The document provides an overview of education in Indonesia, including its history and current system. It discusses how education has evolved from Hindu-Buddhist and Islamic influences to the current public and private system overseen by the Ministry of National Education and Ministry of Religious Affairs. It also examines how factors like politics, economics, technology, and society interact with and impact the country's education. Key points include Indonesia spending 20% of its government expenditure on education, the roles of compulsory primary through secondary religious education in society, and challenges of improving quality, access, and governance within its large education system.

1. Education in Indonesia
ECS-51806 | Education and Development
Wageningen University and Research - November 2016
Hijjaz Sutriadi
Leah Situnayake
Yared Stifanos

2. General Overview

3. Country Profile
Republic of Indonesia
255 millions
87% 10%
GDP 16th
GDP-PPP 8th
20% of govt’
expenditure
HDI 0.684
110th medium

4. Education in Indonesia: HISTORY
Hindu-Buddhist
civilization (7th century)
karsyan
Islamic era
(13th century)
pesantren
Colonial era
(17th – mid 20th century)
school gakkō
Japanese occupation
(1942 - 1945)
sekolah/madrasah
Post-independence
(1945 - present)

5. Education System in Indonesia
Doctorate (S3)
Magister (S2)
Bachelor (S1)
Secondary school (SMA)
Diploma (D4/D3/D2/D1)
Vocational school (SMK)
Junior secondary school (SMP)
Primary school (SD)
Islamic university (UIN)
Islamic secondary (MA)
Islamic junior secondary (MTs)
Islamic primary (MI)
public and/or private public and/or private
religion-affiliated school
4years
2years
1-4years
3years
3years
6years
18-22 years old
15-18 years old
12-15 years old
6-12 years old
attendance age
(incl. Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism)

6. Education in Indonesia: FIGURES
50 millions
300,000
3 millions
4th
biggest
students
teachers
schools
96.9% 95.2%
Data: ASEAN 2013
67% 67.5%
21.8% 24.4%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
primary secondary tertiary
female male
enrolment rate
Data: World Bank 2010

7. Framework Analysis

8. Framework Analysis
C.J.H.M. van Dam
economy
social
politics
technology
education

9. Politics and Economy of Indonesia
1945 – 1960s
young and inexperienced
government
political instability
low literacy rate
poverty and hunger
new order
1960s – 1990s
inflation GDP grew
high economy growth
authoritarian government
literacy increased
corrupt govt
reformasi
1998 - present
post-independence
stable economy growth
democratic system
income
inequality
freedom of speech
1997
Asian
financial
crisis
post-reformasi
GDP grows

10. Economy on Education
20%
government
expenditure
education
others
13.6%
43.6%
42.8%
agriculture
services
industry
GDP

11. Education on Economy
2015
14.2 million
7.1 million
services
industry
manufacture
4.4 million
2
million
labor
forces/year
Job Creation
enter the market
Quality (?)

12. Education on Economy
rural urban
low
wage
low
literacy
competitive
jobs
better
offer

13. Politics on Education
84%
16%
Ministry of National
Education
Ministry of Religious
Affairs
Higher access
Improved quality
Better governance
School operation funds
Power + influence --> changing curriculum

14. Education on Politics
19981974
Student-led
demonstration
Call for freedom of
expression
Call for social and
economic justice
Call for democratic
leadership

15. Social on Education
Social status
position
age
Teacher-centered
learning approach
social values and norms

16. Education on Social
compulsory teaching
(primary – secondary)
religious norms and values
embedded in society
Opportunity Threat
value of diversity potential riot

17. Technology on Education
Indonesia Integrated
Online Course
Quality AccessiblityCHALLENGE !
Ministry of National
Education

18. Education on Technology
Technical Vocational
Education and Training
(TVET)
Demand-driven
Practice-oriented
programs
USD 54,000
per vocational
school
shipping
electronics
manufacture
agriculture
fisheries

19. Open Discussion

20. Problem Statement
Religion education prevents
proper development (?)

21. agree with the statement Disagree with the statement
Subjective thinking
Not factual for critical thinking
Indoctrination
Norms and values
Personal development
Social tool