This document discusses the combined spinal-epidural (CSE) technique. It begins by defining CSE as the intentional injection of drugs into the subarachnoid space and placement of a catheter in the epidural space in one procedure. CSE combines the benefits of rapid onset from spinal anesthesia with the ability to prolong or modify blockade from epidural anesthesia. The document then discusses various techniques for performing CSE and their advantages and disadvantages, as well as complications that can arise. It concludes by comparing CSE to spinal or epidural anesthesia alone.
Imagine a vitamin pill-sized camera that could travel through your body taking pictures, helping diagnose a problem which doctor previously would have found only through surgery.
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Imagine a vitamin pill-sized camera that could travel through your body taking pictures, helping diagnose a problem which doctor previously would have found only through surgery.
Add vich gf says he ids dh h KB f SS huh good idea TDY ujj gf sa add tc v job HC re suc hok KB te read chho UT re wah GH I on c re a TT gf hok of rw th duh jk ok GD ee watch ko pi UT re SS y GH o of death jio ka gf sa w ad fgj ok GD redd SF h KB VC dagu DD FC j kV v DD cbl ohh gf s DC vj KB c SS f ho ok GD KB vzs RR tu it a hug xx job b DD g JB g reh dh igg Ed hrsf JB gf te d GH ik KB VC de a FC job inda so HV j oh gf sa add c ho k UT es DC TV h ok ok he re es DC TV hip arzoo fh vij k UT re sty Jo st tc hj ok he re SS gjk KB gdsdg ujj hfd ch I kn g DD SD HV v in gf DD yuck KB te SF HV j kV tr dh HV j kV tr ft j kV f es DC h oo j tr watch l gf sa YG ujj pras for etu oh gf sfu oh gf ssg igg Ed es tu hi oh gf sa DD h oo oh gf DD s dh gj ok oh f es as f JB Jo AES t hoon KB GD add h jk ok tr es YG gi oh tr Ed hi oh fs SD gjk ok he DD DD fu gf DD hug hk KB GD df JB KB GD shh ok he fsc HV j ok gf DD vhk gf DD gjk HV fes gf h ok JJ gf DD dghj ok gdkk HV t Ed fh ok hrsfhk HV fsc HV jk gf f SS f JB k KB te FC HV gj GD SS HV HV j ok it r gf JJ ok gf re a FC in ok he f SSC GH k KB GD d SS f ok JJ fsc HV ok he t Ed g ujj ok he re ch j gf DD g add gj JJ gf bo KB hogi HV fsc in JB gf s gf j JB DD g kon JB fsg vj k KB t sath h ok u tr es gj JB gf s es FC h ok HV as sc HV ch kn JB gf DD HV HV k gf DD DD HV HV jk HV to d HV in JB fs duh hfdfh JJ ok hrsfhk ok h gf DD uh hfdfh JJ g de es s gf HV j ok gf f es DC TV h KB VC DD vj KB f es as FC HV h KB fsfh gf DD DD hj gf df HV j ok gf fsc HV KB f es f HV KB gf DD dh igg HV d SS gj ok gf DD FC HV gf dh on ok oh h tr s TF g ujj igg Ed es FC gf ujj ok g read fh ok g DD hug DD DD HV j gf DD fgj arzoo to St dh JJ fsc HV f JB gd hi JB gf sg JB KB DD g JB KB GD SS HV h ok gf rey ok gf r es tu IB gf r es YG ujj oh f es dh on HC s DD HV j oh tr Ed uh u ok STD dh gj hi ki UT d tu h jk gf sg GH Jo igg gf r tu hi jgd GH Jo igg gf DD DD hu ujj jg st hi ok gf f SS yuhfe st tu uh fe DD f GH hhf DD DD hu ihfddgh ji UT e tu hi ok hg sir ew tu uohfd Dr ry ujj gf er tfuigddhkour es FC s gf hou re fig DD hi oh gf es tu hi ok gf es FC h KB f SS gf te Ed g oh t Ed f uh r et uh t Ed g DD y UT r es th IB YG et f HV u ok fed HV DD DD HV g DD h KB GD df JB h DD SD HV hn KB f es fch JB h DD hi gf West TV in g read th ujj great uh JB fsg HV s DC h Ed uh in FC gf es th IB g DD GH h redd g JB f SSC GH JB f dh j kV f du ok j gf West ikv fresh j JB f th ujj KB the dgh DD g ujj f din f Shah du dh Jan GD fg HV d GH hcdh JJ f GH gf d GH g tr eejskdjemskwmbshs hi de JJ su hi rfj gf did my ge hi ek ko hi de k es no d no DW no DW no DW oekrnekqkw KH dh ew DW ek DW ky DW Dr ew jeii ee I DW j DW kehek ew us GH t oo khfd ch hi hi tr eu ko ee ko ok DW h DW hi de hu Igeh ee eoiji ji ew hi joo re hu hi ek DW j hi DW o DW hu DW ok DW GH ka ky vj ew kw ji I ew hi lwhw HV GH DW ky GH DW hi ek ur to DW hi iw it t hu ee hug ew hi ii DW it hi e ji ok w hu ee ky GH ee ky e Jo ekheguejy tu ew geiej hi ew oky wheohwhwj ew gw hi ek hi re h GH ew hejeei hu to oh hu gw hi
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
1. Combined spinal–epidural
Misganaw M
mengiemisganaw@rocketmail.com
University of Gondar
College of medicine and health
science
SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
DEPARTMENT OF ANAESTHESIA
2. INTRODUCTION
The combined spinal–epidural technique (CSE)
has become increasingly popular in recent years.
It can be defined as the intentional injection of drug
into the subarachnoid space and the placement of a
catheter into the epidural space as part of the same
procedure.
3. CONTI…
CSE allows
a rapid onset of neuraxial blockade, which can
subsequently be prolonged or modified.
Ideally it combines the best features of spinal
blockade (rapid onset, profound blockade, low drug
dosage) and epidural blockade (titratable levels, ability
to prolong indefinitely)
4. CONTI…
and avoids their respective disadvantages (spinal:
single-shot nature, unpredictable level of blockade
epidural: missed segments, incomplete motor
block, poor sacral spread, local anaesthetic toxicity)
it is a more complicated technique than either block
alone and produces a multicompartment block
5. CONTI…
CSE cannot be considered as simply a spinal block
followed by an epidural block.
New complications and reasons for technical failure
are encountered.
Epidural injection may modify the spinal block and
epidural drugs may not behave as they would without
prior dural puncture
6. APPLICATIONS OF CSE TECHNIQUES
CSE was first described in the modern era for
urological surgery .
More recently it has become an established
technique for analgesia in labour and anaesthesia
for Caesarean section .
Obstetric anaesthesia and analgesia have
generated most reports of the technique
7. CONTI…
It is regarded by some as the optimum regional
technique for nonobstetric surgery and has been
used for
orthopaedic ,
trauma ,
general ,
vascular and gynaecological surgery .
It has also been used for paediatric anaesthesia .
8. CSE is the technique of choice for determining
minimum intrathecal drug doses and for assessing
the interaction between intrathecal and epidural
drugs.
9. EPIDEMIOLOGY
There are few data on use of the technique prior to
this decade.
In 1992, Rawal surveyed hospitals in 17 European
countries .
CSE use varied between countries, representing
0.2% (Ireland) to 60% (Holland) of major regional
blockade.
Most use was for major orthopaedic and lower
abdominal surgery.
10. EPIDEMIOLOGY
Also in 1992, in the same 17 European countries, CSE
was used for Caesarean section by 8% of
respondents.
In 1993, in Sweden, two-thirds of departments used
CSE and up to a third of lower limb arthroplasty
surgery was performed using CSE anaesthesia .
In 1997, 28% of Canadian anaesthetists reported
using CSE for labour analgesia . It has been estimated
that use of the CSE increased 10-fold between 1992
and 1997
11. TECHNIQUES OF NEEDLE INSERTION AND
VARIATIONS
Several CSE techniques are described, probably in
part because no single technique is entirely
satisfactory.
Techniques have been varied and modified in order
to increase success and avoid potential or actual
complications.
12. Soresi described performing epidural injection and
then advancing the same needle into the
subarachnoid space .
Sprotte described a similar technique in which a
needle was placed in the epidural space and
remained there while blockade developed.
SINGLE PASS
13. SINGLE PASS
If blockade was inadequate, the needle was
advanced and subarachnoid injection performed.
No catheters were used and it is difficult to imagine
what advantages these techniques have over pure
subarachnoid blockade.
14. This is the most widely used CSE technique.
An epidural needle is used to identify the epidural
space.
A spinal needle is then passed through the epidural
needle into the subarachnoid space and the
subarachnoid block performed.
After the removal of the spinal needle, an epidural
catheter is placed that can be used subsequently.
NEEDLE-THROUGH-NEEDLE
15. Potential problems with needle-through-needle
CSE include:
failure of the spinal component, inadvertent
insertion of the catheter into the subarachnoid
space and
damage to either of the needles through friction
between them.
16. The technique may be performed with a normal
epidural needle and a long spinal needle.
Developments of this technique have included the
design of epidural needles with
‘backeyes’ or holes in the greater curvature of the
needles
which allow the epidural catheter to be inserted away
from the dural puncture site, thus reducing the risk of
inadvertent subarachnoid placement of the epidural
catheter.
17. Other developments include the design of spinal
needles which lock onto the epidural needle after
dural puncture, thus reducing the risk of spinal
needle displacement during intrathecal injection
and failure of spinal anaesthesia.
Identification of dural puncture Because of the long
thin needles used, dural puncture may be difficult to
feel during needle-through-needle CSE.
18. The needle-through-needle technique can also be
performed by inserting a catheter into the epidural
space before the spinal block.
However, this technique risks damage to the epidural
catheter as the spinal needle is inserted.
19. Conventional needle-through-needle CSE
necessitates epidural catheter insertion after
subarachnoid block, which could cause neural
damage since warning signs, such as paraesthesia
are lost.
To avoid this inserting a 29 G spinal needle into a
16 G Tuohy needle, fixing it, then without removing
it, inserting an epidural catheter through the same
needle.
20. This technique allow an epidural test dose to be
given before subarachnoid injection but are
technically complicated.
21. SEPARATE NEEDLES
This technique uses two separate needles to
perform the spinal and epidural components of the
CSE.
Both needles can be inserted at the same vertebral
interspace or at two separate interspaces. Again,
the spinal and epidural components of the CSE can
be performed in either order..
22. The advantages and risks of performing the
epidural component first are the same as those
described for the needle-through-needle technique
above.
The advantage of performing the spinal component
first is that the almost instantaneous onset of
analgesia reduces the risk of the patient moving
during the subsequent insertion of the epidural
needle
23. Studies comparing the needle-through-needle
technique with the separate needle technique have
found a higher rate of failure of the spinal
component with the needle-through-needle
technique.
Failure rates of 5–20% have been reported for the
needle-through-needle technique compared with
<5% for the separate needle technique.
24. DOUBLE-BARRELLED NEEDLES
Certain CSE needles have been designed with two
barrels: one for the performance of the spinal
component and the other for the passage of the
epidural catheter. These needles allow the
separation of the sites of dural puncture and
epidural catheter placement. However, there are
few studies of the efficacy of these needles and
they are not commonly used.
25. COMPARISONS BETWEEN TECHNIQUES LOW DOSE
(‘SEQUENTIAL CSE’) VS. FULL DOSE CSE
TECHNIQUES
a two-stage CSE whereby an intentionally small
subarachnoid dose is administered accepting that a
low block may occur. This is then ‘toppedup’ with
epidural drugs 15–20 min later.
Epidural top-ups act rapidly after CSE and allow
prompt elevation of block level when it is too low.
26. This ‘sequential CSE’ technique allows neuraxial
blockade to be restricted to the lowest level needed and
minimises sympathetic blockade.
This makes the technique theoretically suitable for
patients with cardiac disease or at risk of hypotension.
27. CONT…
The technique has also been used to study the
minimum dose of intrathecal local anaesthetic
suitable for ambulatory anaesthesia and Caesarean
section.
The disadvantage of the technique is that adequate
blockade takes longer to produce than with full
doses making it unsuitable for urgent surgery
28. CSE VS. EPIDURAL OR SPINAL BLOCKADE
CSE raised sensory thresholds more than spinal
or epidural block alone .
CSE can therefore produce a physiologically
denser block than either technique alone.
Epidural or spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean
section is inadequate in up to 4% of cases.
It is suggested that CSE might reduce the risk of
conversion of regional to general anaesthesia to
0.16%
29. COMPLICATIONS
The complications of CSE can be divided into
those related to the technique or those related to
the drugs administered.
Failure of spinal component
Failure of epidural component
Misplacement or migration of epidural catheter
Damage to spinal needle or catheter
Subarachnoid spread of drug
31. FAILURE OF THE SPINAL COMPONENT
Failure of the spinal component of CSEs is more
common with the needle-through-needle
technique than with the separate needle
technique.
In the case of the needle-through-needle
technique, failure of the spinal component can
occur for a number of reasons.
32. A short spinal needle may not protrude far enough
beyond the tip of the Tuohy needle to pierce the
dura.
On the other hand, a long needle may be more
difficult to handle.
Deviation from the midline will also increase the
epidural–dural distance and may result in the spinal
needle missing the subarachnoid space laterally.
33. If ‘loss of resistance to saline’ has been used to
identify the epidural space, backflow of saline
through the spinal needle may be mistaken for
cerebrospinal fluid, which may contribute to failure
of the spinal component
34. FAILURE OF THE EPIDURAL COMPONENT
There are few studies on the rates of failure of the
epidural component.
Occasionally, problems may be encountered with
inserting an epidural catheter following the spinal,
resulting in a significant delay between the spinal
and epidural components of the CSE.
35. Such delays may result in the spinal component of
the block becoming ‘fixed’ before the anaesthetist
has had a chance to position the patient.
Furthermore, significant side-effects of the
subarachnoid block (e.g. hypotension) may occur at
a time when the anaesthetist's attention is centred
on attempting to insert the epidural catheter.
36. SUBARACHNOID PLACEMENT OR MIGRATION OF
THE EPIDURAL CATHETER
When the epidural component of the CSE is
performed after the spinal component,
there is a risk of the epidural catheter being
accidentally inserted into the subarachnoid space
via the hole in the dura created by the spinal
needle.
The risk is greatest with a needle-through-needle
technique.
Backeyes’ may reduce the incidence
37. Migration of the epidural catheter through the dura
after the CSE has been performed is an ever rarer
event.
During epidural top-ups keeping this complication in
mind.
38. DAMAGE TO THE SPINAL NEEDLE OR EPIDURAL
CATHETER
risk of friction between the spinal and epidural
needles with needle-through-needle CSE.
This may generate metallic fragments.
Can be introduced into the epidural or subarachnoid
spaces.
spinal needle tip to be sheared off completely.
.
39. If an epidural catheter is placed before
introduction of the spinal needle,
there is risk of damage to the catheter from contact
with the spinal needle during its insertion.
40. SUBARACHNOID SPREAD OF EPIDURALLY
ADMINISTERED DRUGS
With the CSE technique, a dose of local anaesthetic given
epidurally will produce a higher dermatological block than
expected because of subarachnoid spread of the drug.
this is not usually a clinically significant problem
unless the dura has been breached by the epidural
needle, or large epidural boluses are used.
41. When the epidural component is performed after
the spinal component of CSE, epidural test doses
should be interpreted with caution because of this
subarachnoid spread.
42. NEUROLOGICAL DAMAGE
It is very rare complication.
The vast majority of these complications are minor
with no long-term effects.
Paraesthesia on spinal needle insertion occurs
more commonly but, again, is rarely associated
with any long-term neurological damage.
There have been reports of more serious
complications after CSE such as subdural
haematoma, cauda equina syndrome, aseptic
meningitis
43. POST-DURAL PUNCTURE HEADACHE
Reportes ranged from 0.8 to 2.5%
CSE would be associated with a higher incidence of
headache because of CSF leak from the site of
intentional dural puncture.
CSE may also be associated with a lower incidence
of accidental dural puncture when compared with
conventional epidurals
44. INFECTION
There have been case reports of bacterial
meningitis, epidural abscess, and subdural abscess
after CSE.
The majority of these occurred after the use of CSE
in labour.
There is no evidence that one particular CSE
technique is better than another in terms of risk of
infection.