Cost based pricing
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This document discusses cost-based pricing strategies and compares traditional costing approaches to activity-based costing. Traditional costing allocates overhead expenses arbitrarily, which can reduce customer value. Activity-based costing links resource expenses to the variety and complexity of goods and services, yielding more accurate cost information. However, when setting prices, customers care more about the value a product or service provides to them rather than the production costs to the firm.
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Et 104 costs and cost terminology
This document defines various cost terminology and classifications. It discusses the definitions of costs, stages of determining costs, and how costs are classified based on factors like time of incurrence, reaction to activity level, balance sheet presentation, impact on decision making, and relation to products and accounting periods. Key cost categories include direct and indirect costs, fixed and variable costs, product and period costs, and different types of inventories for merchandising and manufacturing companies.
Activity based costing
Activity Based Costing (ABC) is an accounting methodology that assigns costs to activities rather than products and services. ABC focuses on activities as fundamental cost objects and uses the costs of these activities to compile the costs of other objects. ABC facilitates strategic cost management by showing how activities consume resources and how products or customers trigger activities, assigning costs according to resource consumption. ABC also describes a firm as a series of activities designed to satisfy customer needs, providing managers information to manage activities and achieve strategic goals like improved competitiveness. The benefits of ABC include understanding overhead cost behavior and relationships, allocating resources to value-adding activities, linking profitability analysis to operations, making non-value added costs visible, and providing accurate information for performance measurement and
Design and Implement the Activity-Based Costing in Taiwan Firm
We design and implement the activity-based costing (ABC) to the communication firm in Taiwan which originally adopted the existing traditional costing method (TC) to measure the unit cost. In contemporary research, the activity-based costing (ABC) was utilized to measure and analyze the product unit cost in production process. This firm originally adopted a roughly estimate based in cost system to allocate support department cost, meanwhile it adopted the direct labor hour (DLR) to allocate the conversion costs to products. This original traditional costing (TC) has the weakness on distorting the product unit cost since it pulls all of costs into the single pool and activity. We collected and analyzed field data for 24 months through interviews, files gathering, and cost data to analyze B Company’s product characteristics, production process, and existing costing during 2010 to 2012. We compared and contrasted B firm implemented both ABC and TC cost allocation method on unit cost, the activity center and production system. Our researches focus on analyzing the existing cost accounting system, designing a practical ABC system and applying ABC on the support-cost allocation, comparing the cost data under the existing cost system and ABC, and providing the suggestion about the ABC implementation follow-up activities.Our results found that the traditional cost system in this firm overestimates the costs of high direct labor-hour products and underestimates the costs of high complexity products. Instead of the tradition costing (TC) or the conventional costing or the simple costing with the single indirect-cost pool and arbitrary allocation bases, the ABC creates homogeneous cost pools (activities) linked to different cost-allocation bases that have cause-and-effect relationships. Finally, our findings are that the implementation of the ABC provided more accuracy in allocating the unit cost, more reasonable information and cost allocation for the activity center, and non-financial information for the production system.
Cost Driver
The document discusses cost drivers and cost behavior. It defines cost drivers as activities or factors that generate costs and have a cause-and-effect relationship with total costs. Direct costs are themselves cost drivers, while other factory costs need identified cost drivers to trace overhead to products. Costs are classified by their behavior as fixed, variable, or semi-variable depending on how they change with activity level. Fixed costs remain the same despite output fluctuations but can change between time periods if the activity level changes significantly.
ACtivItY BaSeD CostinG, Value ChAin AnalysiS, TargeT cosTing & Life Cycle Cos...
It is the small presentation on the topic of activity based costing, value chain analysis, target costing and life cycle costing of the Cost and Management Accounting.
ACTIVITY BASED COSTING
Activity-based costing (ABC) is a management accounting approach that allocates overhead costs to products and services based on the activities consumed and resources used to produce them. It identifies major activities in a company and traces the costs of each activity back to the products. There are two stages - costs are first allocated to activities, then activities are allocated to products using cost drivers that represent consumption of activities. ABC provides more accurate product costs than traditional volume-based allocation and helps identify unprofitable products. It is useful when overhead costs are significant or product complexity varies widely.
Activity based costing
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Et 104 costs and cost terminology
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Activity based costing
Activity Based Costing (ABC) is an accounting methodology that assigns costs to activities rather than products and services. ABC focuses on activities as fundamental cost objects and uses the costs of these activities to compile the costs of other objects. ABC facilitates strategic cost management by showing how activities consume resources and how products or customers trigger activities, assigning costs according to resource consumption. ABC also describes a firm as a series of activities designed to satisfy customer needs, providing managers information to manage activities and achieve strategic goals like improved competitiveness. The benefits of ABC include understanding overhead cost behavior and relationships, allocating resources to value-adding activities, linking profitability analysis to operations, making non-value added costs visible, and providing accurate information for performance measurement and
Design and Implement the Activity-Based Costing in Taiwan Firm
We design and implement the activity-based costing (ABC) to the communication firm in Taiwan which originally adopted the existing traditional costing method (TC) to measure the unit cost. In contemporary research, the activity-based costing (ABC) was utilized to measure and analyze the product unit cost in production process. This firm originally adopted a roughly estimate based in cost system to allocate support department cost, meanwhile it adopted the direct labor hour (DLR) to allocate the conversion costs to products. This original traditional costing (TC) has the weakness on distorting the product unit cost since it pulls all of costs into the single pool and activity. We collected and analyzed field data for 24 months through interviews, files gathering, and cost data to analyze B Company’s product characteristics, production process, and existing costing during 2010 to 2012. We compared and contrasted B firm implemented both ABC and TC cost allocation method on unit cost, the activity center and production system. Our researches focus on analyzing the existing cost accounting system, designing a practical ABC system and applying ABC on the support-cost allocation, comparing the cost data under the existing cost system and ABC, and providing the suggestion about the ABC implementation follow-up activities.Our results found that the traditional cost system in this firm overestimates the costs of high direct labor-hour products and underestimates the costs of high complexity products. Instead of the tradition costing (TC) or the conventional costing or the simple costing with the single indirect-cost pool and arbitrary allocation bases, the ABC creates homogeneous cost pools (activities) linked to different cost-allocation bases that have cause-and-effect relationships. Finally, our findings are that the implementation of the ABC provided more accuracy in allocating the unit cost, more reasonable information and cost allocation for the activity center, and non-financial information for the production system.
Cost Driver
The document discusses cost drivers and cost behavior. It defines cost drivers as activities or factors that generate costs and have a cause-and-effect relationship with total costs. Direct costs are themselves cost drivers, while other factory costs need identified cost drivers to trace overhead to products. Costs are classified by their behavior as fixed, variable, or semi-variable depending on how they change with activity level. Fixed costs remain the same despite output fluctuations but can change between time periods if the activity level changes significantly.
ACtivItY BaSeD CostinG, Value ChAin AnalysiS, TargeT cosTing & Life Cycle Cos...
It is the small presentation on the topic of activity based costing, value chain analysis, target costing and life cycle costing of the Cost and Management Accounting.
ACTIVITY BASED COSTING
Activity-based costing (ABC) is a management accounting approach that allocates overhead costs to products and services based on the activities consumed and resources used to produce them. It identifies major activities in a company and traces the costs of each activity back to the products. There are two stages - costs are first allocated to activities, then activities are allocated to products using cost drivers that represent consumption of activities. ABC provides more accurate product costs than traditional volume-based allocation and helps identify unprofitable products. It is useful when overhead costs are significant or product complexity varies widely.
Activity based costing
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Abhi cma
This document discusses different costing methods and defines key cost accounting terms. It outlines several types of costing systems used for different purposes, including job order costing, contract costing, batch costing, process costing, and operations costing. Standard costing, budgetary control, and marginal costing are also mentioned. The document defines cost accounting as applying costing principles and techniques to ascertain information for managerial decision making. Cost accountancy facilitates management with cost control and determining profitability.
Activity based costing
Activity based costing (ABC) assigns costs to activities and products based on their actual consumption of resources. It identifies major activities, determines their costs, and assigns costs to products based on cost drivers. ABC provides more accurate product costs than traditional absorption costing. It helps identify non-value adding activities to control costs and supports decision making.
Target costing is a technique where the target cost of a product is determined based on the desired selling price minus the target profit. It involves setting cost reduction targets during product planning and development to achieve the target cost. The benefits of target costing include increased profitability of new products and providing information to forecast future costs.
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direct costs
This document discusses direct and indirect costs, and how to allocate indirect or overhead costs across multiple units of output. It notes that direct costs are specifically associated with each unit, while indirect costs cannot be directly identified with a particular unit. Common direct costs are raw materials and direct labor, while indirect costs include rent and administrative wages. The document discusses different methods for allocating indirect costs, including allocating them equally across units or based on direct labor hours, with the logic being outputs requiring more labor utilize more overhead services. It acknowledges there is no single correct method, and the goal is to find a fair and logical basis that provides useful information to decision makers.
Cost drivers in Short well explained
This document discusses cost drivers, which are factors that influence the level of costs. It defines cost drivers and provides examples such as number of purchase orders or machine hours affecting purchasing or maintenance costs. Cost drivers have a cause-and-effect relationship with total costs - the driver is the cause and incurred costs are the effect. The document also categorizes cost drivers as structural, organizational, or activity-based and provides determinants for each type. Finally, it discusses cost driver analysis and the importance of understanding the causal relationship between activities and associated costs.
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Cost accounting and analysis
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Activity based costing
The document discusses Activity Based Costing (ABC), which assigns costs to products based on their use of activities and resources. It provides more accurate product costs than traditional costing. ABC identifies activities, assigns costs to activity cost pools, calculates activity rates, and assigns costs to cost objects like products. This helps determine which products are truly profitable. However, ABC requires substantial resources and managers may resist differing from traditional costing figures. ABC data also requires careful use for decision making.
Cost accounting ppt
Cost accounting is a formal system used to ascertain and control costs of products and services. The objectives of cost accounting include ascertaining costs, controlling costs, and guiding business policies. Cost accounting differs from financial accounting in its purpose, statutory requirements, cost analysis, periodicity of reporting, and control aspects. Cost centers, cost units, and methods of costing like job costing and process costing are used to allocate costs. Elements of cost include direct and indirect materials, direct and indirect labor, and expenses like production, administration, selling and distribution overheads. Total cost is made up of prime cost, works cost, cost of production and total cost or cost of sales.
Cost concept
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Cost Behavior Analysis
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Value Creation= It is ratio of Functional Value to Cost associated.
Current and Future Economic stability is dependent on primary drivers such as
ROC(return on capital employed), operating margin, Net asset Turnover to focus on
revenue management, cost management, fixed asset management and working capital management.
To align with the objective of WMS(World class Manufacturing System) in India region with strategy as low cost producer and developing initiative as control on cash flows.
Various projects being taken for reduction in manufacturing overheads, cost reduction in areas of indirect expenses, inventory reduction etc.
Overhead analysis
- Cost accounting is used to estimate product costs, calculate work-in-progress costs, and control costs by comparing actual and estimated costs.
- There are three elements of cost: direct materials, direct labor, and other expenses which can be direct or indirect.
- Costs are traced to cost centers, which are areas responsible for costs like manufacturing departments. Costs are allocated or apportioned to cost centers and then absorbed into total product costs.
- Predetermined overhead rates are used to estimate overhead costs which are then compared to actual overhead costs at the end of the period to determine if overhead was under- or over-absorbed.
Cost concepts & classification
This document defines key cost concepts and classifications. It explains that cost is the monetary measure of resources used for production or services. Expenses are expired costs that helped generate revenue, while losses are expired costs with no benefit. Cost centers and cost units are defined as sections or units for which costs can be measured and used for control. Costs are classified in various ways such as direct/indirect, fixed/variable, and product/period costs to aid management decision making. Special costs like sunk, differential and marginal costs are also discussed.
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Activity based costing (ABC) assigns costs to activities and products based on their actual consumption of resources. It identifies major activities, determines their costs, and assigns costs to products based on cost drivers. ABC provides more accurate product costs than traditional absorption costing. It helps identify non-value adding activities to control costs and supports decision making.
Target costing is a technique where the target cost of a product is determined based on the desired selling price minus the target profit. It involves setting cost reduction targets during product planning and development to achieve the target cost. The benefits of target costing include increased profitability of new products and providing information to forecast future costs.
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Activity-based costing (ABC) is a methodology that assigns overhead costs to products and services based on their use of activities and resources. It involves identifying costs, loading secondary and primary cost pools, measuring activity drivers, allocating costs between pools, charging costs to cost objects, formulating reports, and acting on the information. ABC provides a more precise allocation of overhead costs than traditional methods by recognizing the causal relationships between costs, activities, and products or services.
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Cost accounting
Group 11 presented information on cost accounting. The objectives of cost accounting are to advise management on cost-efficient actions, help with operations direction and control, and provide immediate information on inventory. Costs are classified as direct, indirect, variable, fixed, semi-variable, or chunky based on their behavior when activity changes. Direct costs are specifically related to a product while indirect costs are not directly tied to a product. Cost centers and cost drivers are used to assign indirect costs in a two-stage process. Designing an effective cost accounting system requires determining the appropriate number of cost centers and how to assign costs to products.
Cost accounting and analysis
Cost accounting is a process that collects, records, analyzes, and evaluates costs to advise management on the most cost-efficient course of action. It originated during the Industrial Revolution to help managers understand complex business costs. Costs are classified as either variable, meaning they change with production volume, or fixed, remaining constant regardless of production levels. Key cost objects include direct materials, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead. Analyzing these cost objects allows for more accurate cost calculation and identification of inefficient activities to improve cost efficiency.
Activity based costing
The document discusses Activity Based Costing (ABC), which assigns costs to products based on their use of activities and resources. It provides more accurate product costs than traditional costing. ABC identifies activities, assigns costs to activity cost pools, calculates activity rates, and assigns costs to cost objects like products. This helps determine which products are truly profitable. However, ABC requires substantial resources and managers may resist differing from traditional costing figures. ABC data also requires careful use for decision making.
Cost accounting ppt
Cost accounting is a formal system used to ascertain and control costs of products and services. The objectives of cost accounting include ascertaining costs, controlling costs, and guiding business policies. Cost accounting differs from financial accounting in its purpose, statutory requirements, cost analysis, periodicity of reporting, and control aspects. Cost centers, cost units, and methods of costing like job costing and process costing are used to allocate costs. Elements of cost include direct and indirect materials, direct and indirect labor, and expenses like production, administration, selling and distribution overheads. Total cost is made up of prime cost, works cost, cost of production and total cost or cost of sales.
Cost concept
Cost accounting is the process of tracking and recording costs associated with manufacturing or producing goods and services. It helps management make informed business decisions and set prices through cost analysis and control. The key objectives of cost accounting are to determine the actual cost of products, identify inefficiencies, provide cost comparisons, and analyze trends to help set production policies and programs. Maintaining an effective cost accounting system provides businesses with valuable information for activities like profitability analysis, inventory valuation, budgeting, and financial reporting.
Activity Based Costing
Activity based costing is considered to be useful only for Manufacturing Organizations whereas reality is that it is equally usefull to Service providers
Cost Analysis : Definition of Cost, Types of Cost and Cost-output Relationship
This document provides an overview of cost analysis concepts, including definitions of different types of costs, cost-output relationships, and break-even analysis. It defines cost as the money incurred to produce a product or service. Various types of costs are described, including fixed and variable costs. The relationship between total, average, and marginal costs at different output levels is explained using tables and graphs. The optimal production level occurs where average total cost is minimized and marginal cost equals average cost. Break-even analysis is also introduced as a tool to determine the output level required to cover total costs.
Cost concepts
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Cost Behavior Analysis
This document discusses cost behavior and different types of costs. It defines variable costs as changing proportionally with activity level and fixed costs as remaining constant despite changes in activity. Total and per-unit cost behaviors are examined for variable and fixed costs. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts. Methods for analyzing mixed costs are presented, including high-low, scattergraph, and least squares regression. The contribution format income statement is introduced as a way to organize costs by behavior.
Cost reduction real example.pdf
Value Creation= It is ratio of Functional Value to Cost associated.
Current and Future Economic stability is dependent on primary drivers such as
ROC(return on capital employed), operating margin, Net asset Turnover to focus on
revenue management, cost management, fixed asset management and working capital management.
To align with the objective of WMS(World class Manufacturing System) in India region with strategy as low cost producer and developing initiative as control on cash flows.
Various projects being taken for reduction in manufacturing overheads, cost reduction in areas of indirect expenses, inventory reduction etc.
Overhead analysis
- Cost accounting is used to estimate product costs, calculate work-in-progress costs, and control costs by comparing actual and estimated costs.
- There are three elements of cost: direct materials, direct labor, and other expenses which can be direct or indirect.
- Costs are traced to cost centers, which are areas responsible for costs like manufacturing departments. Costs are allocated or apportioned to cost centers and then absorbed into total product costs.
- Predetermined overhead rates are used to estimate overhead costs which are then compared to actual overhead costs at the end of the period to determine if overhead was under- or over-absorbed.
Cost concepts & classification
This document defines key cost concepts and classifications. It explains that cost is the monetary measure of resources used for production or services. Expenses are expired costs that helped generate revenue, while losses are expired costs with no benefit. Cost centers and cost units are defined as sections or units for which costs can be measured and used for control. Costs are classified in various ways such as direct/indirect, fixed/variable, and product/period costs to aid management decision making. Special costs like sunk, differential and marginal costs are also discussed.
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Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
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Cost based pricing
- 1. Welcome to
- 2. Cost-Based Pricing – Set prices relative to financial costs (problem: defining costs) – Activity-Based Costing – Pricing implications of cost analysis
- 3. Traditional vs. Activity-Based Costing
- 4. Traditional costing approach – Emphasizes expense categories (arbitrary overheads allocation) – May result in reducing value generated for customers
- 5. ABC management systems – Link resource expenses to variety and complexity of goods/services produced – Yields accurate cost information
- 6. When looking at prices, customers care about value to themselves, not what service production costs the firm