Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic fever is a deadly infection of CCHFV. CCHFV is a biosafety level 4 virus. In this presentation the general introduction to the CCHF and CCHFV is given along with various computational drug design approaches for CCHF
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever is an acute disease caused by a virus transmitted by ticks that occurs in 38 countries including Iraq, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. It is most common in those working with livestock like herders, workers, and slaughterhouse employees. The virus is found in ticks, hedgehogs, horses, and rodents. Symptoms include fever, vomiting, rash, and hemorrhaging with a fatality rate of 30-50%. There is no vaccine but supportive care and ribavirin are used for treatment. Reducing tick bites and safe handling of animals are key prevention strategies.
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne viral disease endemic in Pakistan, with outbreaks occurring seasonally. The virus is transmitted by Hyalomma ticks or through contact with infected animal blood or tissues. CCHF has a high mortality rate and presents as a sudden onset fever with hemorrhagic symptoms. Treatment involves supportive care and ribavirin. Prevention focuses on reducing human exposure to ticks through protective clothing, repellents and tick control; as well as safe practices when handling animals or working in healthcare settings.
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne viral disease carried by Hyalomma ticks and transmitted to humans via tick bites or contact with infected animal blood. The virus is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and the Balkans. It causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans with flu-like symptoms initially, which can develop into vomiting blood, black stools, liver swelling, and shock. The disease has a high fatality rate of around 30% and is diagnosed through blood tests and tissue sampling. There is no vaccine available though supportive care and ribavirin treatment may help recovery. Prevention involves avoiding tick bites and reducing contact with potentially infected
Dr. Muhammad Yasir's presentation discusses Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF). CCHF is found across large areas including Pakistan. It is transmitted through tick bites, with an incubation period of 1-9 days. Symptoms include fever, muscle aches, vomiting, diarrhea and hemorrhaging. The mortality rate is approximately 30% with death occurring in the second week. Diagnosis involves laboratory tests like ELISA, antigen detection and RT-PCR. Treatment focuses on general supportive care and the antiviral drug ribavirin. Prevention strategies include tick control, reducing human transmission, and controlling infection in healthcare settings.
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a viral hemorrhagic fever caused by a nairovirus transmitted primarily by ticks of the Hyalomma genus. CCHF has been reported in over 30 countries in Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe and the Middle East. The first reported cases of CCHF in India occurred in 2011 in an outbreak in Gujarat where several medical professionals treating an initial case became infected. CCHF virus is maintained in an animal-tick cycle and can be transmitted to humans via tick bites or contact with infected animal blood and tissues.
Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease affecting millions of people worldwide each year. It is transmitted by the bites of infected Aedes aegypti and albopictus mosquitoes, which breed in stagnant water. The dengue virus causes flu-like symptoms including fever, muscle pains, and rashes. While most cases are mild, severe dengue can cause potentially lethal complications. Prevention efforts focus on eliminating mosquito breeding sites and reducing exposure to bites. A dengue vaccine was recently approved but more research is still needed.
Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) is a viral hemorrhagic fever found in parts of India that is transmitted to humans via tick bites. The virus was first discovered in 1955 after monkeys in a forest died and villagers nearby fell ill. It is caused by a flavivirus and circulates in small forest mammals and ticks, with monkeys amplifying the virus. Humans are infected when bitten by infected ticks, most commonly the Haemaphysalis spinigera tick. KFD presents with acute fever, headache, and hemorrhagic symptoms and has a 4-16% fatality rate. Prevention focuses on controlling tick populations, limiting human exposure to forests, and vaccinating at-risk groups.
Rabies is a viral infection transmitted through animal bites that causes acute encephalitis in humans and animals. It is estimated to cause 59,000 human deaths annually, with the majority occurring in Africa and Asia. The rabies virus has an RNA genome and infects a variety of mammals worldwide except in Antarctica. India accounts for approximately 20,847 human rabies deaths annually, which is 33% of global cases and 59.9% of cases in Asia. Rabies poses a significant disease burden, especially in rural poor populations where dog-mediated transmission is common and surveillance is lacking.
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever is an acute disease caused by a virus transmitted by ticks that occurs in 38 countries including Iraq, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. It is most common in those working with livestock like herders, workers, and slaughterhouse employees. The virus is found in ticks, hedgehogs, horses, and rodents. Symptoms include fever, vomiting, rash, and hemorrhaging with a fatality rate of 30-50%. There is no vaccine but supportive care and ribavirin are used for treatment. Reducing tick bites and safe handling of animals are key prevention strategies.
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne viral disease endemic in Pakistan, with outbreaks occurring seasonally. The virus is transmitted by Hyalomma ticks or through contact with infected animal blood or tissues. CCHF has a high mortality rate and presents as a sudden onset fever with hemorrhagic symptoms. Treatment involves supportive care and ribavirin. Prevention focuses on reducing human exposure to ticks through protective clothing, repellents and tick control; as well as safe practices when handling animals or working in healthcare settings.
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne viral disease carried by Hyalomma ticks and transmitted to humans via tick bites or contact with infected animal blood. The virus is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and the Balkans. It causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans with flu-like symptoms initially, which can develop into vomiting blood, black stools, liver swelling, and shock. The disease has a high fatality rate of around 30% and is diagnosed through blood tests and tissue sampling. There is no vaccine available though supportive care and ribavirin treatment may help recovery. Prevention involves avoiding tick bites and reducing contact with potentially infected
Dr. Muhammad Yasir's presentation discusses Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF). CCHF is found across large areas including Pakistan. It is transmitted through tick bites, with an incubation period of 1-9 days. Symptoms include fever, muscle aches, vomiting, diarrhea and hemorrhaging. The mortality rate is approximately 30% with death occurring in the second week. Diagnosis involves laboratory tests like ELISA, antigen detection and RT-PCR. Treatment focuses on general supportive care and the antiviral drug ribavirin. Prevention strategies include tick control, reducing human transmission, and controlling infection in healthcare settings.
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a viral hemorrhagic fever caused by a nairovirus transmitted primarily by ticks of the Hyalomma genus. CCHF has been reported in over 30 countries in Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe and the Middle East. The first reported cases of CCHF in India occurred in 2011 in an outbreak in Gujarat where several medical professionals treating an initial case became infected. CCHF virus is maintained in an animal-tick cycle and can be transmitted to humans via tick bites or contact with infected animal blood and tissues.
Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease affecting millions of people worldwide each year. It is transmitted by the bites of infected Aedes aegypti and albopictus mosquitoes, which breed in stagnant water. The dengue virus causes flu-like symptoms including fever, muscle pains, and rashes. While most cases are mild, severe dengue can cause potentially lethal complications. Prevention efforts focus on eliminating mosquito breeding sites and reducing exposure to bites. A dengue vaccine was recently approved but more research is still needed.
Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) is a viral hemorrhagic fever found in parts of India that is transmitted to humans via tick bites. The virus was first discovered in 1955 after monkeys in a forest died and villagers nearby fell ill. It is caused by a flavivirus and circulates in small forest mammals and ticks, with monkeys amplifying the virus. Humans are infected when bitten by infected ticks, most commonly the Haemaphysalis spinigera tick. KFD presents with acute fever, headache, and hemorrhagic symptoms and has a 4-16% fatality rate. Prevention focuses on controlling tick populations, limiting human exposure to forests, and vaccinating at-risk groups.
Rabies is a viral infection transmitted through animal bites that causes acute encephalitis in humans and animals. It is estimated to cause 59,000 human deaths annually, with the majority occurring in Africa and Asia. The rabies virus has an RNA genome and infects a variety of mammals worldwide except in Antarctica. India accounts for approximately 20,847 human rabies deaths annually, which is 33% of global cases and 59.9% of cases in Asia. Rabies poses a significant disease burden, especially in rural poor populations where dog-mediated transmission is common and surveillance is lacking.
The document summarizes information about the H1N1 influenza virus (swine flu), including its origins, signs and symptoms, transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and preventive measures. It notes that the first cases of human infection with the novel H1N1 virus were detected in 2009. Symptoms are similar to seasonal flu and it spreads through respiratory droplets. Diagnosis involves laboratory tests. Treatment involves antiviral drugs like oseltamivir and zanamivir. Preventive measures include hand washing, cough etiquette, and staying home when sick.
Monkeypox is a rare zoonosis caused by monkeypox virus. This disease is similar to smallpox disease but with lesser severity. This disease is common among Africans. It can be prevented by avoiding contact with contaminated animal and human fluids as well as respiratory droplets. It require a multidisciplinary approach to achieve cure and prevention.
Zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases transmitted between animals and humans. This document discusses several bacterial, parasitic, protozoan, fungal, and viral zoonotic diseases including brucellosis, plague, leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis, rabies, tularemia, and psittacosis. It provides details on the causative agents, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of these diseases.
Infection Control Guidelines in Tuberculosis [compatibility mode]drnahla
Infection Control Guidelines in Tuberculosis
Dr. NAHLA ABDEL KADERوMD, PhD.
INFECTION CONTROL CONSULTANT, MOH
INFECTION CONTROL CBAHI SURVEYOR
Infection Control Director, KKH.
Zika virus is transmitted to humans primarily through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes. It typically causes mild fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis lasting up to a week. While most infections are asymptomatic, Zika virus infection during pregnancy can cause microcephaly and other birth defects. The virus was first identified in 1947 and outbreaks have occurred in Africa, Asia, Pacific Islands and the Americas. There is no vaccine or specific treatment, so prevention focuses on controlling the mosquito vector and protecting against bites.
Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) by Wazhma HakimiDr. Wazhma Hakimi
Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a highly fatal viral zoonotic disease caused by a tickborne virus (Nairovirus). It is primarily transmitted to humans either by the bite of the Hyaloma ticks or by direct contact with blood or tissues, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of an infected animal during and immediately after slaughter. Human to human transmission can also occur resulting from close contact with bodily fluids of infected persons. Hospital acquired infections can also occur due to improper sterilization of medical equipment, reuse of needles and contamination of medical supplies. The hosts of the CCHF virus include a wide range of wild and domestic animals such as cattle, sheep and goats. A case with sudden onset of high grade fever over 38.5OC for more than 72 hours and less than 10 days, especially in CCHF endemic area and among those in contact with sheep or other livestock (shepherds, butchers, and animal handlers including exposed family members) is defined as CCHF. The fever is usually associated with headache and muscle pain and does not respond to antibiotic or anti malarial treatment. Other signs and symptoms include malaise, weakness, irritability, and marked anorexia. There may be bleeding from gums, nose, lungs, uterus and intestine, but only in serious cases associated with severe liver damage. A single case of CCHF is considered by DEWS Plus as an outbreak and is investigated. The number of outbreaks of CCHF shows significant increase in Afghanistan. Similarly the number of deaths and provinces has tripled in 2016 (18 deaths, 24 provinces) compared to 2013 (6 deaths, 8 provinces). The data since 2007 shows that the number of CCHF cases and outbreaks has increased from 2 provinces (Herat and Helmand) to other 26 provinces. The sudden increase of CCHF cases also typically corresponded with the post exposure animal sacrifice during Eid Al Adha. Outbreaks of CCHF are a major public health concern n Afghanistan. Though the majority of the cases are reported from Herat province, the spread of the disease to 24 provinces is concerning. This pattern in the spread of the disease is a potential public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC). Risk of infection to health staff is high and the importance of IPC in hospitals also needs to be emphasized. Transboundary and internal movement of livestock need to be continuously monitored along with effective use of appropriate acaricide to reduce the tick population.
This document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It begins by defining emerging infectious diseases as diseases whose incidence in humans has increased in recent times or threatens to increase. Re-emerging infectious diseases are those that were previously under control but are now increasing again. The document then discusses the classification of these diseases by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. It provides historical examples and details recent disease outbreaks in India like plague, diphtheria, leptospirosis, Nipah virus, and Chikungunya fever. It concludes by examining the factors that contribute to the emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases.
This document provides an overview of dengue fever, including its epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, classification, clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, prevention, and vaccines. Dengue fever is caused by infection with one of four dengue virus serotypes and transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. It presents as an acute febrile illness and can develop into severe dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome in some cases. Diagnosis involves virus or antibody detection tests. Management focuses on treatment of symptoms, and prevention through mosquito control measures and vaccine development.
The document provides information on the Zika virus, including its history, epidemiology, transmission, signs and symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and current situation. It discusses how the virus was first identified in 1947 in Uganda in monkeys and humans in 1952. It outlines its spread to Africa, Asia, the Pacific islands, and the Americas. It also summarizes Brazil reporting over 500,000 suspected Zika cases and the observed increase in Guillain-Barré syndrome and microcephaly linked to the outbreak.
This document provides information about swine flu (H1N1). It discusses the causes, symptoms, treatment, and prevention of swine flu. Key points include that swine flu is caused by orthomyxovirus and spreads through respiratory droplets. Symptoms are similar to seasonal flu and can include fever, cough, and body aches. Treatment involves isolation, antiviral drugs like Tamiflu and Relenza, and vaccination against seasonal flu may provide partial protection. Prevention includes hand washing, avoiding contact with sick individuals, and staying home when ill.
Content & references in part including multimedia content (illustrations, videos) might be taken from the public domain, by no means, aiming at copyrights infringement. All intellectual property rights reserved with the owners.
Scrub typhus, also known as bush typhus, is a disease caused by a bacteria called ORIENTIA TSUTSUGAMUSHI.
Scrub typhus is spread to people through bites of infected chiggers (larval mites).
Most cases of scrub typhus occur in rural areas of Southeast Asia, Indonesia, China, Japan, India, and northern Australia. Anyone living in or travelling to areas where scrub typhus is found could get infected
Scrub typhus is not transmitted directly from person to person; it is only transmitted by the bites of vectors
Chiggers are abundant in locales with high relative humidity (60%–85%), low temperature (20°C–30°C), low incidence of sunlight, and a dense substrate-vegetative canopy.
Occupational risk is higher in farmers (aged 50–69 years), females.
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Neisseria meningitidis is a leading cause of bacterial meningitis worldwide. It commonly causes epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa and sporadic cases elsewhere. Clinical features include sudden onset of fever, headache, and neck stiffness. Diagnosis is made by identifying the bacteria in spinal fluid. Antibiotics like penicillin and ceftriaxone are effective treatments but prevention through vaccination is important for controlling outbreaks.
This document discusses Neisseria meningitidis, the bacteria that causes meningococcal disease. It describes how the bacteria colonizes the nasopharynx and can spread to the bloodstream and cerebrospinal fluid, potentially causing meningitis. Symptoms range from mild nasopharyngitis to fulminant sepsis. A petechial or purpuric rash is a hallmark of meningococcal disease. Treatment involves antibiotics, while vaccination and chemoprophylaxis are recommended for close contacts. Complications can include adrenal hemorrhage, arthritis, and tissue necrosis.
Dengue (pronounced DENG-gay) can affect anyone but tends to be more severe in people with compromised immune systems. Because it is caused by one of four serotypes of virus, it is possible to get dengue fever multiple times. However, an attack of dengue produces immunity for a lifetime to that particular serotype to which the patient was exposed.
Influenza general intro. (symptoms and prevention ) Reema Choudhary
Influenza, or the flu, is caused by influenza viruses that infect the respiratory tract. There are three main types of influenza viruses that affect humans: A, B, and C. Type A is the most severe and can cause pandemics, while type B primarily affects children. The flu spreads through respiratory droplets when infected people cough or sneeze. Symptoms include fever, body aches, fatigue, and cough. Prevention methods include an annual flu vaccine and good hygiene practices. While the flu is usually self-limiting, high-risk groups like the elderly are more prone to developing complications.
This study analyzed changes in gut microbiota diversity and composition between tumor and non-tumor tissues in 23 patients with colorectal cancer. DNA was extracted from paired tumor and non-tumor tissue samples and the V4 region of 16S rRNA genes was sequenced. Alpha and beta diversity analyses were performed to evaluate differences in microbial richness and composition between tissue types and cancer stages. The results provide insights into how the gut microbiota may be involved in colorectal cancer progression.
Diagnostics and classifications of Corona VirusesShinjan Patra
This document provides an overview of diagnostics and classification of coronaviruses. It begins with the basic structure and genome of coronaviruses. It then discusses how coronaviruses are classified and their phylogeny. The remainder of the document summarizes various diagnostic approaches for coronaviruses including nucleic acid based assays like RT-PCR and newer methods, serology based assays using antibodies and antigens, as well as some emerging home based diagnostic options.
The document summarizes information about the H1N1 influenza virus (swine flu), including its origins, signs and symptoms, transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and preventive measures. It notes that the first cases of human infection with the novel H1N1 virus were detected in 2009. Symptoms are similar to seasonal flu and it spreads through respiratory droplets. Diagnosis involves laboratory tests. Treatment involves antiviral drugs like oseltamivir and zanamivir. Preventive measures include hand washing, cough etiquette, and staying home when sick.
Monkeypox is a rare zoonosis caused by monkeypox virus. This disease is similar to smallpox disease but with lesser severity. This disease is common among Africans. It can be prevented by avoiding contact with contaminated animal and human fluids as well as respiratory droplets. It require a multidisciplinary approach to achieve cure and prevention.
Zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases transmitted between animals and humans. This document discusses several bacterial, parasitic, protozoan, fungal, and viral zoonotic diseases including brucellosis, plague, leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis, rabies, tularemia, and psittacosis. It provides details on the causative agents, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of these diseases.
Infection Control Guidelines in Tuberculosis [compatibility mode]drnahla
Infection Control Guidelines in Tuberculosis
Dr. NAHLA ABDEL KADERوMD, PhD.
INFECTION CONTROL CONSULTANT, MOH
INFECTION CONTROL CBAHI SURVEYOR
Infection Control Director, KKH.
Zika virus is transmitted to humans primarily through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes. It typically causes mild fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis lasting up to a week. While most infections are asymptomatic, Zika virus infection during pregnancy can cause microcephaly and other birth defects. The virus was first identified in 1947 and outbreaks have occurred in Africa, Asia, Pacific Islands and the Americas. There is no vaccine or specific treatment, so prevention focuses on controlling the mosquito vector and protecting against bites.
Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) by Wazhma HakimiDr. Wazhma Hakimi
Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a highly fatal viral zoonotic disease caused by a tickborne virus (Nairovirus). It is primarily transmitted to humans either by the bite of the Hyaloma ticks or by direct contact with blood or tissues, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of an infected animal during and immediately after slaughter. Human to human transmission can also occur resulting from close contact with bodily fluids of infected persons. Hospital acquired infections can also occur due to improper sterilization of medical equipment, reuse of needles and contamination of medical supplies. The hosts of the CCHF virus include a wide range of wild and domestic animals such as cattle, sheep and goats. A case with sudden onset of high grade fever over 38.5OC for more than 72 hours and less than 10 days, especially in CCHF endemic area and among those in contact with sheep or other livestock (shepherds, butchers, and animal handlers including exposed family members) is defined as CCHF. The fever is usually associated with headache and muscle pain and does not respond to antibiotic or anti malarial treatment. Other signs and symptoms include malaise, weakness, irritability, and marked anorexia. There may be bleeding from gums, nose, lungs, uterus and intestine, but only in serious cases associated with severe liver damage. A single case of CCHF is considered by DEWS Plus as an outbreak and is investigated. The number of outbreaks of CCHF shows significant increase in Afghanistan. Similarly the number of deaths and provinces has tripled in 2016 (18 deaths, 24 provinces) compared to 2013 (6 deaths, 8 provinces). The data since 2007 shows that the number of CCHF cases and outbreaks has increased from 2 provinces (Herat and Helmand) to other 26 provinces. The sudden increase of CCHF cases also typically corresponded with the post exposure animal sacrifice during Eid Al Adha. Outbreaks of CCHF are a major public health concern n Afghanistan. Though the majority of the cases are reported from Herat province, the spread of the disease to 24 provinces is concerning. This pattern in the spread of the disease is a potential public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC). Risk of infection to health staff is high and the importance of IPC in hospitals also needs to be emphasized. Transboundary and internal movement of livestock need to be continuously monitored along with effective use of appropriate acaricide to reduce the tick population.
This document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It begins by defining emerging infectious diseases as diseases whose incidence in humans has increased in recent times or threatens to increase. Re-emerging infectious diseases are those that were previously under control but are now increasing again. The document then discusses the classification of these diseases by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. It provides historical examples and details recent disease outbreaks in India like plague, diphtheria, leptospirosis, Nipah virus, and Chikungunya fever. It concludes by examining the factors that contribute to the emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases.
This document provides an overview of dengue fever, including its epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, classification, clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, prevention, and vaccines. Dengue fever is caused by infection with one of four dengue virus serotypes and transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. It presents as an acute febrile illness and can develop into severe dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome in some cases. Diagnosis involves virus or antibody detection tests. Management focuses on treatment of symptoms, and prevention through mosquito control measures and vaccine development.
The document provides information on the Zika virus, including its history, epidemiology, transmission, signs and symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and current situation. It discusses how the virus was first identified in 1947 in Uganda in monkeys and humans in 1952. It outlines its spread to Africa, Asia, the Pacific islands, and the Americas. It also summarizes Brazil reporting over 500,000 suspected Zika cases and the observed increase in Guillain-Barré syndrome and microcephaly linked to the outbreak.
This document provides information about swine flu (H1N1). It discusses the causes, symptoms, treatment, and prevention of swine flu. Key points include that swine flu is caused by orthomyxovirus and spreads through respiratory droplets. Symptoms are similar to seasonal flu and can include fever, cough, and body aches. Treatment involves isolation, antiviral drugs like Tamiflu and Relenza, and vaccination against seasonal flu may provide partial protection. Prevention includes hand washing, avoiding contact with sick individuals, and staying home when ill.
Content & references in part including multimedia content (illustrations, videos) might be taken from the public domain, by no means, aiming at copyrights infringement. All intellectual property rights reserved with the owners.
Scrub typhus, also known as bush typhus, is a disease caused by a bacteria called ORIENTIA TSUTSUGAMUSHI.
Scrub typhus is spread to people through bites of infected chiggers (larval mites).
Most cases of scrub typhus occur in rural areas of Southeast Asia, Indonesia, China, Japan, India, and northern Australia. Anyone living in or travelling to areas where scrub typhus is found could get infected
Scrub typhus is not transmitted directly from person to person; it is only transmitted by the bites of vectors
Chiggers are abundant in locales with high relative humidity (60%–85%), low temperature (20°C–30°C), low incidence of sunlight, and a dense substrate-vegetative canopy.
Occupational risk is higher in farmers (aged 50–69 years), females.
Video presentation - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=45CjKnJaIC0
Learn Community Medicine along with me : https://t.me/drvkspm
Be my friend by connecting with me through:
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Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/drvenkateshkarthikeyan/
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Learn Community Medicine along with me : https://t.me/drvkspm
Neisseria meningitidis is a leading cause of bacterial meningitis worldwide. It commonly causes epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa and sporadic cases elsewhere. Clinical features include sudden onset of fever, headache, and neck stiffness. Diagnosis is made by identifying the bacteria in spinal fluid. Antibiotics like penicillin and ceftriaxone are effective treatments but prevention through vaccination is important for controlling outbreaks.
This document discusses Neisseria meningitidis, the bacteria that causes meningococcal disease. It describes how the bacteria colonizes the nasopharynx and can spread to the bloodstream and cerebrospinal fluid, potentially causing meningitis. Symptoms range from mild nasopharyngitis to fulminant sepsis. A petechial or purpuric rash is a hallmark of meningococcal disease. Treatment involves antibiotics, while vaccination and chemoprophylaxis are recommended for close contacts. Complications can include adrenal hemorrhage, arthritis, and tissue necrosis.
Dengue (pronounced DENG-gay) can affect anyone but tends to be more severe in people with compromised immune systems. Because it is caused by one of four serotypes of virus, it is possible to get dengue fever multiple times. However, an attack of dengue produces immunity for a lifetime to that particular serotype to which the patient was exposed.
Influenza general intro. (symptoms and prevention ) Reema Choudhary
Influenza, or the flu, is caused by influenza viruses that infect the respiratory tract. There are three main types of influenza viruses that affect humans: A, B, and C. Type A is the most severe and can cause pandemics, while type B primarily affects children. The flu spreads through respiratory droplets when infected people cough or sneeze. Symptoms include fever, body aches, fatigue, and cough. Prevention methods include an annual flu vaccine and good hygiene practices. While the flu is usually self-limiting, high-risk groups like the elderly are more prone to developing complications.
This study analyzed changes in gut microbiota diversity and composition between tumor and non-tumor tissues in 23 patients with colorectal cancer. DNA was extracted from paired tumor and non-tumor tissue samples and the V4 region of 16S rRNA genes was sequenced. Alpha and beta diversity analyses were performed to evaluate differences in microbial richness and composition between tissue types and cancer stages. The results provide insights into how the gut microbiota may be involved in colorectal cancer progression.
Diagnostics and classifications of Corona VirusesShinjan Patra
This document provides an overview of diagnostics and classification of coronaviruses. It begins with the basic structure and genome of coronaviruses. It then discusses how coronaviruses are classified and their phylogeny. The remainder of the document summarizes various diagnostic approaches for coronaviruses including nucleic acid based assays like RT-PCR and newer methods, serology based assays using antibodies and antigens, as well as some emerging home based diagnostic options.
This study evaluated the pharmacodynamic relationships between drug levels and HIV suppression in fresh and cryopreserved cervical tissue using an ex vivo challenge assay. Women used vaginal rings containing dapivirine and/or maraviroc for 28 days. Cervical biopsies were collected and either used fresh or cryopreserved and shipped for processing. HIV replication was greater in fresh tissue compared to cryopreserved tissue. Drug levels in fresh cervical tissue and cervicovaginal fluid negatively correlated with HIV levels, but cryopreserved tissue showed no such correlations. The ex vivo challenge assay using fresh tissue can help prioritize drugs for HIV prevention by defining pharmacodynamic relationships.
This study evaluated the pharmacodynamic relationships between drug levels and HIV suppression in fresh and cryopreserved cervical tissue using an ex vivo challenge assay. Women used vaginal rings containing dapivirine and/or maraviroc for 28 days. Cervical biopsies were collected and either used fresh or cryopreserved and shipped for processing. HIV replication was greater in fresh tissue compared to cryopreserved tissue. Drug levels in fresh cervical tissue and cervicovaginal fluid negatively correlated with HIV levels, but cryopreserved tissue showed no such correlations. The ex vivo challenge assay using fresh tissue defined pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships and could help prioritize drug candidates for HIV prevention.
- The document discusses recent advances in the understanding and treatment of sepsis. It describes how views of sepsis pathophysiology have expanded beyond only hyperinflammation to also consider tolerance, resilience, and the host response.
- Precision medicine approaches are highlighted that apply multiple omics technologies to better characterize individual patients and pathogens to determine personalized treatment plans.
- The potential for artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms to help detect sepsis earlier and improve outcomes is explored based on results from a clinical trial demonstrating reductions in mortality and hospital length of stay.
- Novel technologies under investigation for sepsis include sensors to non-invasively monitor end-organ perfusion and treatments targeting the endothelial glycocalyx, such as with sphing
This document describes the development and validation of a new quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay to estimate total bacterial load in stool samples.
1) The assay targets a conserved region of the 16S rRNA gene using new primers and a probe to generate a shorter amplicon compatible with clinical diagnostics.
2) Testing on 500 liquid and 50 solid stool samples showed the assay accurately measured total bacterial load compared to culture-based methods.
3) The new assay addresses previous issues with non-specific priming and amplification bias, and provides a standardized method for quantifying total bacteria in complex clinical samples.
Oncology Discoveries, University of Chicagouchicagotech
The University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center (UCCCC) uses cooperative, multidisciplinary initiatives to support innovative cancer research. It has over 320 active clinical trials spanning various phases, as well as core facilities that support research efforts. Research is organized into six scientific programs, including Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer and Hematopoiesis and Hematological Malignancies. These programs work to define the genetic causes of cancer and develop targeted therapies through translational research that moves between basic science and clinical applications. Representative technologies described include methods for inhibiting cancer metastasis and developing novel antibodies.
SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19. It is believed to have originated in bats and potentially spread to humans through an intermediate host. The virus uses the ACE2 receptor to enter human cells. Early studies found COVID-19 has an R0 value similar to SARS and pandemic flu. Symptoms include fever, cough, fatigue and shortness of breath. Chest CT often shows bilateral lung infiltrates. Treatment focuses on supportive care while research investigates antivirals like remdesivir and chloroquine. Prevention strategies aim to slow the spread through social distancing, quarantines and hygiene practices.
(1) Corona viruses are large group of viruses that cause illness in humans and animals. Rarely, animal corona viruses can infect people and spread between them, as seen with MERS, SARS, and novel COVID-19.
(2) COVID-19 was announced by the WHO on February 11, 2020. The first case in India was on January 30, 2020. COVID-19 attacks the lungs, entering human cells through ACE2 receptors and using its RNA to hijack the cell's mechanisms to replicate itself before destroying the cell.
(3) Symptoms range from mild to severe/critical. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms since there is no specific treatment yet, though vaccines are under development
This document presents a research proposal to determine the molecular genetic basis of isoniazid and rifampicin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from clinical samples in Dutsin-Ma, Nigeria. The study aims to identify resistance genes in M. tuberculosis isolates and their association with first and second-line drug resistance through DNA sequencing. Approximately 113 sputum samples will be collected and analyzed using staining, culturing, drug susceptibility testing, DNA extraction, PCR, and electrophoresis. Ethical approval will be obtained and data analyzed to understand patterns of drug resistance in the region.
Cytomegalovirus infection in kidny transplantationhadi lashini
HCMV infection is a frequent complication of kidney transplantation, especially in the period 1 to 4 months after transplantation. Overall incidences of HCMV infection and disease during the first 100 days post-transplantation, 60% and 25% respectively, when no HCMV prophylaxis or pre-emptive therapy is given. HCMV infection is an independent risk-factor for kidney graft rejection and associated with high morbidity and mortality rates .
1) Antibiotic resistance in bacteria has evolved due to widespread antibiotic use, necessitating new methods to identify drug targets.
2) The researchers developed a method called CLK-seq that uses microfluidics to crosslink and sequence protein-DNA interactions over time in bacteria like Klebsiella pneumoniae exposed to ciprofloxacin.
3) CLK-seq can determine both the binding locations and kinetics of transcription factor interactions with DNA, allowing identification of gene regulatory sites for antibiotic resistance as potential drug targets.
Viral metagenomics is the study of viral genetic material sourced directly from the environment rather than from a host or natural reservoir. The goal is to ascertain the viral diversity in the environment that is often missed in studies targeting specific potential reservoirs.
The document summarizes preliminary research toward developing a method for stably transfecting the malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax. The researchers tested various transfection conditions and found the highest parasite survival rates using the Amaxa Nucleofector program U-033 and pre-loading erythrocytes with DNA. However, no fluorescent parasites were observed, likely due to the low efficiency of Plasmodium transfection. Future work aims to increase parasite numbers for transfection and further optimize methods.
1. HIV transmission through blood transfusion was a major issue historically due to lack of screening tests, but effective testing has now greatly reduced the risk.
2. In India, over 14,000 cases of HIV transmission through blood transfusion were reported from 2009-2016, though the number reported in 2018-19 was lower at around 1,342.
3. Diagnostic testing for HIV has advanced from ELISA and rapid tests that detect antibodies to more sensitive nucleic acid amplification tests (NAT) that can detect HIV within 11 days of exposure.
This study analyzed hematological and biochemical markers in 249 patients hospitalized with COVID-19, of which 58 patients died. The key findings were:
1) Non-survivors had significantly higher neutrophil counts, procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, AST, serum potassium, prothrombin time, activated prothrombin time, and LDH compared to survivors.
2) Survivors had significantly higher lymphocyte counts and hemoglobin levels than non-survivors.
3) Patients with abnormal chest x-ray findings had significantly higher white blood cell counts, neutrophil counts, platelet counts, serum potassium, procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, AST, ALT
This document discusses molecular diagnostics techniques. It begins by introducing molecular diagnostics and its significance in detecting pathogens, genetic mutations, and biomarkers. It then describes several key techniques used in molecular diagnostics, including nucleic acid amplification methods like PCR, isothermal amplification, and hybridization techniques. It also discusses methods like microarrays, genotyping, and mass spectrometry. The document provides examples of how these techniques are applied to detect various infectious diseases and genetic conditions.
RETROVIRUS MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER AND EXPRESSION CLONINGSrishtiRoy10
- The retroviral virion is a spherical particle 80-100 nm in diameter composed of a lipid bilayer envelope containing glycoproteins and a capsid containing two copies of the viral RNA genome and enzymes.
- Retroviruses replicate by reverse transcribing their RNA genome into DNA which is then integrated into the host cell genome by an integrase enzyme to become a provirus, allowing transcription of viral genes.
- Retrovirus mediated gene transfer involves the virus producing a DNA copy of its genome using reverse transcriptase, with the DNA then integrating randomly into the host cell genome, allowing investigation of gene function.
This document provides an overview of plant tissue culture. It discusses the basics, including definitions and history. The key facilities, materials, and equipment needed are described. The composition and role of various media components such as macronutrients, micronutrients, carbon sources, and growth regulators are summarized. Different types of cultures and their applications are listed. The general steps involved in plant tissue culture are outlined.
The Protein Data Bank (PDB) is a database for the three-dimensional structural data of large biological molecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids. This presentation deals with what, why, how, where and who of PDB. In this presentation we have also included briefing about various file formats available in PDB with emphasis on PDB file format
This document discusses probability distributions in R. It defines probability distributions as ways to model real-life uncertain events and make inferences from sample data. It covers the binomial, Poisson, and normal distributions, and how to generate and analyze each using functions in R like dbinom(), rpois(), dnorm(), pnorm(), and qnorm(). These functions allow calculating probabilities, simulating distributions, and finding cutoff points for given probabilities.
This document provides an overview of regression analysis, including linear regression, multiple regression, and assessing assumptions. It defines regression as a technique for investigating relationships between variables. Simple linear regression involves one predictor and one response variable, while multiple regression extends this to multiple predictors. Key steps are outlined such as assessing the fit of regression models using R-squared, testing the significance of individual predictors, and ensuring assumptions of normality, linearity and equal variance are met. Examples are provided demonstrating how to evaluate these assumptions and interpret regression results.
Chemistry Development Kit is a widely used open source cheminformatics toolkit, providing data structures to represent chemical concepts along with methods to manipulate such structures and perform variety of cheminformatics algorithms ranging from chemical structure canonicalization to molecular descriptor calculations and pharmacophore perception. The Chemistry Development Kit (CDK) is computer software, a library in the programming language Java, for chemoinformatics and bioinformatics. In this presentation a brief history of CDK, the various facilities provided by it, it's applications, and various analytical tools based on CDK such as CDK-Taverna, Bioclipse, PaDEL, Cinfony and, CDK extensions exist for KNIME are discussed.
Validation is the process of checking that your model is consistent with stereochemical standards i.e., validation is the process of evaluating reliability
In this presentation various aspects of validation are discussed
Metabolism is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms .The metabolome is the global collection of all low molecular weight metabolites that are produced by cells during metabolism, and provides a direct functional readout of cellular activity and physiological status. In this presentation i have given the list of various Metabolomic databases and metabolite databases. In addition to this there is a brief description about SMPDB and HMDB and BioTransformer
PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY EVALUATION OF DECALEPIS HAMILTONIIAlichy Sowmya
Man requires basic necessities i.e. food, shelter and cloth. In addition to this attempts were made to reduce the severity of the disease or to cure different ailments. The biodiversity of natural resources like plants, animals, microbes, minerals and marine sources has served this need since time immemorial. Plants have played a crucial role in maintaining human health and improving the quality of human life for thousands of years. The World Health Organization has estimated that 80% of the earth’s inhabitants rely on traditional medicine for their health care needs, and most of this therapy involves the use of plants extracts or their active components.The use of the plants as medicine has been followed traditionally as trial and error and the effect of the plant medicine is being passed from generation to generation. It is orally familiar to the rustics.The plant is traditionally found to be useful for many ailments like haemorrhage, thirst,antimicrobial, urticaria, jaundice, gout, blood disorders and for diabetes. The literature review revealed that antibacterial activity was reported for leaves and roots of Decalepis aryalpathra.The genus Decalepis has been reported to posses different classes of compound mainly tannin,saponin, carbohydrate, fatty acid, flavanoids, alkaloids etc, which are responsible for antimicrobial and anthelmintic activity and also for treatment of various diseases.However, there is no scientific evidence to verify these claims. There is a dearth of reports on
pharmacognostical, antimicrobial and anthelminthic activity of Decalepis hamiltonii. In view of the above, the current study was designed to verify these indigenous claims and to provide basis for the rationale use of tuberous herb namely Decalepis hamiltonii (D. hamiltonii,Asclepiadaceae), as antimicrobial and antihelminthic drug.
SciFinder and its utility in Drug discoveryAlichy Sowmya
SciFinder Scholar® is a Z39.50 Windows-based interface that provides easy access to the rich and diverse scientific information contained in the CAS databases including Chemical Abstracts from 1907 onwards. SFS is an elegant search interface to six core chemical-related databases. Five of these databases are produced by CAS itself
Prescription Filling Record is the record of the original prescription and refill records. In this report, the various contents of the record , the procedures for dispensing the records and the procedures for the storage of the records have been discussed.
Information science is a multi disciplinary science with applications in a wide range of aspects. In this presentation there is a brief introduction to what is information science, how it orginated and characteristics of information science. It also covers the various definitions of information science.
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Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
3. • Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever is a disease caused by an Arbovirus, CCHFV with
a mortality rate of 6% to 50%
• The first description of hemorrhagic fever similar to that of CCHF was done in 12th
century
• Officially it was first described, in 1940s in the Crimean peninsula, and later in 1956 in
Congo
• It is geographically widespread, ranging from the Middle East and Asia to South Africa
and Eastern Europe
• CCHFV is biosafety level-4 virus making it difficult to study
Introduction:
2
Mendoza, E., et al.,, Zoonoses Public Health. 2018, 65, 465-480.
4. Epidemiology:
• The disease is endemic in many countries in Africa, Europe and Asia, and outbreaks
have been recorded in Kosovo, Albania, Islamic Republic of Iran, Pakistan, India, and
South Africa among other countries
• In between 2002 – 2008 , 2508 cases of CCHF with 133 deaths have been reported in
Turkey alone
• In September, 2010 an outbreak was reported in Pakistan with a case-fatality rate above
10%
• In SEAR, the first laboratory confirmed case was reported on 19 January, 2011 in
Gujarat state of India
3
http://www.searo.who.int/entity/emerging_diseases/links/CCHF_Fact_Sheet_SEARO.pdf (21 nov 10:30am).
5. Scenario in India:
• In India first case of CCHF was reported in Jan 2011, in Gujarat, then there was a
nosocomial outbreak talking 3 lives
• Again in 2013, there was a outbreak in Karyana village, Amreli district, Gujarat State
• CCHF-positive and fatal human cases were reported from Patan, Rajkot, Surendranagar,
and Ahmadabad districts in Gujarat State
• In may 2018, CCHF was reported in Sirohi district, Rajasthan state
Mishra et al., Lancet. 2011, 378, 372.
4
6. Causative agent:
• CCHFV is a second most widely distributed arbovirus after dengue virus
• Classification:
• Virion structure and molecular biology:
Flick, R.et al., Curr. Mol. Med. 2005, 5, 753-760. Contd…
5
7. • Transmission of virus:
Small
Mammals
and birds
Nymph
Larva
Drop off
and Molt
Oviposition
and Hatching
Adult
Humans
(Nosocomial transmissions)
Contd…
6
Aslam, S., et al.,, Biomed Rep. 2016, 4, 15-20.
8. Pathophysiology:
CCHFV
Tick bite
Entry from epithelium
Basolateral compartment
Release in the endothelial cells
Basolateral compartment
Spread into the blood stream
Dissemination into liver and
other tissues
Release of cytokines
Upregulation of the adhesion
molecules Damage of the immune system
Necrosis with little or no
inflammation
Activation of Endothelial cells and damage of the endothelium Uncontrolled viral
replication
Initiation of the inflammatory reactions
Intrinsic coagulation
cascade activated
Vascular permeability and
vasodilation are increased
Disseminated intravascular
coagulation
Hypotension, multiple organ
failure and shockHemorrhages
Liver dysfunction
Hemophagocytosis
CCHFV
Infected dendritic cells
and Macrophages
Spread to local lymph
nodes and spleen
7
Arasli, M., Curr Trop Med Rep. 2016, 3, 14-19.
9. Clinical Features:
• The CCHFV infection can be characterised by four characteristic stages viz.,
incubation, prehemorrhagic, hemorrhagic, and convalescence
Melena Epistaxis
Ecchymosis Petechiae
Ergönül, Ö.et al., Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2018, 24, 1642.
8
10. Treatment:
• CCHF is a severe disease in humans, with a high mortality rate, but unfortunately there
is no specific treatment available till date
• General supportive therapy is the mainstay of patient management in CCHF. Intensive
monitoring to guide volume and blood component replacement is required
• The antiviral drug ribavirin has been used in treatment of established CCHF infection
with apparent benefit, but effectiveness is yet to be proven
9
http://www.searo.who.int/entity/emerging_diseases/links/CCHF_Fact_Sheet_SEARO.pdf (21 nov 10:30am).
11. Prevention and control:
• As it is a tick borne virus acaricides (chemicals intended to kill ticks) can be an option
• Persons living in endemic areas should use personal protective measures
• Patients with suspected or confirmed CCHF should be isolated and cared for using
barrier nursing techniques. Proper measures are to be taken to prevent nosocomial
transmission
• Healthcare workers are at risk of acquiring infection and therefore they should take
proper precautions
• Community education initiatives should be instituted in the event of an observed
outbreak
10
http://www.searo.who.int/entity/emerging_diseases/links/CCHF_Fact_Sheet_SEARO.pdf (21 nov 10:30am).
12. Literature review:
11
• Javadmanesh Ali et al., have conducted in silico evaluation of the antiviral effects of the
lactoferrin against the envelopment protein (Gn and Gc) of the CCHFV
• Sitansu Kumar Verma et al., have conducting docking studies to explore the binding
sites for the antiviral compounds in RdRp of CCHFV
• Fatih Kocabas et al., used computational approaches for identification of inhibition site
in OTU Domain of CCHFV
14. • Materials and methods:
Preparation of the target structure for docking
Preparation of the docked entity
Predicting CCHFV N binding site
High – throughput docking studies
Classical Molecular dynamic simulation
Ensemble – based docking simulations
Virtual screening procedure
• Results:
CCHFV N druggable pocket
Finding putative inhibitors
Molecular dynamic studies
Contd…
Contd…
13
15. Contd…
Contd…
Preparation of the target structure for docking:
•The X Ray crystallographic structure of CCHFV nucleoprotein was deposited in the PDB
along with sulfate ion as a ligand with ID 4AQG with a resolution of 2.8 Å
•They have downloaded the structure and upon studying they have found that the amino
acid sequence was missing of 12 amino acid sequences which were later added using
SWISS - MODEL
•The sequences from Leu181 to Ser194 were added
14
17. Contd…
Contd…
Predicting CCHFV N binding site:
•In this study for determining the binding pocket, they have used DoGsiteScorer server
•Then they have used Poisson Boltzmann solver (APBS) method of PyMol software to
determine the positive charges
High – throughput docking studies:
•After the binding pockets have been recognized they have predicted the binding poses and
affinities of the compounds over the predicted binding site of CCHFV Nucleoprotein
•For this determination AutoDock Vina 1.1.2 with 40 – 34 – 40 search space was used
16
18. Classical Molecular dynamic simulation:
•Initially, they have used PRODRG server to generate the topology files of the ligand
•The corrections regarding their protonation states was made using the PROPKA server and
finally GROMAC was used
•The molecular dynamics simulation was done for 10 ns
Ensemble – based docking simulations:
•In this study, the ensemble was made using molecular dynamic simulation
•The simulation was performed for 10 nanoseconds (ns) and for every 2.5 ns a snapshot was
taken
Contd…
Contd…
17
20. Contd…
Contd…
Results:
CCHFV N druggable pocket:
•Using DoGsiteScorer server they have recognised three pockets which are allegedly be the
potential binding pocket. The three pockets were as follows:
• Pocket1 (between head and tail domains)
• Pocket 2 (in the head domain)
• Pocket 3 (in the head domain)
•It was found that pocket 1 and pocket 3 consists of both positive and negative charges, and
the pocket 2 contains more positive charge
19
21. Contd…
Contd…Sharifi. A et al., Comput. Biol. Chem. 2017, 70, 1-6.
Three predicted pockets over CCHFV N protein are coloured by yellow, cyan and magenta
20
22. Contd…
Contd…
Finding putative inhibitors:
•1584 FDA approved drugs were docked with the cut-off value of -8 kcal/mol and 25 hits
were retained
•After the screening procedure only Doxycycline and Minocycline have been selected
•The docking conformation of doxycycline shows two hydrogen bonds with Leu387 and
one with Lys411 besides hydrophobic interactions with Ala302, Ile373, and Ile448
•Minocycline predicted pose comprises only one hydrogen bond with Ser386 in addition to
hydrophobic contact with Ala302, Thr381, and Ile448 residues
•It was hypothesized that doxycycline inhibits the protein more desirable than minocycline,
as it is in accordance with their obtained binding energies
21
23. Contd…
Contd…
A. Binding orientation of doxycycline B. Binding orientation of minocycline C. Alignment of both drugs
22
Sharifi. A et al., Comput. Biol. Chem. 2017, 70, 1-6.
24. Contd…
Molecular dynamic studies:
•The Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of the protein backbone reveals that the
suggested ligand – protein complex reach stability at same time
(A) MD graphs of doxycycline and minocycline
(B) The RMSD plot of protein ligand complex
23
Sharifi. A et al., Comput. Biol. Chem. 2017, 70, 1-6.
25. Conclusion:
• CCHFV is one of the most dangerous classes of the virus and it was suggested CCHFV
Nucleoprotein could be a potential pharmaceutical target for inhibiting CCHFV
• FDA approved drugs were docked 25 dugs were filtered, virtual screening of these 25
drugs were conducted and two drugs, namely Doxycycline and Minocycline were
selected
• Molecular dynamic simulation of CCHFV N protein was done for 10ns with a snapshot
taken for every 2.5ns i.e., 4 snapshots or 4 conformations of the protein were identified
and the two drugs Doxycycline and Minocycline were docked over those 4 conformers
• It was found that both bind to all conformers with equal affinity and RMSD revealed that
the protein-ligand complex is more stable than that of protein without ligand
24