Investigations have indicated that JI is fully
capable of its own fundraising through membership donations
and criminal and business activities. It has received financial,
ideological, and logistical support from Middle Eastern contacts
and non-governmental organizations.
Excerpt from: U.S. Department of State, Country Reports on
Terrorism, Chapter 6, Foreign Terrorist Organizations, April
2014.
The Rise of ISIS
In late 2004, Abu Mus'ab al-Zarqawi, a Jordanian-born terrorist,

joined al-Qa'ida (AQ) and pledged allegiance to Usama bin
Ladin. From this point on, al-Zarqawi’s group, al-Tawhid wal-
Jihad, became known as al-Qa'ida in Iraq (AQI). Zarqawi
traveled to Iraq during Operation Iraqi Freedom and he led his
group against U.S. and Coalition Forces until his death in June
2006. In October 2006, the successor to Zarqawi, Abu Ayyub
al- Masri, re-named AQI the Islamic State of Iraq and
subsequently the group used that name in its statements. In
April 2010, upon the death of Masri, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
took over leadership of AQI.
Beginning in late 2011, AQI participated in the Syrian civil war
through its alias, the al-Nusrah Front, which sought to portray
itself as part of the legitimate Syrian opposition. A number of
al-Nusrah Front’s leaders were members of AQI and its
facilitation network that operated in Syria and Iraq from 2004-
2011. These operations continued through 2012-2013. In mid-
April 2013, al-Nusrah leader Muhammad al-Jawlani publicly
pledged al-Nusrah’s fealty to AQ and its leader, Ayman al-
Zawahiri.
In April 2013, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, leader of al-Qa’ida in
Iraq (AQI), acknowledged AQI’s operations in Syria, and
announced the adoption of a new name to mirror the planned
merger with al-Nusrah. The new name had varying translations:
either the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) or Islamic State
of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). Since the group maintained its
al-Qaida affiliation, the U.S. Department of State to referred to
them as al-Qa’ida in Iraq/Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
(AQI/ISIL).
AQI/ISIL attacks in Iraq became more random and more deadly
in 2013, averaging 24 deaths every day. Moreover, the attacks
established the organization had the ability to plan and
coordinate wide-ranging attacks. Among these attacks were
simultaneous attacks against Taji and Abu Ghraib prisons
during which over 500 AQI/ISIL prisoners were freed.

AQI/ISIL attacks included numerous sophisticated suicide
bombings and vehicle-borne explosive device (VBIEDs) attacks
on both Iraqi government and civilian targets. Many of these
attacks sought to aggravate rising dissent among sectarian
groups and ethnic minorities while challenging the Iraqi
government’s governance. Among the targets were government
facilities and the Iraqi Security Forces, Shia places of worship,
funerals, schools, critical infrastructure, and venues including
cafes and markets. AQI/ISIL also assassinated government
officials, including police and judges, Sunni tribal leaders, and
journalists.
In 2013, as ISIL became increasingly engaged in the Syrian
civil war, the organization became so entrenched that it set up
secret prisons in northern Syria where opponents were tortured
and killed.
Al-Qa’ida’s repudiation of ISIS
On February 3, 2014, Ayman al-Zawahiri repudiated ISIS after
months of feuding between ISIS and the al-Nusrah Front.
Zawahiri in his statement made it clear that ISIS “is not a
branch of the al-Qa’ida group” and that al-Qaida “is not the
group responsible for their actions.” The rejection signified
that al-Qa’ida no longer has an official representation in Iraq,
and it left al-Nusrah, the representative of al-Qa’ida in Syria.
The al-Qa’ida announcement cited the hardline approach of
ISIS, emphasizing the significance of “consultation” and
“teamwork.”
The brutality of ISIS in northern Syria led al-Nusrah to join in
early 2014 in a revolt against ISIS in northern Syria. However,
ISIS was able to maintain control of the northeastern province
of Raqqa, and part of Aleppo, along with many of the area’s
resources, including oil fields.
The Caliphate
On June 29, 2014, ISIS proclaimed the Islamic State declaring

Abu Bakr al Baghdadi to be the Caliph of all Muslims and the
Prince of the Believers. Theoretically, a caliphate entails the
representation of all Muslim Believers who are ruled by a caliph
under Islamic law. (After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire,
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk abolished the Caliphate and established
the Republic of Turkey.) The Islamic State claims sovereignty
in the areas under its control in Syria and Iraq. Baghdadi, who
now has the name Caliph Ibrahim, has a sophisticated
organization comprised of a cabinet of ministers, a war cabinet,
a council of provincial governors, and a Shura council. It is
reported that Baghdadi is not a micro-manager, leaving day-to-
day governing to local officials. However, he has in the past
demonstrated a paranoid obsession with personal loyalty.
Baghdadi forges alliances with local tribal leaders. Former
Iraqi Army officers and members of AQI personally vetted by
Baghdadi have a prominent role as military commanders. As
part of the ISIS global jihad, Abu Omar al Shishani, an ethnic
Chechen, has a high profile role in Baghdadi’s caliphate. As
another example of the ISIS global jihad, Abubakar Shekau,
leader of the Nigerian group Boko Haram swore his “allegiance
to the caliph of the Muslims on March 7, 2015.” A spokesman
for ISIS responded on March 12, 2015, saying that IS had
accepted the pledge of loyalty. ISIS often forces new recruits
to join. In summer 2014 ISIS set up training camps in Aleppo
and Raqqa. ISIS has also recruited child soldiers whom they
call “cubs of the caliphate.” This ensures their survival into the
next generation.
Kobani
On September 16, 2014, ISIS undertook an offensive on the
Syrian city of Kobani on the Turkish border. Kurdish fighters
and coalition airstrikes slowed the offensive. A little over
four months later, on January 26, 2015, Kurdish forces drove
ISIS fighters from Kobani.
Coalition Air Strikes in September 2014
On September 22, 2014, a coalition consisting of the United
States, the Gulf States, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia carried out a

series of aerial attacks against ISIS operations buildings and
training camps in Syria including Aleppo and Raqqa. The
attacks were also directed against the al-Qaida affiliate al-
Nusrah, now referred to as the Khorasan Group. The air attacks
were triggered when the U.S. had credible evidence that al-
Qaida affiliates in Syria were in the final stages of launching
attacks on U.S. and Western interests. The leader of the
Khorasan (al-Nusrah) group, Mushin al-Fadhi (dubbed Ayman
al-Zawahiri’s “Man in Syria”) was reportedly killed in the air
strikes; however, as of early October 2014, this report was
awaiting confirmation.
United Nations October 2014 Report on ISIS
On October 2, 2014, the U.N. Assistance Mission for Iraq and
the Office of the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights
issued a report that charged the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria
(ISIS) committed a “staggering array” of human rights abuses
and “acts of violence of an increasingly sectarian nature” in
Iraq in 2014. The report detailed the atrocities perpetrated
during a nine-week period in July, August, and September, after
ISIS had gained control of significant portions of northern Iraq.
The report listed “attacks directly targeting civilians and
civilian infrastructure, executions and other targeted killings of
civilians, abductions, rape and other forms of sexual and
physical violence perpetrated against women and children,
forced recruitment of children, destruction or desecration of
places of religious or cultural significance, wanton destruction
and looting of property, and denial of fundamental freedoms.”
The report described these attacks as “systemic” and
“widespread.” According to the report from January to
September, 9,347 civilians have been killed and 17,386
wounded. The report noted that ISIS/ISIL “and associated
armed groups intentionally and systematically targeted < Ethnic
and religious minorities> communities for gross human rights
abuses, at times aimed at destroying, suppressing or cleansing
them from areas under their control.” (“Staggering array of

gross human rights abuses in Iraq—UN Report,)” UN News
Centre, retrieved October 7, 2014.)
Based on an excerpt from the U.S. Department of State, Country
Reports on Terrorism, Chapter 6, Foreign Terrorist
Organizations, April 2014 and articles appearing in the Wall
Street Journal in August and September 2014, of special note
are those appearing August 23-24 and August 28, September 3,
September 6-7, September 24 and 30, 2014.
Jordanian Air Force Lieutenant Muath al-Kasasbeh
ISIS forces captured Lt. Kasasbeh on December 24, 2014, after
his plane went down over northern Syria after a bombing
mission. Lt. Kasasbeh belonged to a prominent Jordanian
family. On February 3, 2015, ISIS released a 20-minute video
that some described as having a video game quality. The
horrific ending of the video showed the fiery death of Lt.
Kasasbeh.
It was soon learned that ISIS had murdered the lieutenant on
January 3, 2015, just ten days after his capture. Despite this
fact, ISIS had conducted negotiations with Jordan during the
month of January.
ISIS asked that Jordan exchange Sajida al-Rishawi, an Al-
Qa’ida operative sentenced to death for her role in the 2005
bombing attacks at three Amman hotels. Jordan demanded that
ISIS provide proof of life for Lt. Kasabeh. Within 24 hours of
the release of the ISIS video, Jordan carried out the death
sentence against Rishawi, along with another Al-Qa’ida
operative.
The Amman Hotel Bombings
Al-Qa’ida in Iraq claimed responsibility for the triple bombings
that hit three hotels on November 9, 2005. Jordanians call these
attacks their “9/11” (the ninth day of the eleventh month). Al -
Qa’ida in Iraq claimed the hotels were frequented by Israeli
intelligence and American agents. It was for this reason they
were targeted. At the Radisson SAS Hotel, several leading

Jordanians were attending a wedding. Rishawi and her husband,
Ali Hussein Ali al-Shamari, were the operatives who carried out
the attack at the Radisson. When Rishawi’s bomb failed to
detonate, Shamari pushed her out the door and detonated his
device killing 38. In the end, there were three dead suicide
bombers and one failed suicide bomber, Rishawi.
ISIS in Libya
In summer 2014, ISIS leader al-Baghdadi (aka Caliph Ibrahim)
sent emissaries to Libya to forge closer ties w ith local jihadists.
They found a failed state, where two rival governments engaged
in a bloody civil war.
The Islamic State found this chaos as an opportunity to exploit
the nation’s oil resources and weapons arsenals.
ISIS decided to unify the fighting rival jihadists in Libya. The
ISIS envoys were led by Abu Nabil al-Anbari. Anbari
proceeded to forge ties with the jihadists many of whom came
from the Egypt, Mali, and Tunisia. ISIS also sought to recruit
in mosques, particularly in the port city of Derna. The recruits
were sent to Syria for training. In December 2014 the central
recruitment authority for IS changed the game plan and
instructed the envoys in Libya to focus on domestic attacks.
The alliances forged resulted in the successful expansion of
ISIS in Libya. One of the jihadists to respond was a leader of
the Tunisian Islamist group Ansar al-Shariah. He shifted his
alliance to IS after a visit to Raqqa.
Jihadists are finding these alliances as a practical power play.
According to Professor Geoff Porter at the Combating
Terrorism Center at West Point, “by allying with Islamic State,
you also become part of the best company in the region.” ISIS
is marketing its brand.
Tripoli Province of the Islamic State

The Libyan affiliate of the Islamic State called itself the IS
Province of Tripoli. They undertook their first attack in
January 27, 2015, when they stormed the Corinthia, a luxury
hotel in Tripoli, killing nine including an American contractor.
On February 3, the IS affiliate attacked a French-Libyan oil
field near the town of Mabruk, killing nine guards. Libyan oil
officials said that the attack bore the hallmarks of an
experienced jihadist group.
The Tripoli Province released a video on February15, showing
the death march and subsequent beheadings of 21 Egyptian
Coptic Christians on the beach. Two-thirds of the 2.5 million
migrant workers in Libya are Egyptian. Less than 24 hours
after the release of the video, the Egyptian air force bombed IS
targets near the city of Derna in retaliation for the beheadings.
The airstrikes leveled the four-story Jabal Furniture Company
building, where Islamic State had set up its headquarters. Other
buildings throughout Derna were also destroyed.
Islamic State training camps and weapons depots were also hit
during the raid. Omar al Sinki, interior minister for the
Western-recognized Libyan government of Prime Minister
Thinni confirmed that the Egyptian planes had hit seven targets
in Derna. Minister Sinki confirmed that the strikes had been
coordinated with the anti-IS forces based in eastern Libya under
the command of General Khalifa Haftar. Haftar was in Cairo to
coordinate the operation with Egyptian armed forces. Saqer al
Joroushi, Libyan air force commander, was quoted on Egyptia n
state media that “at least 50” IS members were killed in the
strike. Joroushi added that the “raid was carried out with full
respect for Libya’s sovereignty.”
The Libyan Foreign Minister, Mohammed al Dairi, said the
international community had left Libya as “prey” to the
extremists by letting a security vacuum develop after the fall of
Gadhafi in 2011.

BBC Interview with Juergen Todenhoefer
German politician, Juergen Todenhoefer, spent six days in the
ISIS-controlled city of Mosul in Iraq, travelling there via
Raqqa, in Syria in late 2014. He told a BBC interviewer that
ISIS was stronger, more brutal and harder to confront than he
had expected. Todenhoefer said he found ISIS followers highly
motivated and supportive of the group's brutality.
"I thought I would meet a brutal terrorist group and I met a
brutal country." He said he was impressed by their zeal and
ambition to carry out “religious cleansing” and expand their
territory. "There is an enthusiasm that I've never seen before in
warzones. This is a one per cent movement with the power of a
nuclear bomb or a tsunami.”
ISIS and “Lone Wolf” Terrorism
Online radicalization of youth from the West has raised the
specter of “lone wolf” terrorism. The U.S. State Department
estimates that 12,000 recruits have traveled to Syria from 50
countries to fight with various groups including ISIS. British
authorities believe between 600 to 700 British citizens have
traveled to Syria and Iraq since the Syrian civil war started in
2011.
Matthew Olsen, former Director of the National
Counterterrorism Center observed in September 2014 that the
Islamic State “operates the most sophisticated propaganda
machine” of any terrorist group today. Mr. Olsen cautioned that
an ISIS supporter could “conduct a limited, self-directed attack
here at home, with no warning.”
On November 3, 2014, FBI Comey said that there is “no typical
profile” in identifying Americans recruited to join ISIS and
other extremists. Michael Steinbach, head of the FBI’s

counterterrorism division, elaborated on the lack of a singular
profile at a congressional hearing in late February 2015 saying
“we find citizens, legal permanent resident aliens, some folks
that are overstaying their visa. There’s actually quite a
diversity.”
On March 2, 2015, Director of National Intelligence James
Clapper said 180 Americans have traveled to Syria to fight
alongside ISIS and about 40 have come back. At the end of
February the FBI and the Department of Homeland Security sent
a bulletin to law enforcement warning of “the continuing trend
of Western youth being inspired by ISIS to travel to Syria to
participate in the conflict.” ISIS has relied heavily on social
media to attract new recruits, especially the young. Twitter
recently suspended more than 2,000 accounts related to ISIS, as
the company does not allow its users to post violent threats.
Karen Greenberg, director of the Center on National Security at
Fordham Law School, observed that the youth factor is the most
important part of this. There’s a tone of teenage rebellion in
it.”
In October 2014, three teenage girls from suburban Denver,
Colorado were stopped by police in Frankfurt, Germany on their
way to join ISIS. They were recruited online. The U.S. is not
the only nation facing this anomaly. According to Peter
Neumann, the Director of the International Centre for the Study
of Radicalization (ICSR), women make up one-fourth of all
Westerners joining ISIS. Three British schoolgirls (two aged 15
and one aged16) flew From Gatwick to Istanbul on February 17,
2015. They were good students at an East London school and
their family and school were unaware of their radicalization.
British police believe they were able to cross into Syria to join
ISIS. They say that at least 22 women reported missing in the
last year are thought to have traveled to join ISIS.
The porous border between Turkey and Syria has enabled

thousands of foreign fighters to join ISIS. The ability of the
schoolgirls to evade detection, led to a blame game between
London and Ankara. Turkey has now established risk-analysis
units to stop militants upon their arrival. On March 14, 2015,
three British male teenagers were stopped by Turkish
authorities at Istanbul airport and escorted back to London.
Scotland Yard alerted Turkish authorities about two of the teens
on March 13 and the third was denied entry by one of the
Turkish units.
ISIS: Looting and Destroying the Cultural Heritage of a
Civilization
There is another war being waged in Iraq and Syria. It is the
war to preserve the global inheritance of the cradle of
civilization. For several months a group of art historians have
worked undercover to save Syrian artifacts from antiquities
smuggling by ISIS. According to Western intelligence officials,
looting by ISIS has become the second-largest source of finance
for the group after oil. Michael Danti, an archaeologist at
Boston University, observed “what started as opportunistic theft
by some has turned into an organized transnational business that
is helping fund terror.” He added “it’s the gravest cultural
emergency I’ve seen.”
One of the archaeologists in involved in the effort has said “The
looting has become systematic, and we can’t keep up.”
Heritage sites like Homs and Aleppo now are piles of rubble.
Many Roman, Greek, Babylonian and Assyrian antiquities have
been destroyed. ISIS condones the looting and destruction
since their view is that the artifacts are idolatrous. In Raqqa,
the Syrian capital of ISIS, ancient shrines have been looted.
In Iraq, ISIS took down a significant portion of the ancient city
wall of Niveveh which stood for 2,700 years and was the capital
of the Assyrian Empire. An Iraqi official says that ISIS has

reaped $36 million from looting the region around al-Nabek, a
Syrian city that has many early Christian sites famous for their
icons and mosaics.
On February 26, 2015, ISIS released a five-minute video
showing their militants demolishing with sledgehammers and
power tools the monumental human-headed, winged bull deities
dating from the ninth century B.C. that had stood guard at the
entrance of the Assyrian king’s palace and that were now
housed in the Mosul Museum. Earlier in the week, ISIS burned
down the Mosul library, destroying thousands of rare books and
manuscripts.
On March 8, 2015, Iraqi Minister of Tourism and Antiquities
Adel al-Shershab said that ISIS had started bulldozing the
2,000-year-old city of Hatra. He said that this followed the
ISIS destruction of what remained of the 3,000-year-old city of
Nimrud. Haneen al-Qaddo, a parliamentarian from Nineveh
province observed “ISIS aims to wipe out civilization in this
country.”
Eric Gibson in an opinion piece in the Wall Street JournalArts
in Reviewon March 3, 2015, noted “Cultural heritage is more
than tourist sites to visit on a vacation. It is at once a record of
our shared past, a way of understanding ourselves and each
other. The destruction of art and artifacts represents an attack
on history, identity and civilization.”
Based on articles in the Wall Street Journal, February 11, 2015;
March 2, 2015; March 3, 2015; March 7-8, 2015; March 9,
2015.
28
MHallionPhD, JVandegriffMA©Vandegriff Research 2014

CSS 220 Module 1 In-Class Problems
1) How many permutations are there for letters (c, o, m, p, u, t,
e, r) that start with a consonant and is followed by a vowel in
the second position?
2) How many ways can you draw a face card from a standard
52-card deck?
3) How many ways can we write a list of 4 numbers from (1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 7) without any repeating?
4) How many ways can we write a list of 10 numbers (1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) without repeating any?
5) How many different 7-character license plates are possible if
they must include exactly three letters and four numbers. The
first, middle, and last character in the license plate should be
letters.
6) Evaluate
Challenge Questions – Bonus
1) You are ordering a pizza from Uno’s. They have:
· 3 crust options
· 9 veggie options
· 7 meat options
How many ways can you order a two meat, three veggie pizza?
2) Suppose you “have” time to listen to 10 songs on your
commute to campus. There are 6 hip hop tunes, 8 reggaeton
tunes, and 3 alternative rock tunes to choose from.
Finally, suppose you still want 4 hip hop, 4 reggaeton, and 2 alt

rock tunes, and the order of the groups doesn’t matter, but you
get distracted and miss your stop if all the songs by any one
group aren’t played together.
How many playlists are there?
3) In an escape game, you have found a padlock with numbers
from 1 to 60. You have previously found a piece of paper inside
a clear bottle. On the piece of paper is a picture of a padlock
and four clues:
1) Four numbers complete the sequence.
2) No two numbers are the same.
3) The second number is twice the third.
4) The third number is prime.
How many possible combinations exist for the padlock?
What is the complement of B union C, (B UC)' ?
Question 1 options:
1)
{20, 30}
2)
{20, 30, 60, 70, 75, 85, 90}
3)
{10, 50, 65, 60, 70, 75, 85, 90}
4)
{10, 50, 65}
Question 2 (1.5 points)

The complement of the set A is _____________
Question 2 options:
1)
U – A
2)
A – U
3)
A – B
4)
B – A
The members of the set S = {x | x is the square of an integer and
x < 100} is __________________
Question 3 options:
1)
{0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 121}
2)
{0, 2, 4, 5, 9, 58, 49, 56, 99, 12}
3)
{0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81}

4)
{1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 64, 81, 85, 99}
Which of the following two sets are disjoint?
Question 4 options:
1)
{1, 3, 5} and {1, 3, 6}
2)
{1, 2, 3} and {1, 2, 3}
3)
{1, 3, 5} and {2, 4, 6}
4)
{1, 3, 5} and {2, 3, 4}
Two sets are called disjoint if there _____________ is the
empty set.
Question 5 options:
1)
Union
2)
Difference

3)
Intersection
4)
Complement
Given A = {1, 3, 6, 8, 9, 12, 15} and B = {6, 9, 12}, which is
TRUE?
Question 6 options:
1)
B ⊂ A
2)
B is the complement of A
3)
A ∩ B = ∅
4)
A and B are disjoint sets
The intersection of the sets {1, 2, 5} and {1, 2, 6} is the set
_____________
Question 7 options:

1)
{1, 2}
2)
{1, 6}
3)
{5, 6}
4)
{2, 5}
The difference of {1, 2, 3} and {1, 2, 5} is the set
____________
Question 8 options:
1)
{5}
2)
{2}
3)
{1}
4)
{3}

What is the Cardinality of the Power set of the set {0, 1, 2}.
Question 9 options:
1)
7
2)
9
3)
8
4)
6
The union of the sets {1, 2, 5} and {1, 2, 6} is the set
_______________
Question 10 options:
1)
{1, 5, 6, 3}
2)
{1, 2, 6, 1}
3)
{1, 2, 5, 6}

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