Coursera, Understanding the Brain
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The amygdala is responsible for fear responses like increased heart rate and breathing. It receives information faster than the frontal lobe. The frontal lobe is responsible for reasoning and decision making, and can override fear responses triggered by the amygdala through techniques like slow breathing. Damage to the frontal lobe, as in the case of Phineas Gage, can result in more impulsive and less restrained behavior, as the frontal lobe is no longer able to regulate the amygdala.
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Comas
1) A coma is an extremely altered state of consciousness where the person does not relate to ordinary reality and exhibits no voluntary movements or behaviors, even in response to painful stimuli.
2) Comas are caused by conditions that interfere with the functioning of the brain structures responsible for consciousness, such as disruptions to the physical brain architecture or changes in the brain's chemical environment from things like toxins, drugs, or metabolic disorders.
3) Treatment of a coma focuses first on maintaining respiration and circulation, and determining and treating the underlying reversible cause to end the coma state.
Case Study Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease
Patient Zero exhibits symptoms of dementia followed by psychological and physical symptoms associated with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). CJD is a fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by prions, which are misfolded proteins that transform normal proteins into more prions. Prions accumulate into plaques in the brain, blocking neuronal function and destroying brain tissue. Currently there is no cure for CJD, but scientists are exploring using protein interference to inhibit the spread of infectious prions by cleaving prion proteins into fragments.
Chapter 05: Development & Plasticity of the Brain
The document summarizes several aspects of brain development including:
1) The brain begins forming in the embryo around 2 weeks as the neural tube, which later develops into the hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain.
2) Neuron development involves proliferation, migration, differentiation, myelination and synaptogenesis.
3) Experience and activity influence brain development and plasticity through processes like synapse formation and strengthening.
4) The developing brain is vulnerable to various insults but can recover through mechanisms like collateral sprouting and reorganization.
Emotion
Emotion involves interactions between the peripheral nervous system, brainstem, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cortex. The amygdala and hypothalamus play key roles in processing fear and anxiety through their connections to the autonomic nervous system. Aggression can involve the hypothalamus, midbrain, amygdala, and serotonin systems. Current research shows that emotions emerge from activity across distributed neural circuits rather than isolated centers.
MOOC FINAL.pdf
1. The study of neurobiology investigates how the nervous system, brain, and structures like the spinal cord work.
2. Child abuse is considered a public health issue, and researchers have been studying how exposure to traumatic life events affects children's mental health for decades. However, this raises questions about how trauma affects brain development.
3. Exposure to frequent or chronic traumatic experiences can negatively impact neurobiological development, especially factors like the child's age during initial trauma and the frequency and nature of traumatic events.
Amagdala And Its Functions
The amygdala is an almond-shaped group of nuclei located deep in the temporal lobe of the brain. It is responsible for processing emotions and emotional behaviors like fear, aggression, and pleasure. It also helps store emotional memories so that threats can be recognized. The amygdala receives sensory information and is involved in fear conditioning by associating stimuli with unpleasant responses. Certain disorders are associated with abnormal amygdala structure or function, such as anxiety, depression, and autism.
Your Frontal Lobes
The document discusses how the amygdala and frontal lobes of the brain work together. It states that the amygdala can trigger fear and anger responses if not regulated, while the frontal lobes are responsible for higher thinking like empathy and creativity. It describes how meditation can strengthen activity in the frontal lobes and discusses a technique where one imagines sweeping "stardust" from the amygdala into the frontal lobes in order to shift one's state of mind from fear to bliss.
Life offers us choices, and what an older part of the forebrain, the.docx
Life offers us choices, and what an older part of the forebrain, the
limbic system
, chooses is to
feel better
right away. The conscious forebrain, the cerebral cortex, knows that this can be short-sighted and plunge us into the pain of a fight, a disease, or buying too much, but the frontal lobe is often too slow to grab the steering wheel in time. That’s to say that emotions make
quick decisions
possible and we have the
stress response
to deal with the consequences.
Chronic stress
just makes things worse.
Emotions are more than feelings. They have behavioral, autonomic, hormonal and cognitive components. Take fear for an example.
Fear is so familiar
. (And that nifty website has everything about fear that an exam would require.) But in the 1940’s and 1950’s, about all that textbooks taught about emotion was the
James-Lange
vs.
Cannon-Bard
controversy. Today we can do better.
What is Fear?
Fear involves
sympathetic arousal
, eyelid retraction, and distress. Read
this account
to put yourself in the mood.
Fear is often defined as an emotional response to a real or immediate threat (and anxiety is what we call the response to an imaginary or remote threat)? Why does fear appear in newborns as the outcome of loud noises and falling? (How often are infants hurt by loud noises or falling?) It’s associated with the startle reflex and the Moro reflex, respectively. Later it becomes a response to pain, abandonment, and, to some extent, novelty. For example, the stimulus chosen to evoke
fear in Little Albert
was a loud gong.
Children and adults pick up fear responses
by observing
. A parent who is upset by a bee in the house may communicate a fear of bees (apiphobia) to a child. To study fear in the lab, psychologists focus on fear conditioning
, in which a sensory stimulus like a tone (or a gong) is paired with electric shock. This pairing will make a rat freeze and defecate when it hears the tone after just one or two trials of training. Yet with all the evidence of learned fear, a question remains about its prenatal or even genetic origins. Do we have a built-in tendency to fear
snakes
and
spiders
more than guns and tasers, which are much more dangerous?
What is the Function of Fear?
Fear is a
special type of learning
and memory. It can be learned in a single conditioning trial and retained for a lifetime. Since it is a common element of stress, it is important to understand its management. It is obviously not all-or-none; it varies in strength. Some people engage in fear for recreation, in
skydiving
or
mountain climbing
or
other extreme sports
(click on Real Player or Windows Media). For some people, fear is
immobilizing and overpowering
.
Unpleasant emotions like fear and dread seem to be generated by
activity in the amygdala
. It has been known for many years that surgical removal of the amygdala tames wild monkeys. The so-called
Klüver-Bucy syndrome
has been identified in humans as well. It’s .
Recommended
Comas
1) A coma is an extremely altered state of consciousness where the person does not relate to ordinary reality and exhibits no voluntary movements or behaviors, even in response to painful stimuli.
2) Comas are caused by conditions that interfere with the functioning of the brain structures responsible for consciousness, such as disruptions to the physical brain architecture or changes in the brain's chemical environment from things like toxins, drugs, or metabolic disorders.
3) Treatment of a coma focuses first on maintaining respiration and circulation, and determining and treating the underlying reversible cause to end the coma state.
Case Study Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease
Patient Zero exhibits symptoms of dementia followed by psychological and physical symptoms associated with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). CJD is a fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by prions, which are misfolded proteins that transform normal proteins into more prions. Prions accumulate into plaques in the brain, blocking neuronal function and destroying brain tissue. Currently there is no cure for CJD, but scientists are exploring using protein interference to inhibit the spread of infectious prions by cleaving prion proteins into fragments.
Chapter 05: Development & Plasticity of the Brain
The document summarizes several aspects of brain development including:
1) The brain begins forming in the embryo around 2 weeks as the neural tube, which later develops into the hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain.
2) Neuron development involves proliferation, migration, differentiation, myelination and synaptogenesis.
3) Experience and activity influence brain development and plasticity through processes like synapse formation and strengthening.
4) The developing brain is vulnerable to various insults but can recover through mechanisms like collateral sprouting and reorganization.
Emotion
Emotion involves interactions between the peripheral nervous system, brainstem, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cortex. The amygdala and hypothalamus play key roles in processing fear and anxiety through their connections to the autonomic nervous system. Aggression can involve the hypothalamus, midbrain, amygdala, and serotonin systems. Current research shows that emotions emerge from activity across distributed neural circuits rather than isolated centers.
MOOC FINAL.pdf
1. The study of neurobiology investigates how the nervous system, brain, and structures like the spinal cord work.
2. Child abuse is considered a public health issue, and researchers have been studying how exposure to traumatic life events affects children's mental health for decades. However, this raises questions about how trauma affects brain development.
3. Exposure to frequent or chronic traumatic experiences can negatively impact neurobiological development, especially factors like the child's age during initial trauma and the frequency and nature of traumatic events.
Amagdala And Its Functions
The amygdala is an almond-shaped group of nuclei located deep in the temporal lobe of the brain. It is responsible for processing emotions and emotional behaviors like fear, aggression, and pleasure. It also helps store emotional memories so that threats can be recognized. The amygdala receives sensory information and is involved in fear conditioning by associating stimuli with unpleasant responses. Certain disorders are associated with abnormal amygdala structure or function, such as anxiety, depression, and autism.
Your Frontal Lobes
The document discusses how the amygdala and frontal lobes of the brain work together. It states that the amygdala can trigger fear and anger responses if not regulated, while the frontal lobes are responsible for higher thinking like empathy and creativity. It describes how meditation can strengthen activity in the frontal lobes and discusses a technique where one imagines sweeping "stardust" from the amygdala into the frontal lobes in order to shift one's state of mind from fear to bliss.
Life offers us choices, and what an older part of the forebrain, the.docx
Life offers us choices, and what an older part of the forebrain, the
limbic system
, chooses is to
feel better
right away. The conscious forebrain, the cerebral cortex, knows that this can be short-sighted and plunge us into the pain of a fight, a disease, or buying too much, but the frontal lobe is often too slow to grab the steering wheel in time. That’s to say that emotions make
quick decisions
possible and we have the
stress response
to deal with the consequences.
Chronic stress
just makes things worse.
Emotions are more than feelings. They have behavioral, autonomic, hormonal and cognitive components. Take fear for an example.
Fear is so familiar
. (And that nifty website has everything about fear that an exam would require.) But in the 1940’s and 1950’s, about all that textbooks taught about emotion was the
James-Lange
vs.
Cannon-Bard
controversy. Today we can do better.
What is Fear?
Fear involves
sympathetic arousal
, eyelid retraction, and distress. Read
this account
to put yourself in the mood.
Fear is often defined as an emotional response to a real or immediate threat (and anxiety is what we call the response to an imaginary or remote threat)? Why does fear appear in newborns as the outcome of loud noises and falling? (How often are infants hurt by loud noises or falling?) It’s associated with the startle reflex and the Moro reflex, respectively. Later it becomes a response to pain, abandonment, and, to some extent, novelty. For example, the stimulus chosen to evoke
fear in Little Albert
was a loud gong.
Children and adults pick up fear responses
by observing
. A parent who is upset by a bee in the house may communicate a fear of bees (apiphobia) to a child. To study fear in the lab, psychologists focus on fear conditioning
, in which a sensory stimulus like a tone (or a gong) is paired with electric shock. This pairing will make a rat freeze and defecate when it hears the tone after just one or two trials of training. Yet with all the evidence of learned fear, a question remains about its prenatal or even genetic origins. Do we have a built-in tendency to fear
snakes
and
spiders
more than guns and tasers, which are much more dangerous?
What is the Function of Fear?
Fear is a
special type of learning
and memory. It can be learned in a single conditioning trial and retained for a lifetime. Since it is a common element of stress, it is important to understand its management. It is obviously not all-or-none; it varies in strength. Some people engage in fear for recreation, in
skydiving
or
mountain climbing
or
other extreme sports
(click on Real Player or Windows Media). For some people, fear is
immobilizing and overpowering
.
Unpleasant emotions like fear and dread seem to be generated by
activity in the amygdala
. It has been known for many years that surgical removal of the amygdala tames wild monkeys. The so-called
Klüver-Bucy syndrome
has been identified in humans as well. It’s .
AElam_Module 01_Written Assignment_Tour of the Brain_10.9.16
The document summarizes the main parts and functions of the human brain. It discusses how the medulla oblongata regulates involuntary functions like breathing and heart rate. The pons relays messages between parts of the brain. The cerebellum controls motor skills and balance. The hypothalamus regulates behaviors and bodily functions. The amygdala and hippocampus are involved in emotions, fear responses, and memory formation. The thalamus relays sensory information. The corpus callosum connects the brain's hemispheres. The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer that performs higher functions. In conclusion, the brain's many parts work together to control all human functions and behavior.
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I would rate this SAQ response in the high band (7-8). It effectively meets the demands of the command term "explain" by providing a focused answer that discusses one relevant study (Broca's research) in detail. It summarizes the key aspects of Broca's study and methodology, and draws an appropriate conclusion about how this research contributed to understanding of localization of function in the brain. The response demonstrates accurate knowledge and understanding of Broca's research and its significance.
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This document summarizes information about fears and phobias from the website KidsHealth.org. It defines the difference between a fear and a phobia, explaining that a fear is a normal reaction to danger while a phobia causes a fear response even when no danger is present. The document also discusses how the brain activates the nervous system in response to perceived danger. It notes that while some fears can be helpful, phobias are unnecessary fears that can affect people's daily lives and prevent them from new experiences. The amygdala region of the brain is introduced as keeping track of experiences that trigger strong emotions. Therapies for overcoming phobias through exposure and relaxation techniques are also mentioned.
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The document discusses the human nervous system. It describes the nervous system as composed of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. The brain is divided into three main sections - the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. Neurons transmit signals through electrical and chemical processes. Neurotransmitters help facilitate communication between neurons. Diseases like Alzheimer's, multiple sclerosis, ALS, and Huntington's can impact the nervous system by damaging neurons or myelin sheaths. Protecting the brain from injury is important for preventing loss of function.
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The document discusses the development and plasticity of the brain. It notes that the brain develops rapidly early in life through processes like proliferation, differentiation, myelination and synaptogenesis. Experience and physical maturation influence brain development throughout life. The brain has some ability to reorganize itself in response to experiences, as seen in cases of brain damage recovery where new connections form.
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The document discusses brain development and plasticity. It notes that the brain develops rapidly early in life through processes of proliferation, differentiation, myelination and synaptogenesis. Experience and physical maturation influence development. The brain remains plastic throughout life as axons and dendrites modify in response to experience. Damage can trigger recovery mechanisms like collateral sprouting, though regeneration is limited in adults.
Understanding the Brain : The Neurobiology of Everyday Life Final Project
The document provides an overview of the basic structures and functions of the human brain, including neurons, glial cells, lobes, regions like the cerebrum and cerebellum, and functions of memory. It also discusses the neurobiology of Alzheimer's disease and how plaques and tangles damage neurons and connections in areas related to memory. Finally, it expresses gratitude to the professor for teaching about the brain in an engaging way through stories and examples.
Amygdala
The amygdala is an almond-shaped group of neurons located in the medial temporal lobe that plays a key role in processing emotions like fear and anger. It detects threatening stimuli and prepares the body's defense response. The amygdala also helps store emotional memories to recognize threats in the future. It is involved in sexual arousal and aggression levels. A case study of a woman with bilateral amygdala damage showed an inability to experience fear while other emotions remained intact, demonstrating the amygdala's central role in processing fear.
Psychology 101: Chapter3
The document summarizes key biological processes involved in communication, behavior, growth regulation, and genetic transmission in the body. It discusses how neurons transmit signals through electrical impulses and neurotransmitters to allow internal communication. It also describes the roles of the endocrine and nervous systems in coordinating behaviors and regulating functions through hormones and neural pathways in the brain. Finally, it outlines basic principles of genetic transmission and how genes interact with environment to influence traits.
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1. The human brain evolved from a "lizard brain" to have three parts - a brain like a cat's was added along with the powerful human cortex.
2. Every brain is wired differently based on a person's experiences which literally rewire the brain. Different regions also develop at different rates.
3. Stimulating multiple senses at once aids learning as our senses evolved to work together, and vision is the dominant sense taking up half the brain's resources.
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This document discusses possibility thinking and how our minds process experiences. It defines possibility thinking as the ability to manage attention and make proactive choices regardless of stressful circumstances. It describes how the amygdala processes threats and alerts the hippocampus and brain stem. A highly reactive "hot" amygdala reduces problem-solving abilities. When the amygdala remains quiet during non-threatening experiences, higher-level thinking in the prefrontal cortex is possible. The document contrasts the mind states of expansion, associated with enthusiasm and opportunity, versus contraction, associated with guardedness and isolation.
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The document discusses the nervous system and how it enables humans to experience their environment, think, and take action. It describes the main components of the nervous system - the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. It explains how neurons transmit signals in the brain and body, the role of neurotransmitters, and examples of diseases that can affect the nervous system like Alzheimer's, multiple sclerosis, ALS, and Huntington's disease. It provides videos for further learning about the structures and functions of the brain and nervous system.
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The document discusses the nervous system and how it enables humans to experience their environment, think, and take action. It describes the main components of the nervous system - the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. It explains how neurons transmit signals in the brain and body, the role of neurotransmitters, and examples of diseases that can affect the nervous system like Alzheimer's, multiple sclerosis, ALS, and Huntington's disease. It provides links to additional educational videos about the nervous system, brain structures and functions, neurons, and how diseases impact the brain.
Coursera work: Understanding the Brain: The Neurobiology of Everyday Life
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by cognitive impairment and is the most common form of dementia. It begins with mild symptoms and progresses over 10-20 years to severe memory loss and complete dependence. Areas of the brain involved include the temporal and frontal lobes, which control memory and thinking. In early stages, amyloid plaques and tau tangles form in areas for learning and memory. Later, these spread to areas for language, spatial skills, and body awareness. In advanced stages, most of the cortex is damaged, severely shrinking areas for thinking and memory like the hippocampus.
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The document provides an overview of the brain and its functions. It discusses:
1) The basic anatomy and cells of the brain, including neurons, glial cells, grey and white matter.
2) The six main functions of the brain: thinking and cognition, emotion and feeling, signaling, perception and sensing, physical functions, and behavior.
3) How different areas of the brain are specialized for different tasks like language processing, attention, and regulating emotions.
4) How neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine influence brain functions like mood and signaling responses to threats.
chapter2-Cognitive-Neuroscience
The document discusses various methods used to study the human brain including postmortem studies, animal studies, and imaging techniques. Postmortem studies examine the brain after death to identify abnormalities associated with certain behaviors or conditions. Animal studies involve inserting microelectrodes into animal brains to monitor single neuron activity or selectively lesioning areas to observe functional deficits. Imaging techniques discussed include EEG, PET, fMRI and MRI which produce images of brain activity and anatomy. The document also outlines the main structures of the brain including the cerebral cortex, limbic system, midbrain, hindbrain and lobes.
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The amygdala is an almond-shaped structure located deep in the temporal lobe that is involved in processing emotions such as fear, anger, and pleasure. It also determines what memories are stored and where. Three studies were summarized. The first found that people with larger amygdalae had more complex social networks. The second conditioned mice to fear sounds by pairing them with unpleasant events and found different amygdala activation for learning versus expressing fear. The third study of a woman with amygdala damage found she lacked all fear responses. Damage to the amygdala can result in inability to read emotions and social blindness.
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The document provides information on the aging brain including basic brain anatomy, the differences between normal aging, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia. It discusses factors that can affect memory and cognition with age as well as lifestyle habits and behaviors that can help maintain good brain health such as physical exercise, nutrition, sleep, and mental stimulation. The presentation outlines changes in memory and cognition that are normal with aging versus when further evaluation may be needed.
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The document discusses how the adolescent brain undergoes significant development and is vulnerable to substance use and trauma. It covers:
1) The prefrontal cortex and other brain regions like the amygdala experience substantial growth during adolescence as cognitive functions and emotional responses develop.
2) Marijuana and other substance use during this period can negatively impact brain development by interfering with processes like synaptic pruning and myelination.
3) Trauma experienced during adolescence may also influence long-term brain chemistry and functioning through effects on neurotransmitter levels and the amygdala's processing of threats.
Trauma Document
The document discusses how the adolescent brain undergoes significant development and is vulnerable to substance use and trauma. It covers:
1) The prefrontal cortex and other brain regions like the amygdala experience substantial growth during adolescence as impulse control, decision making and other skills develop.
2) Marijuana and other substance use during this period can negatively impact brain development by affecting memory, decision making and risk-taking abilities.
3) Trauma experienced during adolescence may also impact brain regions like the amygdala involved in processing fear and stress responses.
4) Understanding adolescent brain development is important for treating substance abuse and trauma experienced during this period of vulnerability.
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Amygdala
The amygdala is an almond-shaped group of neurons located in the medial temporal lobe that plays a key role in processing emotions like fear and anger. It detects threatening stimuli and prepares the body's defense response. The amygdala also helps store emotional memories to recognize threats in the future. It is involved in sexual arousal and aggression levels. A case study of a woman with bilateral amygdala damage showed an inability to experience fear while other emotions remained intact, demonstrating the amygdala's central role in processing fear.
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Brainrules summaries
1. The human brain evolved from a "lizard brain" to have three parts - a brain like a cat's was added along with the powerful human cortex.
2. Every brain is wired differently based on a person's experiences which literally rewire the brain. Different regions also develop at different rates.
3. Stimulating multiple senses at once aids learning as our senses evolved to work together, and vision is the dominant sense taking up half the brain's resources.
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The document provides an overview of the brain and its functions. It discusses:
1) The basic anatomy and cells of the brain, including neurons, glial cells, grey and white matter.
2) The six main functions of the brain: thinking and cognition, emotion and feeling, signaling, perception and sensing, physical functions, and behavior.
3) How different areas of the brain are specialized for different tasks like language processing, attention, and regulating emotions.
4) How neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine influence brain functions like mood and signaling responses to threats.
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The document discusses various methods used to study the human brain including postmortem studies, animal studies, and imaging techniques. Postmortem studies examine the brain after death to identify abnormalities associated with certain behaviors or conditions. Animal studies involve inserting microelectrodes into animal brains to monitor single neuron activity or selectively lesioning areas to observe functional deficits. Imaging techniques discussed include EEG, PET, fMRI and MRI which produce images of brain activity and anatomy. The document also outlines the main structures of the brain including the cerebral cortex, limbic system, midbrain, hindbrain and lobes.
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The amygdala is an almond-shaped structure located deep in the temporal lobe that is involved in processing emotions such as fear, anger, and pleasure. It also determines what memories are stored and where. Three studies were summarized. The first found that people with larger amygdalae had more complex social networks. The second conditioned mice to fear sounds by pairing them with unpleasant events and found different amygdala activation for learning versus expressing fear. The third study of a woman with amygdala damage found she lacked all fear responses. Damage to the amygdala can result in inability to read emotions and social blindness.
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The document provides information on the aging brain including basic brain anatomy, the differences between normal aging, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia. It discusses factors that can affect memory and cognition with age as well as lifestyle habits and behaviors that can help maintain good brain health such as physical exercise, nutrition, sleep, and mental stimulation. The presentation outlines changes in memory and cognition that are normal with aging versus when further evaluation may be needed.
Trauma Document (1)
The document discusses how the adolescent brain undergoes significant development and is vulnerable to substance use and trauma. It covers:
1) The prefrontal cortex and other brain regions like the amygdala experience substantial growth during adolescence as cognitive functions and emotional responses develop.
2) Marijuana and other substance use during this period can negatively impact brain development by interfering with processes like synaptic pruning and myelination.
3) Trauma experienced during adolescence may also influence long-term brain chemistry and functioning through effects on neurotransmitter levels and the amygdala's processing of threats.
Trauma Document
The document discusses how the adolescent brain undergoes significant development and is vulnerable to substance use and trauma. It covers:
1) The prefrontal cortex and other brain regions like the amygdala experience substantial growth during adolescence as impulse control, decision making and other skills develop.
2) Marijuana and other substance use during this period can negatively impact brain development by affecting memory, decision making and risk-taking abilities.
3) Trauma experienced during adolescence may also impact brain regions like the amygdala involved in processing fear and stress responses.
4) Understanding adolescent brain development is important for treating substance abuse and trauma experienced during this period of vulnerability.
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Coursera, Understanding the Brain
- 1. Fear conquer your fears with neuroscience
- 2. Identify the parts of the nervous system that are active The Amygdala shown in red is responsible for sending fear triggering hormones such as adrenalin and cortisol which increase breathing and heart rate. Information from the nervous system reaches the Amygdala very fast, much faster that the frontal lobe.
- 3. Identify the parts of the nervous system that are active The cortex or more specifically the Frontal Lobe is responsible for reasoning, conscientious thought and decision making. Sometimes the Amygdala can send false information and the Frontal Lobe can override it. Using techniques such as slow breathing or if you can concentrate enough you can override the response of Amygdala and lower the fear.
- 4. Describe the functions of the nervous system that are apparent and/or imparent An interesting condition is the case of Phineas Gage, a railroad worker whose personality dramatically changed after a rod pierced his skull. Gage lost portions of his frontal lobe and went from being a kind and mild-mannered man to rude and unrestrained.
- 5. Explain in detail the ways in which the course has allowed you to better analyze the events and phenomena The course helped me understand better one explanation for the case of Gage and the fear response in general and that is that the Amygdala developed earlier in the evolution, signals travel faster from the brainstem because it’s closer and that later we developed or evolved the frontal lobe for making conscientious decisions. A damage to the frontal lobe would make a person more influenced by their fears or primal responses and making less rational decisions. However I think that after time there is a possibility for improvement because of the brain’s neuroplasticity or the ability to reassign functions to different parts of the brain.