Pointers allow memory addresses to be stored in variables and manipulated. A pointer variable stores the address of another variable, and can be used to indirectly access the value of the other variable. Pointer arithmetic allows pointers to be incremented or decremented to access sequential memory addresses. Pointers must be initialized with the address of an actual variable before being used, such as by using the ampersand operator, to avoid undefined behavior.
In computer science, a pointer is a programming language object, whose value refers to (or "points to") another value stored elsewhere in the computer memory using its memory address. A pointer references a location in memory, and obtaining the value stored at that location is known as dereferencing the pointer.
Pointers in C are variables that store memory addresses. They allow accessing and modifying the value stored at a specific memory location. Pointers contain the address of another variable as their value. To use pointers, they must first be declared along with the data type of the variable being pointed to. The address of the variable is then assigned to the pointer using the & operator. The value at the address can then be accessed using the * operator in front of the pointer variable name. The NULL pointer is a constant with a value of 0 that indicates an unassigned pointer. When a pointer is incremented, its value increases by the scale factor, which is the length of the data type being pointed to.
Pointer variables allow programmers to indirectly access and manipulate the memory addresses where variables are stored. Pointers must be declared with a data type and initialized by assigning the address of an existing variable using the address-of operator (&). Pointer variables can then be used to read from and write to the memory location of the variable being pointed to using indirection (*). Pointers enable operations like traversing arrays, passing arguments by reference, and dynamically allocating memory. Key pointer concepts covered include declaration, initialization, dereferencing, arithmetic, comparisons, NULL pointers, and their usage with arrays.
The document discusses pointers in C++. It defines pointers as variables that hold the memory addresses of other variables. It describes how to declare and initialize pointers, use pointer arithmetic and operators like & and *, pass pointers as function parameters, and dynamically allocate and free memory using pointers and operators like new and delete. Pointers allow programs to write efficiently, utilize memory properly, and dynamically allocate memory as needed.
Pointer is a variable that stores the address of another variable. Pointers allow indirect referencing of values and are useful for returning multiple values from functions, dynamic memory allocation, and building complex data structures like linked lists. Pointers are declared with a data type followed by an asterisk and are initialized with the address of another variable. The address-of operator & returns the address of its operand, while the indirection operator * accesses the value at the address stored in the pointer. Pointers can reference values indirectly, be passed by reference to functions to modify caller's variables, and implement call by reference parameter passing in C.
1) Pointers store the address of a variable in memory. Pointer variables allow access and manipulation of other variables' memory addresses.
2) Pointer arithmetic can increment, decrement, add, and subtract from pointers to navigate through arrays and other data structures. Incrementing and decrementing a pointer moves it by the size of the data type, such as 4 bytes for a 64-bit integer.
3) Pointer arithmetic performs numeric operations on the memory addresses stored in pointers. Addition and subtraction adjust the pointer's address by the product of the data type size and the added/subtracted value.
- Pointers in C++ provide direct access to memory locations by storing the address of a variable. A pointer variable contains the address of another variable.
- The & (address of) operator returns the address of its operand. The * (value at) operator accesses the value at the address stored in a pointer variable.
- Memory can be dynamically allocated during runtime using pointers and the new operator. The delete operator frees up dynamically allocated memory.
The document discusses pointers in C++. It defines a pointer as a variable that stores the memory address of another variable of the same data type. Pointers allow a program to indirectly access the memory location of another variable. The key points covered include:
- Declaring pointer variables using a data type followed by an asterisk (*)
- Initializing pointers using the address-of (&) operator to store the address of another variable
- Accessing the value at a pointer's address using the dereference (*) operator
- Pointer arithmetic, where pointers can be incremented or decremented to access subsequent memory addresses
- Dynamic memory allocation using new/delete to allocate memory at runtime through a pointer.
In computer science, a pointer is a programming language object, whose value refers to (or "points to") another value stored elsewhere in the computer memory using its memory address. A pointer references a location in memory, and obtaining the value stored at that location is known as dereferencing the pointer.
Pointers in C are variables that store memory addresses. They allow accessing and modifying the value stored at a specific memory location. Pointers contain the address of another variable as their value. To use pointers, they must first be declared along with the data type of the variable being pointed to. The address of the variable is then assigned to the pointer using the & operator. The value at the address can then be accessed using the * operator in front of the pointer variable name. The NULL pointer is a constant with a value of 0 that indicates an unassigned pointer. When a pointer is incremented, its value increases by the scale factor, which is the length of the data type being pointed to.
Pointer variables allow programmers to indirectly access and manipulate the memory addresses where variables are stored. Pointers must be declared with a data type and initialized by assigning the address of an existing variable using the address-of operator (&). Pointer variables can then be used to read from and write to the memory location of the variable being pointed to using indirection (*). Pointers enable operations like traversing arrays, passing arguments by reference, and dynamically allocating memory. Key pointer concepts covered include declaration, initialization, dereferencing, arithmetic, comparisons, NULL pointers, and their usage with arrays.
The document discusses pointers in C++. It defines pointers as variables that hold the memory addresses of other variables. It describes how to declare and initialize pointers, use pointer arithmetic and operators like & and *, pass pointers as function parameters, and dynamically allocate and free memory using pointers and operators like new and delete. Pointers allow programs to write efficiently, utilize memory properly, and dynamically allocate memory as needed.
Pointer is a variable that stores the address of another variable. Pointers allow indirect referencing of values and are useful for returning multiple values from functions, dynamic memory allocation, and building complex data structures like linked lists. Pointers are declared with a data type followed by an asterisk and are initialized with the address of another variable. The address-of operator & returns the address of its operand, while the indirection operator * accesses the value at the address stored in the pointer. Pointers can reference values indirectly, be passed by reference to functions to modify caller's variables, and implement call by reference parameter passing in C.
1) Pointers store the address of a variable in memory. Pointer variables allow access and manipulation of other variables' memory addresses.
2) Pointer arithmetic can increment, decrement, add, and subtract from pointers to navigate through arrays and other data structures. Incrementing and decrementing a pointer moves it by the size of the data type, such as 4 bytes for a 64-bit integer.
3) Pointer arithmetic performs numeric operations on the memory addresses stored in pointers. Addition and subtraction adjust the pointer's address by the product of the data type size and the added/subtracted value.
- Pointers in C++ provide direct access to memory locations by storing the address of a variable. A pointer variable contains the address of another variable.
- The & (address of) operator returns the address of its operand. The * (value at) operator accesses the value at the address stored in a pointer variable.
- Memory can be dynamically allocated during runtime using pointers and the new operator. The delete operator frees up dynamically allocated memory.
The document discusses pointers in C++. It defines a pointer as a variable that stores the memory address of another variable of the same data type. Pointers allow a program to indirectly access the memory location of another variable. The key points covered include:
- Declaring pointer variables using a data type followed by an asterisk (*)
- Initializing pointers using the address-of (&) operator to store the address of another variable
- Accessing the value at a pointer's address using the dereference (*) operator
- Pointer arithmetic, where pointers can be incremented or decremented to access subsequent memory addresses
- Dynamic memory allocation using new/delete to allocate memory at runtime through a pointer.
Pointers are among C’s most powerful, yet most difficult concepts to master. Some tasks like dynamic memory allocation done only by using pointers. So it is essential to learn pointers.
Pointers are a type of variable, just like int, double, etc., except instead of storing a value, they store a memory address of another variable.
Pointers in C++ refer to variables that hold the memory address of another variable. Pointers allow programs to pass variables by reference, and to dynamically allocate and manipulate data structures in memory. A pointer variable contains the address of the memory location of another variable. It is declared with a data type followed by an asterisk, such as int* or double*. Pointer variables can be used to access and modify the value of the variable being pointed to using dereference and reference operators.
This document discusses pointers in C++. It begins by defining a pointer as a variable that holds the memory address of another variable. It then lists three reasons why pointers are one of C++'s most useful features: 1) they allow direct access and manipulation of memory locations, 2) they support dynamic memory allocation, and 3) they can improve efficiency of certain routines. The document goes on to explain pointer declaration, initialization, arithmetic, and how to allocate and free dynamic memory using new and delete operators. It also discusses pointers and strings as well as constant pointers.
Pointer Basics
- Variables are stored in memory locations with addresses. A pointer variable stores the address of another variable.
- Pointer variables are declared with a type followed by an asterisk (e.g. int *ptr). They can be initialized by using the address of operator (&) on a variable of the correct type.
- The indirection operator (*) is used to access the value stored at the address a pointer points to. Pointer arithmetic and pointer comparisons are also allowed. Arrays and strings can be accessed and manipulated using pointers. Null pointers indicate a pointer does not point to a valid memory location.
COURSE TITLE: SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT VI
COURSE CODE: VIT 351
TOPICS COVERED:
INTRODUCTION TO POINTERS
TYPES OF POINTERS
POINTERS EXAMPLES
POINTERS ARITHMETICS
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF POINTERS
STATIC MEMORY ALLOCATION
DYNAMIC MEMORY ALLOCATION
QUIZ SET 3
The document discusses pointers in C programming. It defines pointers as variables that store memory addresses and can point to data of various types, such as integers, characters, arrays, functions, and other pointers. It explains how to declare pointers, dereference pointers to access data, use pointers as function arguments, perform arithmetic on pointers, and use pointers to structures. Pointers allow accessing data indirectly through memory addresses, provide flexibility in passing arguments to functions, and are fundamental to working with arrays and structures in C.
Pointer is a variable that stores the address of another variable. It can be declared by specifying the pointer type followed by an asterisk. Common pointer operations include assigning the address of a variable to a pointer, accessing the value at a pointer's address using unary operator *, and pointer arithmetic. Pointers allow accessing array elements by incrementing/decrementing the pointer. They can also be compared using relational operators and passed as arguments to functions.
Pointer variables store the memory addresses of other variables. They can be used to access and modify the values stored at those addresses. Pointers allow values to be passed by reference rather than by value, enabling changes made within functions to be reflected back in the calling function. Common pointer operations include dereferencing a pointer to access the value at an address, pointer arithmetic to increment or decrement a pointer to other memory locations, and passing pointers as function arguments to allow modification of variable values.
This document discusses pointers in C++. It begins by introducing pointers as a data type that stores the memory addresses of other variables. It then explains how pointer variables are defined using the asterisk (*) symbol and how they can be used to manipulate the data of other variables through dereferencing. The document provides an example C++ program to demonstrate how pointers work, showing how a pointer variable can be initialized with the address of another variable and then used to read from and write to that variable's memory location. It concludes by discussing pointer arithmetic operations like incrementing, decrementing, adding/subtracting integers to pointers, and subtracting one pointer from another.
A pointer is a variable that holds the memory address of another variable. Pointers allow access to the value of the variable located at the pointer's address. Pointers can be incremented or decremented to move through sequential memory addresses based on the data type size. Multiple levels of pointers can be declared, with each additional pointer level holding the address of the previous pointer variable.
The document discusses pointers and dynamic arrays in C++. It begins by defining pointers as variables that store memory addresses and can be used to indirectly access other variables in memory. It then covers declaring and assigning pointers, using operators like asterisk and ampersand, and creating dynamic variables using pointers and the 'new' operator. The document also discusses dynamic arrays, which are arrays whose size is determined at runtime, and how to create, access, and delete multidimensional dynamic arrays using pointers.
This presentation focus on the basic concept of pointers. so that students can easily understand. it also contains basic operations performed by pointer variables and implementation using c language.
This document discusses pointers in C++. It defines pointers as variables that store memory addresses of other variables. It covers declaring and initializing pointers, using the address and dereference operators, pointer arithmetic, references, and passing pointers as function arguments. The document includes examples of pointer code and output to demonstrate these concepts.
Embedded C is a variant of C programming language used for embedded systems. It uses a cross-compiler to convert programs into machine code for the target processor. A cross-compiler runs on one system but compiles code for another system. Pointers in embedded C store the address of a variable in memory and can be used to access the value at that address using dereference operator (*). Arrays, functions, loops and other C constructs are used similarly in embedded C to structure programs and access hardware.
This document provides an outline and overview of pointers in C++. It begins by explaining how variables are stored in memory and the basics of pointers, including what they are, why they are used, and how to declare and initialize pointers. It then covers the pointer operators & and * and their uses for getting addresses and dereferencing pointers. Different types of pointers are described such as null pointers, void pointers, and pointers to pointers. The document concludes by discussing pointers expressions including pointer arithmetic and comparison, pointers with arrays and functions, and dynamic memory allocation using pointers.
This document is a chapter about pointers and dynamic arrays in C++. It discusses pointers, which store the memory address of a variable, and how they can be used to reference and modify variables. It also covers dynamic arrays, which are arrays whose size is determined at runtime using pointers and the new operator to allocate memory dynamically. The chapter shows how to declare and use pointers, create dynamic arrays, and properly free allocated memory.
This document discusses pointers in C programming. It defines a pointer as a variable that stores a memory address, specifically the location of another object in memory. It describes how to declare pointers using data type asterisk pointer name syntax. It explains common pointer operations like assignment, value finding, incrementing, and comparing. Pointers allow for efficient handling of arrays and structures. They can also be used to return multiple values from functions and for dynamic memory allocation using functions like malloc, calloc, realloc, and free. Parameters can be passed by value, where the argument value is copied, or by reference, where the address of the argument is passed and its value can be modified.
This document discusses pointers in C++. It begins by explaining what pointers are and how they enable pass by reference and dynamic data structures. It then covers declaring and initializing pointers, the address and indirection operators, and how pointers allow pass by reference arguments in functions. The document also discusses built-in arrays, comparing them to array objects, and how pointers relate to arrays. It notes some limitations of built-in arrays and cases where they must be used. The document stresses principles of least privilege with const pointers and arrays.
Pointers are variables that store the address of another variable in memory, and can be used to indirectly access or modify the value of the variable located at that address; pointers allow values to be passed by reference to functions to enable changes made within the function to persist outside of it. Pointer variables must be declared with a data type and preceded by an asterisk, and can be used to access elements of one-dimensional and multi-dimensional arrays.
The document provides an overview of pointers in C programming. It defines pointers as variables that contain the address of another variable in memory. The document outlines various pointer operations such as dereferencing with *, address of with &, arithmetic, comparisons, NULL pointers, function pointers, pointers to arrays, arrays of pointers, and pointers to pointers. It provides examples to illustrate how to declare, initialize, and manipulate pointers in C code.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Pointers are among C’s most powerful, yet most difficult concepts to master. Some tasks like dynamic memory allocation done only by using pointers. So it is essential to learn pointers.
Pointers are a type of variable, just like int, double, etc., except instead of storing a value, they store a memory address of another variable.
Pointers in C++ refer to variables that hold the memory address of another variable. Pointers allow programs to pass variables by reference, and to dynamically allocate and manipulate data structures in memory. A pointer variable contains the address of the memory location of another variable. It is declared with a data type followed by an asterisk, such as int* or double*. Pointer variables can be used to access and modify the value of the variable being pointed to using dereference and reference operators.
This document discusses pointers in C++. It begins by defining a pointer as a variable that holds the memory address of another variable. It then lists three reasons why pointers are one of C++'s most useful features: 1) they allow direct access and manipulation of memory locations, 2) they support dynamic memory allocation, and 3) they can improve efficiency of certain routines. The document goes on to explain pointer declaration, initialization, arithmetic, and how to allocate and free dynamic memory using new and delete operators. It also discusses pointers and strings as well as constant pointers.
Pointer Basics
- Variables are stored in memory locations with addresses. A pointer variable stores the address of another variable.
- Pointer variables are declared with a type followed by an asterisk (e.g. int *ptr). They can be initialized by using the address of operator (&) on a variable of the correct type.
- The indirection operator (*) is used to access the value stored at the address a pointer points to. Pointer arithmetic and pointer comparisons are also allowed. Arrays and strings can be accessed and manipulated using pointers. Null pointers indicate a pointer does not point to a valid memory location.
COURSE TITLE: SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT VI
COURSE CODE: VIT 351
TOPICS COVERED:
INTRODUCTION TO POINTERS
TYPES OF POINTERS
POINTERS EXAMPLES
POINTERS ARITHMETICS
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF POINTERS
STATIC MEMORY ALLOCATION
DYNAMIC MEMORY ALLOCATION
QUIZ SET 3
The document discusses pointers in C programming. It defines pointers as variables that store memory addresses and can point to data of various types, such as integers, characters, arrays, functions, and other pointers. It explains how to declare pointers, dereference pointers to access data, use pointers as function arguments, perform arithmetic on pointers, and use pointers to structures. Pointers allow accessing data indirectly through memory addresses, provide flexibility in passing arguments to functions, and are fundamental to working with arrays and structures in C.
Pointer is a variable that stores the address of another variable. It can be declared by specifying the pointer type followed by an asterisk. Common pointer operations include assigning the address of a variable to a pointer, accessing the value at a pointer's address using unary operator *, and pointer arithmetic. Pointers allow accessing array elements by incrementing/decrementing the pointer. They can also be compared using relational operators and passed as arguments to functions.
Pointer variables store the memory addresses of other variables. They can be used to access and modify the values stored at those addresses. Pointers allow values to be passed by reference rather than by value, enabling changes made within functions to be reflected back in the calling function. Common pointer operations include dereferencing a pointer to access the value at an address, pointer arithmetic to increment or decrement a pointer to other memory locations, and passing pointers as function arguments to allow modification of variable values.
This document discusses pointers in C++. It begins by introducing pointers as a data type that stores the memory addresses of other variables. It then explains how pointer variables are defined using the asterisk (*) symbol and how they can be used to manipulate the data of other variables through dereferencing. The document provides an example C++ program to demonstrate how pointers work, showing how a pointer variable can be initialized with the address of another variable and then used to read from and write to that variable's memory location. It concludes by discussing pointer arithmetic operations like incrementing, decrementing, adding/subtracting integers to pointers, and subtracting one pointer from another.
A pointer is a variable that holds the memory address of another variable. Pointers allow access to the value of the variable located at the pointer's address. Pointers can be incremented or decremented to move through sequential memory addresses based on the data type size. Multiple levels of pointers can be declared, with each additional pointer level holding the address of the previous pointer variable.
The document discusses pointers and dynamic arrays in C++. It begins by defining pointers as variables that store memory addresses and can be used to indirectly access other variables in memory. It then covers declaring and assigning pointers, using operators like asterisk and ampersand, and creating dynamic variables using pointers and the 'new' operator. The document also discusses dynamic arrays, which are arrays whose size is determined at runtime, and how to create, access, and delete multidimensional dynamic arrays using pointers.
This presentation focus on the basic concept of pointers. so that students can easily understand. it also contains basic operations performed by pointer variables and implementation using c language.
This document discusses pointers in C++. It defines pointers as variables that store memory addresses of other variables. It covers declaring and initializing pointers, using the address and dereference operators, pointer arithmetic, references, and passing pointers as function arguments. The document includes examples of pointer code and output to demonstrate these concepts.
Embedded C is a variant of C programming language used for embedded systems. It uses a cross-compiler to convert programs into machine code for the target processor. A cross-compiler runs on one system but compiles code for another system. Pointers in embedded C store the address of a variable in memory and can be used to access the value at that address using dereference operator (*). Arrays, functions, loops and other C constructs are used similarly in embedded C to structure programs and access hardware.
This document provides an outline and overview of pointers in C++. It begins by explaining how variables are stored in memory and the basics of pointers, including what they are, why they are used, and how to declare and initialize pointers. It then covers the pointer operators & and * and their uses for getting addresses and dereferencing pointers. Different types of pointers are described such as null pointers, void pointers, and pointers to pointers. The document concludes by discussing pointers expressions including pointer arithmetic and comparison, pointers with arrays and functions, and dynamic memory allocation using pointers.
This document is a chapter about pointers and dynamic arrays in C++. It discusses pointers, which store the memory address of a variable, and how they can be used to reference and modify variables. It also covers dynamic arrays, which are arrays whose size is determined at runtime using pointers and the new operator to allocate memory dynamically. The chapter shows how to declare and use pointers, create dynamic arrays, and properly free allocated memory.
This document discusses pointers in C programming. It defines a pointer as a variable that stores a memory address, specifically the location of another object in memory. It describes how to declare pointers using data type asterisk pointer name syntax. It explains common pointer operations like assignment, value finding, incrementing, and comparing. Pointers allow for efficient handling of arrays and structures. They can also be used to return multiple values from functions and for dynamic memory allocation using functions like malloc, calloc, realloc, and free. Parameters can be passed by value, where the argument value is copied, or by reference, where the address of the argument is passed and its value can be modified.
This document discusses pointers in C++. It begins by explaining what pointers are and how they enable pass by reference and dynamic data structures. It then covers declaring and initializing pointers, the address and indirection operators, and how pointers allow pass by reference arguments in functions. The document also discusses built-in arrays, comparing them to array objects, and how pointers relate to arrays. It notes some limitations of built-in arrays and cases where they must be used. The document stresses principles of least privilege with const pointers and arrays.
Pointers are variables that store the address of another variable in memory, and can be used to indirectly access or modify the value of the variable located at that address; pointers allow values to be passed by reference to functions to enable changes made within the function to persist outside of it. Pointer variables must be declared with a data type and preceded by an asterisk, and can be used to access elements of one-dimensional and multi-dimensional arrays.
The document provides an overview of pointers in C programming. It defines pointers as variables that contain the address of another variable in memory. The document outlines various pointer operations such as dereferencing with *, address of with &, arithmetic, comparisons, NULL pointers, function pointers, pointers to arrays, arrays of pointers, and pointers to pointers. It provides examples to illustrate how to declare, initialize, and manipulate pointers in C code.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024