This document provides an overview of Java programming concepts. It introduces Java, discusses its key characteristics like being object-oriented and portable, and covers basic Java concepts such as variables, data types, operators, and methods. It includes examples of simple Java programs and explains how to compile and run a Java application. The document is intended to teach beginners how to get started with Java programming.
This document provides an introduction to Java programming. It discusses what Java is, its key characteristics like being object-oriented and portable, and how to get started with Java programming. It also covers Java concepts like classes, methods, variables, data types, operators, and how to compile and run a simple Java application.
The document provides an introduction to the Java programming language. It discusses Java's history and key editions. It also covers basic Java concepts like compiling and running a simple "Hello World" program, primitive data types, variables, operators, conditional statements like if/else, and iterative structures like the for loop. Examples are provided throughout to demonstrate syntax and output.
This document provides an introduction to programming in Java. It begins with an overview of the history and characteristics of Java. It then covers Java concepts like variables, data types, input/output, conditional statements, loops, arrays, and methods. Examples are provided for how to write Java code for basic programs involving these concepts, such as checking if a number is prime, even or odd, calculating a sum and average, and displaying Fibonacci numbers. Exercises are included at the end to practice different programming concepts in Java.
This slide aims to describe the basic introduction about Java with the Eclipse platform. Many examples were applied in order to understand the main features of programing by using Java.
This document provides an introduction to programming in Java. It begins with an overview of the history and characteristics of Java. It then covers Java variables and data types, input/output, conditional statements, loops, and arrays. The rest of the document demonstrates how to create a basic "Hello World" Java project in an IDE, explains components of a Java program like classes and methods, and provides examples of Java code for conditionals, loops, and arrays. Overall, the document serves as a tutorial for beginners to learn the basics of Java programming.
The document provides an overview of procedure-oriented programming and object-oriented programming paradigms. It then discusses Java programming basics including classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and dynamic binding. The rest of the document discusses Java programming concepts like data types, variables, control flow statements, methods, and classes in more detail with examples. It also covers topics like creating and using objects, passing objects as parameters, and constructors.
This document provides an overview of the Java programming language including how it works, its features, syntax, and input/output capabilities. Java allows software to run on any device by compiling code to bytecode that runs on a virtual machine. It is object-oriented, supports features like inheritance and polymorphism, and has memory management and security benefits over other languages. The document also discusses Java concepts like classes, methods, arrays, and streams for file input/output.
This document provides an overview of the Java programming language including how it works, its features, syntax, and input/output capabilities. Java allows software to run on any device by compiling code to bytecode that runs on a virtual machine instead of a particular computer architecture. It is an object-oriented language with features like automatic memory management, cross-platform capabilities, and a robust class library.
This document provides an introduction to Java programming. It discusses what Java is, its key characteristics like being object-oriented and portable, and how to get started with Java programming. It also covers Java concepts like classes, methods, variables, data types, operators, and how to compile and run a simple Java application.
The document provides an introduction to the Java programming language. It discusses Java's history and key editions. It also covers basic Java concepts like compiling and running a simple "Hello World" program, primitive data types, variables, operators, conditional statements like if/else, and iterative structures like the for loop. Examples are provided throughout to demonstrate syntax and output.
This document provides an introduction to programming in Java. It begins with an overview of the history and characteristics of Java. It then covers Java concepts like variables, data types, input/output, conditional statements, loops, arrays, and methods. Examples are provided for how to write Java code for basic programs involving these concepts, such as checking if a number is prime, even or odd, calculating a sum and average, and displaying Fibonacci numbers. Exercises are included at the end to practice different programming concepts in Java.
This slide aims to describe the basic introduction about Java with the Eclipse platform. Many examples were applied in order to understand the main features of programing by using Java.
This document provides an introduction to programming in Java. It begins with an overview of the history and characteristics of Java. It then covers Java variables and data types, input/output, conditional statements, loops, and arrays. The rest of the document demonstrates how to create a basic "Hello World" Java project in an IDE, explains components of a Java program like classes and methods, and provides examples of Java code for conditionals, loops, and arrays. Overall, the document serves as a tutorial for beginners to learn the basics of Java programming.
The document provides an overview of procedure-oriented programming and object-oriented programming paradigms. It then discusses Java programming basics including classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and dynamic binding. The rest of the document discusses Java programming concepts like data types, variables, control flow statements, methods, and classes in more detail with examples. It also covers topics like creating and using objects, passing objects as parameters, and constructors.
This document provides an overview of the Java programming language including how it works, its features, syntax, and input/output capabilities. Java allows software to run on any device by compiling code to bytecode that runs on a virtual machine. It is object-oriented, supports features like inheritance and polymorphism, and has memory management and security benefits over other languages. The document also discusses Java concepts like classes, methods, arrays, and streams for file input/output.
This document provides an overview of the Java programming language including how it works, its features, syntax, and input/output capabilities. Java allows software to run on any device by compiling code to bytecode that runs on a virtual machine instead of a particular computer architecture. It is an object-oriented language with features like automatic memory management, cross-platform capabilities, and a robust class library.
The document provides an introduction to the C programming language. It discusses the structure of a C program including documentation, preprocessor directives, header files, and function definitions. It also describes various math and trigonometric functions available in the standard library like sqrt, pow, sin, cos, and log. The rest of the document outlines the steps to compile and execute a C program and defines key concepts like variables, constants, and data types in C.
This document provides an overview of the steps to create a basic Java program. It discusses:
1) Using a text editor or IDE to write Java code in a .java file, compiling it to bytecode with the Java compiler, and running the bytecode with the Java interpreter.
2) The main() method signature including access modifiers, return type, name, and string array parameter.
3) Example code of a simple Java program in Notepad++ including the class name, main method, and use of System.out.println to print output.
This document provides an introduction and overview of computer science and programming concepts including:
- Pseudocode which allows programmers to focus on problem steps rather than specific language syntax.
- Programming tools that aid in software development tasks like compilers, linkers, and code editors.
- An introduction to the Java programming language including its history, syntax, and benefits like portability and built-in networking.
- Key programming concepts like variables, data types, and initializing variables are demonstrated through a simple Java code example to print "Hello World".
This document provides an introduction and overview of computer science and programming concepts including:
- Pseudocode which allows programmers to focus on problem steps rather than specific language syntax.
- Programming tools that aid in software development tasks like compilers, linkers, and code editors.
- An introduction to the Java programming language including its history, syntax, and benefits like portability and built-in networking.
- Key programming concepts like variables, data types, and initializing variables are demonstrated through a simple Java code example to print "Hello World".
- Java is a platform independent programming language that is similar to C++ in syntax but similar to Smalltalk in its object-oriented approach. It provides features like automatic memory management, security, and multi-threading capabilities.
- Java code is compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java Virtual Machine (JVM). The JVM then interprets the bytecode and may perform just-in-time (JIT) compilation for improved performance. This allows Java programs to run on any platform with a JVM.
- Java supports object-oriented programming principles like encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. Classes can contain methods and instance variables. Methods can be called on objects to perform operations or retrieve data.
- Java is a platform independent programming language that is similar to C++ in syntax but similar to Smalltalk in its object-oriented approach. It provides features like automatic memory management, security, and multi-threading capabilities.
- Java code is compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java Virtual Machine (JVM). Only depending on the JVM allows Java code to run on any hardware or operating system with a JVM.
- Java supports object-oriented programming concepts like inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation. Classes can contain methods and instance variables to define objects.
- Java is a platform independent programming language that is similar to C++ in syntax but similar to Smalltalk in its object-oriented approach. It provides features like automatic memory management, security, and multi-threading capabilities.
- Java code is compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java Virtual Machine (JVM). Only depending on the JVM allows Java code to run on any hardware or operating system with a JVM.
- Java supports object-oriented programming concepts like inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation. Classes can contain methods and instance variables. Methods perform actions and can return values.
Java allows writing code once that can run on any platform. It compiles to bytecode that runs on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). Key features include automatic memory management, object-oriented design, platform independence, security, and multi-threading. Classes are defined in .java files and compiled to .class files. The JVM interprets bytecode and uses just-in-time compilation to improve performance.
INDUMATHY- UNIT 1 cs3391 oops introduction to oop and java.pptxIndu65
This document provides an introduction to Java programming language and some of its core concepts. It discusses:
- The origins and features of Java like being architecture neutral, robust, multithreaded, object-oriented, platform independent, simple and secure.
- Basic Java syntax including classes, objects, methods, and variables.
- Key object-oriented programming concepts in Java like encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism and abstraction.
- Examples of basic Java programs and code snippets demonstrating classes, objects, methods, variables and data types.
- Common programming structures in Java like control statements, operators, and constructors.
Here is a C program to produce a spiral array as described in the task:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int n = 5;
int arr[n][n];
int num = 1;
int rowBegin = 0;
int rowEnd = n-1;
int colBegin = 0;
int colEnd = n-1;
while(rowBegin <= rowEnd && colBegin <= colEnd) {
// Top row
for(int i=colBegin; i<=colEnd; i++) {
arr[rowBegin][i] = num++;
}
rowBegin++;
// Right column
for(int i=rowBegin;
C is an imperative, procedural language in the ALGOL tradition. It has a static type system. In C, all executable code is contained within subroutines (also called "functions", though not in the sense of functional programming). Function parameters are passed by value, although arrays are passed as pointers, i.e. the address of the first item in the array. Pass-by-reference is simulated in C by explicitly passing pointers to the thing being referenced.
C program source text is free-format, using the semicolon as a statement separator and curly braces for grouping blocks of statements.
The C language also exhibits the following characteristics:
The language has a small, fixed number of keywords, including a full set of control flow primitives: if/else, for, do/while, while, and switch. User-defined names are not distinguished from keywords by any kind of sigil.
It has a large number of arithmetic, bitwise, and logic operators: +,+=,++,&,||, etc.
More than one assignment may be performed in a single statement.
The document outlines the course units for an Advanced Java Programming course. Unit 1 covers classes, interfaces, inheritance and encapsulation. Unit 2 discusses methods, method overloading, overriding and recursion. Unit 3 focuses on exceptions, threads and immutability. Unit 4 covers dynamic language support and APIs. Unit 5 is about Java annotation processors and agents.
1. James Gosling and his team at Sun Microsystems started developing Java in 1990 as a simpler language than C++ for writing programs to control consumer electronics. They named the new language "Oak" in 1991, later changing it to "Java" in 1995.
2. The Java team realized Java would be well-suited for web programming as the internet was becoming more graphical. They developed the concept of web applets to embed small programs in web pages.
3. Key benefits of Java include being simple and object-oriented, platform independence allowing programs to run on any system with a Java Virtual Machine, and strong security features that help protect against viruses and hackers.
Complete C++ programming Language CourseVivek chan
This document provides an overview of topics covered in a C++ programming course, including:
- Introduction to C++ language fundamentals like data types, variables, operators, control structures, functions, and classes
- Memory concepts, arithmetic, decision making, and algorithms
- Structured and object-oriented programming principles
- The basics of the C++ environment like compilers, linkers, and input/output streams
- Common library functions and concepts like headers, prototypes, and enumerations
The document serves as an introductory reference for anyone learning C++ or wanting to understand the basic building blocks of the language.
This document provides solutions to exercises from Chapters 1 through 14 of a Java textbook. It presents solutions for 28 different exercises involving Java concepts like classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, and interfaces. Each solution is a code listing or brief explanation.
- The document discusses input/output (IO) operations in Java, specifically writing to the display using System.out.println() and reading from the keyboard using BufferedReader.
- It provides examples of writing strings and expressions to the display, as well as reading input from the user as strings and converting them to integers or doubles.
- The key aspects covered are using println() and print() for output, BufferedReader for input, and parsing strings to numbers using Integer.parseInt() and Double.parseDouble().
The document provides information about programming concepts like source code, machine code, procedural programming, object-oriented programming, compilers, interpreters, platform independence, and Java features. It discusses how source code is written by programmers and compiled into machine code. It explains procedural programming uses functions and commands while object-oriented programming uses objects with data and code. It also describes how compilers translate to machine code before running while interpreters translate line-by-line as the code runs. Finally, it summarizes that Java is platform independent because programs can run on any system with a Java Virtual Machine installed.
This document provides an introduction to basic Java programming concepts such as programs, programming languages, compiling and running Java programs, and key elements like classes, methods, and print statements. It explains Java features like data types, variables, operators, conditional statements, and loops. Examples of simple Java programs are provided to demonstrate printing output and using strings, escape sequences, and comments.
Introduction of Object Oriented Programming Language using Java. .pptxPoonam60376
The slide contains the Introduction of Object Oriented Programming Language using Java. It covers basics of OOP, Inheritance,Polymorphism, Exception etc.
Functions allow programmers to organize and structure their code by splitting it into reusable blocks. There are two types of functions: built-in functions that are predefined in Python, and user-defined functions that programmers create. Functions make code easier to debug, test and maintain by dividing programs into separate, reusable parts. Functions can take arguments as input and return values. Function definitions do not alter the normal flow of a program's execution, but calling a function causes the program flow to jump to the function code and then return to pick up where it left off.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
The document provides an introduction to the C programming language. It discusses the structure of a C program including documentation, preprocessor directives, header files, and function definitions. It also describes various math and trigonometric functions available in the standard library like sqrt, pow, sin, cos, and log. The rest of the document outlines the steps to compile and execute a C program and defines key concepts like variables, constants, and data types in C.
This document provides an overview of the steps to create a basic Java program. It discusses:
1) Using a text editor or IDE to write Java code in a .java file, compiling it to bytecode with the Java compiler, and running the bytecode with the Java interpreter.
2) The main() method signature including access modifiers, return type, name, and string array parameter.
3) Example code of a simple Java program in Notepad++ including the class name, main method, and use of System.out.println to print output.
This document provides an introduction and overview of computer science and programming concepts including:
- Pseudocode which allows programmers to focus on problem steps rather than specific language syntax.
- Programming tools that aid in software development tasks like compilers, linkers, and code editors.
- An introduction to the Java programming language including its history, syntax, and benefits like portability and built-in networking.
- Key programming concepts like variables, data types, and initializing variables are demonstrated through a simple Java code example to print "Hello World".
This document provides an introduction and overview of computer science and programming concepts including:
- Pseudocode which allows programmers to focus on problem steps rather than specific language syntax.
- Programming tools that aid in software development tasks like compilers, linkers, and code editors.
- An introduction to the Java programming language including its history, syntax, and benefits like portability and built-in networking.
- Key programming concepts like variables, data types, and initializing variables are demonstrated through a simple Java code example to print "Hello World".
- Java is a platform independent programming language that is similar to C++ in syntax but similar to Smalltalk in its object-oriented approach. It provides features like automatic memory management, security, and multi-threading capabilities.
- Java code is compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java Virtual Machine (JVM). The JVM then interprets the bytecode and may perform just-in-time (JIT) compilation for improved performance. This allows Java programs to run on any platform with a JVM.
- Java supports object-oriented programming principles like encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. Classes can contain methods and instance variables. Methods can be called on objects to perform operations or retrieve data.
- Java is a platform independent programming language that is similar to C++ in syntax but similar to Smalltalk in its object-oriented approach. It provides features like automatic memory management, security, and multi-threading capabilities.
- Java code is compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java Virtual Machine (JVM). Only depending on the JVM allows Java code to run on any hardware or operating system with a JVM.
- Java supports object-oriented programming concepts like inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation. Classes can contain methods and instance variables to define objects.
- Java is a platform independent programming language that is similar to C++ in syntax but similar to Smalltalk in its object-oriented approach. It provides features like automatic memory management, security, and multi-threading capabilities.
- Java code is compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java Virtual Machine (JVM). Only depending on the JVM allows Java code to run on any hardware or operating system with a JVM.
- Java supports object-oriented programming concepts like inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation. Classes can contain methods and instance variables. Methods perform actions and can return values.
Java allows writing code once that can run on any platform. It compiles to bytecode that runs on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). Key features include automatic memory management, object-oriented design, platform independence, security, and multi-threading. Classes are defined in .java files and compiled to .class files. The JVM interprets bytecode and uses just-in-time compilation to improve performance.
INDUMATHY- UNIT 1 cs3391 oops introduction to oop and java.pptxIndu65
This document provides an introduction to Java programming language and some of its core concepts. It discusses:
- The origins and features of Java like being architecture neutral, robust, multithreaded, object-oriented, platform independent, simple and secure.
- Basic Java syntax including classes, objects, methods, and variables.
- Key object-oriented programming concepts in Java like encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism and abstraction.
- Examples of basic Java programs and code snippets demonstrating classes, objects, methods, variables and data types.
- Common programming structures in Java like control statements, operators, and constructors.
Here is a C program to produce a spiral array as described in the task:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int n = 5;
int arr[n][n];
int num = 1;
int rowBegin = 0;
int rowEnd = n-1;
int colBegin = 0;
int colEnd = n-1;
while(rowBegin <= rowEnd && colBegin <= colEnd) {
// Top row
for(int i=colBegin; i<=colEnd; i++) {
arr[rowBegin][i] = num++;
}
rowBegin++;
// Right column
for(int i=rowBegin;
C is an imperative, procedural language in the ALGOL tradition. It has a static type system. In C, all executable code is contained within subroutines (also called "functions", though not in the sense of functional programming). Function parameters are passed by value, although arrays are passed as pointers, i.e. the address of the first item in the array. Pass-by-reference is simulated in C by explicitly passing pointers to the thing being referenced.
C program source text is free-format, using the semicolon as a statement separator and curly braces for grouping blocks of statements.
The C language also exhibits the following characteristics:
The language has a small, fixed number of keywords, including a full set of control flow primitives: if/else, for, do/while, while, and switch. User-defined names are not distinguished from keywords by any kind of sigil.
It has a large number of arithmetic, bitwise, and logic operators: +,+=,++,&,||, etc.
More than one assignment may be performed in a single statement.
The document outlines the course units for an Advanced Java Programming course. Unit 1 covers classes, interfaces, inheritance and encapsulation. Unit 2 discusses methods, method overloading, overriding and recursion. Unit 3 focuses on exceptions, threads and immutability. Unit 4 covers dynamic language support and APIs. Unit 5 is about Java annotation processors and agents.
1. James Gosling and his team at Sun Microsystems started developing Java in 1990 as a simpler language than C++ for writing programs to control consumer electronics. They named the new language "Oak" in 1991, later changing it to "Java" in 1995.
2. The Java team realized Java would be well-suited for web programming as the internet was becoming more graphical. They developed the concept of web applets to embed small programs in web pages.
3. Key benefits of Java include being simple and object-oriented, platform independence allowing programs to run on any system with a Java Virtual Machine, and strong security features that help protect against viruses and hackers.
Complete C++ programming Language CourseVivek chan
This document provides an overview of topics covered in a C++ programming course, including:
- Introduction to C++ language fundamentals like data types, variables, operators, control structures, functions, and classes
- Memory concepts, arithmetic, decision making, and algorithms
- Structured and object-oriented programming principles
- The basics of the C++ environment like compilers, linkers, and input/output streams
- Common library functions and concepts like headers, prototypes, and enumerations
The document serves as an introductory reference for anyone learning C++ or wanting to understand the basic building blocks of the language.
This document provides solutions to exercises from Chapters 1 through 14 of a Java textbook. It presents solutions for 28 different exercises involving Java concepts like classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, and interfaces. Each solution is a code listing or brief explanation.
- The document discusses input/output (IO) operations in Java, specifically writing to the display using System.out.println() and reading from the keyboard using BufferedReader.
- It provides examples of writing strings and expressions to the display, as well as reading input from the user as strings and converting them to integers or doubles.
- The key aspects covered are using println() and print() for output, BufferedReader for input, and parsing strings to numbers using Integer.parseInt() and Double.parseDouble().
The document provides information about programming concepts like source code, machine code, procedural programming, object-oriented programming, compilers, interpreters, platform independence, and Java features. It discusses how source code is written by programmers and compiled into machine code. It explains procedural programming uses functions and commands while object-oriented programming uses objects with data and code. It also describes how compilers translate to machine code before running while interpreters translate line-by-line as the code runs. Finally, it summarizes that Java is platform independent because programs can run on any system with a Java Virtual Machine installed.
This document provides an introduction to basic Java programming concepts such as programs, programming languages, compiling and running Java programs, and key elements like classes, methods, and print statements. It explains Java features like data types, variables, operators, conditional statements, and loops. Examples of simple Java programs are provided to demonstrate printing output and using strings, escape sequences, and comments.
Introduction of Object Oriented Programming Language using Java. .pptxPoonam60376
The slide contains the Introduction of Object Oriented Programming Language using Java. It covers basics of OOP, Inheritance,Polymorphism, Exception etc.
Functions allow programmers to organize and structure their code by splitting it into reusable blocks. There are two types of functions: built-in functions that are predefined in Python, and user-defined functions that programmers create. Functions make code easier to debug, test and maintain by dividing programs into separate, reusable parts. Functions can take arguments as input and return values. Function definitions do not alter the normal flow of a program's execution, but calling a function causes the program flow to jump to the function code and then return to pick up where it left off.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
2. 2
Introduction to Java
What Is Java?
Getting Started With Java Programming
– Create, Compile and Running a Java
Application
3. 3
Characteristics of Java
Java is simple
Java is object-oriented
Java is distributed
Java is interpreted
Java is robust
Java is secure
Java is architecture-neutral
Java is portable
Java’s performance
Java is multithreaded
Java is dynamic
4. 4
Getting Started with Java
Programming
A Simple Java Application
Compiling Programs
Executing Applications
5. 5
A Simple Application
Example 1.1
//This application program prints Welcome
//to Java!
package chapter1;
public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
6. 6
Anatomy of a Java Program
Comments
Reserved words
Modifiers
Statements
Blocks
Classes
Methods
The main method
The exit method
7. 7
Comments
In Java, comments are
preceded by two slashes (//)
in a line, or enclosed
between /* and */ in one or
multiple lines. When the
compiler sees //, it ignores
all text after // in the
same line. When it sees /*,
8. 8
Reserved Words
Reserved words or keywords are
words that have a specific
meaning to the compiler and
cannot be used for other
purposes in the program. For
example, when the compiler sees
the word class, it understands
that the word after class is the
name for the class. Other
reserved words in Example 1.1
9. 9
Modifiers
Java uses certain reserved words called
modifiers that specify the properties of the
data, methods, and classes and how they
can be used. Examples of modifiers are
public and static. Other modifiers are
private, final, abstract, and protected. A
public datum, method, or class can be
accessed by other programs. A private
datum or method cannot be accessed by
other programs.
10. 10
Statements
A statement represents an
action or a sequence of
actions. The statement
System.out.println("Welcome
to Java!"); in the program
in Example 1.1 is a
statement to display the
greeting "Welcome to Java!"
Every statement in Java ends
11. 11
Blocks
A pair of braces in a program
forms a block that groups
components of a program.
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
Class block
Method block
12. 12
Classes
The class is the essential Java
construct. A class is a template
or blueprint for objects.
A java program is defined by
using one or more classes.
13. 13
Methods
What is System.out.println? It is a method: a
collection of statements that performs a
sequence of operations to display a message on
the console.
It can be used even without fully
understanding the details of how it works.
It is used by invoking a statement with a string
argument. The string argument is enclosed
within parentheses. In this case, the argument is
"Welcome to Java!"
You can call the same println method with a
different argument to print a different message.
14. 14
main Method
The main method provides the
control of program flow. The
Java interpreter executes the
application by invoking the main
method.
The main method looks like this:
public static void main(String[]
args) {
15. 15
The exit Method
Use Exit to terminate the program and
stop all threads.
When your program starts, a thread is
spawned to run the program. To
terminate the thread, you have to invoke
the exit method.
16. 16
Primitive Data Types and Operations
Introduce Programming with an Example
Identifiers, Variables, and Constants
Primitive Data Types
– byte, short, int, long, float, double, char, boolean
Expressions
Operators, Precedence, Associativity, Operand
Evaluation Order: ++, --, *, /, %, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=, ^,
&, |, +, -,
Getting Input from Input Dialog Boxes
Case Studies (Computing Mortgage, and Computing Changes)
Style and Documentation Guidelines
Syntax Errors, Runtime Errors, and Logic Errors
17. 17
Identifiers
An identifier is a sequence of
characters that consist of letters,
digits, underscores (_), and dollar
signs ($).
An identifier must start with a
letter, an underscore (_), or a dollar
sign ($). It cannot start with a
digit.
An identifier cannot be a reserved word. (See Appendix
A, “Java Keywords,” for a list of reserved words).
An identifier cannot be true, false, or
null.
18. 18
Variables
// Compute the first area
radius = 1.0;
area = radius*radius*3.14159;
System.out.println("The area is “ +
area + " for radius "+radius);
// Compute the second area
radius = 2.0;
area = radius*radius*3.14159;
System.out.println("The area is “ +
area + " for radius "+radius);
19. 19
Declaring Variables
int x; // Declare x to be an
// integer variable;
double radius; // Declare radius to
// be a double variable;
char a; // Declare a to be a
// character variable;
20. 20
Numerical Data Types (p.33)
byte 8 bits
short 16 bits
int 32 bits
long 64 bits
float 32 bits
double 64 bits
21. 21
Assignment Statements
x = 1; // Assign 1 to x;
radius = 1.0; // Assign 1.0 to radius;
a = 'A'; // Assign 'A' to a;
24. 24
Operators
+, -, *, /, and %
5/2 yields an integer 2.
5.0/2 yields a double value 2.5
5 % 2 yields 1 (the remainder of the division)
5.0 % 2 is not defined : modulo is defined
only for integers.
25. 25
NOTE
Calculations involving floating-
point numbers are approximated
because these numbers are not
stored with complete accuracy. For
example,
System.out.println(1 - 0.1 - 0.1 -
0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1);
displays 0.5000000000000001, not
0.5, and
System.out.println(1.0 - 0.9);
displays 0.09999999999999998, not
0.1. Integers are stored
26. 26
Example Program 1: Addition
public class addition {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// declare variables
int x, y, z;
// Specify values of x and y
x = 2;
y = 3;
z = x + y;
System.out.println("x has a value of " + x);
System.out.println("y has a value of " + y);
System.out.println("The sum of x + y is " + z);
System.exit(0);
}
}
27. 27
Example Program 2 : Division
public class division {
public static void main ( String[] args) {
//declare variables
int x, y, z ;
x = 12;
y = 4;
z = x / y ;
System.out.println("x has a value of " + x);
System.out.println("y has a value of " + y);
System.out.println("x divided by y is " + z);
System.exit(0);
}
}
28. 28
Download Java
From www.java.sun.com/j2se
Click on j2se 5.0
See on your right (popular downloads) ..click on
j2se 5.0
Click on download jdk 5.0 update 3
Accept the agreement and continue
Download the version as per your platform
For example, for Windows click on Windows
offline installation – this will download the
required file .. This will take a lot of time ..
depending upon the speed of your line .. Once
downloaded ..run this file to install Java
29. 29
Compiling and Running a Java
Program
Java source code files (files with a .java
extension) are compiled into a format called
bytecode (files with a .class extension), which can
then be executed by a Java interpreter. Compiled
Java code can run on most computers because
Java interpreters and runtime environments,
known as Java Virtual Machines (VMs), exist for
most operating systems, including UNIX, the
MACintosh OS, and Windows. Bytecode can also
be converted directly into machine language
instructions by a just-in-time compiler (JIT).
30. 30
For Example
Create a file named say .. addition.java using some
editor say wordpad.
From the command line type the following
– javac addition.java (java code compiled to a bytecode)
A file called addition.class(bytecode) is created,
Now type
java addition (bytecode being executed by java
interpreter)
And you will get the results
31. 31
Number Literals
A literal is a constant value that
appears directly in the program. For
example, 34, 1,000,000, and 5.0 are
literals in the following
statements:
int i = 34;
long l = 1000000;
double d = 5.0;
32. 32
Integer Literals
An integer literal can be assigned to
an integer variable as long as it can
fit into the variable. A compilation
error would occur if the literal were
too large for the variable to hold.
For example, the statement byte b =
1000 would cause a compilation error,
because 1000 cannot be stored in a
variable of the byte type.
An integer literal is assumed to be of
the int type, whose value is between -
231 (-2147483648) to 231–1
(2147483647). To denote an integer
33. 33
Floating-Point Literals
Floating-point literals are written
with a decimal point. By default, a
floating-point literal is treated as a
double type value. For example, 5.0 is
considered a double value, not a float
value. You can make a number a float
by appending the letter f or F, and
make a number a double by appending
the letter d or D. For example, you
can use 100.2f or 100.2F for a float
number, and 100.2d or 100.2D for a
double number.
34. 34
Scientific Notation
Floating-point literals can also be
specified in scientific notation,
for example, 1.23456e+2, same as
1.23456e2, is equivalent to 123.456,
and 1.23456e-2 is equivalent to
0.0123456. E (or e) represents an
exponent and it can be either in
lowercase or uppercase.
37. 37
Increment and
Decrement Operators
x++; // Same as x = x + 1;
++x; // Same as x = x + 1;
x––; // Same as x = x - 1;
––x; // Same as x = x - 1;
suffix
prefix
suffix
prefix
38. 38
Increment and
Decrement Operators, cont.
int i=10;
int newNum = 10*i++;
int newNum = 10*i;
i = i + 1;
Equivalent to
int i=10;
int newNum = 10*(++i);
i = i + 1;
int newNum = 10*i;
Equivalent to
39. 39
Increment and
Decrement Operators, cont.
Using increment and decrement operators
makes expressions short,
but it also makes them complex and
difficult to read.
Avoid using these operators in
expressions that modify multiple
variables, or the same variable for
multiple times such as this: int k = ++i
+ i. Its not a good programming
40. 40
public class assignment_operators {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// declare variables
int x = 10;
int y = 5;
int z = 3;
System.out.println("x = "+x+", y = "+y+", z = "+z);
x++; // x = x+1;
y += x; // y = y+x;
z *= x; // z = z*x;
System.out.println("Now x = "+x+", y = "+y+", z = "+z);
x--; // x = x-1;
y *= x; // y = y*x;
z %= x; // z = z%x;
System.out.println("And now x = "+x+", y = "+y+", z = "+z);
System.exit(0);
}
}
41. 41
public class circle_area {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// declare variables
double radius, area;
// assign radius of the circle
radius = 3.00;
area = radius * radius * 3.14159 ;
System.out.println("The area of the circle of radius " + radius +
" is " + area);
System.exit(0);
}
}
42. 42
public class circle_area_pi {
public static void main(String[] args) {
final double PI = 3.14159;
// declare variables
double radius, area;
// assign radius of the circle
radius = 3.00;
area = radius * radius * PI ;
System.out.println("The area of the circle of radius " + radius +
" is " + area);
System.exit(0);
}
}
43. 43
Assignment Expressions and
Assignment Statements
Prior to Java 2, all the expressions
can be used as statements. Since Java
2, only the following types of
expressions can be statements:
variable op= expression; // Where op is
+, -, *, /, or %
++variable;
variable++;
--variable;
variable--;
44. 44
Numeric Type Conversion
Consider the following statements:
byte i = 100;
long k = i*3+4;
double d = i*3.1+k/2;
int x = k; //(Wrong)
long k = x; //(fine,implicit casting)
46. 46
Type Casting, cont.
Implicit casting
double d = 3; (type widening)
Explicit casting
int i = (int)3.0; (type narrowing)
What is wrong? int x = 5/2.0;
61. 61
Operator Associativity
When two operators with the
same precedence are evaluated,
the associativity of the
operators determines the order of
evaluation. All binary operators
except assignment operators are
left-associative.
a – b + c – d is equivalent
to ((a – b) + c) – d
Assignment operators are
right-associative. Therefore, the
expression
62. 62
Operand Evaluation Order
The precedence and
associativity rules specify
the order of the operators,
but do not specify the order
in which the operands of a
binary operator are evaluated.
Operands are evaluated from
left to right in Java.
The left-hand operand of a
binary operator is evaluated
before any part of the right-
63. 63
Operand Evaluation Order, cont.
If no operands have side effects
that change the value of a variable,
the order of operand evaluation is
irrelevant. Interesting cases arise
when operands do have a side effect.
For example, x becomes 1 in the
following code, because a is
evaluated to 0 before ++a is
evaluated to 1.
int a = 0;
int x = a + (++a);
But x becomes 2 in the following
code, because ++a is evaluated to 1,
64. 64
Operator Precedence
How to evaluate
3 + 4 * 4 > 5 * (4 + 3) - ++i
Lets parenthisize
(3 + (4 * 4) ) > ( (5 * (4 + 3)) – (++i ) )
This is evaluates to
19 > (35 – (++i))
This evaluates to true if the value of i just before this
expression is > 15
65. 65
Getting Input from Input
Dialog Boxes
String string =
JOptionPane.showInputDialog(
null, “Prompt Message”, “Dialog
Title”,
JOptionPane.QUESTION_MESSAGE));
where x is a string for the
prompting message and y is a
string for the title of the input
dialog box.
66. 66
Convertting Strings to
Integers
The input returned from the input
dialog box is a string. If you enter a
numeric value such as 123, it returns
“123”. To obtain the input as a
number, you have to convert a string
into a number.
To convert a string into an int value,
you can use the static parseInt method
in the Integer class as follows:
int intValue =
Integer.parseInt(intString);
67. 67
Convertting Strings to
Doubles
To convert a string into a double
value, you can use the static
parseDouble method in the Double class
as follows:
double doubleValue
=Double.parseDouble(doubleString);
where doubleString is a numeric string
such as “123.45”.
68. 68
Example 2.2
Entering Input from
Dialog Boxes
This program first prompts the
user to enter a year as an int
value and checks if it is a
leap year, it then prompts you
to enter a double value and
checks if it is positive.
A year is a leap year if it is
divisible by 4 but not by 100,
or it is divisible by 400.
69. 69
Example 2.4
Computing Changes
This program lets the user enter the amount in
decimal representing dollars and cents and output
a report listing the monetary equivalent in single
dollars, quarters, dimes, nickels, and pennies.
Your program should report maximum number of
dollars, then the maximum number of quarters,
and so on, in this order.
71. 71
Appropriate Comments
Include a summary at the
beginning of the program to
explain what the program does,
its key features, its supporting
data structures, and any unique
techniques it uses.
Include your name, class
section, instruction, date, and
a brief description at the
beginning of the program.
72. 72
Naming Conventions
Choose meaningful and descriptive names.
Variables and method names:
– Use lowercase. If the name consists of several
words, concatenate all in one, use lowercase
for the first word, and capitalize the first letter
of each subsequent word in the name. For
example, the variables radius and area, and
the method computeArea.
73. 73
Naming Conventions, cont.
Class names:
– Capitalize the first letter of each
word in the name. For example, the
class name ComputeArea.
Constants:
– Capitalize all letters in constants.
For example, the constant PI.
74. 74
Proper Indentation and Spacing
Indentation
– Indent two spaces.
Spacing
– Use blank line to separate segments of the code.
75. 75
Block Styles
Use end-of-line style for braces.
public class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Block Styles");
}
}
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Block Styles");
}
}
End-of-line
style
Next-line
style
76. 76
Programming Errors
Syntax Errors
– Detected by the compiler
Runtime Errors
– Causes the program to abort
Logic Errors
– Produces incorrect result
79. 79
Logic Errors
public class ShowLogicErrors {
// Determine if a number is between 1 and 100
inclusively
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Prompt the user to enter a number
String input =
JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null,
"Please enter an integer:",
"ShowLogicErrors",
JOptionPane.QUESTION_MESSAGE);
int number = Integer.parseInt(input);
// Display the result
System.out.println("The number is between 1
and 100, " +
"inclusively? " + ((1 < number) && (number
< 100)));
Editor's Notes
First Class: Introduction, Prerequisites, Advices, Syllabus
Lab 1: Create a Java Project, Compile, and Run.
Show syntax errors
Print program
Capture screen shots, and save it in Word, and print it.
Homework One: Check in the class randomly.