creation of ecommerce website with payment gate ways

TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTERS PAGE NUMBERS
CHAPTER 1
1.1 Introduction to study
1.2 Need and Importance of study.
1.3 Objectives.
1.4 Purpose of the study.
1.5 Scope of the study.
1.6 Research methodology.
1.7 Limitations of the study.
CHAPTER 2
2.1 Literature review.
CHAPTER 3
3.1 Introduction.
3.2 History of E-Commerce.
3.3 Architecture of E-Commerce
3.4 Introduction
3.5 History of UPI.
3.6 Key features of UPI.
3.7 How of UPI works.
CHAPTER 4

4.1 Introduction.
4.2 Significance of UPI in India’s Payment
landscape.
4.3 The impact of UPI on E-commerce.
4.4 Working mechanism of UPI in E-commerce.
4.5 Architecture of UPI in E-commerce.
4.6 Draw backs of UPI in E -commerce.
CHAPTER 5
5.1 Primary Data Analysis & Interpretation.
CHAPTER 6
6.1 Findings from the study.
6.2 Suggestions from the study.
6.3 Conclusions of the study.
CHAPTER 7
7.1 Website front end summary.
7.2 Website Summary.
7.3 Database Summary.
CHAPTER 9
9.1 References.
Questionnaire.

ABSTRACT.
E-commerce provides the capability of buying and selling products, information and services on the
Internet and other online environments. This project abstract aims to outline the design and
implementation of an ecommerce website that incorporates new payment technology and services. In
an e-commerce environment, payments take the form of money exchange in an electronic form, and
are therefore called Electronic Payment. E-Payment system is secure there should be no threat to the
user credit card number, smart card or other personal detail. Studied have been carried out on E-
Payment system. E-Payment system an integral part of electronic commerce.
Questions are related to E-Payment system in which given options are Agree, Disagree, strongly
disagree, strongly agree, Neutral. After analysis and comparison of various modes of electronic
payment systems, it is revealed that it is quite difficult, if not impossible, to suggest that which
payment system is best. Some systems are quite similar, and differ only in some minor details. Thus,
there are number of factors which affect the usage of e-commerce payment systems.
The objective of this project is to enhance the payment experience for customers and provide efficient
communication between the customer and the seller. The ecommerce website will be designed with a
focus on user experience and accessibility. The website will feature a modern and intuitive design that
is easy to navigate, with clear product listings and descriptions. A responsive design will also be
implemented, ensuring the website is optimized for mobile devices. To improve the payment
experience, the website will incorporate new payment technology such digital wallets payments. The
website will also integrate with popular payment gateways such as Google pay and Paytm. providing
customers with a range of payment options sales.
KEYWORDS: E-commerce; electronic payments system; payments gateway, E-payment system
security.

1.1 INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY.
E-commerce website development is the process of creating an online platform that allows businesses
to sell their products and services over the internet. A payment gateway is a service that processes
online payments for e-commerce websites. It is an essential component of any e-commerce platform,
as it enables customers to securely make payments online. In this article, we will discuss the basics of
e-commerce website development with a payment gateway. The first step in developing an e-
commerce website is planning and designing. This involves identifying the target audience, creating a
user-friendly interface, and designing a website that is visually appealing. It is also important to
choose an e-commerce platform that provides the necessary features, such as product catalogues,
shopping carts, and checkout systems. In an e-commerce environment, payments take the form of
money exchange in an electronic form, and are therefore called Electronic Payment.
The merchant sells the goods to customer and customer pay the price with the help of E-Payment
system. In offline world the payment is made with cash or through cheque. In online sales accepting
payment is a curial aspect of the transaction. The spread of e-payment usage varies unevenly between
countries partly due to differences in factors such as quality of regulatory framework and readiness of
telecommunication infrastructure. New payment services based on the Internet and mobile phones
proliferate in the advanced economies. E-Payment system is secure. There should be no threat to the
user credit card number, smart card or other personal detail, payment can be carried out without
involvement of third party, it makes E payment at any time through the internet directly to the transfer
settlement and form E-business environment
Main function of e-commerce is handing out of information. Now a day’s ecommerce is used in all
areas from product design to customer service. Basically, e-commerce is the one kind of business
process to interact with customer quickly such as online advertising, online payment, and online
customer services, order tracking, product exchange etc. Also, it can reduce carrying cost and order
related solutions, service charges, and costs in managing orders. It enables to interconnect with a
long-range of suppliers, distributors and trading partners also in rural areas. Basically, e-commerce
means do business as usual but across the internet.
IT (Information technology) system has a remarkable outcome on production process. Businesses are
producing huge funds in e-commerce purpose but they are tough short of to appraise the achievement

of their e-commerce arrangement. The Information Systems Success Model of DeLone & McLean can
be modified to the extent challenge of the innovative e-commerce system. This study examines about
the customer dependability in an online business-to-consumer (B2C) context. Internet has an amazing
outcome on developing of trading process. Here in this paper, we discuss about the E-commerce
concerned in searching and obtaining manuscript on the Internet. If we go through a survey the
collected data shows that both acquaintance through an Internet seller and its procedure and
expectation in the retailer prejudiced the respondents’ purpose to find out about books. Furthermore,
the information shows that whereas knowledge certainly makes confidence, it is principally people’s
character to belief that artificial their faith in the merchant. Suggestions for investigate and practice
are discussed. Also, various studies are discussed about m-commerce (mobile commerce)
technologies.

1.2 NEED AND IMPORTANCE OF STUDY.
➢ Need for the study:
• THE CONCEPT OF E-COMMERCE AND HOW IT HAS REVOLUTIONZED
THE WAY BUSINESS OPERATE: E- Commerce has totally changed the way of doing
business with the digital revolution. Specifically, COVID-19 plays a vital role in changing
buying selling patterns by leveraging the power of internet. E-Commerce impacts the
business landscape and how E-Commerce has changed ways of doing business.
• GLOBAL REACH: E-Commerce enables businesses to reach customers worldwide.
Now companies operate without geographical barriers. This helps businesses expand
their customer base beyond the local and regional markets.
• 24/7 ACCESABILITY: Time flexibility is another major change, unlike traditional
brick-and-mortar stores having fix operating timing, E-Commerce stores operate round
the clock. Customers can shop according to their convenience. This leads to an increase
in sales opportunities.
• COST EFFICIENCY: Though, running an eCommerce store has its own requirements
in terms of cost but as it eliminates the need for physical storefronts so the overhead
cost like rent, utility bills and staffing reduce as a result. This cost-effective approach
benefits both the establish businesses owners and the new entrepreneurs or startups.
• EXPANSION OF SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES (SMES):
SMEs can easily approach and compete on a global scale without having a huge funding at
the back. From the beginning they have an opportunity to grow globally and expand
internationally.
• DATA DRIVEN DECISION MAKING: E-Commerce platforms provide vast amounts
of data, including sales by regions, customer preferences, browsing behaviour, seasonal
preferences and purchase history. Businesses can easily leverage this data for market
research, demand planning, designing market expansion techniques, product development,
and targeted marketing campaigns.
• PERSONALIZATION AND TARGETED MARKETING: The benefit of using
eCommerce platforms is the easy accessibility & availability of valuable data about customer
preferences with respect to regions, their buying patterns etc. This enables businesses to come

up with personalize marketing techniques and offerings to target the specific customer
segment. Also, this enhances the customer experience and increases conversion rates.
• Enhanced Customer Experience: E-Commerce store promising features like easy
navigation, product recommendations based on historical data, reviews, secure payment
options, abandoned checkout offers contribute to better customer experience. Moreover,
quick response to customer queries also builds loyalty. The other major benefit is efficient
order processing and timely order fulfilment which increase customer satisfaction.
• Expansion of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs): SMEs can easily
approach and compete on a global scale without having a huge funding at the back.
From the beginning they have an opportunity to grow globally and expand
internationally.
• INVENTORY MANAGEMENT AND SUPPLY CHAIN OPTIMIZATION:
With E-Commerce platforms it is easy to track inventory levels in real-time, automate
order fulfilment processes, and coordinate with suppliers and logistics partners. This
automation and optimization ensure streamline operations and hence growth and
prosperity.
• IMPORTANCE OF SECURE PAYMENT PROCESSING: Payment gateway
providers play an Important role in securing online transactions by encrypting sensitive
information and employing advanced security protocols. Payment gateway providers ensure
that costumer information cannot be intercepted and used for fraudulent purposes by
encrypting payment information.
➢ Importance of the study:
• ENHANCED SECURITY AND TRUSTWORTHINESS:
Building trust with customers. Trust is a corner stone of any successful business
relationship, Customers want to be assured that their sensitive information and personal
details, is treated with utmost care. Secure payment processing ensures that data breaches
are minimized, instilling confidence in customers to keep coming back. In a marketplace
where competitors are just a click away, trust is a decisive factor in customer retention.
• PREVENTION OF DATA BREACHES: Data breaches can have far-reaching
consequences, both financially and reputationally. Apart from potential lawsuits and
compensatory damages, the tarnished reputation after a breach can drive customers away
and impact future sales. Secure payment processing systems act as the first line of defence
against cyber-attacks, ensuring that customer data remains inaccessible to malicious
entities.
• HOW A WELL-INTEGRATED PAYMENT GATEWAY CAN
CONTRIBUTE TO THE COMPETITIVENESS OF E-COMMERCE
BUSINESS: In the fast-paced world of small business, staying competitive requires

more than just offering quality products or services. One key aspect that can significantly
impact the success of a small business is the ability to facilitate seamless and secure
transactions. integrating payment gateways has become a crucial component for
businesses of all sizes.
• Selecting the appropriate payment gateway is a critical decision that can
impact the overall success of a small business. Several factors should be
considered when making this choice:
• SECURITY.
• EASE OF INTEGRATION.
• COST AND FEE.
• SUPPORTED PAYMENT METHOD.

1.3 OBJECTIVES.
• ANALYSE CONSUMER BEHAVIOR: Investigate consumer Preference, Habits, Attitude,
towards online clothing using payment gateway.
• EVALUATE USER EXPERIENCE: Assess the ease of use, Security & reliability of the
payment gateway in the context of online clothing purchases.
• ACCESS THE IMPACT OF GATEWAY ON PURCHASING DECISION: Determine
how the availability of payment gateway influences consumers “Decision-Making” process while
shopping for clothing online.
• EXPLORE THE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITES: Identify the challenges faced
by both consumers and merchants in utilizing payment gateway for online clothing, transactions, As
well as potential opportunities for improvement.
• UNDERSTAND THE ROLE OF SECURITY AND TRUST: Investigate how trust and
security concerns affect consumer’s willingness to use payment gateway for online clothing
purchases and purposes strategies to enhance trustworthiness.

1.4 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The purpose of this study is: This study aims to understand how payment gateways work on
E-commerce website. We want to make online shopping easier and safer for everyone. By
closely at how payment systems are setup, we hope to find ways to improve them. Our goal
is to protect their customer information better and make the process of buying things online
smoother and more enjoyable.
➢ OBJECTIVES:
• LEARN HOW PAYMENT GATEWAYS ARE USED: We’ll explore how payment
systems are set up on websites to understand the different ways they work.
• MAKE ONLINE SHOPPING SAFER: We’ll look at the security measures in place to protect
people’s payment information and see if there are ways to make them even safer.
• MAKE ONLINE SHOPPING EASIER: We’ll study the steps people go through when they
buy something online and find ways to make this process simpler and more user-friendly.
• HELP BUSINESS PERFORM BETTER: We’ll see how payment systems affect businesses
and find ways for them to do better, like increasing sales and keeping customers happy.
• FOLLOW THE RULES: We’ll check if websites follow the rules and law about payment
systems to make sure everyone is playing fair.
• LOOK FOR NEW IDEAS; We’ll also explore any new technologies or trends that could
change how payment systems work in the future.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study will focus on understanding how payment gateways are used e-commerce
websites and exploring ways to make online shopping safer and more convenient. We’ll be
looking at different aspects of payment systems, such as security measures and user
experience, to see how they can be improved.
➢ WHAT WE’LL LOOK AT:
• PAYMENT GATEWAY SETUP: We’ll examine how payment system are set up on e-
commerce website and explore the different methods used.
• SECURTIY MEASURES; We’ll study the security features in place to protect customers’
payment information and see if there are ways to enhance them.
• USER EXPERIENCE: We’ll analyse the steps involved in making a purchase online and
identify areas where the process can be the simplified and made more user-friendly.
• BUSINESS IMPACT: We’ll assess how payment system affect businesses, such as their sales
performance and customer satisfaction.

1.6 RESEARCH METHODOLGY
The data is based on both primary and secondary source of information. Data collection tool for primary
data was structured questionnaire with a set of questions. The questionnaire related to research study was
circulated online to gather all relevant information. Convenient sampling method was used on respondents
who were surveyed through structured questionnaire. Respondents include college students and people from
different work industry in the region of Hyderabad who use digital payments at various outlets and for inter-
bank payments. Certain useful findings were made from secondary data collected using previous research
study on similar topics and other websites. In order to satisfy the objectives of study, a qualitative and
quantitative research method is apprehended in general. The study used these mixed strategies because the
data were obtained from all aspects of the data source during the study time.
Secondary sources like literature review, relevant articles, study reports by government and private
organization, websites.

1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
❖ Limited scope: The study focuses on the impact of UPI on E-commerce, On India’s
payment landscape and does not consider the impact of other digital payment systems
or broader economics factors that may influence payment behaviour.
❖ Data Availability: The study relies on existing data sources, which may have
limitations in terms of accuracy, completeness, and timeliness. Additionally, some data
may not be publicly available, limiting the scope of analysis.
❖ Timeframe: The study may have a limited time frame, which may not capture the
long-term impact of UPI on India’s payment landscape. Additionally, the study may
not consider the impact of future developments in digital payments.
❖ External Factors: The study may not consider external factors that may impact UPI
adoption and such usage, such as changes in government policies, economics
conditions, or technological advancements.
❖ Ethical Consideration: The study may face ethical considerations related to the use of
existing data sources and the protection of participant privacy and confidentiality.
❖ Bias: The study may be subject to bias, including selection bias, and researcher bias.
The biases may impact the accuracy and reliability of the findings.

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW.
1. JYOTHI SHARMA (2016): Studied and discussed about the many innovations and technological
advancements in India. The digital India programme, an initiative of honourable prime minister
Mr. Narendra Modi being a driving force to make digital India happen. Furthermore concepts,
vision, scope, impact of digital India have been discussed. The nine pillars or nine projects have
been undertaken by this initiative. According to the analysts, the digital India plan could boost
GDP up to $1trillion by 2025, consequently increasing the growth rate in many sectors of
economy. This study also provides information of the facilities provided by the government under
the initiative of digital India such as Digi locker, e-hospital, myGov.in etc.
2. DR. MADAN CHANDRA BORO (2017): This research article studies about the vision of digital
India is grand. It is a huge step towards buildings a truly empowered nation. If successful, it
transforms citizen access to multimedia information, content and services. However the goal is
fill far away since most of the nine pillar of digital India mission are facing serious challenges in
implementation. India has started towards cashless economy, transparency of governance
through E-governance, M-governance. The need is about to empower citizen through universal
digital literacy and universal accessible digital resource. There is also need for translation of
literature in Indian different languages in order to make available in the website.
3. KPMG (2020): The digital payment space in India has witnessed a steady transformation since
the 90’s with the liberalisation of the banking industry and introduction of new technologies such
as Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR), Automated Teller Machine (ATM), etc.
Thereafter, in 2010, various payments products (stored value cards, wallets, recharge vouchers)
and service providers were launched. India is experiencing a growth trajectory in digital
payments that is more prolific than many advanced less-cash economies.
4. SUSMATHI C P, SAVITHA H S (Nov 2020): This paper concentrates on barriers in the pre
digitalization of transactions and also on the difficulty in accepting digitalization. The paper
explains how the digital Indi concept is helping in different sectors like industry, business, trade,
education, sports, science, employment, banking and other different sectors to achieve their
strength in providing better service to society.
5. BHAVNA GALHOTRA, AYUSHI DEWAN (2020): The analysis mainly focuses on the impact
of COVID-19 pandemic on the business observing at the change in customer buying trends and
secondly, a careful analysis has been conducted on the customer feedback based on many
parameters like the usage, performance, security, usefulness, satisfaction factors etc of the digital
platforms in the lockdown phases. The paper is concluded with a comparative analysis of all four
phases of lockdown as observed in India with the most common items ordered category wise.
6. RAHUL DE, NEENA PANDEY, ABHISPA PAL (2020): “Impact of digital surge during COVID-
19 pandemic: A view point on research and practice”. The covid-19 pandemic has led to an
inevitable surge in the use of digital technologies due to the social distancing norms and

nationwide lockdowns. People and organisations all over the world have had to adjust to new
ways of work and life. We explore possible scenarios of the digital surge and the research issue
that arise. An increase in the digitalization is leading firms and educational institutes to shift to
work-from-home (WFH). Blockchain technology will become important and will email research
on design and regulations. Gig workers and the gig economy is likely to increase in scale, raising
questions of work allocation, collaboration, motivation, and aspects of work overload and
presenteeism. Workplace monitoring and technostress issue will become prominent with an
increase in digital presence. Online fraud is likely to grow, along with research on managing
security. The regulation of the internet, a key resource, will be crucial post-pandemic. Research
may address the consequences and cause of the digital divide. Further, the issue will also be the
impact and consequences of internet showdown, frequently restored to by countries. Digital
money too, assumes importance in crisis situation and research will address their adoption,
consequences, and mode. Aspects of surveillance and privacy gain importance with increased
digital usage.
7. NITI AAYOG (2022): “India’s Booming Gig and Platform Economy” This research is performed
by NITI AAYOG to study the current platform economy of India’s current developing stage. The
accelerated adoption of novel digital technologies has brought about a paradigm shift in business
processes and service provisions. New technologies associated with industry 4.0 and the gig
economy are already reshaping world of work and are expected to open up a whole range of new
opportunities in the future. Digital platforms in India have thrived as a result of the increasing use
of smartphones, the low cost of internet and other initiatives under the Digital India campaign.
Different platforms that comprise the gig company offer innovative solutions in different sectors
such as transport, retail, personal and home care. This changing scenario calls for the need to
assess the employment generation potential of the gig and platform sector and design policy
measures that can invigorate efforts from different stakeholders to promote growth along with
decent work opportunities in this sector. This report, a remarkable initiative of NITI Aayog, has
come at a critical time. This report prepared by a research group of experts in the sector, steered
by NITI Aayog, presents estimates on the size of the gig-platform workforce and it’s employment
potential and delineates strategies for job creation, skill development and social security in the
sector to come-up with a set of forward looking recommendations for different stakeholders.
8. BANK OF BARODA (2022): India is going through an environment of change in banking and
financial technology, led by an amazing talent base, with a mindset to adapt, a simultaneous
effort from the government and the watchful eye of RBI, innovation of the digital banking will
charter new areas of customer inclusion. With the introduction of the Digital Banking Unit
(DBU), a minimum digital infrastructure hub delivering banking services and the future inclusion
of metaverse in digital banking with its huge potential, the future of digital banking looks
promising and optimistic
9. Design: The design and user experience of ecommerce websites are critical factors in their
success. Research has shown that user-friendly navigation, clear product descriptions, high-
quality images, and easy checkout processes can improve user satisfaction and increase sales
(Chen & Barnes, 2007). Aesthetics and visual appeal also play a role in attracting and retaining
customers (Sorce, Perotti, & Widrick, 2005). Security is a major concern for ecommerce
websites, as they handle sensitive customer information such as credit card details and personal
data. Studies have identified various security measures that can be implemented, including
SSL/TLS encryption, HTTPS, two-factor authentication, and fraud detection tools (Deng & Lee,
2012). Trust and perceived security are also important factors in customer behavior and purchase

decision-making (Yin, Wang, & Wang, 2018). Studies have shown that user experience plays a
critical role in ecommerce website success. A study by Liu et al. (2020) found that a clear and
easy-to-use interface, intuitive navigation, and product search features were among the most
important factors that influenced customer satisfaction. Similarly, a study by Abadzhiev et al.
(2021) found that high-quality product images and detailed product descriptions were also
important for customer satisfaction.
10. The fast development of web hast has changed our very life, and it also no doubt made a deep
influence towards the progress in civilization. Against this big background, a new thing named
online payment get up huge waves in the ocean of internet. It has changed big and efficient ways
towards the e-commerce. However, these ways are not as safe as we thought, and they are risky
and pitted with peril. In order to get rid of the growing hacking concerns and change the way for
this growth of online payment on the internet. RUPAY, MasterCard, VISA etc and some other
leading companies created this Electronic Transaction (SET). “On February 1st, 1996 these
companies announced a technical standard for safeguarding the payment card purchases made
over open networks. This standard is called the Secure Electronic Transaction (SET)
specification.”
11. CURRENT LITERATURE The online payment options available on the Internet mirror those
provided by physical retailers. Many payment methods can be used for online purchases [Hsieh,
2001; Roberts, 2004a; Roberts, 2004b]. Of these methods, Meng and Xiong [2004a; 2004b]
categorize online payment options into three categories:
• e-credit (electronic credit cards),
• e-cash (electronic cash),
• e-check (electronic checks). E-cash is not commercially popular, but some institutions allow the
payment of bills by e-check.
Several researchers analyzed the future trends in electronic commerce. Three areas that
potentially increase the use and flexibility of online payments are (1) micropayments, (2) mobile
payments, and (3) distributed payment systems.
12. Mobile commerce is an expanding area of importance for both researchers and users [Kreyer et
al., 2002; Zheng & KeFei, 2002]. Although online payment systems from mobile devices
generate great excitement, it is difficult to establish security and trust [Siau & Shen, 2003], and
standards are lacking [Kreyer et al., 2003; van der Heijden, 2002]. Some research has
investigated the potential use of mobile devices in short range wireless networks for commerce
[Chen & Adams, 2004; Knospe & Schwiderski-Grosche, 2002], in conducting online mobile
banking [Herzberg, 2003], and coupled with smart cards for added security [O’Mahoney, 2004].
Like micropayments, challenges still remain for the mainstream use of mobile commerce, but
mobile commerce is gaining momentum as the devices become ubiquitous. One research stream
has described the benefits of leaving a centralized clientserver payment system and moving
toward distributed electronic payment systems using Peer-to-Peer (PtP) networks [Schmees,
2003]. Yang & GarciaMolina [2003] describe a micropayment system protocol that is built upon
a PtP network and provides superior performance to standard micropayment protocols.

3.1 INTRODUCTION.
Introduction to E-commerce:
E-commerce, short for electronic commerce, refers to the buying and selling of goods and services
over the internet. This digital marketplace has revolutionized the way businesses operate and
consumers shop, offering convenience, accessibility, and a global reach unparalleled by traditional
brick-and-mortar stores.
E-commerce encompasses various types of transactions, including online retailing, electronic payments,
online auctions, and internet banking. It facilitates business-to-consumer (B2C), consumer-to-
consumer (C2C), and business-to-business (B2B) transactions.
Key Components of E-commerce:
• Online Storefronts: Websites or platforms where businesses showcase and sell their products or
services. These storefronts often include features such as product catalogs, shopping carts, and
secure payment gateways.
• Payment Gateways: Secure online payment systems that allow customers to make transactions
using credit/debit cards, digital wallets, or other payment methods.
• Logistics and Shipping: Systems and processes for managing inventory, order fulfillment, and
shipping of products to customers. This includes warehousing, packaging, and delivery logistics.
• Digital Marketing: Strategies and tactics to promote products and attract customers online. This may
include search engine optimization (SEO), social media marketing, email marketing, and online
advertising.
• Security and Trust: Measures to ensure the security of online transactions and build trust with
customers. This includes SSL encryption, secure payment gateways, and privacy policies.
Benefits of E-commerce:
• Global Reach: E-commerce enables businesses to reach customers beyond geographical
boundaries, tapping into markets worldwide.
• 24/7 Availability: Unlike traditional stores, online shops are accessible 24 hours a day, allowing
customers to shop at their convenience.
• Cost Efficiency: E-commerce eliminates many overhead costs associated with brick-and-mortar
stores, such as rent, utilities, and staffing.
• Personalization: E-commerce platforms can use data analytics to personalize the shopping
experience for individual customers, increasing engagement and sales.
• Scalability: Online businesses can easily scale their operations to accommodate growth without
significant investments in physical infrastructure.

Challenges of E-commerce:
• Security Risks: E-commerce platforms are vulnerable to cyber threats such as data breaches and
fraud, requiring robust security measures.
• Competition: The ease of entry into the e-commerce market leads to intense competition, requiring
businesses to differentiate themselves and continually innovate.
• Logistics Complexity: Managing inventory, order fulfillment, and shipping can be complex and
challenging, especially for businesses with large product catalogs.
• Customer Trust: Building trust with online customers is essential but can be difficult due to concerns
about data privacy, product quality, and online scams.
• Technological Advancements: E-commerce platforms must continually adapt to evolving technology
trends and consumer preferences to stay competitive.
Despite these challenges, e-commerce continues to grow rapidly, driven by advancements in
technology, changing consumer behaviors, and the increasing digitalization of businesses worldwide.
1. Business-to-Business (B2B)
Business-to-Business (B2B) e-commerce encompasses all electronic transactions of
goods or services conducted between companies. Producers and traditional commerce
wholesalers typically operate with this type of electronic commerce.
2. Business-to-Consumer (B2C)
The Business-to-Consumer type of e-commerce is distinguished by the establishment of
electronic business relationships between businesses and final consumers. It
corresponds to the retail section of e-commerce, where traditional retail trade normally
operates.
These types of relationships can be easier and more dynamic, but also more sporadic or
discontinued. This type of commerce has developed greatly, due to the advent of the
web, and there are already many virtual stores and malls on the Internet, which sell all
kinds of consumer goods, such as computers, software, books, shoes, cars, food,
financial products, digital publications, etc.
When compared to buying retail in traditional commerce, the consumer usually has
more information available in terms of informative content and there is also a
widespread idea that you’ll be buying cheaper, without jeopardizing an equally
personalized customer service, as well as ensuring quick processing and delivery of your
order.
3. Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)
Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) type e-commerce encompasses all electronic
transactions of goods or services conducted between consumers. Generally, these
transactions are conducted through a third party, which provides the online platform
where the transactions are actually carried out.
4. Consumer-to-Business (C2B)
In C2B there is a complete reversal of the traditional sense of exchanging goods. This
type of e-commerce is very common in crowdsourcing based projects. A large number of
individuals make their services or products available for purchase for companies seeking
precisely these types of services or products.

Examples of such practices are the sites where designers present several proposals for
a company logo and where only one of them is selected and effectively purchased.
Another platform that is very common in this type of commerce are the markets that
sell royalty-free photographs, images, media and design elements, such as iStockphoto.
5. Business-to-Administration (B2A)
This part of e-commerce encompasses all transactions conducted online between
companies and public administration. This is an area that involves a large amount and a
variety of services, particularly in areas such as fiscal, social security, employment, legal
documents and registers, etc. These types of services have increased considerably in
recent years with investments made in e-government.
6. Consumer-to-Administration (C2A)
Consumer-to-Administration (C2A) refers to interactions or transactions that occur between
individual consumers or citizens and government administrations or agencies. This term is often used
in the context of digital technologies and online services, where citizens can engage with government
entities for various purposes such as obtaining information, accessing services, making payments, or
submitting applications.
C2A interactions are facilitated through various digital platforms, including government websites,
mobile applications, and online portals. These platforms provide citizens with convenient and efficient
ways to interact with government services without the need for physical presence or paperwork.
Examples of C2A interactions include:
• Paying taxes or bills online through government websites.
• Applying for permits, licenses, or certificates electronically.
• Accessing government information or resources through official websites.
• Reporting incidents or providing feedback to government agencies through digital channels.
• Participating in online consultations or surveys organized by government departments.
Both models involving Public Administration (B2A and C2A) are strongly associated to the
idea of efficiency and easy usability of the services provided to citizens by the
government, with the support of information and communication technologies.

C2A interactions are aimed at improving the efficiency, accessibility, and transparency of government
services, ultimately enhancing the overall experience for citizens interacting with government entities.
3.2 HISTORY OF E-COMMERCE.
• Early Beginnings (1960s-1980s): The concept of e-commerce can be traced back to the 1960s with
the development of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), which allowed businesses to exchange data
electronically. However, it was primarily used for B2B transactions.

• Emergence of the Internet (1990s): The 1990s marked a significant turning point with the
emergence of the World Wide Web. In 1991, the internet became available for commercial use, leading
to the creation of the first web browser by Tim Berners-Lee. This laid the foundation for the growth of
e-commerce.
• First Online Transactions (1990s): In 1994, Phil Brandenberger made the first secure online
purchase, a Sting CD, using a web browser. The same year, Jeff Bezos founded Amazon.com as an online
bookstore. eBay was also founded in 1995, providing a platform for online auctions.
• Dot-com Boom (Late 1990s): The late 1990s saw rapid growth in e-commerce, fueled by the dot-com
boom. Many new e-commerce startups emerged during this period, with investors pouring funds into
internet-based businesses. However, the bubble burst in the early 2000s, leading to the collapse of
many e-commerce companies.
• Advancements in Payment Systems: Throughout the late 1990s and early 2000s, advancements in
online payment systems, such as PayPal (founded in 1998), made it easier and more secure for
consumers to make purchases online.
• Mobile Commerce (Early 2000s-Present): With the proliferation of smartphones and mobile
devices, mobile commerce (m-commerce) became increasingly popular. Consumers could now shop
online using mobile apps or mobile-optimized websites.
• Social Commerce: Social media platforms, such as Facebook, Instagram, and Pinterest, started
integrating e-commerce features, allowing businesses to sell products directly through their social
media profiles. This gave rise to the concept of social commerce, where social networks serve as
shopping platforms.
• Marketplaces and Online Retailers Dominance: Over time, online marketplaces like Amazon,
Alibaba, and eBay have grown to dominate the e-commerce landscape, offering a wide range of
products and services to consumers globally.
• E-commerce Technologies: Advancements in technology, such as artificial intelligence (AI), machine
learning, augmented reality (AR), and virtual reality (VR), have revolutionized the e-commerce
experience, enabling personalized recommendations, immersive shopping experiences, and more
efficient logistics.
• Omnichannel Retailing: E-commerce has become increasingly integrated with traditional brick-and-
mortar retail, leading to the concept of omnichannel retailing. This approach aims to provide a
seamless shopping experience across online and offline channels.

3.3 ARCHITECTURE OF E-COMMERCE.
The architecture of e-commerce refers to the underlying framework and components that enable the
functioning of an online business. It encompasses various layers and technologies working together to
facilitate activities such as online transactions, inventory management, customer interactions, and
more. Here's an overview of the typical architecture of e-commerce:
• Presentation Layer: This layer is the front end of the e-commerce system that interacts directly with
users. It includes the user interface (UI) components such as web pages, mobile apps, and other
graphical elements that customers interact with to browse products, place orders, and make payments.
• Application Layer: The application layer contains the business logic and functionality of the e-
commerce platform. It handles tasks such as order processing, inventory management, customer
relationship management (CRM), content management, and other business operations. This layer often
consists of various software modules or applications tailored to specific functions.
• Data Layer: The data layer is responsible for managing and storing the information used by the e-
commerce system. This includes product data, customer profiles, transaction records, inventory
databases, and other relevant data. Technologies such as databases, data warehouses, and data lakes
are commonly used in this layer to ensure data integrity, security, and accessibility.
• Integration Layer: The integration layer connects different components of the e-commerce system, as
well as external systems and services. It facilitates communication and data exchange between various
modules, third-party applications, payment gateways, shipping carriers, and other external entities.
Application programming interfaces (APIs), middleware, and integration platforms are often used to
enable seamless integration across the e-commerce ecosystem.
• Security Layer: Security is a critical aspect of e-commerce architecture to protect sensitive
information such as customer data, payment details, and business transactions. This layer includes
measures such as encryption, authentication, access control, firewalls, intrusion detection systems
(IDS), and secure communication protocols to safeguard the e-commerce platform against cyber
threats and unauthorized access.
• Infrastructure Layer: The infrastructure layer comprises the hardware, networking infrastructure,
and hosting environment that support the operation of the e-commerce system. This includes servers,
storage systems, networking devices, cloud services, and data centers. Scalability, reliability, and
performance are key considerations in designing the infrastructure to ensure the smooth functioning
of the e-commerce platform, especially during peak traffic periods.
Overall, the architecture of e-commerce is designed to provide a robust, scalable, and secure
foundation for conducting online business operations effectively and efficiently. It involves the
integration of various technologies, components, and layers to deliver a seamless shopping experience
for customers while supporting the backend processes of the business.

❖ THREE LAYERS OF ARCHITECTURE
High-level Design an E-commerce Website | Better Programming:

Ecommerce Database Design: ER Diagram for Online Shopping |
Vertabelo Database Modeler:
Design E-Commerce Applications with Microservices Architecture :

3.4 INTRODUCTION
Unified Payments Interface (UPI) stands as a pioneering digital payment system introduced by the National
Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) in April 2016. It represents a transformative leap forward in the
realm of financial technology, offering a unified and user-friendly platform for instant, secure, and
interoperable transactions between bank accounts.
1. Emergence of Digital Payments: In recent years, the global landscape of financial transactions has
witnessed a significant shift towards digital payment mechanisms. This transition has been driven by various
factors, including technological advancements, changing consumer preferences, and evolving regulatory
frameworks. The advent of smartphones and internet connectivity has played a pivotal role in facilitating
this transition, enabling individuals and businesses to conduct financial transactions conveniently and
securely from their digital devices.
2. Need for Unified Payment Solutions: Amidst the proliferation of digital payment options, users often
encounter challenges related to fragmentation and interoperability. Traditional payment systems are often
siloed, requiring users to navigate through multiple platforms and apps to complete transactions. This
fragmentation not only adds complexity to the payment process but also hampers the seamless flow of funds
between different accounts and service providers. Consequently, there arises a pressing need for a unified
payment solution that can streamline the payment ecosystem, foster interoperability, and enhance user
experience.
3. The Birth of UPI: In response to these challenges, the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI)
conceptualized the Unified Payments Interface (UPI) as a solution to unify the fragmented landscape of
digital payments. Launched in April 2016, UPI aimed to revolutionize the way individuals and businesses
transact digitally by providing a single interface for initiating and executing a wide range of financial
transactions.
4. Core Principles of UPI: At the heart of UPI lies a set of core principles designed to ensure simplicity,
security, and interoperability. These principles govern the design and functionality of the UPI ecosystem,
guiding its evolution and expansion over time. Some of the key principles underlying UPI include:
Simplicity: UPI strives to offer a user-friendly and intuitive payment experience, minimizing the
complexity associated with traditional banking processes.
Security: Security is paramount in the design of UPI, with robust authentication and encryption
mechanisms in place to safeguard sensitive financial information.
Interoperability: UPI promotes interoperability by enabling seamless transactions between different banks
and payment service providers, eliminating the need for users to maintain multiple accounts or platforms.
5. UPI Ecosystem and Stakeholders: The UPI ecosystem comprises various stakeholders, each playing a
distinct role in facilitating the seamless flow of funds and information. Some of the key stakeholders in the
UPI ecosystem include:
Banks: Banks serve as the backbone of the UPI system, providing the infrastructure and support necessary
for processing transactions.
Payment Service Providers (PSPs): PSPs act as intermediaries between users and banks, offering UPI-
enabled apps and platforms for initiating and managing transactions.

Merchants: Merchants leverage UPI to accept digital payments from customers, either through QR code-
based transactions or direct fund transfers.
Users: Users represent the end consumers of UPI services, utilizing UPI-enabled apps to send and receive
money, pay bills, and make purchases online or offline.
6. Evolution of UPI Ecosystem: Since its inception, the UPI ecosystem has undergone significant evolution
and expansion, driven by continuous innovation and collaboration among stakeholders. The introduction of
new features and services has enriched the UPI experience, offering users greater convenience, flexibility,
and functionality. Some notable developments in the evolution of the UPI ecosystem include:
Introduction of UPI 2.0: UPI 2.0 introduced several enhancements, including the ability to link overdraft
accounts, enable recurring payments, and facilitate pre-authorized transactions.
Expansion of Use Cases: The scope of UPI has expanded beyond peer-to-peer (P2P) transfers to
encompass a wide range of use cases, including bill payments, merchant transactions, and online shopping.
Integration with Third-Party Apps: UPI has been integrated into various third-party apps and platforms,
allowing users to access UPI services seamlessly within their preferred digital ecosystems.
7. UPI and Financial Inclusion: One of the defining features of UPI is its role in promoting financial
inclusion and empowering underserved communities with access to digital financial services. By offering a
simple, affordable, and inclusive payment solution, UPI has democratized access to banking services,
allowing individuals from all walks of life to participate in the digital economy. The widespread adoption of
UPI has facilitated the transition from cash-based transactions to digital payments, reducing reliance on
physical currency and driving financial literacy and awareness among the masses.
8. UPI and Economic Growth: The adoption of UPI has profound implications for economic growth and
development, serving as a catalyst for innovation, entrepreneurship, and investment in digital infrastructure.
By streamlining the payment process and reducing transaction costs, UPI enhances the efficiency of
financial transactions, thereby stimulating economic activity and fostering entrepreneurship. Furthermore,
the digitization of payments through UPI contributes to greater transparency, accountability, and financial
inclusion, laying the foundation for sustainable and inclusive growth in the digital age.
9. Challenges and Opportunities: Despite its many benefits, UPI faces various challenges and
opportunities on its path to widespread adoption and acceptance. Some of the key challenges confronting the
UPI ecosystem include:
Security Concerns: The rapid growth of digital payments has raised concerns about cybersecurity and data
privacy, necessitating robust measures to protect users' financial information from unauthorized access and
fraud.
Technological Infrastructure: The scalability and reliability of UPI infrastructure are critical factors
influencing its success, requiring continuous investment in technology and innovation to support the
growing volume of transactions.
Regulatory Landscape: The regulatory environment surrounding digital payments is constantly evolving,
with regulators implementing policies and guidelines to ensure the safety, stability, and integrity of the
financial system.
10. Future Outlook: Looking ahead, the future of UPI appears promising, with ample opportunities for
growth, innovation, and collaboration. As technology continues to evolve and consumer preferences evolve,
UPI is poised to play an increasingly central role in shaping the digital payments landscape, driving financial
inclusion, and economic growth. However, realizing the full potential of UPI requires concerted efforts from
all stakeholders, including regulators, banks, PSPs, merchants, and users, to address challenges and seize
opportunities in the evolving digital economy.

3.5 HISTORY OF UPI.
In the late 1800’s and early 1900’s , the united press association (UPA) operated as a news agency that
provided content to subscribing newspaper. However, in 1958, United press international (UPI) was formed
as a separate organisation after a merger of the UPA and the International News service. UPI quickly became
a major news source for American newspapers, and ventured into international news coverage as well.
Throughout the 20th
century, UPI experienced significant financial struggles, eventually filing for
bankruptcy in 1985. The company experienced several ownership changes and restricting in the years that
followed, including shifting its focus to becoming a more digital news outlet. In 2018, UPI was acquired by
news world communication, a company owned by the Unification church. Today, UPI continues to operate
as a news agency providing coverage on global events and breaking news stories. While UPI’s history may
seem disconnected from India’s payment landscape, its impact as reliable and widely-trusted news source
has played a significant role in shaping public opinion and awareness of payment innovations like UPI.
As a result, UPI’s contribution cannot be ignored, particularly in the increased adoption of digital payments
by Indian consumers in recent years.
3.6 KEY FEATURES OF UPI:
Unified Payments Interface (UPI) has revolutionized the landscape of digital payments in India since its
inception in April 2016. As a pioneering payment system developed by the National Payments Corporation
of India (NPCI), UPI offers a range of key features that have transformed the way individuals and businesses
conduct financial transactions. In this section, we will delve into the core features of UPI that have
contributed to its widespread adoption and success.
1. Real-Time Fund Transfers: One of the defining features of UPI is its ability to facilitate real-time fund
transfers between bank accounts. Unlike traditional payment systems, which may involve delays of several
hours or even days, UPI enables instant transfer of funds, allowing users to send and receive money
instantly, 24/7. This feature has significantly enhanced the speed and efficiency of financial transactions,
enabling individuals and businesses to access funds quickly and conveniently.
2. Virtual Payment Address (VPA): UPI introduces the concept of Virtual Payment Address (VPA), a
unique identifier linked to a user's bank account. VPAs serve as a substitute for traditional bank account
numbers and are used to initiate UPI transactions. By eliminating the need to share sensitive account details
such as account numbers and IFSC codes, VPAs enhance security and privacy, reducing the risk of
unauthorized access and fraud.
3. QR Code-Based Payments: UPI supports QR code-based payments, allowing merchants to accept
digital payments seamlessly using a QR code displayed at their storefront. Customers can simply scan the
QR code using their UPI-enabled mobile app and authorize the payment, eliminating the need for cash or
physical cards. QR code-based payments have gained popularity among small businesses and street vendors,
offering a convenient and secure alternative to cash transactions.
4. Multiple Bank Account Linking: UPI enables users to link multiple bank accounts to a single UPI-
enabled mobile app, providing flexibility and convenience in managing funds across different accounts.
Users can switch between linked accounts seamlessly, selecting the account from which they wish to initiate
transactions. This feature allows users to consolidate their financial accounts and access funds from various
sources with ease.

5. Seamless Integration with Third-Party Apps: UPI has been integrated into various third-party apps and
platforms, allowing users to access UPI services seamlessly within their preferred digital ecosystems.
Whether it's shopping on e-commerce platforms, booking tickets on travel apps, or paying bills on utility
apps, users can initiate UPI transactions directly from their favorite apps without switching between multiple
applications. This integration enhances the user experience and promotes the adoption of digital payments
across different domains.
6. Request for Payment (Collect): UPI enables users to request payment from others using the 'Collect'
feature. Users can generate a payment request specifying the amount and purpose, which is sent to the payer
through the UPI-enabled app. The payer can then authorize the payment and initiate the transfer seamlessly.
This feature is particularly useful for merchants, service providers, and individuals who need to collect
payments from customers or friends.
7. Bill Payments and Recharges: UPI facilitates bill payments, recharges, and utility payments directly
from the user's bank account, eliminating the need for manual entry of payment details. Users can pay bills
for electricity, water, gas, and other services, as well as recharge mobile phone accounts, DTH subscriptions,
and prepaid cards, all within the UPI-enabled app. This feature simplifies the payment process and ensures
timely settlement of dues, enhancing user convenience and financial management.
In summary, Unified Payments Interface (UPI) offers a range of key features that have revolutionized the
landscape of digital payments in India. From real-time fund transfers and Virtual Payment Addresses (VPAs)
to QR code-based payments and seamless integration with third-party apps, UPI provides users with a
secure, convenient, and efficient platform for conducting financial transactions. As UPI continues to evolve
and expand its reach, it is poised to play a central role in driving the growth of digital payments and
promoting financial inclusion across diverse segments of society.
3.7 HOW UPI WORKS:
Unified Payments Interface (UPI) is a revolutionary payment system that facilitates instant and secure digital
transactions between bank accounts. It simplifies the process of transferring funds, making payments, and managing
finances through a single interface accessible on smartphones or feature phones. Here's how UPI works:
1. Registration: To use UPI, individuals need to register with their bank and link their bank account to a UPI-enabled
mobile application. During the registration process, users create a unique Virtual Payment Address (VPA) that serves
as their digital identifier for UPI transactions. The VPA typically takes the form of an email-like address (e.g.,
example@bankname).
2. Authentication: Once registered, users can initiate transactions by selecting the desired recipient from their
contact list or entering their VPA directly. To authenticate the transaction, users must enter their UPI Personal
Identification Number (UPI PIN), a secure 4- to 6-digit code set during the registration process.
3. Transaction Initiation: To initiate a transaction, users enter the amount they wish to transfer and provide
additional details such as a reference number or remarks. They then select the desired payment method, such as
peer-to-peer (P2P) transfer, merchant payment, or bill payment.
4. Payment Request: In the case of a merchant payment or bill payment, the recipient may generate a payment
request containing the transaction details and send it to the payer. The payer receives the request on their UPI-
enabled app and can authorize the payment using their UPI PIN.
5. Fund Transfer: Once the transaction details are confirmed and authenticated, the funds are transferred instantly
from the payer's bank account to the recipient's bank account. The transaction is processed through the National
Payments Corporation of India's (NPCI) UPI platform, which acts as an intermediary between banks and payment
service providers.

6. Settlement: After the transaction is completed, the banks involved in the transaction settle the funds through the
NPCI's settlement system. Settlement typically occurs in real-time or within a few hours, depending on the banks'
policies and the time of the transaction.
7. Confirmation: Both the payer and the recipient receive instant confirmation of the transaction on their respective
UPI-enabled apps. The confirmation includes details such as the transaction amount, timestamp, and transaction ID,
providing users with assurance that the transaction was successful.
8. Reconciliation: Following the transaction, the banks reconcile their accounts to ensure that the funds are properly
transferred and accounted for. Any discrepancies or issues arising from the transaction are addressed through the
banks' customer support channels.
9. Security Measures: UPI employs several security measures to safeguard users' financial information and prevent
unauthorized access to their accounts. These measures include two-factor authentication, encryption of sensitive
data, and monitoring of transaction activity for suspicious behavior.
10. Transaction History: Users can view their transaction history and account balance directly within the UPI-enabled
app. The app provides a detailed record of all transactions, including incoming and outgoing payments, bill payments,
and merchant transactions, allowing users to track their finances in real-time.
In summary, UPI offers a convenient, secure, and interoperable platform for digital payments, enabling individuals
and businesses to transfer funds, make payments, and manage finances with ease. Its user-friendly interface, instant
settlement, and robust security features have made it a preferred choice for millions of users across India, driving the
adoption of digital payments and fostering financial inclusion.

CHAPTER 4
THEOROTICAL FRAMEWORK.

4.1 INTRODUCTION OF UPI:
Introduction to Unified Payments Interface (UPI)
Unified Payments Interface (UPI) stands as a pivotal milestone in India's journey towards a digital economy,
revolutionizing the way financial transactions are conducted in the country. Introduced by the National
Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) in April 2016, UPI represents a paradigm shift in the realm of digital
payments, offering a unified platform for seamless and instant fund transfers between bank accounts.
Emergence of UPI: The genesis of UPI can be traced back to the need for a simpler, more efficient
payment system that could address the challenges posed by fragmented and cumbersome digital payment
methods. Prior to UPI, individuals and businesses grappled with a multitude of payment options, each with
its own set of complexities and limitations. UPI emerged as a response to these challenges, aiming to
streamline the payment process and promote financial inclusion across diverse segments of society.
Understanding UPI: At its core, UPI is a real-time payment system that enables users to initiate fund
transfers, make payments, and manage their finances through a single interface accessible on smartphones or
feature phones. Unlike traditional payment methods that require users to disclose sensitive account details or
navigate through multiple banking apps, UPI offers a seamless and secure alternative, allowing users to
transact directly from their bank accounts using a unique Virtual Payment Address (VPA).
Key Principles of UPI: The design and functionality of UPI are guided by a set of core principles aimed at
ensuring simplicity, security, and interoperability. These principles underpin the entire UPI ecosystem,
shaping its evolution and expansion over time. Some of the key principles that govern UPI include:
• Simplicity: UPI strives to offer a user-friendly and intuitive payment experience, minimizing the
complexity associated with traditional banking processes.
• Security: Security is paramount in the design of UPI, with robust authentication and encryption
mechanisms in place to safeguard sensitive financial information.
• Interoperability: UPI promotes interoperability by enabling seamless transactions between different
banks and payment service providers, eliminating the need for users to maintain multiple accounts or
platforms.
Challenges Facing UPI: While UPI has witnessed widespread adoption and acceptance, it is not without its
challenges. Several factors pose significant hurdles to the seamless operation and continued growth of the
UPI ecosystem. Some of the key challenges facing UPI include:
Security Concerns: The rapid growth of digital payments has raised concerns about cybersecurity and data
privacy, necessitating robust measures to protect users' financial information from unauthorized access and
fraud.
Technological Infrastructure: The scalability and reliability of UPI infrastructure are critical factors
influencing its success, requiring continuous investment in technology and innovation to support the
growing volume of transactions.
Regulatory Landscape: The regulatory environment surrounding digital payments is constantly evolving,
with regulators implementing policies and guidelines to ensure the safety, stability, and integrity of the
financial system.
Purpose of the Study: The purpose of this study is to delve deeper into the intricacies of UPI, exploring its
technological architecture, operational challenges, and regulatory framework. By examining the underlying
mechanisms and dynamics of the UPI ecosystem, this study seeks to provide valuable insights into the
functioning and evolution of digital payment systems in India. Furthermore, the study aims to identify
potential solutions and recommendations to address the challenges facing UPI and enhance its effectiveness
as a tool for promoting financial inclusion and driving economic growth.

In summary, UPI represents a significant milestone in India's digital payment landscape, offering a unified
and user-friendly platform for conducting financial transactions. Despite the challenges it faces, UPI holds
immense potential to revolutionize the way individuals and businesses transact digitally, fostering financial
inclusion and driving economic prosperity in the digital age.
4.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF UPI IN INDIA’S PAYMENT LANDSCAPE:
Unified Payments Interface (UPI) has emerged as a transformative force in India's payment landscape, revolutionizing
the way financial transactions are conducted across the country. Its significance extends far beyond mere
convenience, touching upon various aspects of economic empowerment, financial inclusion, and technological
innovation. Here, we delve into the multifaceted significance of UPI in India's payment ecosystem:
1. Driving Financial Inclusion: UPI has played a pivotal role in driving financial inclusion by providing millions of
unbanked and underbanked individuals with access to formal financial services. Through its user-friendly interface
and interoperability across banks and payment service providers, UPI has empowered individuals from all walks of
life to participate in the digital economy, bridging the gap between urban and rural areas.
2. Promoting Cashless Transactions: In a country where cash has traditionally been the preferred mode of payment,
UPI has emerged as a catalyst for promoting cashless transactions. By offering a convenient and secure alternative to
cash, UPI has encouraged individuals and businesses to embrace digital payments, reducing reliance on physical
currency and combating issues such as black money and counterfeit currency.
3. Enabling Micro and Small Businesses: UPI has leveled the playing field for micro and small businesses, enabling
them to accept digital payments without the need for expensive POS terminals or card swipe machines. Through QR
code-based payments and seamless fund transfers, UPI has empowered small merchants and entrepreneurs to
expand their customer base, increase sales, and improve cash flow.
4. Catalyzing Economic Growth: The widespread adoption of UPI has profound implications for economic growth and
development. By streamlining the payment process, reducing transaction costs, and enhancing financial
transparency, UPI has stimulated economic activity, fostered entrepreneurship, and fueled innovation across various
sectors of the economy.
5. Enhancing User Experience: One of the key strengths of UPI lies in its user-friendly interface and seamless
transaction experience. Unlike traditional payment methods that require users to navigate through multiple banking
apps or third-party platforms, UPI offers a unified and intuitive platform for initiating and managing transactions,
enhancing user satisfaction and convenience.
6. Empowering Government Initiatives: UPI has played a crucial role in supporting various government initiatives
aimed at promoting digital payments and financial inclusion. Initiatives such as Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) and Jan
Dhan Yojana have leveraged the UPI platform to disburse subsidies, welfare payments, and other government
benefits directly into the bank accounts of beneficiaries, eliminating leakages and ensuring transparency.
7. Fostering Innovation and Collaboration: The success of UPI has fostered a culture of innovation and collaboration
within the fintech ecosystem, encouraging banks, startups, and technology companies to develop new products and
services built on the UPI platform. From peer-to-peer (P2P) payments to merchant transactions and bill payments,
UPI has served as a catalyst for innovation, driving the evolution of digital payment solutions in India.
Conclusion: In conclusion, UPI stands as a cornerstone of India's digital payment ecosystem, embodying the country's
aspirations for financial inclusion, economic growth, and technological advancement. Its significance extends beyond
the realm of payments, touching upon broader themes of empowerment, innovation, and social change. As UPI
continues to evolve and expand its reach, its impact on India's payment landscape is poised to grow exponentially,
shaping the future of digital finance in the country and beyond.

4.3 THE IMPACT OF UPI ON E-COMMERCE:
Unified Payments Interface (UPI) has significantly influenced the landscape of e-commerce in India,
revolutionizing the way transactions are conducted and reshaping consumer behavior. Its introduction has
brought about several notable impacts on the e-commerce sector, which are crucial to understand for a
comprehensive analysis of digital commerce in the country:
1. Enhanced Payment Experience: UPI has simplified the payment process for e-commerce transactions,
offering consumers a seamless and convenient way to make purchases online. By providing a unified platform
for instant fund transfers between bank accounts, UPI has eliminated the need for cumbersome payment
methods such as credit/debit cards or net banking, thereby streamlining the checkout process and reducing
friction in the e-commerce transaction flow.
2. Increased Conversion Rates: The introduction of UPI as a payment option on e-commerce platforms has led
to higher conversion rates for online merchants. With its user-friendly interface and instant transaction
processing, UPI offers consumers a faster and more convenient payment method compared to traditional
options. As a result, e-commerce businesses have witnessed a boost in sales and revenues, as more customers
are inclined to complete their purchases without encountering payment-related hurdles.
3. Expansion of Customer Base: UPI has played a key role in expanding the customer base of e-commerce
platforms, particularly among segments of the population that were previously underserved or excluded from
digital commerce. With its widespread adoption and accessibility across urban and rural areas, UPI has enabled
merchants to tap into new markets and reach a broader demographic of consumers who may not have access to
traditional banking services or credit/debit cards.
4. Facilitation of Microtransactions: UPI has facilitated microtransactions on e-commerce platforms, enabling
consumers to make small-value purchases with ease. This has opened up new revenue streams for merchants,
particularly in sectors such as digital content, gaming, and subscription-based services, where the ability to
process low-value transactions efficiently is crucial for business growth. UPI's low transaction fees and instant
settlement further incentivize merchants to offer microtransaction options to their customers.
5. Improved Security and Fraud Prevention: UPI offers robust security features, including two-factor
authentication and encryption, which help mitigate the risk of fraudulent transactions in the e-commerce
ecosystem. By providing consumers with a secure payment method that does not require the sharing of
sensitive card details or personal information, UPI instills trust and confidence in online transactions, reducing
the likelihood of payment-related fraud and chargebacks for merchants.
6. Encouragement of Cashless Transactions: UPI has played a significant role in promoting cashless
transactions in the e-commerce sector, aligning with the government's vision of a digital economy. By providing
consumers with a viable alternative to cash-on-delivery (COD) payments, UPI has incentivized the adoption of
digital payment methods among online shoppers, thereby reducing the reliance on cash and contributing to the
formalization of the e-commerce ecosystem.
7. Stimulus for Innovation and Competition: The integration of UPI into the e-commerce ecosystem has
spurred innovation and competition among payment service providers and fintech companies. With the
proliferation of UPI-enabled payment solutions and the emergence of new features and functionalities, such as
UPI-based wallets and payment links, e-commerce businesses have access to a diverse range of payment
options to offer their customers, fostering a dynamic and competitive marketplace.
In conclusion, UPI has had a transformative impact on the e-commerce sector in India, revolutionizing the way
transactions are conducted, enhancing the payment experience for consumers, and driving business growth for
online merchants. Its widespread adoption and continued evolution are expected to further shape the future of
e-commerce in the country, driving innovation, expanding market opportunities, and facilitating financial
inclusion for all segments of the population.

4.4 WORKING MECHANISM OF UPI IN E-COMMERCE:
Unified Payments Interface (UPI) has become an integral part of the e-commerce landscape in India, facilitating
seamless and secure transactions between consumers and merchants. To comprehend the working mechanism
of UPI in e-commerce, it's essential to delve into its underlying processes and interactions. Here, we explore the
intricate workings of UPI in the context of e-commerce transactions:
1. Initiation of Transaction: The process begins when a consumer selects UPI as the preferred payment
method during the checkout process on an e-commerce platform. The consumer then provides their Virtual
Payment Address (VPA) or scans a QR code displayed by the merchant to initiate the transaction.
2. Authentication and Authorization: Once the transaction details are provided, the consumer's UPI-enabled
app prompts them to authenticate the transaction using their UPI Personal Identification Number (UPI PIN).
This step ensures the security of the transaction and verifies the consumer's consent to proceed with the
payment.
3. Payment Gateway Integration: Upon successful authentication, the transaction details are securely
transmitted to the payment gateway integrated with the e-commerce platform. The payment gateway acts as an
intermediary between the consumer's bank and the merchant's bank, facilitating the transfer of funds and
ensuring the completion of the transaction.
4. Fund Transfer: The payment gateway communicates with the Unified Payments Interface (UPI)
infrastructure, which orchestrates the fund transfer between the consumer's bank account and the merchant's
bank account in real-time. The funds are transferred instantly, ensuring quick settlement and confirmation of
the transaction.
5. Settlement and Reconciliation: Once the transaction is completed, the merchant's bank initiates the
settlement process, transferring the funds received from the consumer's bank account to the merchant's
designated account. Both banks reconcile their accounts to ensure the accurate transfer of funds and update the
transaction status accordingly.
6. Notification and Confirmation: Upon successful settlement, both the consumer and the merchant receive
instant notifications confirming the completion of the transaction. The notifications include details such as the
transaction amount, timestamp, and transaction ID, providing assurance to both parties regarding the
successful completion of the payment.
7. Security Measures: Throughout the entire transaction process, robust security measures are in place to
safeguard the integrity and confidentiality of the transaction. These measures include encryption of sensitive
data, two-factor authentication, and monitoring for suspicious activity to prevent fraud and unauthorized
access.
8. Feedback and Resolution: In the event of any discrepancies or issues with the transaction, both the
consumer and the merchant have access to customer support channels provided by their respective banks or
the e-commerce platform. These channels facilitate the resolution of disputes, refunds, or any other concerns
related to the transaction.
In summary, the working mechanism of UPI in e-commerce involves a series of coordinated steps that ensure
the seamless and secure transfer of funds between consumers and merchants. By leveraging UPI's real-time
payment infrastructure and robust security features, e-commerce platforms can offer customers a frictionless
payment experience, driving customer satisfaction and business growth. As UPI continues to evolve and expand
its reach, its role in facilitating e-commerce transactions is expected to become even more prominent, shaping
the future of digital commerce in India and beyond.

4.5 architecture of UPI in e-commerce:
The architecture of Unified Payments Interface (UPI) in e-commerce is a complex system comprising various
components that work together to facilitate seamless and secure transactions between consumers and
merchants. Let's delve into each component in detail:
1. UPI Infrastructure: At the core of the UPI architecture is the infrastructure operated by the National
Payments Corporation of India (NPCI). This infrastructure consists of servers, databases, and networks that
form the backbone of the UPI platform. It handles the routing, processing, and settlement of transactions
between banks, payment service providers, and other stakeholders. The UPI infrastructure ensures the
reliability, scalability, and security of the system, enabling millions of transactions to be processed efficiently on
a daily basis.
2. UPI-enabled Apps: UPI-enabled mobile applications or web interfaces provided by banks and third-party
payment service providers serve as the primary interface for consumers and merchants to interact with the UPI
system. These apps allow users to register for UPI, link their bank accounts, create Virtual Payment Addresses
(VPAs), and initiate transactions. They also provide features such as transaction history, account management,
and customer support. UPI-enabled apps are designed to be intuitive, user-friendly, and accessible across a
wide range of devices, ensuring a seamless payment experience for users.
3. Virtual Payment Address (VPA): VPAs are unique identifiers assigned to users on the UPI platform, similar
to email addresses. They are linked to the user's bank account and serve as their digital identity for conducting
transactions. VPAs eliminate the need to share sensitive account details during transactions, enhancing security
and privacy. Users can create custom VPAs, making them easy to remember and share with others. VPAs play a
crucial role in enabling peer-to-peer (P2P) and peer-to-merchant (P2M) transactions on the UPI platform.
4. Payment Gateway Integration: E-commerce platforms integrate with UPI-enabled payment gateways to
offer UPI as a payment option to their customers. Payment gateways act as intermediaries between the e-
commerce platform, the consumer's bank, and the merchant's bank, facilitating the secure transmission of
transaction data and the settlement of funds. They provide APIs and SDKs that allow e-commerce platforms to
integrate UPI payment capabilities seamlessly into their checkout process. Payment gateways also handle tasks
such as transaction routing, fraud detection, and dispute resolution, ensuring a smooth and secure payment
experience for both consumers and merchants.
5. Merchant Integration: Merchants integrate UPI payment capabilities into their e-commerce websites or
mobile apps to accept payments from customers. This integration involves incorporating UPI payment buttons,
QR codes, or deep links into the checkout process, allowing customers to initiate UPI transactions seamlessly.
Merchants also receive transaction notifications and settlement reports from the payment gateway, enabling
them to track payments, reconcile accounts, and manage their finances effectively. UPI integration empowers
merchants to offer customers a wide range of payment options, enhance user experience, and drive sales
conversion.
6. Authentication and Authorization: When a consumer initiates a transaction using UPI on an e-commerce
platform, they are prompted to authenticate the transaction using their UPI PIN. Authentication ensures the
security and integrity of the transaction, verifying the consumer's identity and consent to proceed with the
payment. Once authenticated, the transaction details are securely transmitted to the payment gateway for
authorization. The payment gateway validates the transaction against predefined rules and checks for factors
such as fund availability, transaction limits, and risk factors before approving the transaction for settlement.
7. Settlement and Reconciliation: Upon authorization, the payment gateway initiates the settlement process,
transferring the funds from the consumer's bank account to the merchant's designated account. Settlements
typically occur in real-time or within a few hours, depending on the banks' policies and the time of the
transaction. Both banks involved in the transaction reconcile their accounts to ensure the accurate transfer of
funds and update the transaction status accordingly. Settlement reports and transaction logs generated by the
payment gateway facilitate the reconciliation process, enabling banks and merchants to track payments, resolve
discrepancies, and maintain accurate financial records.

8. Security Measures: Security is a top priority in the architecture of UPI in e-commerce, with robust measures
in place to safeguard sensitive data and prevent fraudulent activities. These measures include encryption of
transaction data, two-factor authentication, transaction limits, and monitoring for suspicious behavior. Payment
gateways employ advanced fraud detection algorithms and machine learning techniques to detect and mitigate
potential security threats in real-time. Regular security audits and compliance checks ensure that the UPI
ecosystem remains resilient to emerging cyber threats and adheres to industry best practices for data
protection and privacy.
In summary, the architecture of UPI in e-commerce is a sophisticated ecosystem of interconnected components
that work seamlessly to facilitate secure and efficient transactions between consumers and merchants. By
leveraging UPI's infrastructure and capabilities, e-commerce platforms can offer customers a frictionless
payment experience, drive business growth, and contribute to the growth of the digital economy in India.

4.6 draw backs of upi in e-commerce:
While Unified Payments Interface (UPI) has significantly transformed the landscape of e-commerce in India, it is
not without its drawbacks. Understanding these drawbacks is crucial for e-commerce businesses to mitigate
risks and address challenges effectively. Here are some of the drawbacks of UPI in e-commerce, elaborated in
detail:
1. Transaction Limits: One of the primary drawbacks of UPI in e-commerce is the existence of transaction
limits imposed by banks. These limits restrict the maximum amount that can be transacted in a single
transaction or within a specified period. For high-value transactions, such as purchases of electronic gadgets or
luxury items, these limits may pose challenges for both consumers and merchants. Consumers may encounter
difficulties in making large purchases, while merchants may face limitations in accepting payments for
expensive products or services.
2. Lack of Chargeback Protection: Unlike credit and debit card transactions, UPI transactions typically do not
offer chargeback protection to consumers. In the event of a dispute or fraudulent transaction, consumers may
find it challenging to dispute the transaction and initiate a chargeback through their bank. This lack of
chargeback protection can erode consumer confidence in making purchases online, especially for high-value
transactions or purchases from unfamiliar merchants.
3. Dependency on Internet Connectivity: UPI transactions rely heavily on internet connectivity for initiation
and processing. In areas with poor or unreliable internet connectivity, consumers may encounter difficulties in
completing transactions, leading to failed or delayed payments. This dependency on internet connectivity can
pose significant challenges for e-commerce businesses operating in remote or rural areas, where internet
infrastructure may be inadequate or inconsistent.
4. Transaction Failures and Technical Glitches: UPI transactions are susceptible to technical glitches and
system failures, which can result in transaction failures or delays. Technical issues such as server downtimes,
network congestion, or software bugs can disrupt the smooth flow of transactions, causing inconvenience to
both consumers and merchants. Transaction failures can lead to order cancellations, loss of sales revenue, and
damage to the reputation of e-commerce platforms.
5. Limited Merchant Adoption: While UPI has gained widespread adoption among consumers, its adoption
among merchants in the e-commerce sector remains relatively limited. Some merchants may be hesitant to
integrate UPI payment capabilities into their platforms due to concerns about technical complexity, security
risks, or compatibility with existing payment systems. This limited merchant adoption may restrict the
availability of UPI as a payment option for consumers, reducing its overall impact on e-commerce transactions.
6. Security Concerns: Despite its robust security features, UPI transactions are not immune to security threats
and vulnerabilities. Cybercriminals may exploit loopholes in the UPI infrastructure or target unsuspecting
consumers with phishing attacks, malware, or social engineering tactics. Security breaches can result in
unauthorized access to sensitive financial information, identity theft, and financial losses for consumers and
merchants alike.
In conclusion, while UPI has revolutionized the e-commerce landscape in India, it is essential to acknowledge
and address its drawbacks to ensure a seamless and secure payment experience for consumers and merchants.
By understanding the limitations of UPI and implementing appropriate measures to mitigate risks, e-commerce
businesses can harness its potential to drive growth and innovation in the digital commerce ecosystem.

CHAPTER 5
DATAANLAYSIS AND INTERPRETATION.

PRIMARY DATA:
1. Their work industry.
Options Finance. IT. Education. Health
care.
Business. Student. Home
makers.
Responses 6 21 7 1 1 18 6
Percentage. 9% 31.3% 10.4% 1.5% 1.5% 26.9% 9%
INTERPRETATION: When asked for what their work industry was, 26.9% were students, 31.3% people
were from IT sector, 10.4% from Education. 1.5% of them are in business.

INTERPRETATION: when questioned about how often do they abandon purchases during checkout
process 37.3% answered never , 43.3% answered sometimes, 16.4% answered Frequently, 3% is for never.

CHAPTER 6
FINDINGS, SUGGESTION, CONCLUSION.

6.2 SUGGESIONS:
1. To overcome the technical issues or errors while using the payment gateway on e-commerce
websites.
2. Simplify checkout process and enhance mobile responsiveness.
3. Offer consistent imagery and brand to build trust and credibility with users during the payment
process. This includes ensuring that the design and branding elements align seamlessly with
the rest of your e-commerce website Speed is crucial in e-commerce, so optimizing the payment
process for quick and seamless transactions can greatly improve user experience. However,
maintaining a balance between speed and aesthetics is important to ensure a positive overall
experience for users.
4. More security measures
5. Two factory authorization to ensure more security
6. Overcome the difficulties in completing transactions due to slow loading times or unresponsive
interfaces with the payment gateway
7. Overcome the difficulties in completing transactions due to slow loading times or unresponsive
interfaces with the payment gateway
8. consistency of the payment gateway during transactions
9. When it comes to securing your website, it is important to use a payment gateway or PSP that
offers advanced security features such as 3D-Secure authentication, fraud protection and
encryption. They should be compliant with regulations such as PCI-DSS requirements
10. 1.Flexibility of delivery date and time.
2.easy tracking of the product

CHAPTER 7
CREATION OF WEBSITE:

7.1 INTRODUCTION:
Introduction: Revolutionizing the Shopping Experience - Unveiling Our E-commerce Wonderland
In the vast expanse of cyberspace, amidst the digital tapestry of commerce, emerges a beacon of innovation -
our very own E-commerce Wonderland. Welcome to a realm where imagination meets convenience, where
clicks translate into dreams fulfilled, and where every pixel pulsates with the promise of a seamless shopping
experience.
Navigating the Digital Bazaar:-
Step into our digital marketplace, where the boundaries between brick-and-mortar and bytes blur into oblivion.
Here, amidst the virtual aisles, shoppers embark on a journey of exploration and discovery, navigating through a
cornucopia of products and possibilities with the tap of a finger or the click of a mouse.
Crafting the Canvas of Convenience:
At the heart of our creation lies a commitment to convenience - convenience in every aspect of the shopping
journey. From intuitive navigation to personalized recommendations, every element of our website is
meticulously crafted to elevate the user experience and make online shopping a joyous affair.
Curating Collections of Curiosity:
Prepare to be enthralled by our curated collections, where every product tells a story and every purchase
sparks curiosity. Whether you're seeking the latest fashion trends, innovative gadgets, or artisanal treasures,
our virtual shelves are stocked with an eclectic array of offerings to cater to every taste and preference.
Empowering Transactions with Technology:
Our website isn't just a platform; it's a testament to the power of technology to transform the way we shop.
With seamless integration of a robust payment gateway, we empower shoppers to complete transactions
securely and swiftly, ensuring that the journey from browsing to checkout is as smooth as silk.
Fostering Connections in a Digital Age:
Beyond transactions, our website fosters connections - connections between consumers and brands, between
aspirations and realities, and between the virtual and the tangible. Through interactive features, user-generated
content, and social engagement, we cultivate a sense of community and camaraderie, transforming shopping
into a shared adventure.
A Commitment to Excellence:
In our Wonderland, excellence is not just a goal; it's a way of life. We are committed to delivering nothing short
of perfection in every aspect of our website - from design and functionality to customer service and satisfaction.
Our dedication to excellence ensures that every interaction with our platform leaves a lasting impression of
quality and professionalism.
Embark on Your Journey:
As you embark on your journey through our E-commerce Wonderland, we invite you to immerse yourself in the
magic of online shopping like never before. Let our website be your gateway to a world of wonder, where every
click unlocks a treasure trove of possibilities and every purchase brings you one step closer to your dreams.

Welcome to our E-commerce Wonderland - where innovation knows no bounds, convenience knows no limits,
and shopping knows no boundaries. Welcome to a revolution in the shopping experience. Welcome to the future
of online commerce. Welcome to our world.

7.2 WEBSITE FRONT END CREATION:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />

<link
rel="stylesheet"
href="https://cdn-uicons.flaticon.com/uicons-regular-straight/css/uicons-regular-straight.css"
/>

<link
rel="stylesheet"
href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/swiper@9/swiper-bundle.min.css"
/>

<link rel="stylesheet" href="assets/css/styles.css" />
<title>Ecommerce Website</title>
</head>
<body>

<header class="header">
<div class="header__top">
<div class="header__container container">
<div class="header__contact">
<span>+91 9182412010</span>
</div>
<p class="header__alert-news">
best Value Deals - Save more with coupons
</p>
<a href="login-register.html" class="header__top-action">
Log In / Sign Up
</a>
</div>
</div>

<nav class="nav container">
<a href="index.html" class="nav__logo">
<img src="" alt="" class="nav__logo-img" />
</a>
<div class="nav__menu" id="nav-menu">
<div class="nav__menu-top">
<a href="index.html" class="nav__menu-logo">
<img src="assets/img/SS.jpg" alt="">
</a>
<div class="nav__close" id="nav-close">
<i class="fi fi-rs-cross-small"></i>
</div>
</div>
<ul class="nav__list">
<li class="nav__item">
<a href="index.html" class="nav__link active-link">Home</a>
</li>
<a href="shop.html" class="nav__link">Shop</a>
</li>
<a href="accounts.html" class="nav__link">My Account</a>
</li>
<a href="compare.html" class="nav__link">Compare</a>
</li>
<a href="login-register.html" class="nav__link">Login</a>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="header__search">
<input
type="text"
placeholder="Search for items..."
class="form__input"
/>
<button class="search__btn">

<img src="assets/img/search.png" alt="" />
</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="header__user-actions">
<a href="wishlist.html" class="header__action-btn">
<img src="assets/img/icon-heart.svg" alt="" />
<span class="count">3</span>
</a>
<a href="cart.html" class="header__action-btn">
<img src="assets/img/icon-cart.svg" alt="" />
<span class="count">3</span>
</a>
<div class="header__action-btn nav__toggle" id="nav-toggle">
<img src="assets/img/menu-burger.svg" alt="">
</div>
</div>
</nav>
</header>

<main class="main">

<section class="home section--lg">
<div class="home__container container grid">
<div class="home__content">
<span class="home__subtitle">Hot promotions</span>
<h1 class="home__title">
Fashion Trending <span>Great Collection</span>
</h1>
<p class="home__description">
Save more with coupons & up to 20% off
</p>
<a href="shop.html" class="btn">Shop Now</a>
</div>
<img src="assets/img/home-img.png" alt="" class="home__img" />
</div>
</section>

<section class="categories container section">
<h3 class="section__title"><span>Popular</span> Categories</h3>
<div class="categories__container swiper">

<div class="swiper-wrapper">
<a href="shop.html" class="category__item swiper-slide">
<img
src="assets/img/category-1.jpg"
alt=""
class="category__img"
/>
<h3 class="category__title">T-Shirt</h3>
</a>
<img
alt=""
/>
<h3 class="category__title">Bags</h3>
</a>
<img
alt=""
/>
<h3 class="category__title">Sandal</h3>
</a>
<img
alt=""
/>
<h3 class="category__title">Scarf Cap</h3>
</a>
<img
alt=""
/>

<h3 class="category__title">Shoes</h3>
</a>
<img
alt=""
/>
<h3 class="category__title">Pillowcase</h3>
</a>
<img
alt=""
/>
<h3 class="category__title">Jumpsuit</h3>
</a>
<img
alt=""
/>
<h3 class="category__title">Hats</h3>
</a>
</div>
<div class="swiper-button-next">
<i class="fi fi-rs-angle-right"></i>
</div>
<div class="swiper-button-prev">
<i class="fi fi-rs-angle-left"></i>
</div>
</div>
</section>

<section class="products section container">
<div class="tab__btns">
<span class="tab__btn active-tab" data-target="#featured"
>Featured</span

>
<span class="tab__btn" data-target="#popular">Popular</span>
<span class="tab__btn" data-target="#new-added">New added</span>
</div>
<div class="tab__items">
<div class="tab__item active-tab" content id="featured">
<div class="products__container grid">
<div class="product__item">
<div class="product__banner">
<a href="details.html" class="product__images">
<img
src="assets/img/product-1-1.jpg"
alt=""
class="product__img default"
/>
<img
src="assets/img/product-1-2.jpg"
alt=""
class="product__img hover"
/>
</a>
<div class="product__actions">
<a href="#" class="action__btn" aria-label="Quick View">
<i class="fi fi-rs-eye"></i>
</a>
<a
href="#"
class="action__btn"
aria-label="Add To Wishlist"
>
<i class="fi fi-rs-heart"></i>
</a>
<a href="#" class="action__btn" aria-label="Compare">
<i class="fi fi-rs-shuffle"></i>
</a>
</div>
<div class="product__badge light-pink">Hot</div>
</div>
<div class="product__content">
<span class="product__category">Zara</span>
<a href="details.html">

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