Criminal justice system
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cRIMINAL JUSTISE SYSTEM CONSISTS OF THE PILLARS OF OUR DEMOCRACY AND SOCIETY. THE PRESENTATION DEALS WITH THE COMPONENTS OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM AND THE FUNCTIONS
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Differential Association Theory- Cunningham
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Cartographic school
The document discusses several schools of criminology including the cartographic school. The cartographic school used maps and statistics to study the relationship between crime and environmental/social factors. It examined crime patterns in different areas and time periods. This school introduced early spatial analyses of crime and how geography influences criminal behavior. It influenced the development of modern crime mapping techniques used by law enforcement.
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Principles of criminal liability
Criminal liability requires proving five key principles: actus reus, mens rea, concurrence, causation, and resulting harm. Actus reus refers to a criminal act. Mens rea refers to criminal intent. Concurrence means the act and intent occurred together. Causation means the act caused the result. Each principle involves complex legal issues that prosecutors must address when bringing charges. Presumptions in criminal cases are meant to simplify trials, not substitute for evidence of a crime.
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An FIR is a written document prepared by the police upon receiving information about a cognizable crime. It is called a "First Information Report" because it contains the first information received by the police about a crime. An FIR can be filed by the victim of the crime or anyone else who has knowledge of the crime. It should include details like the names and descriptions of those involved, the date, time, and location of the incident. Recording an FIR immediately is important as it helps the police arrest offenders and collect evidence, and the earliest version is considered most reliable by courts.
Differential Association Theory- Cunningham
Edwin Sutherland proposed differential association theory in 1947, which states that criminal behavior is learned through intimate personal groups and defines crime as a learning process that can affect anyone. The theory has several key principles: 1) criminal behavior is learned from interactions with others who encourage law-breaking, 2) this learning includes how to commit crimes and rationalize them, and 3) how individuals view legal codes is learned from others. Critics argue it does not fully explain why some from law-abiding families commit crimes or account for spontaneous deviant acts. While not complete, differential association emphasizes the importance of social influences on criminal behavior.
Crime and its types
There are several main types of crimes including crimes against persons like murder and assault, crimes against property like theft and arson, victimless crimes against morality like prostitution and gambling, white-collar crimes committed by people of high status for financial gain, and organized crime committed by structured groups controlling large illegal operations such as drug or weapons trafficking. Crimes are often unevenly distributed across demographics with young, urban, poor, and racial minorities committing some types of crimes more frequently.
Nature of Crime
This document provides an overview of the key concepts and elements of crime that students need to understand for the HSC Core Crime syllabus. It defines crime and outlines the main areas of criminal law, including investigation, prosecution and sentencing. The document discusses the elements of most crimes - actus reus and mens rea. It also covers strict liability offenses, categories of crimes like homicide, assault and treason, and types of offenses such as drug, driving and public order offenses. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate the concepts.
Principles of forensic science
The document discusses the seven basic principles of forensic science:
1) The law of individuality states that every natural or man-made object has unique identifying features. Extensive work in fingerprints has verified this.
2) The principle of exchange means that when a criminal comes into contact with a victim or crime scene, they leave traces and pick up traces from the contact.
3) The law of progressive change recognizes that everything changes over time, impacting how criminals, crime scenes and evidence can be identified.
Classical school & Positive school
The Classical School of criminology focused on free will, hedonism, and punishment fitting the crime. Key thinkers like Beccaria and Bentham believed humans were rational actors who made choices based on self-interest under a social contract. They argued punishment should be proportionate and act as a deterrent to prevent future crimes. In contrast, the Positive School that emerged later took a scientific approach, seeing criminal behavior as influenced by biological, psychological and environmental factors outside a person's control. They advocated for an evidence-based criminal justice system focused on rehabilitation rather than just punishment.
elements of a crime and involvment in a crime
This document defines the key elements of crime under Canadian law. It outlines that a crime is any prohibited act or omission punishable by statute. There are typically four conditions for an act to be considered a crime: it is wrong by societal standards, causes harm, the harm is serious, and is handled by the criminal justice system. It also discusses the distinction between federal and provincial criminal laws. To convict someone, the Crown must prove the guilty act (actus reas) and guilty mind (mens rea) existed at the time of the offense. Mens rea can include intent, knowledge, criminal negligence, recklessness, or willful blindness. Strict and absolute liability offenses do not require proving mens rea.
First Information Report (F.I.R)
Detailed Presentation on First Information Report (F.I.R)
Made By:
Edited By: Ayush Patria, Sangam University, Bhilwara
Follow us on Instagram: @law_laboratory
Website: www.lawlaboratory.in
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three phases of Crime detection
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2.identification of suspects
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Victimology is the study of victims and patterns of victimization. Certain groups are more likely to experience victimization based on factors like age, gender, race, and lifestyle. Younger individuals between 12-24 and males experience higher rates of victimization overall. Females are more likely to be victimized by someone they know, while males are equally likely to be victimized by strangers or acquaintances. Blacks, Native Americans, and Hispanics also experience higher rates of victimization than whites. Victim-precipitation and lifestyle theories suggest that victimization is influenced by a victim's behaviors and routines that increase contact with motivated offenders in the absence of a capable guardian against crime.
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Police and Detective Training Schools
Police and detective training schools provide training to individuals seeking careers in law enforcement. They offer physical, legal, and firearms training to prepare recruits. Some key police training institutes in India include the National Police Academy, Central Detective Training School, Central Bureau of Investigation Academy, and the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy. These institutes train officers for organizations like the Central Reserve Police Force, Border Security Force, Railway Police Force, and state police forces. The training aims to develop officers' law enforcement skills and abilities for maintaining public order and security nationwide.
CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
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The code contains elaborate details about the procedure to be followed in every investigation, inquiry and trial, for every offence under the IPC or any other law.
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Cartographic school
The document discusses several schools of criminology including the cartographic school. The cartographic school used maps and statistics to study the relationship between crime and environmental/social factors. It examined crime patterns in different areas and time periods. This school introduced early spatial analyses of crime and how geography influences criminal behavior. It influenced the development of modern crime mapping techniques used by law enforcement.
police force ppt.pptx
This document discusses human rights in India and police brutality. It outlines several key human rights like the right to life, liberty, freedom of expression, and social/economic rights. The document then discusses police brutality in India, the various forms it can take like false arrest and intimidation, and some of the causes like believing they are above the law. It also discusses police powers related to arrest, detention, stop and frisk and emphasizes the importance of respecting human rights and limiting excessive use of force.
Causes of crimes
Crime is defined as acts that violate laws and customs, destabilizing society. There are three basics of crime: opportunity, desire, and ability. To prevent crime, one of these three factors must be addressed. The document then lists and groups various factors that can contribute to crime, including things like temperature, gender, age, intelligence, personality, bad company, ignorance, poverty and unemployment.
Modus operandi
Modus operandi refers to a criminal's pattern of behavior or method of operation when committing crimes. It describes the specific actions and behaviors a criminal uses to successfully carry out offenses. A criminal's modus operandi can evolve over time as they discover which actions are most effective and refine their skills. While useful evidence for law enforcement, a criminal's modus operandi may change due to outside influences like substance abuse.
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Presentation: Corrections (Part 2) Transcript
Slide 1
Corrections are court imposed programs that allow offenders to serve out their sentences in the community as opposed to being incarcerated.
Two major types of corrections in the community are probation and parole.
Probation is regarded as a judicial function.
Probation is considered a privilege because not all offenders will be sentenced to probation.
The objective of probation is to offer offenders an opportunity to prove themselves and rehabilitate without incarceration.
There are various types of probation programs. Many are considered intensive supervision programs.
Intensive probation programs require closer surveillance for offenders who are considered high-risk.
Probation can impose substantial burdens and should not be regarded as a lenient sanction.
Offenders are subjected to many costs and fees associated with probation as well.
Parole is considered an administrative function as opposed to a judicial function and involves early conditional release from incarceration.
The purpose is to release inmates from incarceration and offers a cost-effective solution for the supervision of inmates for the remainder of their sentence.
Like probation, parole is conducted in the community.
Mandatory release laws require early release of offenders after they have served a specific amount of time incarcerated.
Discretionary release requires that a parole board make the determination of eligibility to decide whether or not an offender is released from incarceration.
Slide 2
Intermediate sanctions are punishments that allow offenders to remain in the community while on probation and serve as a diversionary tactic in lieu of incarceration.
Intermediate sanctions are not necessarily considered true probation; however, they are structured to encourage participants take responsibility for their actions.
Community service started in the late 1960s and is a popular form of probation.
Community service allocates that offenders complete a specified number of of unpaid labor hours towards a community service.
Restorative justice places the responsibility in the offender’s hands. The objective here is to allow the offender to accept responsibility and repair the harms they caused.
Often times, this involves participating in mediation, which can help victims heal from trauma.
Courts may require monetary compensation for losses experienced by the victim. This is known as restitution.
Offenders may also be required to pay a myriad of fines for committing an offense, beyond restitution paid towards victims.
Victim-offender mediation is generally considered a part of restorative justice. Victims and offenders will come together to discuss their feelings about the events and give offenders the opportunity to express remorse and apologies for their crimes.
House arrest confines offenders to their home and is considered an intensive type of supervised probat.
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Explain the confidentiality rules of defense attorneys and explain some situations where they may be able to disclose confidential information
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List and discuss the four types of office policy that influence prosecutors’ decision making according to discussion by Jacoby, Mellon, and Smith
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Describe and discuss the major ethical issues for judges as presented in your text
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Discuss the various forms of forensic testimony and why they have been criticized
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Where do rules of behavior for attorneys come from, and how are they enforced?
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Discuss the number of innocents who may be imprisoned. What are the sources for the estimates? What are the criticisms of the sources?
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Discuss the seemingly contradictory ideal that to ensure the natural rights presented by natural law theorists there must be both less government involvement and more government involvement.
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Define punishment and then discuss the major rationales of punishment.
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What are Mackie’s three types of retribution? Compare and contrast them
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Describe how CO’s have discretion similar to police officers and court personnel.
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List and describe some forms of corruption committed by CO’s.
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What are some ways to reduce corruption in the prison environment?
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Describe the discretion of probation and parole officers and provide examples of ethical and unethical applications of discretion
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Discuss ethical issues for probation and parole officers and differentiate them
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Describe the types of probation officers and ethical issues for each.
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Explain how Abu Ghraib can provide us with lessons for managing the ethical prison.
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List and discuss some management practices that have been found to contribute to an ethical workplace
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Describe and discuss restorative justice and its potential role in dealing with misconduct and corruption in corrections
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What are the two justifications for a “just war”?
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What is the argument in support of torture? What is the argument against it?
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List and discuss the elements Cohen identifies as justifying police action
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Compare and contrast the crime control approach and the public service approach of law enforcement.
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Briefly describe the weaknesses (points of criticism) for both natural and positivist law?
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Discuss the various ways in which the federal government has responded to terrorism.
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What are the ways in which prison is harmful?
Forensic testimony has become essential in the court system in the 21st Century but because forensics
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This document provides an overview of criminal law and criminological theories. It defines crime and discusses different perspectives on defining crime. It also outlines various theories of criminology including: classical criminology, biological and biosocial theories, psychological theories, social learning theory, social bonding and control theories, labeling and reintegrative shaming theory, social disorganization theory, and anomie and strain theories. For each theory, it provides details on the key concepts and notable individuals associated with developing the theories.
Guarding Against Wrongful Convictions
Marissa Boyers Bluestine is the Legal Director of the Pennsylvania Innocence Project. She has written an overview of the Pennsylvania Advisory Committee On Wrongful Convictions Report that was issued in late 2011.
Victims charter
This document outlines a proposed Victim's Charter for Jamaica that aims to address the needs of victims of crime and bring more balance to how victims and offenders are treated in the criminal justice system. The key points are:
1) It recognizes the central role of victims in criminal proceedings and seeks to enhance victim support programs to ensure fair treatment of victims throughout the legal process.
2) A Victims' Services Unit would be established in each parish court to provide assistance to victims as they engage with the legal system and to help reduce the risk of secondary victimization.
3) The introduction of a Victim Impact Statement process would allow victims to have their views and concerns considered in sentencing, while not being used solely
Jamaica - Ministry of Justice Victims Charter
This document outlines Jamaica's Ministry of Justice's plan to develop a Victim's Charter to better support and protect victims of crimes. The Charter aims to recognize victims as central to the criminal justice process, enhance victim support programs, minimize secondary victimization, and restore confidence in the justice system. It discusses the historical shift from viewing crimes as offenses against victims to offenses against the state. The Charter will be informed by international standards and declarations on victims' rights to fair treatment and compensation.
CAC Pamphlet
Citizen Advisory Committees provide impartial advice and recommendations to the Correctional Service of Canada (CSC) to contribute to public safety and the quality of the correctional process. Comprised of about 500 citizen volunteers across Canada, the committees promote public understanding of corrections, contribute to facility and program development, and foster public participation. They also act as impartial observers and provide a liaison between communities and CSC to build support for offender reintegration.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document defines key concepts related to crime, deviance, and social control. It discusses how definitions of deviance can vary across cultures and over time. Crime is defined as acts against the law, while deviance breaks social norms and values. Deviance can be situational, historical, or cross-cultural. Formal social control is exercised through government institutions like police and courts, while informal control comes from groups like family, education, and peer networks. Explanations of crime focus on factors like social class, gender roles, racism, and lack of opportunities that may lead some groups to commit crimes at higher rates.
1 Law Enforcement PPT.ppt
The document discusses the criminal justice system and its key components. It defines the criminal justice system as the machinery used by the state to enforce rules of conduct, protect life and property, and maintain peace and order. The criminal justice system comprises five main parts or pillars - law enforcement, prosecution, courts, corrections, and community - that work interdependently towards common goals like preventing and controlling crime. It also outlines the key stages an individual goes through in the criminal justice process from arrest to sentencing to corrections.
Manuscript
The document discusses the role of criminology and the criminal justice system in addressing and solving crime. It argues that learning criminology helps understand the root causes of criminal behavior in order to develop effective prevention and rehabilitation approaches. An efficient criminal justice system that involves law enforcement, corrections, courts, and the community working together can prevent crime, punish offenders, rehabilitate criminals, and maintain peace. Regular assessment of community awareness and professional development for authorities ensures the criminal justice system adapts to solve crime effectively. Overall, the document advocates for a holistic approach involving education, criminal justice institutions, and community partnerships to address the complex social problem of crime.
Criminal Justice System - Review 2022.pptx
The criminal justice system of the Philippines consists of five pillars - law enforcement, prosecution, courts, corrections, and the community. The law enforcement pillar is the first contact for offenders through detecting crimes and making arrests. The prosecution pillar then conducts preliminary investigations and inquests to determine if there is probable cause. If so, a case is filed in court. Courts make determinations of guilt or innocence. If an offender is found guilty, they serve their sentence in the corrections pillar. Upon release, offenders reintegrate into society in the community pillar. This process aims to achieve both justice and crime control according to the Philippine Constitution.
Making the Victim Central to the Criminal Justice System
Ideas on the status of the crime victim and advocating a victim justice system that takes care of the need for service and justice to victims of crime.
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Criminal justice system
- 1. designed by tinyPPT.com Disclaimer This channel and any videos associated with it, have been for the purpose of educating, information sharing as well as concepts sharing only. Contents of the videos of this channel are as per the best of knowledge and experience of the broadcaster/author. It is suggested to the viewers that they should refer to their standard course as well as reference books for further understanding and clarification. The Broadcaster/author of this channel is not responsible for any loss. Broadcaster/author does not warrant the performance, effectiveness or applicability of any sites linked to in any Video Content, directly or indirectly. Due to the social nature of this broadcasting channel, videos may contain content copyrighted by another entity or person. This channel’s owner claims no copyright to said content.
- 2. designed by tinyPPT.com CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM PALLAVI MALIK CHOPRA
- 3. designed by tinyPPT.com OBJECTIVES • To prevent the occurrence of crime. • To punish the transgressors and the criminals. • To rehabilitate the transgressors and the criminals. • To compensate the victims as far as possible. • To maintain law and order in the society. • To deter the offenders from committing any criminal act in the future.
- 6. designed by tinyPPT.com • They delineate the parameters of behavior in society and define a crime according to the perceptions and needs of society. • They prescribe the procedure for verification of deviance, investigation, procedures for determining the guilt, nature and quantum of punishment. • They are the law makers
- 8. designed by tinyPPT.com • The first contact an offender has with the Criminal Justice System is with the police i.e. law enforcers who investigate a suspected act of crime arrest the suspected offender • Police is the primary law enforcement agency in the CJS. • They shoulder the responsibilities of Maintenance of peace in society. Prevention and detection of the crime. Collection and presentation of evidence in proof of violation before judicial adjudicators. Assisting in the administration of justice.
- 9. designed by tinyPPT.com PROSECUTION & DEFENCE • The prosecutor's job is to see that all the relevant facts, including those favorable to an accused, are placed before the court and to present those facts in an ethical, fair, dispassionate, firm and clear manner. Prosecutors must refrain from all actions which could lead to the conviction of innocent persons. • Defence Lawyers represent the defendant in the court against the state. Defendant hires these lawyers for the court trial. Since the lawyer of both the parties is important, it is an important part of the criminal system.
- 11. designed by tinyPPT.com JUDICIARY • Judges are the ones who make decisions and are the highest body of justice • A free, reasonable, expedient and unbiased legal is the primary prerequisite of justice • The legal might choose the issues unbiasedly, based on realities and as per law, with no confinements, inappropriate impacts, affectations, weights, dangers, or impedances, immediate or circuitous, from any quarter or for any reason. 11
- 12. designed by tinyPPT.com PRISONS & CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTES ▸ Carries out the punishment awarded by the judiciary. ▸ Governing philosophy of punishment is reformation and not retribution. ▸ Punishment may serve a variety of purposes. First and foremost, the incarceration of criminals removes them from the general population and inhabits their ability to perpetrate further crimes. ▸ The new goal of prison punishment is to offer criminals a chance to be rehabilitated. ▸ The job of corrections officers is to make sure the facilities that hold offenders are secure and safe. They oversee the day-to-day custody of inmates. 12
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