This document discusses structured programming. It introduces structured programming as a course, development technique, and programming paradigm. As a course, it emphasizes modular programming techniques. As a development technique, it focuses on program modularization. As a paradigm, it emphasizes top-down programming and reducing reliance on GOTO statements. The structured theorem provides the basis for structured programming using sequence, selection, and repetition control structures. Advantages include clarity, productivity, and error reduction, while disadvantages include potential inefficiency. Common structured programming languages include C, Pascal, C++, C#, Java, and Python.

1. STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING
With
C_Python_#
AJAYI, O. O.

2. CHAPTER ONE: STRUCTURED
PROGRAMMING CONCEPT
•INTRODUCTION
•THE STRUCTURED THEOREM
•THE PROS & CONS OF SP
•THE LANGUAGE OF IMPLEMENTATION

3. 1.1 INTRODUCTION
•The concept of Structured Programming was
introduced through paper presentation at a
conference in Italy in 1964 by the duo:
Corrado BOHM and Giuseppe JACOPINI.
This was later formalized in 1966, and the
concept was credited to BOHM and
JACOPINI.

4. -INTRO CONT’D
•We introduced Structured Programming (SP)
from three perspectives:
As a course
As a development technique
As a programming paradigm

5. -SP AS A COURSE
•Structured Programming as a course emphasizes
on modular techniques for writing/structuring
programs.
•In other words, the emphasis of this concept as an
undergraduate course is to expose to students the
methodology involved in structuring
programs/coding.

6. -SP AS A COURSE CONT’D
As we go through the course, take note of the
following keys:
Keys:
‘Programming Brain’ - implies Class Exercise
‘Pin Point’ - implies Archive as Likely Questions at any point
‘Get to Library’ - implies Home Assignment & to be submitted

7. -SP AS A DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUE
•Structured Programming is a software
development method that emphasizes
program modularization and structured
design.

8. • Its strength lies majorly in modularization, an act that aids
programmers in structuring/decomposing programs into
smaller units/partitions.
• This to a great extent enhances program readability and
reduces possibility of program errors, as program paths
are easily traced.
-SP AS A DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUE CONT’D

9. ‘GET TO LIBRARY’
•Write a logical term paper on:
‘Top-Down Technique vs Bottom-Up Technique’.
• NB: Check the course group page for info on writing
format and submission date.

10. -SP AS A PROGRAMMING PARADIGM
•SP is a programming method that
emphasizes on a top-down structure for a
program, rather than transfer of control back
and forth within the program.
•That is, SP is a programming paradigm which
emphasizes on the removal or reduction of
reliance on the use of GOTO statement in
programming.

11. -SP AS A PROGRAMMING PARADIGM CONT’D
•Structured Programming (SP) can be regarded as
a procedural programming method that
eliminates/reduces the use of ‘SPAGHETTI CODE’
in programming.
•Spaghetti code refers to programming module
that makes use of GOTO statement in program
statements.

12. -CONSIDER THE ALGORITHM:
•Initialize Sum = 0
•Capture/Read values for 3 integer variables
•Sum the 3 variables
•Transfer control back to the point of inputting to
capture another set of values
•End the program

13. ‘PROGRAMMING BRAIN’
•Convert the algo to a QBasic Program, observe
the behaviour and report:
•Report on Result:

14. -‘PROGRAMMING BRAIN’ : SOLUTION
2 CLS
4 REM A program to test the ‘danger’ of the use of GOTO
statement
6 Sum = 0
8 Input a, b, c
10 Sum = Sum + (a+b+c)
12 Goto 8
14 End
Observation:
The program does not terminate!

15. ‘PROGRAMMING BRAIN’
(A) In MTN ‘Who wants to be a Millionaire’, when the interviewee gets to a
‘cross road’, he is usually given options/lifeline as:
i. call a friend ii. 50/50 iii. ask the audience
Write a QBasic GOTO-based program to attend to the above.
(B) Having earlier demonstrated the ‘destructive’ nature of GOTO
statement, convert the above QBasic program in (A) to a structured format
using:
(i) Select-Case
(ii) If-Else-If
Access the aaua Wifi or a personal network and submit your solution (30mins – 10mins each).
Awardable Marks encapsulated). Remember this level is undergoing research (seminar & project), so,
no excuse of no access to network. Spend your money wisely! Go ahead!!

16. ‘GET TO LIBRARY’
Differentiate between Structured Programming and
Object-Oriented Programming as Programming
Paradigms.
NB: Check the course group page for info on writing
format and submission date.

17. GENERALLY,
•Structuring programs means programs can
be read sequentially and are therefore, easier
to understand and inspect. Avoiding unsafe
control statement is therefore a major step in
programming for reliability.

18. ‘PIN POINT MODE’
•What if a question was asked:
“How is programming for reliability achieved?”

19. GAMALIEL RAISED TO ESTABLISHED SP (ACT 5 VS 34-39)
• The original concept has said earlier was introduced by
Bohm and Jacopini in 1964 and formalized in 1966.
• But the full adoption/establishment did not happened
until some scholars ‘rose’ to vehemently support the
concept by arguing for SP and arguing against GOTO /
Conventional mode of programming.

20. GAMALIEL RAISED TO ESTABLISHED SP (ACT 5 VS 34-39)
•The supporters are:
Edsger Dijstra, Niklaus Wirth, Ed Yourelon
and Michael Jackson.
•They developed the original concept further and
contributed to the establishment of the popular
term ‘Structured Programming’.

21. THE ‘STRONGEST’ GAMALIEL
•In studying what was wrong with
contemporary programming, Dijstra in 1968
gave some plus and minus to the rivalry
concepts taking a position to knock out or
discourage the use of GOTO.
•These were his summarized assertion:

22. THE ‘STRONGEST’ GAMALIEL CONT’D
•The –ve
-GOTO is an error-prone programming
construct
-GOTO complicates the readability and flow of
program statements

23. THE ‘STRONGEST’ GAMALIEL CONT’D
•The +ve
+SP ‘forces’ programmers to ‘think’; hence
they are less like to make mistake while
developing programs
+SP enhances error tracing and correction as
a result of the structured advantage

24. STRUCTURED THEOREM
• The paper presented by Bohm and Jacopinin established
the idea of Structured Programming using a Structured
Theorem based on three (3) control structures when
designing programs.
• The Structured Theorem provides the theoretical
foundation (basis) for structured programming.
• What does this theorem entails?
• What does the structured theorem says?

25. STRUCTURED THEOREM cont’d
•The theorem says:
•It is possible (sufficient) to write a computer
program using any or a combination of the
under-listed three (3) basic control structures:
Sequence
Selection
Repetition

26. The ‘Pros’ and ‘Cons’ of SP
• Advantages of SP
• CLARITY
• PRODUCTIVITY
• RE-DESIGN
• ERROR FREE
• Disadvantages of SP
• RE-ACTIONARY ATTITUDE
• INEFFICIENCY

27. ‘GET TO LIBRARY’
• Expantiate on the listed Pros and Cons of SP.
• Aside the listed Advantages and Disadvantages of SP, discuss
other known pros and cons of SP.

28. The Language of Implementation
•Structured Programming concept is implemented
using structured programming languages.
•Commonly used SP Languages are C, Pascal
(Delphi), C++, C#, Visual C#, PhP, Visual Basic, Java
and Python.

29. ‘GET TO LIBRARY’
•Distinguish between C and C++ as Structured
Programming Languages in terms of Libraries and
Classes (Procedures & Functions).
•Carry out a comparative analysis of Java and
Python as Structured Programming Languages in
terms of Types and Objects.
• NB: Check the course group page for info on writing format and submission date.

30. -DOWNLOAD @
•https://www.researchgate.net/publication
/325545394_STRUCTURED_PROGRAMMI
NG