The document discusses the Age of Enlightenment in the 18th century when reason and science flourished. It mentions influential figures like Adam Smith, John Locke, and Sir Isaac Newton. It then covers Victorian values like family roles, morality, and restraint. It outlines Cesare Beccaria's views on deterrence in criminal punishment through certainty, celerity, and severity over severity alone. Finally, it discusses Jeremy Bentham's application of rationality to penology and his panoptic prison model providing a more humane approach to incarceration.

2. History
• Age of Enlightenment
– Age of reason
– During the 18th century (1700s)
• Some historic figures
– Adam Smith – economics
– John Locke – social contract
– Sir Isaac Newton – science

3. Age of Enlightenment
Victorian values
– Family sphere & outside life
– Self-denying moral code
– Bring morality to undeveloped
worlds
– Women were feeble and
needed men’s protection
– Sexual restraint
– Selfless mother
– Church and God
– Intolerance for crime
– Restrain from vices
– Emphasis on science & arts

4. Cesare Beccaria
• On Crimes and Punishment
• Deterrence
– Certainty
– Celerity
– Severity
• Certainty + Celerity > Severity
• Argued against death penalty

5. Jeremy Bentham
• Applied rationality
• Penology
• Panoptic prison

6. Bentham’s New Model
• A kinder, gentler way of locking people up
• First penal institutions were foul places devoid
of proper care, food, or medical treatment
• Elimination of physical punishment
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