Corruption arises from individuals turning away from internal sources of value and knowledge through a combination of hatred and intolerance of knowledge. This leads to attacks on linking with others and subverting relationships and systems of values. In groups, individual corruption processes become collectivized as the group takes on paranoid-schizoid characteristics, repressing doubts and anxieties in favor of shared delusional beliefs, like the idea that traditional economic rules no longer apply during a financial bubble. This corruption of thought allows irrational risk-taking to continue until anxieties overwhelm the forces of repression and the bubble bursts. Studying whole systems helps explain how individual minds coordinate into corrupt collective behavior through leadership that pursues objectives unrelated to the work task and erodes
The document discusses the initiation of a son into the secrets of his father's vast financial empire, which controls wealth, information, and resources on a global scale through opaque and complex networks. The father explains that emotional detachment and cold rational calculations are essential for maintaining power over generations. He and his advisors will teach the son the "occult technology of power" that operates secretly behind outward appearances to dominate governments and societies. The initiation begins with lectures on how fraud and deception are the basis for success in nature and human hierarchies.
This document is an introduction to "The Sorcerer's Guide to Power" by Hathor MacHugh. It discusses power being derived from various sources like the spiritual, emotional, mental and physical. It also discusses different types of power like political power, personal power, power alliances, and absolute power. It notes power comes from knowledge, relationships, emotions and other elements. The introduction provides a quote by Marianne Williamson about personal power and light within each individual.
This document discusses Machiavellian concepts and Niccolo Machiavelli. It defines Machiavellianism as a political theory based on Machiavelli's teachings, characterized by manipulation and putting self-interest over morality. It also discusses the Dark Triad of personality traits including Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy. The document then covers how Machiavellian concepts relate to management, outlining a model of Machiavellianism in organizations and its potential positive or negative effects depending on how it is used.
This document discusses heuristics and biases that affect human judgment and decision-making. It notes that cognition is not fully under our conscious control and verbal reports on decision-making cannot be fully trusted. Common heuristics discussed include availability, representativeness, anchoring and adjustment, and overconfidence. Experts are also susceptible to heuristics. The document advocates recognizing heuristics to overcome their effects and make more accurate risk assessments. Decision-making in social work often involves satisficing due to incomplete information and multiple goals.
Leardership crisis in nigeria since independenceTANKO AHMED fwc
Nigeria is a nation polarized into sectional, religious and ethnic contestations leading to incessant crisis of leadership. The crisis of leadership in Nigeria reflects the national psyche of the Nigerian state as expressed by the political behaviour of its elites among others. This paper considers a framework of understanding the root causes and consequences of the incessant crisis of leadership in Nigeria and the implications of this crisis for national integration and nation-building. It identifies the way in which the Nigerian state was constituted, the divide and rule colonial policy, the ‘two publics’ mentality of its elites and the character of early nationalism as root causes of this crisis. It also proffers recommendations on the way forward including the sanctions against negative political behaviour, transcultural leadership and public enlightenment.
During Grow.co's MAU Las Vegas 2016, Appboy VP of Customer Success, Spencer Burke, shared best practices for mobile acquisition, retention, and monetization alongside Urban Outfitter's Senior Director of Global CRM and Customer Analytics, Andrew Rauch.
The document discusses the initiation of a son into the secrets of his father's vast financial empire, which controls wealth, information, and resources on a global scale through opaque and complex networks. The father explains that emotional detachment and cold rational calculations are essential for maintaining power over generations. He and his advisors will teach the son the "occult technology of power" that operates secretly behind outward appearances to dominate governments and societies. The initiation begins with lectures on how fraud and deception are the basis for success in nature and human hierarchies.
This document is an introduction to "The Sorcerer's Guide to Power" by Hathor MacHugh. It discusses power being derived from various sources like the spiritual, emotional, mental and physical. It also discusses different types of power like political power, personal power, power alliances, and absolute power. It notes power comes from knowledge, relationships, emotions and other elements. The introduction provides a quote by Marianne Williamson about personal power and light within each individual.
This document discusses Machiavellian concepts and Niccolo Machiavelli. It defines Machiavellianism as a political theory based on Machiavelli's teachings, characterized by manipulation and putting self-interest over morality. It also discusses the Dark Triad of personality traits including Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy. The document then covers how Machiavellian concepts relate to management, outlining a model of Machiavellianism in organizations and its potential positive or negative effects depending on how it is used.
This document discusses heuristics and biases that affect human judgment and decision-making. It notes that cognition is not fully under our conscious control and verbal reports on decision-making cannot be fully trusted. Common heuristics discussed include availability, representativeness, anchoring and adjustment, and overconfidence. Experts are also susceptible to heuristics. The document advocates recognizing heuristics to overcome their effects and make more accurate risk assessments. Decision-making in social work often involves satisficing due to incomplete information and multiple goals.
Leardership crisis in nigeria since independenceTANKO AHMED fwc
Nigeria is a nation polarized into sectional, religious and ethnic contestations leading to incessant crisis of leadership. The crisis of leadership in Nigeria reflects the national psyche of the Nigerian state as expressed by the political behaviour of its elites among others. This paper considers a framework of understanding the root causes and consequences of the incessant crisis of leadership in Nigeria and the implications of this crisis for national integration and nation-building. It identifies the way in which the Nigerian state was constituted, the divide and rule colonial policy, the ‘two publics’ mentality of its elites and the character of early nationalism as root causes of this crisis. It also proffers recommendations on the way forward including the sanctions against negative political behaviour, transcultural leadership and public enlightenment.
During Grow.co's MAU Las Vegas 2016, Appboy VP of Customer Success, Spencer Burke, shared best practices for mobile acquisition, retention, and monetization alongside Urban Outfitter's Senior Director of Global CRM and Customer Analytics, Andrew Rauch.
The studies included in this meta-analysis support the notion that the consumption of Litesse® suppresses appetite and
reduces voluntary calorie intake at a subsequent meal. Furthermore, the reduction in calorie intake occurs in a dose
dependent manner.
This document discusses monitoring MySQL databases at scale. It begins with background on Lithium Technologies and their MySQL architecture. It then covers the challenges of monitoring in dynamic environments, monitoring 101 theory, and a real incident triage at Lithium. Key points discussed include the need for automation, metrics collection from all layers, and sharing knowledge. Monitoring hundreds or thousands of MySQL instances requires collecting 350+ metrics from each to gain necessary insights.
Le premier classement du CAC 40 sur Wikipédia, de ses entreprises et ses dirigeants by Angie+1 !
Discutons-en :
Gabriel Moussin // gmoussin@angie.fr // 0155344661
François Guillot // fguillot@angie.fr // 0155344663
For the most part, people who answer marketing research surveys want and try to do a good job. However, sometimes respondents want to get through a survey as quick as possible in order to earn the incentive and move to the next task.
- Learn the various types of data quality questions you can use, beyond speeding and straightlining.
- How to fit them into your questionnaire with minimal impact on responders.
- And most importantly, how to use the data quality questions effectively so that you don't accidentally exclude data from honest respondents.
Basics of the Highly Available Distributed Databases - teowaki - javier ramir...javier ramirez
Basic concepts of distributed systems, such as consensus, gossip and infection protocols, vector clocks, sharding storage, so you can create highly available distributed systems
With Java 9, modularity comes to your doorstep (whether you ordered it or not). This isn't your average language feature: making the most out of it may involve rewiring your brain. In this session we explore the benefits of a modular codebase using Java 9 modules. Because who doesn’t like more reliable and secure applications, meanwhile killing the dreaded classpath?
After reviewing the basic concepts of modules, we'll explore modularity patterns that enhance your design and development skills. We all have existing software, so migration of codebases to a modular world is an important topic as well. Automatic modules and other new concepts are added to your toolbox to this end.
Want examples? We've got plenty in this practical and code-driven talk. Even if you intend to use Java 9 without modules, this talk helps you prevent common issues. You'll be ready for Java 9 before you know it.
Both speakers are currently writing “Java 9 Modularity” for O’Reilly, expected early 2017. They have extensive experience under the belt already with the Java 9 Jigsaw early access builds.
Managing change in an agile Salesforce development environmentRoland Bullivant
As larger and heavily customised Salesforce applications become ever more critical to enterprises, so the importance of being able to govern, integrate and manage their data grows. This is especially relevant in projects where an agile methodology is employed and where it is vital that the successive versions of the Salesforce data model can be compared and managed.
Safyr is unique in its ability to allow data professionals to access and utilise the metadata in large Salesforce implementations.
The document discusses 10 mistakes made with VoIP systems that could also impact IoT devices. These include assuming a perfect network without redundancy, difficult provisioning processes, closed identity systems without interoperability, using multiple incompatible protocols, unencrypted media, insecure authentication, systems that were difficult to update securely, latency from routing through central servers, and not prioritizing user benefits. It recommends learning from these lessons by using auto-provisioning, federated identities, open standards, encryption, strong authentication, automatic updates, local routing when possible, and designing for clear user benefits like convenience.
Character Encoding - MySQL DevRoom - FOSDEM 2015mushupl
Character encoding configuration in MySQL has always been a bit confusing. With too many options to set, unclear relationships between them, and the default settings that make MySQL incompatible with most languages, it is a headache to many users, many of whom end up with broken data. This lecture will provide an overview of the character set support in MySQL, guidelines on how to use it correctly, and will demonstrate several methods of detecting and repairing mangled data.
Performance Schema for MySQL TroubleshootingSveta Smirnova
Percona Live (https://www.percona.com/live/data-performance-conference-2016/sessions/performance-schema-mysql-troubleshooting)
The performance schema in MySQL version 5.6, released in February, 2013, is a very powerful tool that can help DBAs discover why even the trickiest performance issues occur. Version 5.7 introduces even more instruments and tables. And while all these give you great power, you can get stuck choosing which instrument to use.
In this session, I will start with a description of a typical problem, then guide you how to use the performance schema to find out what causes the issue, the reason for unwanted behavior and how the received information can help you solve a particular problem.
Traditionally, performance schema sessions teach what is in contained in tables. I will, in contrast, start from a performance issue, then demonstrate which instruments and tables can help solve it. We will discuss how to setup the performance schema so that it has minimal impact on your server.
Implications of public pension enhancement in CanadaAlex Mazer
Common Wealth co-founder Alex Mazer's presentation on the Ontario Retirement Pension Plan and Canada Pension Plan enhancement to SHARE's Toronto Pension and Investment Governance Course on May 6, 2016.
Are You Ready For Illinois’ New Alimony Law?The Law Buzz
Is alimony an issue in your divorce? You should know that Illinois maintenance laws are changing on January 1, 2015. Illinois Senate Bill 3231 is transforming the way alimony is calculated in our state and could have a huge impact on how much you pay or receive. View our law firm’s presentation to learn more.
This document provides a catalogue of 106 nano companies in Spain as well as other tech transfer institutions, compiled by the Phantoms Foundation. It includes general information about each company such as main research areas, number of employees in R&D, percentage dedicated to nanotechnology, funded projects, patents, and contacts. The Phantoms Foundation focuses on structuring and fostering nanoscience and nanotechnology in Europe and collaborates with Spanish and European government institutions on related reports and initiatives.
From Where Have We Come & Where Are We GoingPhilip Bourne
This document discusses the past and future of FORCE11, a community dedicated to improving scholarly communication. It notes that since 2011:
- New communities are defined by interests rather than domains
- Open data, identifiers, and data/software citation have emerged
It also discusses challenges like maintaining a biomedical focus and opportunities like engaging other communities and pursuing public-private partnerships. Specific opportunities mentioned include pursuing community funding, gaining traction for preprints in life sciences, and leveraging touchpoints with funders around issues like reproducibility, data management, and sustainability. The document encourages stakeholders to identify and pursue these opportunities to help shape the research ecosystem.
Leaderboards are mainly for providing feedback on progress compared to others, but are not always the best solution and may encourage competition over collaboration. Simply taking a gamification solution off-the-shelf without focusing on the individual user is misguided. Designing for easy wins through points and badges focuses on results rather than the journey and experience. Telling people to have fun or that fun can be commanded goes against the voluntary nature needed for optimal engagement and flow state.
How To Start A Good Argumentative Essay. Online assignment writing service.Joanna Gardner
Here are a few ways this study could be expanded in the future:
1. Compare the experiences of African American male students who live on campus versus those who are exclusively online students. Online students may feel less connected to campus resources and the university community.
2. Interview faculty and staff to gain their perspectives on supporting African American male students. Administrators and instructors play an important role in creating an inclusive environment.
3. Expand the study to multiple universities to examine whether experiences differ in various regional and institutional contexts. A larger, more diverse sample could provide more generalizable insights.
4. Conduct a longitudinal study tracking a cohort of African American male students from their first year through graduation. This could provide insight into how
Crimes Of Corrupt Leaders And Implications.pdfDC Diew
A chat with Ai.
When conditions meet apocalyptic threat levels where nuclear proliferation is used as nuclear incidents are escalated, genocide taking place globally, a weaponized pandemic, cataclysms immanent, the doomsday clock weaponized. leadership bodies weaponized, targeted vulnerable populations scapegoated, the most deviant protected as victims, the most stable form of currency losing value, government gridlock globally, destabilized states and democracies, WE ALL HAVE A RIGHT AND RESPONSIBILITY TO TELL THE TRUTH. NO TO SUPPORT FALSE NARRATIVES THAT GET TARGETS KILLED FOR FIGHTING FOR JUSTICE.
For decades the question of how good and evil originate and manifest in us wa...James McCann
This document discusses research into psychopathic traits in corporate workplaces. Researchers have found that psychopathic traits like lack of empathy and remorse are common among high-level corporate employees, with some studies finding their prevalence is similar to that in prisons. These successful psychopaths exhibit the same core traits as other psychopaths such as dishonesty and aggression but are often able to charm others. There is also overlap between psychopathic traits and bullying behaviors in workplaces. The document argues more needs to be done to independently investigate bullying claims and develop strategies to cope with workplace stresses and bullies.
Compliance Conference Part 1 V2 20090817Keryl Egan
This document summarizes a presentation about people risks, compliance motivation, and organizational culture. It discusses how individual behaviors and systemic failures can interact to create conditions for non-compliance. It uses the example of National Australia Bank to show how a culture of intimidation allowed fraudulent activities to go undetected. The presentation also draws from social psychology research on how authority, social modeling, and moral disengagement can influence people's behaviors and compromise integrity.
The studies included in this meta-analysis support the notion that the consumption of Litesse® suppresses appetite and
reduces voluntary calorie intake at a subsequent meal. Furthermore, the reduction in calorie intake occurs in a dose
dependent manner.
This document discusses monitoring MySQL databases at scale. It begins with background on Lithium Technologies and their MySQL architecture. It then covers the challenges of monitoring in dynamic environments, monitoring 101 theory, and a real incident triage at Lithium. Key points discussed include the need for automation, metrics collection from all layers, and sharing knowledge. Monitoring hundreds or thousands of MySQL instances requires collecting 350+ metrics from each to gain necessary insights.
Le premier classement du CAC 40 sur Wikipédia, de ses entreprises et ses dirigeants by Angie+1 !
Discutons-en :
Gabriel Moussin // gmoussin@angie.fr // 0155344661
François Guillot // fguillot@angie.fr // 0155344663
For the most part, people who answer marketing research surveys want and try to do a good job. However, sometimes respondents want to get through a survey as quick as possible in order to earn the incentive and move to the next task.
- Learn the various types of data quality questions you can use, beyond speeding and straightlining.
- How to fit them into your questionnaire with minimal impact on responders.
- And most importantly, how to use the data quality questions effectively so that you don't accidentally exclude data from honest respondents.
Basics of the Highly Available Distributed Databases - teowaki - javier ramir...javier ramirez
Basic concepts of distributed systems, such as consensus, gossip and infection protocols, vector clocks, sharding storage, so you can create highly available distributed systems
With Java 9, modularity comes to your doorstep (whether you ordered it or not). This isn't your average language feature: making the most out of it may involve rewiring your brain. In this session we explore the benefits of a modular codebase using Java 9 modules. Because who doesn’t like more reliable and secure applications, meanwhile killing the dreaded classpath?
After reviewing the basic concepts of modules, we'll explore modularity patterns that enhance your design and development skills. We all have existing software, so migration of codebases to a modular world is an important topic as well. Automatic modules and other new concepts are added to your toolbox to this end.
Want examples? We've got plenty in this practical and code-driven talk. Even if you intend to use Java 9 without modules, this talk helps you prevent common issues. You'll be ready for Java 9 before you know it.
Both speakers are currently writing “Java 9 Modularity” for O’Reilly, expected early 2017. They have extensive experience under the belt already with the Java 9 Jigsaw early access builds.
Managing change in an agile Salesforce development environmentRoland Bullivant
As larger and heavily customised Salesforce applications become ever more critical to enterprises, so the importance of being able to govern, integrate and manage their data grows. This is especially relevant in projects where an agile methodology is employed and where it is vital that the successive versions of the Salesforce data model can be compared and managed.
Safyr is unique in its ability to allow data professionals to access and utilise the metadata in large Salesforce implementations.
The document discusses 10 mistakes made with VoIP systems that could also impact IoT devices. These include assuming a perfect network without redundancy, difficult provisioning processes, closed identity systems without interoperability, using multiple incompatible protocols, unencrypted media, insecure authentication, systems that were difficult to update securely, latency from routing through central servers, and not prioritizing user benefits. It recommends learning from these lessons by using auto-provisioning, federated identities, open standards, encryption, strong authentication, automatic updates, local routing when possible, and designing for clear user benefits like convenience.
Character Encoding - MySQL DevRoom - FOSDEM 2015mushupl
Character encoding configuration in MySQL has always been a bit confusing. With too many options to set, unclear relationships between them, and the default settings that make MySQL incompatible with most languages, it is a headache to many users, many of whom end up with broken data. This lecture will provide an overview of the character set support in MySQL, guidelines on how to use it correctly, and will demonstrate several methods of detecting and repairing mangled data.
Performance Schema for MySQL TroubleshootingSveta Smirnova
Percona Live (https://www.percona.com/live/data-performance-conference-2016/sessions/performance-schema-mysql-troubleshooting)
The performance schema in MySQL version 5.6, released in February, 2013, is a very powerful tool that can help DBAs discover why even the trickiest performance issues occur. Version 5.7 introduces even more instruments and tables. And while all these give you great power, you can get stuck choosing which instrument to use.
In this session, I will start with a description of a typical problem, then guide you how to use the performance schema to find out what causes the issue, the reason for unwanted behavior and how the received information can help you solve a particular problem.
Traditionally, performance schema sessions teach what is in contained in tables. I will, in contrast, start from a performance issue, then demonstrate which instruments and tables can help solve it. We will discuss how to setup the performance schema so that it has minimal impact on your server.
Implications of public pension enhancement in CanadaAlex Mazer
Common Wealth co-founder Alex Mazer's presentation on the Ontario Retirement Pension Plan and Canada Pension Plan enhancement to SHARE's Toronto Pension and Investment Governance Course on May 6, 2016.
Are You Ready For Illinois’ New Alimony Law?The Law Buzz
Is alimony an issue in your divorce? You should know that Illinois maintenance laws are changing on January 1, 2015. Illinois Senate Bill 3231 is transforming the way alimony is calculated in our state and could have a huge impact on how much you pay or receive. View our law firm’s presentation to learn more.
This document provides a catalogue of 106 nano companies in Spain as well as other tech transfer institutions, compiled by the Phantoms Foundation. It includes general information about each company such as main research areas, number of employees in R&D, percentage dedicated to nanotechnology, funded projects, patents, and contacts. The Phantoms Foundation focuses on structuring and fostering nanoscience and nanotechnology in Europe and collaborates with Spanish and European government institutions on related reports and initiatives.
From Where Have We Come & Where Are We GoingPhilip Bourne
This document discusses the past and future of FORCE11, a community dedicated to improving scholarly communication. It notes that since 2011:
- New communities are defined by interests rather than domains
- Open data, identifiers, and data/software citation have emerged
It also discusses challenges like maintaining a biomedical focus and opportunities like engaging other communities and pursuing public-private partnerships. Specific opportunities mentioned include pursuing community funding, gaining traction for preprints in life sciences, and leveraging touchpoints with funders around issues like reproducibility, data management, and sustainability. The document encourages stakeholders to identify and pursue these opportunities to help shape the research ecosystem.
Leaderboards are mainly for providing feedback on progress compared to others, but are not always the best solution and may encourage competition over collaboration. Simply taking a gamification solution off-the-shelf without focusing on the individual user is misguided. Designing for easy wins through points and badges focuses on results rather than the journey and experience. Telling people to have fun or that fun can be commanded goes against the voluntary nature needed for optimal engagement and flow state.
How To Start A Good Argumentative Essay. Online assignment writing service.Joanna Gardner
Here are a few ways this study could be expanded in the future:
1. Compare the experiences of African American male students who live on campus versus those who are exclusively online students. Online students may feel less connected to campus resources and the university community.
2. Interview faculty and staff to gain their perspectives on supporting African American male students. Administrators and instructors play an important role in creating an inclusive environment.
3. Expand the study to multiple universities to examine whether experiences differ in various regional and institutional contexts. A larger, more diverse sample could provide more generalizable insights.
4. Conduct a longitudinal study tracking a cohort of African American male students from their first year through graduation. This could provide insight into how
Crimes Of Corrupt Leaders And Implications.pdfDC Diew
A chat with Ai.
When conditions meet apocalyptic threat levels where nuclear proliferation is used as nuclear incidents are escalated, genocide taking place globally, a weaponized pandemic, cataclysms immanent, the doomsday clock weaponized. leadership bodies weaponized, targeted vulnerable populations scapegoated, the most deviant protected as victims, the most stable form of currency losing value, government gridlock globally, destabilized states and democracies, WE ALL HAVE A RIGHT AND RESPONSIBILITY TO TELL THE TRUTH. NO TO SUPPORT FALSE NARRATIVES THAT GET TARGETS KILLED FOR FIGHTING FOR JUSTICE.
For decades the question of how good and evil originate and manifest in us wa...James McCann
This document discusses research into psychopathic traits in corporate workplaces. Researchers have found that psychopathic traits like lack of empathy and remorse are common among high-level corporate employees, with some studies finding their prevalence is similar to that in prisons. These successful psychopaths exhibit the same core traits as other psychopaths such as dishonesty and aggression but are often able to charm others. There is also overlap between psychopathic traits and bullying behaviors in workplaces. The document argues more needs to be done to independently investigate bullying claims and develop strategies to cope with workplace stresses and bullies.
Compliance Conference Part 1 V2 20090817Keryl Egan
This document summarizes a presentation about people risks, compliance motivation, and organizational culture. It discusses how individual behaviors and systemic failures can interact to create conditions for non-compliance. It uses the example of National Australia Bank to show how a culture of intimidation allowed fraudulent activities to go undetected. The presentation also draws from social psychology research on how authority, social modeling, and moral disengagement can influence people's behaviors and compromise integrity.
Mission Mystique and a Belief System Template Chapter IlonaThornburg83
Mission Mystique
and a Belief System
Template
Chapter
MANY SEE THE FIELD OF PUBLIC ADM INISTRA TION AS IN
DE c LINE. I do not share this view. At the same time, I have no interest in resur-
recting the field's traditions formed during th e Progressive Era, New Deal or
World War II. I do, however, contend that strong administrative agencies within
government are critical in our current times. Without them we could not con-
front the millennium's great problems such as a degrading environment, a fragile
global economy and outbreaks of radical religious fundamentalism around the
world. Although collaboration and networks are certainly needed to deal with
these problems, competent and dedicated government organizations are essential
as well. For purposes of lawful and democratic governance, these organizations
should lead the collaborations and form the nodes of the networks. In light of
this , the point is not to dwell on public administration's supposed decline , but to
consider how its highest possible potential can be reached.
I argue in this book that in addition to insisting that bureaucracies be honest,
lawful, efficient, responsible, ably led and adequately financed , we must take the
next step by going beyond correcting what is wrong to capitalizing on what is
right. My working assumption is that if we look at government agencies around
us that stand out as "best," we will find they consist of cohesive groups of women
and men who are "turned on" by so mething. But by what? Not their paychecks,
nor the latest reform gimmicks, but by the very work they are doing: stopping
child abuse, fighting forest fires , battling epidemics. Less dramatic activities have
consequences deep into the future too, such as building safe highways, helping
children learn and allowing the aged to live out their days in dignity. People
doing these things find their working lives important precisely because the work
they are doing is important. Public administration's highest level of attainment is
2 CHAPTER 1
reached when the energy generated by serious engagement in important public
tasks finds its way into all aspects of agency life. The question asked in this book
is , how do we conceive of and move toward that state?
THE IDEA AND STUDY OF MISSION MYSTIQUE
My answer is embodied in a notion called mission mystique. This is a quality of
public agencies that can serve as a reference point for promotion of animated and
reflective administration. It lays the basis for conscious development of strong
institutional belief systems for agencies that center on a compelling public mission.
In the mission mystique organization, employees labor not merely to imple-
ment laws faithfully or to run programs efficiently, as critical as these require-
ments are. The act of carrying out the mission itself kindles passion. Men and
women work hard and creatively because they want to make the most emphatic
mark possible on the communi ...
20L Essay Writing My Ho. Online assignment writing service.Karrie Garcia
The document discusses the themes presented in Homer's epic poem The Iliad. It portrays the Age of Heroes in ancient Greece, depicting giant-like men and true heroism. The major themes are the principles of justice, vengeance, and honor in Greek society. A key theme was the Greek culture of public praise and shame ("shame culture") to honor or disgrace someone before others. The assemblies called by Achaean commanders allowed leaders to gain or lose honor through public discussions of battle strategy and other matters, representing the political structure of the Achaean forces.
The document discusses the emergence of behavioral finance as an alternative to traditional finance models. Traditional finance assumes rational decision-making, while behavioral finance recognizes psychological and emotional factors that can lead to irrational behavior. Key differences include traditional finance assuming perfect processing of information versus behavioral finance recognizing cognitive biases. Additionally, traditional finance sees framing as inconsequential while behavioral finance finds perceptions influenced by framing. The document then examines specific cognitive biases like representativeness, overconfidence, anchoring, ambiguity aversion, and innumeracy that impact decisions. It also discusses the concepts of prospect theory and mental accounting in relation to framing dependence.
Examples Of Analytical Essays. Writing An Analytical Essay Analytical Essay ...Johanna Solis
Analytical Essay - 6+ Examples, Format, Pdf | Examples. Analytical Essay Writing Tips For College Students - Blog BuyEssayClub.com. How to Write an Analytical Essay - Best Tricks from Experts .... How to Write an Analytical Essay. Write my analytical essay - How To Write An Analytical Essay And Score .... How to Develop an Analytical Essay by Neena Thomas - Issuu. Calaméo - Analytical Essay Writing Ideas and Topics. How to Write an Analytical Essay: 15 Steps (with Pictures). How to Write an Analytical Essay (with Samples) | EssayPro. Analytical Essay - What Is an Analytical Essay? Before you begin .... Analytical Essay: Analytical topics for essays. Learn How to Write an Analytical Essay in 15 Minutes.
Bribery, Ethics, and the Psychology of Wrongdoing- Someshwar SrivastavaSomeshwarSrivastava1
At its core, bribery involves offering, giving, receiving, or soliciting something of value to influence the actions of an official or other person in a position of authority. It is a reprehensible act that not only breaches ethical and legal standards but also undermines the trust and integrity of any system or institution.
The document discusses the failure of philosophy and economics and the corruption of other fields. It argues that reality precedes knowledge, and truth reveals reality. It claims that adopting an ideology prevents listening to reality to inform knowledge. It discusses how to live with virtue rather than commandments, and asks why we are experiencing an ethical crisis. The document suggests our cultural defaults regarding ethics are obsolete, and examines how empathy and caring are natural human capacities that can be overridden by ideas.
1) The document discusses building trans-cultural communities through travel experiences that help develop competencies for understanding cultural differences.
2) It presents a competence framework for educational travel developed from the author's PhD research, including cross-cultural, personal, and professional competencies.
3) The author argues that to gain ontological security in an uncertain globalized world, individuals must understand cultural differences and dynamics, coping with uncertainty, and personal development when engaging with other cultures.
This document summarizes a psychological study into the causes of corruption in Indian society. It argues that corruption stems from the socio-economic development paradigm that India has followed for decades, which promotes happiness through constant consumption and prioritizes selfishness and greed. This creates a "pathological mind" in Indians where corruption is seen as normal and unavoidable. The study also notes how corruption spreads through society as more people model corrupt behaviors, and how people become involved in corruption unconsciously through ego defense mechanisms even if they know it is wrong. The development paradigm has nurtured Indian minds to find identity and happiness in continually acquiring more possessions, fueling competition and numbing concerns about corruption.
Essay Writing On Technology. Online assignment writing service.Katie Ellis
The document provides instructions for requesting and completing an assignment writing request on the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a form with assignment details, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with the option of a full refund for plagiarized work.
Developing A Final Draft Of A Research Paper ENGSabrina Ball
The document discusses the Sudoku puzzle, explaining that it is a 9x9 grid where each row, column and 3x3 box must contain the numbers 1-9 without repetition, requiring logical thinking to solve. It originated from Latin squares, which are n×n grids containing the numbers 1-n without repetition in rows or columns. Solving Sudoku puzzles uses mathematical logic even though it may not appear as obviously mathematical as algebra or geometry problems.
The document summarizes Tavistock's approach to reducing environmental impact through three main strategies: 1) Reducing their own impact, 2) Conducting projects and partnerships on environmental topics, and 3) Supporting other organizations. It provides examples of projects Tavistock has evaluated on smart meters, sustainable fashion, climate resilience, and decarbonizing heat networks. It highlights the complexity of influencing socio-technical systems and the important role of "champions" who can help engage diverse groups and navigate complex relationships between factors like energy solutions, fuel poverty, and local development plans.
The document summarizes a lunchtime talk on "the art of not knowing" given by Marian Timmermans. Some key points:
- Cultural beliefs tell leaders they must always know what to do, but not knowing can be an opportunity for learning and innovation.
- When faced with not knowing, typical reactions are to flee to the known or give automatic responses, but this avoids discomfort and growth.
- The state of not knowing can create a "liminal space" where new possibilities emerge if approached with "cheerful apprehensiveness."
- This involves noticing feelings and thoughts, taking deep breaths, asking open questions, and exploring discomfort rather than fleeing to the known.
The document discusses hidden disagreements that can occur in globally dispersed teams. It begins by introducing the topic and research question of how hidden discord impacts team effectiveness. It then explores some challenges teams face, such as physical dispersal, language and cultural differences, and power dynamics.
The document develops a typology of hidden discord, categorizing misunderstandings as unrealized, damaging, or contained. It also categorizes hidden disagreements as clashes of assumptions, undiscussed disagreements, or repressed conflicts. Case studies are provided as examples.
The document analyzes why these issues occur, both from immediate triggers like lack of communication, and underlying conditions like cultural gaps. It discusses the emotional and practical impacts of
This document discusses the impact of limitations on touch due to Covid-19, and perspectives on touch from philosophers like Merleau-Ponty. It explores systemic-psychodynamic approaches to experiences of contact, connection, and loss during the pandemic. The document addresses how Covid-19 has become an "invisible enemy" and discusses framing challenges as warfare. It examines finding alternative ways to touch and concepts like intimacy, immanence, and resilience in the face of adversity. Breakout groups are proposed to reflect on what touch means in the current context and how this relates to the "touch" of the Tavistock Institute.
The document summarizes a webinar on supporting staff wellbeing in the women and girls sector. The webinar covered topics like what influences staff wellbeing, supporting staff through reflective practice, self-care techniques like breathing exercises, and trauma-informed support. It provided an agenda, discussed concepts like containment and reflective practice, considerations for leadership, and referenced additional resources on topics like vicarious trauma, the RESPECT self-care model, and system psychodynamics.
The study examined the impact of repeated bereavements on staff at a special needs school where an average of 2-3 pupils die each year. Interviews and surveys of staff found that while pupil deaths were sad, staff had developed coping strategies to avoid lasting negative impacts. These included talking with colleagues, focusing on celebrating the lives of pupils, and maintaining a positive outlook. However, the study also identified some areas for further exploration, such as whether emotions like tears are fully accepted, how staff ask for help with difficulties, and how senior leaders are supported in their containing roles.
More from Tavistock Institute of Human Relations (6)
Specific ServPoints should be tailored for restaurants in all food service segments. Your ServPoints should be the centerpiece of brand delivery training (guest service) and align with your brand position and marketing initiatives, especially in high-labor-cost conditions.
408-784-7371
Foodservice Consulting + Design
Originally presented at XP2024 Bolzano
While agile has entered the post-mainstream age, possibly losing its mojo along the way, the rise of remote working is dealing a more severe blow than its industrialization.
In this talk we'll have a look to the cumulative effect of the constraints of a remote working environment and of the common countermeasures.
A presentation on mastering key management concepts across projects, products, programs, and portfolios. Whether you're an aspiring manager or looking to enhance your skills, this session will provide you with the knowledge and tools to succeed in various management roles. Learn about the distinct lifecycles, methodologies, and essential skillsets needed to thrive in today's dynamic business environment.
Comparing Stability and Sustainability in Agile SystemsRob Healy
Copy of the presentation given at XP2024 based on a research paper.
In this paper we explain wat overwork is and the physical and mental health risks associated with it.
We then explore how overwork relates to system stability and inventory.
Finally there is a call to action for Team Leads / Scrum Masters / Managers to measure and monitor excess work for individual teams.
Employment PracticesRegulation and Multinational CorporationsRoopaTemkar
Employment PracticesRegulation and Multinational Corporations
Strategic decision making within MNCs constrained or determined by the implementation of laws and codes of practice and by pressure from political actors. Managers in MNCs have to make choices that are shaped by gvmt. intervention and the local economy.
Enriching engagement with ethical review processesstrikingabalance
New ethics review processes at the University of Bath. Presented at the 8th World Conference on Research Integrity by Filipa Vance, Head of Research Governance and Compliance at the University of Bath. June 2024, Athens
Ganpati Kumar Choudhary Indian Ethos PPT.pptx, The Dilemma of Green Energy Corporation
Green Energy Corporation, a leading renewable energy company, faces a dilemma: balancing profitability and sustainability. Pressure to scale rapidly has led to ethical concerns, as the company's commitment to sustainable practices is tested by the need to satisfy shareholders and maintain a competitive edge.
Sethurathnam Ravi: A Legacy in Finance and LeadershipAnjana Josie
Sethurathnam Ravi, also known as S Ravi, is a distinguished Chartered Accountant and former Chairman of the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE). As the Founder and Managing Partner of Ravi Rajan & Co. LLP, he has made significant contributions to the fields of finance, banking, and corporate governance. His extensive career includes directorships in over 45 major organizations, including LIC, BHEL, and ONGC. With a passion for financial consulting and social issues, S Ravi continues to influence the industry and inspire future leaders.
Public Speaking Tips to Help You Be A Strong Leader.pdfPinta Partners
In the realm of effective leadership, a multitude of skills come into play, but one stands out as both crucial and challenging: public speaking.
Public speaking transcends mere eloquence; it serves as the medium through which leaders articulate their vision, inspire action, and foster engagement. For leaders, refining public speaking skills is essential, elevating their ability to influence, persuade, and lead with resolute conviction. Here are some key tips to consider: https://joellandau.com/the-public-speaking-tips-to-help-you-be-a-stronger-leader/
12 steps to transform your organization into the agile org you deservePierre E. NEIS
During an organizational transformation, the shift is from the previous state to an improved one. In the realm of agility, I emphasize the significance of identifying polarities. This approach helps establish a clear understanding of your objectives. I have outlined 12 incremental actions to delineate your organizational strategy.
12 steps to transform your organization into the agile org you deserve
Corruption
1. 1
CHAPTER 10
CORRUPTION
ABERRATION OR AN INEVITABLE PART OF THE HUMAN CONDITION?
INSIGHTS FROM A ‘TAVISTOCK’ APPROACH 1
Introduction
Examining the subject of corruption from a ‘Tavistock’ systems psychodynamic
standpoint reveals refreshing insights into the individual human mind and as it is
manifest in collective enterprise. This chapter will describe the concept of internal
object to explain individual and social behaviour by suggesting that internalised
mental images of significant people, events and ideas have strong emotions and
feelings attached to them that influence identity formation, belief and value systems
and in turn lead to the construction of attitudes and behaviours. This chapter will also
address how system psychodynamic concepts can be gathered and bound into a
social theory of group-as-a-whole functioning around the subject of corruption.
Corruption can be defined as:
a hostile turning away from internal objects
exercising leadership in pursuit of an objective that has nothing to do with the
work task
the erosion of values and standards through noxious processes that haven't
been foreseen, haven't been predicted or worked with until it is too late.
the undermining of principles on which legality is based.
Turning away from internal objects; attacks on linking
Turning away from internal objects involves the total subversion of one's relation to
internal sources of value and sources of goodness. The reason for this psychic
primitive turning away is hatred, (Bion, 1959; Grotstein, 1981a; O’Shaughnessy,
1995) symbolised as H, and an intolerance of knowledge, symbolised by minus K. A
1
A version of this paper was given at the conference: Re/Constructing Corruption. University of East Anglia. 2
nd
May 2003
2. 2
combination of H and –K brings to mind the infant turning away from the breast, as
one may do at any point in later life, through turning against the unbearable idea that
one may have learnt something from our ‘internal objects’, i.e. parents, teachers,
priests, supervisors, mentors, etc. One’s face is turned against them and what was
actually learnt from them is reversed. A defiant: ‘I won't learn from you; I will only
learn from myself’. Corruption is an inversion of reality and the relationship to internal
objects. That is what contemporary psychoanalysis (Klein, 1957; Bion, 1992)
emphasises: this turning away is an attack on knowledge. The whole system is
subverted. Rather than accepting the system, one tries to get away with whatever
one can get away with.
Corruption can be thought of in terms of perversions and the idealisation of violence,
untruth, propaganda and prejudice; exhausting higher levels of value and promoting
those things which are the antithesis of ordinary human values. This is a shaky
definition because it depends on human values that are socially constructed. In
principle, there is no reason why a society shouldn't say that telling lies is a good
thing. It depends on whether one accepts that value systems are socially
constructed or whether there is something innate in being human - what Freud (1921,
1923) called natural ethics, ethics that comes out of nature. One can subscribe to
the view that human nature engenders a set of human values, which are probably
fairly timeless, based on the innate propensity of human beings to establish human
relations - what promotes human relations is ethically good and what subverts and
undermines human relations is ethically bad. Therefore corruption is something that
goes against the nature of human beings, attacking truth, honesty, relationships and
acknowledgement of dependence and valuation of those who support one.
Subverting human values is different from straight-forward wrong-doing and gaining
personal advantage from breaking rules or laws because one thinks it is possible to
get away with it. Corruption is subversion of the foundation of actual legal systems.
Corruption of knowledge is significant. There is a particular quality about our
relationship with knowledge: that things can be known, but the value of what is
known is not respected. 'I know things, but they are of no use to me. I don't value
knowledge; I don't value the evidence of my own eyes. Instead, I value some
constructed delusion'. Unconsciously, there will be a recognition and an
experiencing of what has been done and feelings of guilt. Corruption is the strategy
3. 3
of dealing with that guilt and with the knowledge of one's culpability, and that is to
subvert the whole value of knowing things. Criminals know what is right and wrong,
but go ahead anyway and deal with their guilt through repression. It is different from
those who say, 'well, that might be wrong, but I don't care what is right and wrong'. It
is subverting the whole moral system. A criminal might not subvert the moral or legal
system; they might go against it and take the consequences.
However, in group or collective phenomena like economic trends, something different
happens. Markets are prone to episodic bouts of frenzied speculation, 'bubbles',
which leave financial ruin and recrimination in their wake. The dotcom bubble of
1998-2000 revealed that, for all the sophistication of modern financial systems,
investors are as prone as ever to delusions of limitless wealth. Ironically, the best
explanation for such episodes – and perhaps even their prevention – may be implicit
in the language used in accounts of stock market bubbles over the centuries: they
are described as outbreaks of 'mania', 'mass hysteria', 'frenzy' etc. In certain
conditions, it seems, investors go collectively insane, the prevailing sensibilities and
structures get corrupted, control mechanisms are undermined and ‘the markets go
mad’.
Tuckett and Taffler (2008) treat stock market investors as individuals behaving
collectively in herd-type behaviour. They describe stock market bubbles as episodes
of paranoid-schizoid behaviour. The recurrence of such events is, in their analysis,
entirely predictable: in the dotcom fever, as in the 19th Century railway speculation or
the 'South Sea Bubble', the denial remains long after the frenzy has subsided.
Tuckett and Taffler’s theoretical framework for corrupted vision, expectation and
behaviour is Freud’s (Freud, 1917) division in the psyche between the 'pleasure
principle', which sees the world as we would like it be, and the 'reality principle' – our
acceptance of an imperfect and sometimes disagreeable actuality. The adult mind
reconciles this contradiction by adopting either a depressive position state which
acknowledges imperfection and conflict, or a paranoid-schizoid position, in which
disagreeable emotions such as guilt and anxiety are repressed and projected
outwards. The key to this state is the cultivation of 'phantasy objects' which the mind
substitutes for a reality which has become too difficult to bear. In the emerging
internet economy of 1990s, the novelty and excitement of the online world allowed
4. 4
business 'gurus' and excitable young investment bankers to persuade themselves,
and their clients, that the old economic rules no longer applied. Share valuations at
the height of the bubble bore no relation to possible returns and corruption of the
system seemed inevitable. As share prices continued to soar, cautious traders either
fell in line with the bullish crowd or lost their jobs. The investment community
repressed its doubts and anxieties, preferring to believe in the seductive 'phantasy'
world of unearned wealth. This, according to Tuckett and Taffler, is a 'path-
dependent' trajectory – one thing leads to another, with the crash inevitable, once the
accumulation of anxiety overwhelms the forces that are repressing it.
Tuckett and Taffler's analysis questions a fundamental assumption of mainstream
economic models – that investment decisions are rationally motivated by competing,
self-interested individuals. These models fall down in uncertain dynamic conditions
such as those created by the rise of new technology, when emotion and unconscious
impulses drive decision-making as much as any dry reading of growth forecasts.
They argue that in bubble situations, banks and financial institutions should be as
wary of 'emotional inflation', i.e. the corruption of thought and emotion, as they are of
fiscal inflation. Feelings and unconscious phantasies dominate rational and
intelligent professionals. Attractive investments involve guesses about an uncertain
future and uncertainty creates anxiety. When there are exciting new investments
whose outcome is unsure, investors can get caught up in the 'everybody else is doing
it and so should I' wave which leads first to underestimating and then after panic and
the burst of a bubble, to overestimating the risks of an investment.
Investors in bubble situations continue to think they are behaving rationally, buying
into a story that allows them to detach themselves from anxiety and lose touch with
being cautious. Rationalised wishful thinking regarding profits then allows them to
take on much more risk than they actually realise, something about which they feel
ashamed and persecuted, but rarely genuinely guilty, when a bubble bursts. In other
words, a semi-delusional state of mind or corruption, will ensue, rather than admit
responsibility, or learn from mistakes.
5. 5
Collectivising corruption
Our conundrum is how are individual intra-psychic corruption processes collectivised
into groups and systems? The Tavistock total-systems approach (Lawrence, 1999,
2000; Miller, 1993; Obholzer & Roberts, 1994) based on the group-as-a-whole
theories of Wilfred Bion (1961), deals with this critical problem of understanding how
individual intra-psychic processes, that each individual has, become collectivised and
co-coordinated into a system. Through the study of whole systems, the Tavistock
has gone some way to determining how a number of separate minds get to behave
as a system at a different level, in this instance, corruptly. Leadership has an
important function in collectivising the intra-psychic processes of the individuals into
corruption. The leader will try to capture the allegiance of individuals to some
particular ideal that is represented in ways that pay no attention to human values, 'we
are above all that; they have no value to us'.
Bion’s (1961) group-as-a-whole ideas rest on the gathering up of individual intra-
psychic dynamics and linking them to one person, where they are coordinated. It is
the coordination, as well as structural elements, like the task of the organisation and
the way it lays out its roles, that leads to states of corruption. This is an efficient way
of explaining social phenomena and their relation to individual psychological
dynamics. We want to avoid naïvely transposing from the individual psyche to the
group process, especially when we do not understand why so many people in a
group allow themselves to be involved in group processes; when despite having their
own individual psyches, so many people follow a leader to destruction.
One answer may be that everyone has the same kind of intra-psychic personality
processes, but it is not necessarily the case. Germany, one of the most
sophisticated nations in the world suddenly overnight turned into a Jew-hating,
murdering, prejudiced, totalitarian state where thought disappeared and ordinary
people were caught up in the group process. One cannot say that the entire German
nation had a totalitarian mentality, although people do say that and there may be
some truth in that, but there were extremely thoughtful people in Germany who
created the pinnacle of philosophy and music and art and cultural achievement.
Suddenly, thought collapsed and these most sophisticated people bought into a state
of madness. One has to understand how there can be a corruption of an internal
6. 6
world through overwhelming external pressure. This is what Menzies Lyth (1998,
1989) calls ‘enforced introjections’, when mature people are forced to regress to
states of primitiveness. When they are in the system, individuals are powerless to
prevent ‘enforced introjections’.
The German people became a liberal democratic western nation within a decade. It
was not a new generation of people; it was the same people who had been operating
the Nazi system, suggesting that changes in the internal allegiance can be very rapid
and very profound and are not just concerned with psychological development.
Corruption is about bending the means to achieve an end, which at the time feels
right; something that one may even believe is for social good. This points to the need
for new paradigms to help us understand the rapid changes that can occur that
reverberate within social dynamics.
Narcissism
Susan Long (2008) provides a useful description of the role that narcissism and
individualism play in the rapid growth of greed, consumerism, acquisition and
exploitation. These dynamics promote perversion and corruption through the
process of turning a blind eye. (Steiner, 1985, 1993; Hoggett, 1992; Gettler, 2005).
This affects organisational life as conscious and unconscious perverse dynamics
become more evident, leading to corruption. Perversion and corruption are often
linked as in those cases where organisation leaders attempt to cover up perceived
failures in an attempt to manipulate the share market and provide leverage for a
hoped-for recovery. The denial involved in turning a blind eye can become a
conscious attempt to disguise reality. “The psychological dynamics of corruption are
manifest in greed, arrogance, a sense of personal entitlement, the idea of virtue as
personal loyalty, and the inability to distinguish between organisational and personal
ends”. (Levine, 2005, Pg. 17). These individual characteristics are eventually
expressed as unconscious perverse societal dynamics and they lead to corrupt
behaviours within the system.
Following a number of major corporate liability cases over recent years, the law has
changed in the direction of regarding organisations as entities that bear responsibility
for providing growth and benefits and bearing responsibility for being instrumental
7. 7
when things go wrong. The idea of organisations being imbued with character traits
informs the actions taken by organisational leaders and members. When character
traits are destructive and dominate the actions of organisational members from within
an unconsciously perverse social structure, this is regarded as corruption.
“Organised corporate corruption is a conscious manifestation, the iceberg tip of an
unconscious perverse societal structure and dynamic. Corruption builds on an
underlying social fabric of perversity” (Long, 2008, Pg. 3), an idea that suggests that
a society operates systemically through a dynamic, a state of mind that affects
individual and group behaviour. A ‘state of mind’, according to Harré (1984) is a
social, not an individual phenomenon. Bion’s work on groups (1961) and Lacan
(1977) demonstrate the idea of mind as located in the group. When narcissistic,
greedy, grandiose individuals are in operation, the organisational system, the ‘group’,
can display itself as illusory, self-deceptive, in denial and exploitative. The
development and reward of narcissistic characteristics leads eventually to the
creation of a perverse system.
Infant development and corruption
In human development, the baby has its needs met principally by the mother. The
baby in its primitive unformed state relates to mother, not as a person, but as an
object, a needs-satisfying object. From the baby’s perspective, mother satisfies its
physical and emotional needs and insofar as mother does that adequately, the baby
gives her good experiences; insofar as mother frustrates the baby, it gives her bad
experiences. So the infant learns that mother has to be looked after: 'I have to do
this in order that she will feel good and she won't do bad things to me'.
In later developmental stages, the baby realises there is a father and that mother and
father have a relationship which sometimes includes and sometimes excludes the
baby. A way has to be found of negotiating that triangular relationship. But there are
threats posed by father, which we postulate comes from a projection: 'I want you,
father, to go away, so that I can enjoy this exclusive relationship with mother; ipso
facto, I think you want me to go away, so that you can have with mother what I want
to have with her, so I'd better hide my true wishes’, i.e. the beginning of corruption.
This scenario links to phantasies about the sources of supplies. Mother is the source
of supplies, of good feelings, nourishment, survival, and now there is another figure
8. 8
who is coming into the picture, a rival who poses a threat. Very probably, that is a
major source of corruption, for the infant who is more concerned with ensuring that
he retains mother’s love by manipulating her to be his possession.
Individual and corporate greed
The managers of Enron, Lehman Brothers and other organisations (see Long, 2008,
for detailed descriptions of cases of corruption of Enron in the USA, HIH Insurance in
Australia, Long-Term Capital Management in the USA, Worldcorp in the USA, and
Parmalat in Italy) can be said to have acted in their roles, but in order to look after
themselves only. If we link that to infant development - the baby has not yet
achieved the stage of concern for others; it is looking after itself pretty well.
Psychoanalytically, the baby’s phantasies are of devouring and incorporating mother
in order to take possession of her as the feeding object so that the infant would never
have to feel dependency and be without. It urgently searches for a sense of oneness
or fusion with the satisfying object, which is what can be said executives of these
organisations were doing too. If one has $100m instead of $10m, the fantasy of
fusion with the universe is stronger – the fantasy is of never having to want for
anything.
The Enron directors believed that they owned or had a right to take the money. They
believed they were all-knowing, all-powerful, all-wise and exempt from due process.
They saw process as not applying to them, a primitive, infantile phantasy based on
greed - of saying it all belongs to me - it is all mine. All the directors were claiming to
have genuinely seen the truth and the truth was that it all belonged to them and as
leaders they corrupt the rest with omnipotent but unrealistic and amoral aspirations.
From these observations, it is possible to say that all human systems have both
visible, conscious parts and hidden, unconscious parts and corruption is inherently
and potentially part of every system, that everything has the seeds of its own
corruption. This takes us back to the baby-and-mother paradigm with the baby
saying: ‘I want the mother and everything she represents all for me; others cannot
have any of it, because if they were allowed to have any of it, they would want all of
it. How do I, baby, know that? Because I, baby, know that I want it all too.’
9. 9
Primary narcissism, enter the father and developing a sense of reality
Winnicott (1950, 1980) was interested in the connection between child development
and morality. Individuals learn about the basics of morality through consistency and
continuity of care and attention. The development of morality also involves going
through the depressive position (Klein, 1946), in which the infant develops a capacity
to recognise and accept mother, not merely as a needs-satisfying object, but as a
person in her own right. That right includes mother having relationships with others of
her own choosing. This, of course, involves the infant resolving the oedipal conflict
with its father, a prelude to learning about and getting to grips with reality. Emerging
into a world of reality, and coming to terms with it leads to temptations to take short
cuts back to perfection and later these short-cuts may include lies, hypocrisies and
delusions.
When the mother looks into her baby’s eyes and says: ‘you are the most darling baby
in the world’, this is an important experience for the baby to have so that its normal
healthy narcissism can develop. But the baby also needs to understand this is a
social convention and while it feels lovely, it is also somewhat illusory. If the baby
actually believes this illusion in a consistent way, it is subject to the most terrible
processes. Either it becomes so narcissistic that it is unmanageable or it becomes
so gullible that it is at the mercy of every flattery in the world. So the infant has to be
able to be ‘deceived’ sufficiently to have the experience of feeling loved and
wonderful, while at the same time it has to remain sufficiently aware of the illusory
pretence. The corruptive process in infancy starts at the point where there is clash
between primary narcissism and the dawning awareness of others as people with
needs, and when that awareness is overridden by personal omnipotent, narcissistic
or other desires. Developmentally, the child has to work through and give up much
and realise ultimately that it is one amongst many and that the world is bigger than it.
It is possible to argue that elements of corruption are present in the attempts we
make to reach back to what we once had and was lost. In other words, corruption
seems to be the refusal to adjust to reality and/or the dismantling of previously
achieved adjustments to reality. It is almost as if in growing up, one has to play by
the rules and one accepts these adaptations painfully as one moves to the
depressive position of recognising others, and then being told: 'you don't have to do
that, you can drop all these painful adjustments'. In Kissinger's memoirs (1979)
10. 10
about the last days of the Shah of Iran, he writes how the influences that provide
realistic feedback and being in touch with societal processes, drop away one by one,
until finally only a fantasy situation is left which feeds a total psychotic delusional
omnipotence; being totally out of touch and surrounded by sycophants who all say in
chorus: ‘you are the most marvellous baby in the world, you are the Emperor.’
Biologically, human beings start off their existence in a state of fusion with mother’s
body. Generally, there is no need to struggle for resources because these flow into it
smoothly and continuously. From a state of fusion, the infant moves into a state of
non-fusion, where survival is dependent on another to provide resources. The infant
has to find ways of attracting the breast and acknowledging its value and importance
and debt of gratitude to it. The Kleinian approach centres on that struggle. Can you
feel grateful to your life support system? Or do you hate it and want to prove that it is
of no value to you? In that sense, corruption and devaluing what is valuable, can be
said to originate in infancy. Corruption has a biological inevitability about it that
emerges from the human condition of dependency. But somewhere we would have
to acknowledge the insertion of socialisation and social values into that process. If
corruption has its roots in our biological and social inheritance, then we need to
acknowledge corruption, not as an abnormal phenomenon, but rather an inevitable
part of all systems and to be watchful of its manifestations. We have to conclude that
there is a predisposition towards corruption in individuals, organisations and society.
If the reality principle is about making adaptations and compromising, then there can
be difficulties distinguishing between that and corruption. Compromise is about
being in touch with reality and making healthy adjustments. When does a healthy
adjustment become compromise and when does compromise become corruption?
From the moment the baby is born, or even before, the baby is framed within a social
system where daily it is irradiated with aspects of the prevailing value system. It is
deviation from the value system that is considered corruption.
Corruption in organisations
New organisations form at times when there is a need for them. A particularly gifted
person sees the need for a new organisation then precipitates the need or the idea
out and forms a new body. The organisation then builds itself to meet that need and
makes use of that which is available and comes to hand. The organisation uses
11. 11
personalities and attitudes or states of mind that are around, that then forms into an
organisation that fits into whatever social climate there may be, thus fulfilling a very
important social need. Soon after its formation, the organisation acquires accretions
of acolytes and others, and from then on, it loses the very quality that caused it to be
sensitively in touch with societal processes. These social processes, its raison d’être
then become a threat because the organisation has to constantly adapt. So the
organisation becomes more and more institutionalised and more and more defended,
and more and more corrupted, by falling into defensive states of needing to protect
itself, as opposed to remaining open and modifying and constantly recreating itself.
New movements and organisations start with high ideals. Political parties win on the
basis of hope and expectation, but later, reality intervenes, the parties cannot deliver
and they begin to fudge. Choices have to be made and we are back to the
leadership question. The role of leadership is to be in touch with reality. Leaders
may espouse high ideals, but ultimately their enterprises have to be successes. The
tragedy in organisations is when work is undermined and decisions are made, not
openly on merit or fairness, but secretly on preferences and favours.
Corruption, survival and paranoid-schizoid mechanisms
The paranoid-schizoid position characterises early infantile development, prior to the
onset of the depressive position, so-called because the predominant characteristic of
the infant’s mental state is one of acute anxiety about its survival and not having any
developed means of defending itself. Paranoid-schizoid mechanisms operate in
organisations and are central components of corruption in that they remove entirely
the process of being in touch with reality and acknowledging others. On the other
hand, being in the depressive position, it is possible to see the whole picture better.
One can then be in pain about what to do about it. There can be debate-cum-
acknowledgement-cum-thoughtfulness about complex situations. Corruption
removes thinking, acknowledgement and indebtedness and fosters a regression to
primitive mental mechanisms. In addition to corruption being about greed, it is first of
all persuading others to forget about the ordinary rules of decency; it is about
claiming uniqueness. Therefore, one falls into believing that one can act in ways that
anyone else would regard as unacceptable or immoral. Thoughtfulness is thrown
away and one falls into an omnipotent, oceanic state of oneness that cannot
12. 12
differentiate between oneself and other people; you are them and they are you. If
one is part of a system that encourages mindlessness and lack of differentiation, then
one is protected from guilt which would come from thinking about others and seeing
the differences.
Corruption follows an emotional trajectory: excitement at a new idea leading to
pleasure, domination of the group by the excitement, then jitters, panic and blame.
The new idea creates a belief that something revolutionary is happening. This turns
to euphoria and boom; emotions determine “reality”. A paranoid-schizoid state
dominates and anxiety that might spell caution is denied. Doubters are dismissed.
When the corruption is exposed panic and revulsion result, then anger and blame,
but surprisingly little guilt or learning. Typically, people blame each other for allowing
them to be caught up. The sense of reality is still paranoid-schizoid because
responsibility is disowned.
The field of emotional finance recognises how uncertainty underpins all investment
activity, although the consequent anxiety, doubt and stress are often suppressed. It
also emphasises how reason often has little effect on judgment. Anxiety is dealt with
by depressive or paranoid-schizoid states of mind. Applied to corrupt systems, in a
depressive position state inherent unpredictability is recognised, in which decisions
are made transparently in the service of the task or they may be hidden in order to
favour a few. In a paranoid-schizoid position, the pain of the awareness of hurting
others is avoided by separating good and bad feelings. Ideas that feel good excite,
while those that feel bad are repressed. This allows people to ignore the
consequences of decisions, or to blame others for them. A paranoid-schizoid state is
characterised by distrust and constant jittery activity that are manifest inside and
outside the organisation.
Corruption implicitly contains an attack on internal objects, (parents, and authority
figures) that are seen as being hypocritical. People may be persuaded that authority
is self-serving and corrupt and uses its position at the expense of others. Authority
claims the credit for others’ work. Conversely, the fantasy is encouraged that we too
could have glory, but first authority would have to be overthrown, and thereby,
enabling one to leap magically from dependency into independence. But the fantasy
13. 13
is based on a false set of principles that we can stop authority taking credit for
something that is believed not to be theirs. This inversion is an example of the
ambivalent relationship towards dependency. Groups in organisations get into states
of despair where they feel there is nothing they can do; ‘isn't it all awful?’ they state,
‘we just have to wait until the elusive ‘top’ of the organisation decides to provide more
resources’. The despair leads to blanket condemnation – ‘it’s the system.’ This
leads to thinking that the organisation is corrupt, i.e. ‘the organisation isn’t helping
me, so why should I help it, or better still, I will take from the organisation to make me
feel I still have power and means of control.’ If we hold onto the notion of
organisation as ‘internal object’, then corruption in organisational settings is about
turning against the organisational task and turning against the leadership; having a
hatred of the task and a hatred of leadership.
Corruption needs to be contained inside everyone, where one’s own experiences and
feelings of the corruptor inside oneself can be dealt with. If there is no ‘cure’ for
corruption, then it is hugely important to acknowledge that, contain it and manage it
within our systems. We need to acknowledge corruption dynamics in ourselves and
in our systems and find ways of managing and containing that, because otherwise
we can get caught in what becomes circuitous persecutory views towards corruptors
and the corrupted.
REFERENCES
Bion W. R. (1952). Group dynamics: A re-view. Int. J Psycho-anal., 33, 235-47; Also in: M.
Klein: New Directions in Psychoanalysis. London: Tavistock: 1955.
Bion, W.R. (1959). Attacks on linking. In: Second Thoughts. London: Heinemann, 1967, pp.
93-109.
Bion, W.R. (1961). Experiences in Groups. London. Tavistock Publications.
Bion, W.R. (1992). Cogitations. London: Karnac.
Freud, S. (1917). Introductory Lectures, S. E., 16:357. London: Hogarth Press, 1971.
Freud S. (1921). Group psychology and the Analysis of the Ego. S. E. 18. London: Hogarth
Press, 1971.
Freud, S. (1923). The Ego and the Id. S. E., 19:3-59. London: Hogarth Press, 1971.
Gettler, L. (2005). Organisations Behaving Badly: A Greek Tragedy of Corporate Pathology.
Queensland: Wiley.
14. 14
Grotstein, J. (1981a). Bion the man, the psychoanalyst, and the mystic: a perspective on his
life and work. In: J. S. Grotstein (Ed.), Do I Dare Disturb the Universe? A Memorial to Wilfred
R. Bion. Beverly Hills: Caesura Press, pp. 1-36.
Harré, R. (1984). Social Elements as Mind. Br. J. of Med Psychol., 57: 127-35.
Hoggett, P (1992). Partisans in an Uncertain World: the psychoanalysis of engagement.
London: Free Associations Books;
Kernberg, O. F., (1992). Aggression in Personality Disorders and Perversions. New Haven:
Yale University Press.
Kissinger, H. (1979). The White House Years: Memoirs covering November 1968-January
1973. Boston: Little Brown.
Klein, M. (1946). "Notes on some schizoid mechanisms". Envy and gratitude and other works
1946-1963. Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis. (published 1975. ISBN
9780029184400).
Klein M. (1957). Envy and Gratitude. London: Tavistock Publications. Reprinted in The
Writings of Melanie Klein. 3, 176-235 London: Hogarth Press, 1975.
Lacan, J. (1977). Ecrits. London: Tavistock Publications.
Lawrence, W.G. (1999). Exploring Individual and Organizational Boundaries: A Tavistock
Open Systems Approach. London: Karnac.
Lawrence, W.G. (2000). Tongued With Fire: Groups in Experience. London. Karnac.
Levine, D. (2005). The Corrupt Organisation. Human Relations. 58 (6) 723-740.
Long, S., (2008), The Perverse Organisation and its Deadly Sins. London: Karnac.
Menzies Lyth, I.E.P. (1989). The Dynamics of the Social: Selected Essays. London. Karnac.
Menzies Lyth, I.E.P. (1988). Containing Anxiety in Institutions. London: Free Association
Books.
Miller, E. (1993). From Dependency to Autonomy: Studies in Organisations and Change.
London. Free Association Books.
Obholzer, A., & Zagier Roberts, V. (1994). The Unconscious at Work: Individual and
Organizational Stress in the Human Services. London: Routledge.
O'Shaughnessy, E. (1995). Minus K. Presented at the Panel "Bion's Contribution to
Psychoanalytic Theory and Technique" at the 39th International Psychoanalytic Conference
in San Francisco, CA on Monday, July 31, 1995.
Steiner, J. (1985). Turning a Blind Eye: the cover-up for Oedipus. Int. Rev. Psycho-anal.
12, 161.
Steiner, J. (1993). Psychic Retreats: Pathological Organisations in psychotic, neurotic and
borderline patients. New Library of Psychoanalysis.
15. 15
Tuckett, D, & Taffler, R. (2008). Phantastic objects and the financial market’s sense of reality:
A psychoanalytic contribution to the understanding of stock market instability. Int. J.
Psychoanal. 89:389–412.
Winnicott, D. M. (1950). Some thoughts on the meaning of the word “democracy”. Human
Relations, 3 (2): 171-185. Reprinted in: E. Trist & H. Murray, The engagement of social
science. London: Free Association Books, 1990.
Winnicott, D. M. (1980). Human Nature: New York, NY: Schocken Books.
Acknowledgements
I have discussed the issues contained in this paper with a number of people. They
have all made helpful comments, which I have weighed and almost always
incorporated in some form. I want to thank them for their comments, whether they
have been supportive or critical. I do not wish to implicate my commentators, but I
want it known that I have tested widely what I say in this essay with people whom I
respect as authorities in this field: Eliat Aram, David Armstrong, the late Mary Barker,
Ken Eisold, Dione Hills, Bob Hinshelwood, Richard Holti, Johnny Kelleher, Olya
Khaleelee, Gordon Lawrence, Jean Neumann, Anton Obholzer, the late Ken Smith,
Phil Swann, Kathy White and many others.