This document summarizes a psychological study into the causes of corruption in Indian society. It argues that corruption stems from the socio-economic development paradigm that India has followed for decades, which promotes happiness through constant consumption and prioritizes selfishness and greed. This creates a "pathological mind" in Indians where corruption is seen as normal and unavoidable. The study also notes how corruption spreads through society as more people model corrupt behaviors, and how people become involved in corruption unconsciously through ego defense mechanisms even if they know it is wrong. The development paradigm has nurtured Indian minds to find identity and happiness in continually acquiring more possessions, fueling competition and numbing concerns about corruption.
Corruption and public accountability in the nigerian public sector interrog...Alexander Decker
This document discusses corruption and public accountability in the Nigerian public sector. It begins by stating that corruption thrives where systems of public accountability are weak. While Nigeria has internal and external mechanisms for accountability, they appear ineffective due to a lack of political will to address corruption.
The document then reviews different perspectives on defining and conceptualizing corruption. Corruption is described as a deviation from formal duties for private gain, such as through bribery, nepotism, and misappropriation of public funds. It involves abusing public office for personal benefit rather than serving the public. Corruption stems from human greed and ambition as well as weak moral values. Both petty corruption by civil servants and grand corruption among high officials drain
Bortoletti, what is corruption?, commissione europea, ipa zagabria 21 23 no...Maurizio Bortoletti
The fight against corruption and other offenses against the public administration must be based on accurate and objective data to give citizens a realistic representation of the situation and not ultra sized, taking into account that it is evoking themes and sensational easily usable by this or that political party
Il contrasto al fenomeno della corruzione e agli altri illeciti contro la pubblica amministrazione deve fondarsi su informazioni precise e su dati oggettivi per dare ai cittadini una rappresentazione realistica della situazione e non ultra dimensionata, tenuto conto che si tratta di tematiche evocanti ed eclatanti facilmente utilizzabili da questa o quella parte politica.
This summary analyzes a document that examines the relationship between corruption and welfare per capita. The document aims to determine if there is an optimal level of corruption that results in the highest welfare per capita for a country. It reviews literature on both the negative and positive impacts of corruption. While most research finds corruption harms economies, some argue it can facilitate growth in certain situations by reducing bureaucracy. The document uses corruption, GDP, and economic freedom data to estimate regression models analyzing this relationship. It hypothesizes an inverted U-shape, where moderate corruption may boost welfare more than very low or high levels by maneuvering around red tape but not undermining institutions.
CHAPTER 10: COPING WITH CORRUPTION THROUGH WORK ETHIC AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN P...Cristy Melloso
This document discusses corruption in the Philippines public sector. It provides data from Transparency International's 2008 Corruption Perceptions Index that ranked the Philippines 141st out of 180 countries surveyed, indicating high levels of corruption. Several government departments are identified as having issues with graft and corruption. The document discusses the need for ethical values like honesty, accountability, and work ethic to be integrated into public administration in the Philippines to help address corruption challenges. Various laws and regulations related to ethics and conduct in the public sector are also mentioned.
Identifying Why Developing Nations Choose to DemocratizeBrent A. Hamilton
Our society has become increasingly globalized and as a result democratic. With that evaluation one would expect that a connected international community would create an environment optimized for development, growth, and success. A large majority of states, around the world, are democratic but not all are successful and some may even potentially fail. The interest of my analysis is not as to why fragile democracies may fail or why some democracies are more developed than others but rather to analyze the conditions under which a country may democratize to begin with. If we can understand the circumstances at which a nation will become democratic, we may better understand the reason why they may fail or succeed.
Corruption exists in many forms, from bribery to embezzlement, and has many negative effects like undermining democracy and distorting policymaking. Political corruption specifically involves misuse of power by government officials for private gain, through acts like trading political influence for personal benefits. The document discusses various causes of corruption in India and ways to reduce it, like implementing controls on electoral expenses and having more honest leaders committed to reform.
In general, corruption is a form of dishonesty or criminal activity undertaken by a person or organization entrusted with a position of authority, often to acquire illicit benefit. Corruption may include many activities including bribery and embezzlement, though it may also involve practices that are legal in many countries. Political corruption occurs when an office-holder or other governmental employee acts in an official capacity for personal gain. Corruption is most commonplace in kleptocracies, oligarchies, narco-states and mafia states
Corruption and public accountability in the nigerian public sector interrog...Alexander Decker
This document discusses corruption and public accountability in the Nigerian public sector. It begins by stating that corruption thrives where systems of public accountability are weak. While Nigeria has internal and external mechanisms for accountability, they appear ineffective due to a lack of political will to address corruption.
The document then reviews different perspectives on defining and conceptualizing corruption. Corruption is described as a deviation from formal duties for private gain, such as through bribery, nepotism, and misappropriation of public funds. It involves abusing public office for personal benefit rather than serving the public. Corruption stems from human greed and ambition as well as weak moral values. Both petty corruption by civil servants and grand corruption among high officials drain
Bortoletti, what is corruption?, commissione europea, ipa zagabria 21 23 no...Maurizio Bortoletti
The fight against corruption and other offenses against the public administration must be based on accurate and objective data to give citizens a realistic representation of the situation and not ultra sized, taking into account that it is evoking themes and sensational easily usable by this or that political party
Il contrasto al fenomeno della corruzione e agli altri illeciti contro la pubblica amministrazione deve fondarsi su informazioni precise e su dati oggettivi per dare ai cittadini una rappresentazione realistica della situazione e non ultra dimensionata, tenuto conto che si tratta di tematiche evocanti ed eclatanti facilmente utilizzabili da questa o quella parte politica.
This summary analyzes a document that examines the relationship between corruption and welfare per capita. The document aims to determine if there is an optimal level of corruption that results in the highest welfare per capita for a country. It reviews literature on both the negative and positive impacts of corruption. While most research finds corruption harms economies, some argue it can facilitate growth in certain situations by reducing bureaucracy. The document uses corruption, GDP, and economic freedom data to estimate regression models analyzing this relationship. It hypothesizes an inverted U-shape, where moderate corruption may boost welfare more than very low or high levels by maneuvering around red tape but not undermining institutions.
CHAPTER 10: COPING WITH CORRUPTION THROUGH WORK ETHIC AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN P...Cristy Melloso
This document discusses corruption in the Philippines public sector. It provides data from Transparency International's 2008 Corruption Perceptions Index that ranked the Philippines 141st out of 180 countries surveyed, indicating high levels of corruption. Several government departments are identified as having issues with graft and corruption. The document discusses the need for ethical values like honesty, accountability, and work ethic to be integrated into public administration in the Philippines to help address corruption challenges. Various laws and regulations related to ethics and conduct in the public sector are also mentioned.
Identifying Why Developing Nations Choose to DemocratizeBrent A. Hamilton
Our society has become increasingly globalized and as a result democratic. With that evaluation one would expect that a connected international community would create an environment optimized for development, growth, and success. A large majority of states, around the world, are democratic but not all are successful and some may even potentially fail. The interest of my analysis is not as to why fragile democracies may fail or why some democracies are more developed than others but rather to analyze the conditions under which a country may democratize to begin with. If we can understand the circumstances at which a nation will become democratic, we may better understand the reason why they may fail or succeed.
Corruption exists in many forms, from bribery to embezzlement, and has many negative effects like undermining democracy and distorting policymaking. Political corruption specifically involves misuse of power by government officials for private gain, through acts like trading political influence for personal benefits. The document discusses various causes of corruption in India and ways to reduce it, like implementing controls on electoral expenses and having more honest leaders committed to reform.
In general, corruption is a form of dishonesty or criminal activity undertaken by a person or organization entrusted with a position of authority, often to acquire illicit benefit. Corruption may include many activities including bribery and embezzlement, though it may also involve practices that are legal in many countries. Political corruption occurs when an office-holder or other governmental employee acts in an official capacity for personal gain. Corruption is most commonplace in kleptocracies, oligarchies, narco-states and mafia states
Corruption Diagnosis and Treatment-English-Burmese versionMYO AUNG Myanmar
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1557727
Corruption: Diagnosis and Treatment
Alina Mungiu-Pippidi
Hertie School of Governance
July 2006
Journal of Democracy, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 86-99, 2006
Abstract:
In recent years, anticorruption has become a major industry, with global expenditures growing to an estimated one hundred million dollars per year. To date, however, few successes have resulted from this investment. We clearly speak more about corruption than we used to and spend more money combating it, but there is little evidence that all this activity is accomplishing much. The handbook published by Transparency International (TI) cites as best practices the laws or institutions adopted in various countries, but their effects have yet to be measured. The World Bank’s Anticorruption in Transition also discusses ongoing programs rather than already demonstrated successes. Political corruption poses a serious threat to democracy and its consolidation. One year after the widely acclaimed Orange Revolution in Ukraine, one could already buy, though not very cheaply, a seat in the Ukrainian parliament. The lack of success in curbing corruption, combined with ever more widespread discussion of the issue, renders voters extremely cynical and threatens to subvert public trust in emerging democracies.
Keywords: corruption, transition, particularism
The document discusses the role of Islam in fighting corruption. It defines corruption and outlines how Islam provides a moral framework through the Quran and teachings of the Prophet Muhammad. Islam teaches justice, accountability, transparency and prohibits illegal enrichment. It establishes standards of social justice and ethics to guide behavior. By fostering moral values like honesty, justice and fear of God, Islam aims to eradicate corruption and create a just society.
This document discusses three paradigms for analyzing corruption: the economic paradigm, cultural paradigm, and neo-institutional paradigm. The economic paradigm views corruption as rational choices made by individuals based on costs and rewards. The cultural paradigm examines how cultural and social norms influence moral preferences and willingness to break rules. The neo-institutional paradigm considers informal rules and networks that regulate corrupt exchanges even without legal enforcement. The author argues an analysis of corruption requires considering multiple factors and there is no single approach, as it is a complex phenomenon influenced by individual and collective choices.
Corruption involves wrongdoing by those in power through illegitimate or unethical means, often involving bribery. Common forms of corruption include bribery, embezzlement, abuse of power, and favoritism. Globalization has increased corruption risks but also opportunities to address it. Governments and anti-corruption agencies can curb corruption by ensuring transparency, accountability, and an independent judiciary combined with a free press.
The document defines and discusses various types of political corruption. It begins by providing definitions of political corruption from two scholars. It then outlines basic characteristics, such as it appearing in political processes and relationships between political actors. Several types of political corruption are detailed, including bribery, extortion, embezzlement, favoritism (nepotism, cronyism, political favoritism), patronage, pork-barreling, lobbying, rent seeking, leakage of public secrets, and political manipulation. The document provides examples and explanations for each type.
[Spacek moderated Concurrent Panel on “Succession Building” at 2015 Conference]
Powerpoint discusses Past and Present-day American Public Servant Corruption; Public Servant Convictions in the 12-State Northeastern US (NeCoPA) Area; Definitions and Notions, of Public Servant Corruption; Measuring Public Servant Corruption "Culture" in the Northeast USA: a "Reality Check."
Political Corruption (A Study On Political Pathology)COSKUN CAN AKTAN
This document discusses political corruption and anti-corruption measures. It begins by defining political corruption narrowly as misuse of public office for private gain, and broadly as any violation of rules by political actors to gain private benefit. It then outlines various types of political corruption and categorizes them. The document discusses corruption as a governmental failure and examines traditional and public choice approaches to addressing corruption. Finally, it outlines a range of anti-corruption strategies and reforms targeting political, institutional, economic and public sector areas.
Corruption takes many forms from petty to grand and systemic. Common types of corruption discussed include political, police, judicial, union, and non-governmental corruption. India faces significant challenges with corruption, ranking 94th on transparency international's corruption index. Major corruption scandals in India include the 2G spectrum scam, Commonwealth Games scam, Telgi scam, Satyam scam, Bofors scam, fodder scam, and Hawala scandal. Bihar has seen the highest increase in corruption over time periods from 1990-2010 according to state-level data.
Corruption has a significant negative impact on India's education, employment, living standards, and humanity. India ranked 94 out of 176 countries in corruption according to a 2012 index. Corruption occurs through political, administrative, and professional means. It leads to issues like lack of employment, economic stability, and effective leadership. Corruption results in a loss of national wealth and hinders development. Some major corruption scandals in India include the 2G spectrum scam, Commonwealth Games scandal, and Satyam scandal. The Prevention of Corruption Act of 1988 aims to prevent corruption by punishing public officials with imprisonment and fines. Modernization of lifestyle and lack of concern for the country's future are seen as contributing to increased corruption.
Accountability is a concept related to transparency and trustworthiness where an actor must explain and justify their conduct to a forum that can ask questions and pass judgment. Public accountability pertains to entities with public resources being answerable for fiscal, managerial, and program responsibilities. Strong accountability mechanisms require established civil society rights, political competition, informed participation, and a legal system that enforces the law and makes rulers obey it. One challenge is societies' unwillingness to call powerful people accountable for wrongdoings, weakening the message that public interest is important. Civic consciousness and social responsibility are important for enforcing accountability.
Oligarchy rules democracy: Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Int...Sadanand Patwardhan
Each of four theoretical traditions in the study of American politics – which can be characterized as theories of Majoritarian Electoral Democracy, Economic Elite Domination, and two types of interest group pluralism, Majoritarian Pluralism and Biased Pluralism – offers different predictions about which sets of actors have how much influence over public policy: average citizens; economic elites; and organized interest groups, mass-based or business-oriented. A great deal of empirical research speaks to the policy influence of one or another set of actors, but until recently it has not been possible to test these contrasting theoretical predictions against each other within a single statistical model. This paper reports on an effort to do so, using a unique data set that includes measures of the key variables for 1,779 policy issues. Multivariate analysis indicates that economic elites and organized groups representing business interests have substantial independent impacts on U.S. government policy, while average citizens and mass-based interest groups have little or no independent influence. The results provide substantial support for theories of Economic Elite Domination and for theories of Biased Pluralism, but not for theories of Majoritarian Electoral Democracy or Majoritarian Pluralism. The study is by Martin Gilens, Princeton University and Benjamin I. Page, Northwestern University.
This lecture discusses the relationship between politics and power. It defines power as the ability to achieve desired outcomes or influence the behavior of others according to one's own purposes. Throughout history, power has been viewed both positively and negatively. Power is positive when it empowers individuals, but negative when it involves domination over others. While power involves the ability to force one's will on others against their consent, authority requires legitimacy and voluntary compliance. The lecture explores different conceptions of power and the distinction between power and authority.
The document discusses reassessing the media policy of the government and the role of government media. It notes that privately owned media ownership is concentrated and reports can favor special interests, while also engaging in sensationalism. The role of the media is described as important for providing information to citizens about government activities and policies, acting as a watchdog on politicians and officials, and serving as an accountability mechanism along with the judiciary. For the media to properly serve these roles, it must be free from both government interference and corporate influence.
The Nature and Dimensions of Power Inherent Power of the StateJerlyn Mae Quiliope
Power refers to the ability to exercise control or authority over others. There are various bases and dimensions of power, including those proposed by social psychologists French and Raven involving expert, referent, reward, legitimate, and coercive power. Weber also classified power based on authority into charismatic, traditional, and legal-rational authority. In politics, power relates to sovereignty and the state's ability to govern without outside interference. Legitimacy also plays a role through laws, customs, and the people's acceptance of a government's right to rule. The Philippine constitution establishes the president as both head of state and government who exercises national power through policies and agencies while being subject to limitations to protect individual rights.
Corruption in develeoping countries challenges & responseShahid Hussain Raja
Although corruption is not an exclusively Third World phenomena as corruption exists both in developed and developing countries in different forms and degrees yet its pervasiveness in the developing countries cannot be denied.
This presentation is an attempt to gauge this pervasiveness in the developing countries, find out its causes and lay down a framework for its minimization, if not total eradication
Sutherland's differential association theorycapesociology
Sutherland developed the theory of differential association to explain criminal behavior. The theory asserts that criminal behavior is learned through interaction with others who engage in criminal acts and define such acts favorably. Criminal behavior results from being exposed to more definitions favorable to crime than unfavorable definitions. Sutherland argued that individuals learn criminal techniques, motives, and attitudes by associating with others involved in criminal behavior more than they associate with non-criminal groups. His theory departed from biological and individual theories of crime by emphasizing the social context and social learning aspects of criminal behavior.
Spoils system, also called patronage system, practice in which the political party winning an election rewards its campaign workers and other active supporters by appointment to government posts and by other favours. The spoils system involves political activity by public employees in support of their party and the employees’ removal from office if their party loses the election. A change in party control of government necessarily brings new officials to high positions carrying political responsibility, but the spoils system extends personnel turnover down to routine or subordinate governmental positions (Encyclopaedia Britannica).
According to Sancino (2011), the term spoils system refers to the practice of political appointments, consisting in assigning temporary positions in the administrative structure of public organizations. These temporary positions are usually related to the political mandate.
The document discusses several topics related to globalization and crime, including how globalization has increased interconnectedness and opportunities for transnational crime. It examines how global economic trends impact supply and demand for illegal goods. It also explores how globalization has influenced risk perceptions and criminal organizations. Green criminology is introduced as an approach that considers environmental harms rather than just legal definitions of crime.
El estudiante Lucas Tassi presenta sus tres bandas de rock preferidas: Guns N' Roses, System of a Down y Slayer. Guns N' Roses se formó en 1985 y tuvo éxitos como "Welcome to the Jungle" y "Sweet Child O' Mine". System of a Down, formada en 1995, es conocida por canciones sobre problemas sociales e incluye éxitos como "Chop Suey". Slayer, una banda de trash/heavy metal formada en 1981, tuvo canciones populares como "Raining Blood" y "Angel of Death".
Lucas presenta sus tres bandas de rock favoritas: en tercer lugar, Guns N' Roses, conocida por canciones como "Sweet Child O' Mine" y "Welcome to the Jungle"; en segundo lugar, System of a Down, una banda de metal alternativo famosa por letras sobre problemas sociales; y en primer lugar, Slayer, una influyente banda de trash/heavy metal con éxitos como "Raining Blood" y "Angel of Death".
Corruption Diagnosis and Treatment-English-Burmese versionMYO AUNG Myanmar
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1557727
Corruption: Diagnosis and Treatment
Alina Mungiu-Pippidi
Hertie School of Governance
July 2006
Journal of Democracy, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 86-99, 2006
Abstract:
In recent years, anticorruption has become a major industry, with global expenditures growing to an estimated one hundred million dollars per year. To date, however, few successes have resulted from this investment. We clearly speak more about corruption than we used to and spend more money combating it, but there is little evidence that all this activity is accomplishing much. The handbook published by Transparency International (TI) cites as best practices the laws or institutions adopted in various countries, but their effects have yet to be measured. The World Bank’s Anticorruption in Transition also discusses ongoing programs rather than already demonstrated successes. Political corruption poses a serious threat to democracy and its consolidation. One year after the widely acclaimed Orange Revolution in Ukraine, one could already buy, though not very cheaply, a seat in the Ukrainian parliament. The lack of success in curbing corruption, combined with ever more widespread discussion of the issue, renders voters extremely cynical and threatens to subvert public trust in emerging democracies.
Keywords: corruption, transition, particularism
The document discusses the role of Islam in fighting corruption. It defines corruption and outlines how Islam provides a moral framework through the Quran and teachings of the Prophet Muhammad. Islam teaches justice, accountability, transparency and prohibits illegal enrichment. It establishes standards of social justice and ethics to guide behavior. By fostering moral values like honesty, justice and fear of God, Islam aims to eradicate corruption and create a just society.
This document discusses three paradigms for analyzing corruption: the economic paradigm, cultural paradigm, and neo-institutional paradigm. The economic paradigm views corruption as rational choices made by individuals based on costs and rewards. The cultural paradigm examines how cultural and social norms influence moral preferences and willingness to break rules. The neo-institutional paradigm considers informal rules and networks that regulate corrupt exchanges even without legal enforcement. The author argues an analysis of corruption requires considering multiple factors and there is no single approach, as it is a complex phenomenon influenced by individual and collective choices.
Corruption involves wrongdoing by those in power through illegitimate or unethical means, often involving bribery. Common forms of corruption include bribery, embezzlement, abuse of power, and favoritism. Globalization has increased corruption risks but also opportunities to address it. Governments and anti-corruption agencies can curb corruption by ensuring transparency, accountability, and an independent judiciary combined with a free press.
The document defines and discusses various types of political corruption. It begins by providing definitions of political corruption from two scholars. It then outlines basic characteristics, such as it appearing in political processes and relationships between political actors. Several types of political corruption are detailed, including bribery, extortion, embezzlement, favoritism (nepotism, cronyism, political favoritism), patronage, pork-barreling, lobbying, rent seeking, leakage of public secrets, and political manipulation. The document provides examples and explanations for each type.
[Spacek moderated Concurrent Panel on “Succession Building” at 2015 Conference]
Powerpoint discusses Past and Present-day American Public Servant Corruption; Public Servant Convictions in the 12-State Northeastern US (NeCoPA) Area; Definitions and Notions, of Public Servant Corruption; Measuring Public Servant Corruption "Culture" in the Northeast USA: a "Reality Check."
Political Corruption (A Study On Political Pathology)COSKUN CAN AKTAN
This document discusses political corruption and anti-corruption measures. It begins by defining political corruption narrowly as misuse of public office for private gain, and broadly as any violation of rules by political actors to gain private benefit. It then outlines various types of political corruption and categorizes them. The document discusses corruption as a governmental failure and examines traditional and public choice approaches to addressing corruption. Finally, it outlines a range of anti-corruption strategies and reforms targeting political, institutional, economic and public sector areas.
Corruption takes many forms from petty to grand and systemic. Common types of corruption discussed include political, police, judicial, union, and non-governmental corruption. India faces significant challenges with corruption, ranking 94th on transparency international's corruption index. Major corruption scandals in India include the 2G spectrum scam, Commonwealth Games scam, Telgi scam, Satyam scam, Bofors scam, fodder scam, and Hawala scandal. Bihar has seen the highest increase in corruption over time periods from 1990-2010 according to state-level data.
Corruption has a significant negative impact on India's education, employment, living standards, and humanity. India ranked 94 out of 176 countries in corruption according to a 2012 index. Corruption occurs through political, administrative, and professional means. It leads to issues like lack of employment, economic stability, and effective leadership. Corruption results in a loss of national wealth and hinders development. Some major corruption scandals in India include the 2G spectrum scam, Commonwealth Games scandal, and Satyam scandal. The Prevention of Corruption Act of 1988 aims to prevent corruption by punishing public officials with imprisonment and fines. Modernization of lifestyle and lack of concern for the country's future are seen as contributing to increased corruption.
Accountability is a concept related to transparency and trustworthiness where an actor must explain and justify their conduct to a forum that can ask questions and pass judgment. Public accountability pertains to entities with public resources being answerable for fiscal, managerial, and program responsibilities. Strong accountability mechanisms require established civil society rights, political competition, informed participation, and a legal system that enforces the law and makes rulers obey it. One challenge is societies' unwillingness to call powerful people accountable for wrongdoings, weakening the message that public interest is important. Civic consciousness and social responsibility are important for enforcing accountability.
Oligarchy rules democracy: Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Int...Sadanand Patwardhan
Each of four theoretical traditions in the study of American politics – which can be characterized as theories of Majoritarian Electoral Democracy, Economic Elite Domination, and two types of interest group pluralism, Majoritarian Pluralism and Biased Pluralism – offers different predictions about which sets of actors have how much influence over public policy: average citizens; economic elites; and organized interest groups, mass-based or business-oriented. A great deal of empirical research speaks to the policy influence of one or another set of actors, but until recently it has not been possible to test these contrasting theoretical predictions against each other within a single statistical model. This paper reports on an effort to do so, using a unique data set that includes measures of the key variables for 1,779 policy issues. Multivariate analysis indicates that economic elites and organized groups representing business interests have substantial independent impacts on U.S. government policy, while average citizens and mass-based interest groups have little or no independent influence. The results provide substantial support for theories of Economic Elite Domination and for theories of Biased Pluralism, but not for theories of Majoritarian Electoral Democracy or Majoritarian Pluralism. The study is by Martin Gilens, Princeton University and Benjamin I. Page, Northwestern University.
This lecture discusses the relationship between politics and power. It defines power as the ability to achieve desired outcomes or influence the behavior of others according to one's own purposes. Throughout history, power has been viewed both positively and negatively. Power is positive when it empowers individuals, but negative when it involves domination over others. While power involves the ability to force one's will on others against their consent, authority requires legitimacy and voluntary compliance. The lecture explores different conceptions of power and the distinction between power and authority.
The document discusses reassessing the media policy of the government and the role of government media. It notes that privately owned media ownership is concentrated and reports can favor special interests, while also engaging in sensationalism. The role of the media is described as important for providing information to citizens about government activities and policies, acting as a watchdog on politicians and officials, and serving as an accountability mechanism along with the judiciary. For the media to properly serve these roles, it must be free from both government interference and corporate influence.
The Nature and Dimensions of Power Inherent Power of the StateJerlyn Mae Quiliope
Power refers to the ability to exercise control or authority over others. There are various bases and dimensions of power, including those proposed by social psychologists French and Raven involving expert, referent, reward, legitimate, and coercive power. Weber also classified power based on authority into charismatic, traditional, and legal-rational authority. In politics, power relates to sovereignty and the state's ability to govern without outside interference. Legitimacy also plays a role through laws, customs, and the people's acceptance of a government's right to rule. The Philippine constitution establishes the president as both head of state and government who exercises national power through policies and agencies while being subject to limitations to protect individual rights.
Corruption in develeoping countries challenges & responseShahid Hussain Raja
Although corruption is not an exclusively Third World phenomena as corruption exists both in developed and developing countries in different forms and degrees yet its pervasiveness in the developing countries cannot be denied.
This presentation is an attempt to gauge this pervasiveness in the developing countries, find out its causes and lay down a framework for its minimization, if not total eradication
Sutherland's differential association theorycapesociology
Sutherland developed the theory of differential association to explain criminal behavior. The theory asserts that criminal behavior is learned through interaction with others who engage in criminal acts and define such acts favorably. Criminal behavior results from being exposed to more definitions favorable to crime than unfavorable definitions. Sutherland argued that individuals learn criminal techniques, motives, and attitudes by associating with others involved in criminal behavior more than they associate with non-criminal groups. His theory departed from biological and individual theories of crime by emphasizing the social context and social learning aspects of criminal behavior.
Spoils system, also called patronage system, practice in which the political party winning an election rewards its campaign workers and other active supporters by appointment to government posts and by other favours. The spoils system involves political activity by public employees in support of their party and the employees’ removal from office if their party loses the election. A change in party control of government necessarily brings new officials to high positions carrying political responsibility, but the spoils system extends personnel turnover down to routine or subordinate governmental positions (Encyclopaedia Britannica).
According to Sancino (2011), the term spoils system refers to the practice of political appointments, consisting in assigning temporary positions in the administrative structure of public organizations. These temporary positions are usually related to the political mandate.
The document discusses several topics related to globalization and crime, including how globalization has increased interconnectedness and opportunities for transnational crime. It examines how global economic trends impact supply and demand for illegal goods. It also explores how globalization has influenced risk perceptions and criminal organizations. Green criminology is introduced as an approach that considers environmental harms rather than just legal definitions of crime.
El estudiante Lucas Tassi presenta sus tres bandas de rock preferidas: Guns N' Roses, System of a Down y Slayer. Guns N' Roses se formó en 1985 y tuvo éxitos como "Welcome to the Jungle" y "Sweet Child O' Mine". System of a Down, formada en 1995, es conocida por canciones sobre problemas sociales e incluye éxitos como "Chop Suey". Slayer, una banda de trash/heavy metal formada en 1981, tuvo canciones populares como "Raining Blood" y "Angel of Death".
Lucas presenta sus tres bandas de rock favoritas: en tercer lugar, Guns N' Roses, conocida por canciones como "Sweet Child O' Mine" y "Welcome to the Jungle"; en segundo lugar, System of a Down, una banda de metal alternativo famosa por letras sobre problemas sociales; y en primer lugar, Slayer, una influyente banda de trash/heavy metal con éxitos como "Raining Blood" y "Angel of Death".
Stress occurs when the pressure on a person exceeds their ability to cope or respond. It causes "wear and tear" on the mind and body as one tries to adapt to a constantly changing environment. If not managed properly, stress can have negative side effects on a person's health, relationships, and work performance.
This letter provides a recommendation for Julie Perry from Ken Hook, a retired science teacher from Clear Lake High School. In 3 sentences:
Ken Hook observed Julie Perry as one of the most effective substitute teachers at Clear Lake High School, carrying out lesson plans completely and maintaining discipline; students enjoyed having Julie as a substitute and knew class would run smoothly; all the teachers got to know and like Julie, who was treated as a permanent part of the teaching staff due to her frequent work at the school.
El documento discute tres experiencias que los visitantes pueden tener en un museo: ritual, lúdica y educativa. Explica que los museos tradicionales se enfocan más en la experiencia ritual de preservar el patrimonio, mientras que los nuevos espacios museográficos promueven una experiencia más lúdica e interactiva. Finalmente, propone que la mejor experiencia es una integración equilibrada de lo ritual, lúdico y educativo, presentando el patrimonio cultural de manera que eduque y entretenga a la vez a
Este documento presenta un resumen de los principales hitos en la evolución de los medios y materiales de enseñanza a través de la historia, desde las primeras representaciones rupestres hasta la era digital actual. Comienza describiendo las primeras representaciones gráficas de animales y seres humanos en las cuevas, luego la invención de la escritura alfabética y la imprenta, que permitieron la democratización del conocimiento. Finalmente, analiza el surgimiento de los medios audiovisuales y la era digital, donde la información se representa de forma multimedia
i@Audit Management Solution (i@AMS) is a customizable web-based audit management solution that provides end-to-end management of the audit process from planning and scheduling to execution, monitoring, compliance, and closure. It automates audit functions to accelerate completion, standardize processes, and ensure compliance with changing regulations in a cost-effective manner. Key features include generating checklists, planning audits, allocating resources, tracking progress, and providing dashboards and reports.
Este caso analiza el acoso laboral (mobbing) sufrido por una mujer llamada Silvia en su oficina gubernamental en Buenos Aires, Argentina. Silvia fue contratada por su amiga, quien es su jefa. La jefa comienza a acosar a Silvia tratándola mal públicamente, criticando su trabajo y cambiando sus horas laborales para hacerla quedar mal. A pesar de la desventaja de Silvia, ella se enfrenta a su jefa y logra ser reubicada luego de realizar las denuncias correspondientes.
La alfabetización es un derecho humano fundamental y constituye la base del aprendizaje a lo largo de la vida. La alfabetización es esencial para el desarrollo humano y social ya que tiene el poder de transformar vidas y otorgar autonomía a las personas y familias para mejorar su salud e ingresos. Una sociedad alfabetizada es más dinámica e inclusiva, mientras que el analfabetismo puede conducir a la exclusión y la violencia. Durante más de 65 años, la UNESCO ha trabajado para mantener
Este documento presenta la política integral de salud, seguridad y medio ambiente de la Corporación de Educación Superior ISES. Describe los estándares y normas de calidad, seguridad y medio ambiente de la institución, así como los procedimientos para responder a emergencias. Además, identifica los posibles peligros en las instalaciones y las instrucciones para el manejo adecuado de residuos.
Suvendu Bikash Bhakta is an Assistant Manager of Finance, HR, Legal and Administration at Daekyo India Pvt Ltd. He has over 10 years of experience in finance and accounting roles. Previously, he worked as an Assistant Section Leader –Finance and Accounts at Kumon India Education Pvt Ltd for over 4 years. He also has experience working in the accounts department for the Indian Air Force. Bhakta has expertise in accounts payable, accounts receivable, financial analysis and reporting, budgeting, and ensuring statutory compliance. He is proficient in SAP, Microsoft AX Dynamics, Tally ERP and Citrix.
Andy Warhol (1928-1987) foi um artista americano conhecido por seu trabalho pioneiro na arte pop e no cinema experimental. Após se formar em design, Warhol se mudou para Nova York e trabalhou como ilustrador comercial. Sua primeira exposição individual em 1952 o levou ao sucesso. Nos anos 1960, Warhol começou a produzir obras em série usando imagens comuns e técnicas como a serigrafia. Ele também fundou o seu estúdio, a Factory, e começou a fazer filmes experimentais. Warhol teve uma influência duradoura
This document appears to be a project report on the topic of whether corruption is morally bad but economically beneficial for a nation's prosperity. It includes an acknowledgements section, abstract, table of contents, and introduction. The introduction provides background on corruption in India, defines corruption, and outlines how the report will analyze corruption from an ethical and moral perspective. It will examine causes and effects of corruption and propose principles to reduce corruption by drawing from ethics, culture, and practices used in other countries.
This document discusses various perspectives on socio-economic offenses and economic crimes. It provides definitions and theories related to economic crimes, organized crime, white-collar crime, and corruption. Some key points include:
- Economic crimes are illegal acts committed for financial gain, such as theft, fraud, and tax evasion. Motives can include pure economic gain or other personal interests.
- Leading theories of economic crime include the neoclassical approach that views criminal decisions as rational choices based on risk/reward calculations, and illegal enterprise theory that sees criminal organizations operating like legal businesses.
- Organized crime refers to criminal groups that operate over long periods for material benefits through serious criminal acts like drug trafficking. Leading theories are
This document provides an overview of several criminological theories that attempt to explain the causes of crime:
1. Classical theory views human behavior as motivated by hedonism, weighing pleasure against pain. It influenced Cesare Beccaria's view that the purpose of punishment is deterrence.
2. Functionalist theories see crime as inevitable and even necessary for society. Emile Durkheim argued crime strengthens social solidarity, while Merton's strain theory cites a disjunction between cultural goals and legitimate means of achievement as a cause of crime.
3. Marxist theories view crime as a response to inequality and economic deprivation under capitalism. Laws are made to protect the ruling class and law enforcement is biased in their favor
The document discusses the concept of civil society and analyzes Egypt's civil society. It notes that religious actors, particularly Islamic groups, are influential elements of Egyptian civil society. However, it argues that some Islamic factions operate more like charlatans, preying on Egyptians' emotions and needs by promoting promises and dreams to gain followers, similar to how religious leaders misled people in the 16th-17th centuries. Specifically, the Muslim Brotherhood has succeeded in creating a cult-like following through tactics that exploit the public's desires rather than promoting true religious ideals. Overall, the document examines the role and influence of religion within Egypt's civil society.
Debate on Future Democracy and Corruption, in the Digital Age (from Theory to...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This article is a reflection on the future of humanity, especially for young people. In my opinion, this
model of World Society, where inequalities are increasing, where there are men who send other men to war, where men order
men to be killed for political differences and or economic interests, where Corruption reigns. We need to change the
paradigm. But the change will be long.
Democracy is a political regime in which all citizens, in the enjoyment of their Human and Political Rights, participate in
the choice of the governance model for the country and/or region, who in their activity create the laws and implement them,
exercising the power of governance, through universal suffrage. It encompasses the social, political, economic and cultural
conditions that allow the exercise of power, free and equal, in political self-determination.
Democracy is both a normative ideal and a set of true world institutions. We have competing ideals of what democracy
should be, and there are many institutional forms of democracy around the world. Both as an idea and as an institutional
form, democracy has evolved over time, as changing circumstances make it possible to modify and solidify some of the
democratic institutions, sometimes for the benefit of democracy and sometimes not. One of the reasons democracy has
evolved, as an idea or institutionally, is people's disappointment with existing democratic institutions.
KEYWORDS: Democracy, Democracy of the Future, Corruption, Bribery, Systemic Corruption, Political
Corruption.
Postmodern theorists argue that crime is a social construction that reflects the views of those in power in a given society. They propose redefining crime more broadly as any actions that cause harm or repress future human development. This recognizes behaviors beyond legal definitions and accounts for disrespect towards others' identities. However, postmodernism does not adequately explain why most people do not harm others or address issues of justice for all members of society.
This document provides an overview of the syllabus for a module on democracy, elections, and good governance that is being implemented at Shivaji University in Kolhapur, India. The module will cover dimensions of democracy including social, economic, and political aspects. It will also examine elections for local self-government bodies and good governance initiatives in India. The rationale for the module is to educate students on the importance of democracy and encourage participation in the electoral and political process.
This document provides an overview of social accountability in South Asia. It defines social accountability as an approach that relies on civic engagement to hold governments accountable from the bottom up. Social accountability is important for good governance, empowerment, and development effectiveness. The elements of social accountability include engaging communities, collecting and analyzing information, undertaking accountability efforts with governments, and using information to enhance accountability. In Pakistan, social accountability has roots back to 1995 but faces challenges like government resistance, weak right to information laws, and lack of accountability among civil society groups. Opportunities include a responsible judiciary, vibrant media, and receptive political parties. The right to information is an important tool for social accountability by allowing citizens to demand transparency from the state.
Bortoletti, what is corruption?, commissione europea, ipa zagabria 21 23 no...Maurizio Bortoletti
It does not seem strange, well, that's about to keep talking for a long time, sometimes with great emphasis to emphasize the decisive importance for the future of the country, but has failed to any concrete results: quite simply, it's about warning because the recruitment and promotion of the most capable introduce an intolerable element of unpredictability in the system and it is an attack on the right of co-optation. Well, that system - recalling Paolo Mancini in "In Praise of the subdivision" - which is like a twin sister, but much more palatable, the proverbial "sora camilla" nobody wants, but if everyone seize, still in the dark and silence, with the exception that denounce the subdivision of others, looking good from admitting that if they purloin some even their place of power but would not have been parcelling exercise of pluralism.
Crime and deviance can be summarized as follows:
1) Crime involves breaking formal laws while deviance breaks social norms but may not be illegal. Different theories seek to explain the causes and functions of crime and deviance in society.
2) Marxism views crime as resulting from the exploitation and alienation of the working class under capitalism. Functionalism sees crime as serving functions like reinforcing social norms.
3) More recent theories include strain theory, which links crime to inability to achieve societal goals, and control theory, where weak social bonds increase criminal behavior.
Corruption is widespread in Bangladesh and affects many sectors of society and government. It is caused by factors like poor governance, poverty, unemployment, lack of patriotism, weak rule of law, and political unrest. Corruption takes many forms including bribery, embezzlement, extortion, conflict of interest, favoritism, nepotism, cronyism, and political corruption. International agreements like the UN Convention Against Corruption aim to establish anti-corruption benchmarks, but implementation has been uneven. Corruption in Bangladesh persists in socio-economic and political realms due to lack of transparency in politics, abuse of power for personal gain, and weak administration and law enforcement.
Humanitarian actions and development policy: What complementarities and inter...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Poverty continues to overwhelm a large proportion of the population despite some
improvements in the standard of living in some parts of the world. In an extreme situation, the fight against
poverty begins with humanitarian actions to save lives and repair human damage. In another aspect,
development policies are adopted to trigger economic and social dynamism. These are supposed to provide
mechanisms that must be sustainable to support continuous development. It turns out that between humanitarian
actions in a context of extreme poverty and development policies in the strategic sense, there are encroachments
that create the risk of distortion up to the reciprocal neutralization of these two notions. . This paper will try to
make a comparative and reciprocal analysis of these two actions in order to detect their differences, their
complementarities and the interferences in order to draw lessons for a better effectiveness for the population
concerned. The approach combined a legal vision in the sense of human rights and an economic vision in the
sense of basic needs. And the economic approach with the use of the Keynesian-cross has clearly demonstrated
the stakes. These steps have revealed that humanitarian actions and development policies have their place in
specific contexts respectively, but best reciprocal combinations and rationalizations are necessary and
beneficial. for the population. It remains to be seen how to find the best contextual and temporal connections so
that humanitarian actions can serve as solid bases for human rights and trigger sustainable and sustainable
development
FIVE TENDENCIES OF TODAY’S CORRUPTION AND ANTICORRUPTION POLICIES
Luís de Sousa, Chairman TIAC (TI-Portugal) and Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Aveiro (lmsousa@ua.pt)
Work in progress, please do not cite without author's permission
The Philosophy of Democracy Dividend Delivery: A Push for Government Revenue ...inventionjournals
Democracy more than any other form of government remains the most attractive option or phenomenon for the realization of the yearnings of the citizenry through what is commonly referred to as dividends of democracy. Since the return to democratic rule in 1999, Nigeria has continued to struggle with the delivery of democracy dividends; that is, social infrastructure, security, justice, equity, equal access to resources and power. The main impediments in the struggle being the twin diseases of corruption and insecurity. It is in this direction that this paper seeks to highlight the philosophy of democracy dividends delivery which is a driving force for government to generate revenue in order to enable her deliver the dividends. The methodology used for the study is the eclectic desk research approach. The paper concludes that democratic governments need to judiciously and prudently use the resources at their disposal to improve the quality of life of the citizens. In the same vein, fairness and accountability must be imbibed in order to usher in good and effective democratic governance. The study recommends among other recommendations that government should invest more in security than before in order to avert the boko haram scourge and other insecurity challenges.
The Philosophy of Democracy Dividend Delivery: A Push for Government Revenue ...inventionjournals
Democracy more than any other form of government remains the most attractive option or phenomenon for the realization of the yearnings of the citizenry through what is commonly referred to as dividends of democracy. Since the return to democratic rule in 1999, Nigeria has continued to struggle with the delivery of democracy dividends; that is, social infrastructure, security, justice, equity, equal access to resources and power. The main impediments in the struggle being the twin diseases of corruption and insecurity. It is in this direction that this paper seeks to highlight the philosophy of democracy dividends delivery which is a driving force for government to generate revenue in order to enable her deliver the dividends. The methodology used for the study is the eclectic desk research approach. The paper concludes that democratic governments need to judiciously and prudently use the resources at their disposal to improve the quality of life of the citizens. In the same vein, fairness and accountability must be imbibed in order to usher in good and effective democratic governance. The study recommends among other recommendations that government should invest more in security than before in order to avert the boko haram scourge and other insecurity challenges.
This document discusses the relationship between capitalism and democracy. It argues that capitalism needs regulation to prevent corporations and the wealthy from oppressing individuals and gaining too much influence over government. While capitalism can drive innovation if balanced with morality and concern for others, unchecked capitalism leads to greed, inequality, and corruption. The government has a role in regulating markets and taxing corporations to fund programs that benefit society, while protecting individuals' rights and welfare. Overall, the document advocates for "moral capitalism" with strong consumer protections and equal opportunities for all.
The document discusses the relationship between politics and power. It defines three dimensions of power: decision-making, agenda setting, and thought control. Politics involves a struggle over scarce resources, and power is the means through which this struggle is conducted. Radical feminists and Marxists view politics as occurring wherever resources are unequally distributed, including within families and personal relationships. The document concludes that politics takes place at all levels of social interaction, from personal relationships to international organizations, as it involves the allocation of scarce resources.
This document discusses the possibility of reaching a worldwide consensus on human rights. It argues that while the concept of human rights originated in Western societies, the values of democracy and human rights are increasingly accepted on a global scale. However, full agreement faces challenges, as other cultures may interpret concepts like individual rights and dignity differently. Still, the document believes that separating the philosophical principles from legal frameworks allows for the values like life, liberty and equality to be adopted more universally. It also acknowledges the important role of non-governmental organizations in advocating for human rights around the world.
Corruption is a major problem in the Philippines that undermines good governance and economic development. The Philippines ranks poorly in international corruption indexes and surveys show that the public perceives widespread corruption, especially in revenue collection agencies and infrastructure projects. While the government expresses commitment to anti-corruption efforts, systemic and institutionalized corruption are entrenched issues according to analyses of the Philippine experience with monopolies of power, lack of transparency and accountability, and a culture where corrupt practices are socially accepted.
This document provides an executive summary of a book that aims to analyze different economic systems and propose ways to achieve greater economic justice and fairness. It discusses how the 2008 financial crisis caused suffering and a transfer of wealth from poorer to richer groups. It outlines the two main economic models - the free market economy proposed by Adam Smith and the centrally controlled economy proposed by Karl Marx. However, it argues that neither model is grounded in thorough social science. The document calls for better social science and intellectual tools to understand social systems and the links between people, the economy and wealth creation in order to design an economic system where people feel they are treated fairly and can achieve fulfillment.
1. Pulickal 1
Running head: Psychological investigation into corruption
Anatomy of Indian mind: A psychological investigation into corruption
Jose Pulickal
Sampurna Institute of Advanced Studies,
Old Madras Road Bangalore
Karnataka
2. Pulickal 2
Running head: Psychological investigation into corruption
A young man among the thousands who gathered at the Ramlila Maidan, New Delhi to press
for the Anna Hazare’s Jan Lokpal Bill reported to have admitted that he also would have
taken bribe if opportunities arise.1 Considering the extent of corruption at various levels in
Indian society2 and as long as one is not implicated or arrested, one seems to feel alright in
involving in it, we may tend to ask whether the ongoing agitation to establish a strong
legislation against political corruption has a psychological cause rather than the protesters are
seeking a remedy for a personal injury or a strong desire for a reformation of the corruption
producing system. When the more powerful ones – local bureaucrats or public officials – are
apprehended a sense of popular relief and pleasure emerges in the public mind, without
nevertheless deterring individuals from involving in everyday corrupt practices, even at
miniature way. Involving in corruption thus appears as not being a great evil at personal
level.
The public’s awareness of the damaging impact of political and economic corruption
on society, the endless debates and protest meetings organized for months to combat it by
new laws, the investigation by Criminal Bureau of Investigation (CBI), by a retired Chief
Justice or Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) seem to have anesthetized our minds not only
to believe that something is being done to protect us and our interests, but also to keep us
from considering it widespread and pervasive aspect. For most Indians citizens – from above
or from below, from the elite to middle and low social levels – wake up allured towards
corruption; they either practice it, or accommodate to it consciously or unconsciously. Even if
Anna Hazare and his team succeed in forcing the government to put in place a more stringent
anti-corruption law, one has to wonder whether it will reduce other, local and more subtle
forms of corruption in Indian society? As Arundhati Roy critical viewpoint on the India
1 Hindusthan Times (2011) August 21.
2 In 2011 India was ranked 95th out of 178 countries in Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions
Index.
3. Pulickal 3
Running head: Psychological investigation into corruption
Against Corruption campaign has stressed it, should we not rather reflect on the sense and
meaning of corruption: “is corruption just a matter of legality, of financial irregularity and
bribery, or is it the currency of a social transaction in an egregiously unequal society, in
which power continues to be concentrated in the hands of a smaller and smaller minority
[...]?” (Roy, 2011). Should we not look more closely into the social context of corruption,
that is to say, pay attention to the larger socio-economic issues fostering inequalities and thus
undertake reformation of the system? This article written from a social psychological
perspective is more to further the inquiry into the corruption generating factors in the Indian
mind rather than to fix the cause to one factor or the other. These are more hypothesis than
proven conclusions.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
The term corruption in this paper is seen not merely from the narrow meaning perceived
generally as economic or political corruption. Brooks has defined corruption as "the
intentional misperformance or neglect of a recognized duty, or the unwarranted exercise of
power, with the motive of gaining some advantage more or less directly personal" (Brooks,
1974: 46). The advantage of this definition is that it both bypasses the narrow legal definition
of corruption as well as a definition focusing only on public sector, so as to include not only
unlawful actions but also many other activities that, while being lawful, can be considered as
morally or ethically doubtful. However, this enlarged definition still fails to take note of the
fact that corruption is a by-product of socio-economic, institutional and political forces which
mandates and impels it.3 It is the reason why we suggest to use the broadened term of
3 For another opinion see S. Visvanathan, The Necessity of Corruption, The Seminar, September 2011, 625, 63-
65. He sees the corruption not as a deviant pathology of the society but as necessity emerging fromthe socio -
political arrangement. .
4. Pulickal 4
Running head: Psychological investigation into corruption
“corruption complex” whose advantage is notably to consider what different corrupt practices
“have in common, what affinities link them together, and to what extent they enter into the
same fabric of customary social norms and attitudes” (de Sardan, 1999: 27). Such a view
allows us to analyze how the social system produces a psychological framework in the
individuals which reinforces corrupt behaviour through a process of numbing effect of the
conscience. This paper looks at corruption from this vantage.
SEARCHING DEEPER INTO THE CORRUPT MIND
To understand the psychological process of corruption three relevant phenomena need to be
considered:
1°) firstly, the phenomenon of corruption cannot be seen in isolation from the other
realities that are existent in the society. Indian citizens experience an increase in anxiety,
depression, competition, dissatisfaction with life and feelings of incompetency. At the same
time they are also witnessing an increase of social violence at various levels. This seems to be
stemming from the socio-economic developmental paradigm that inspire and guide India’s
planning and development. One needs to ask whether such paradigm is the seeds giving birth
to corruption.
2°) The spread effect of corruption is the second phenomenon worthy of being noted.
Every section, whether rich or poor – be it an auto-rickshaw driver or a multimillionaire –
and every social agency are gradually swept into corruption. One act of corruption seems to
produce multiple acts of corruption. Borrowing a concept from mathematics, corruption
multiplies in algebraic proportion. Does this expansionist trend indicate that people are
modelling their behaviour on the corrupt practices of others?
5. Pulickal 5
Running head: Psychological investigation into corruption
3°) Thirdly, persons tend to involve in corruption by a subtle unconscious process.
Normally drive to self-preservation should have controlled human actions, but when one
involves in corruption s/he even bypasses this drive. The dishonest practices themselves
appear imprudent and foolish since the nature of the corruption is that it would be eventually
detected with the inevitable disgrace that this will bring about for the culprits. How can even
the educated and ‘honourable’ people involve in such irrational activity? They tend to be
drawn in corruption unconsciously, from a psycho-analytic perspective, by use of an “ego
defence mechanism”4. A person involves in corruption indeed knows that the act is wrong
and may have legal and ethical consequences. Nevertheless when one involves in such
practices s/he is unconsciously made to believe that s/he would not be apprehended and that
such an act would enhance her/his welfare and is tolerable in the context of perceived larger
socio-economic compulsions or wants.
All these three phenomena are interrelated and tend to express what Okhotskii names
the “duality of the public consciousness”: “on the one hand, society understands how lethal
corruption is - the public rates it negatively and dreams of being disentangled from it. On the
other hand, many citizens have become reconciled to corruption and do not consider it a very
serious evil: instead, it has become something familiar and commonplace that is taken for
granted” (2011: 51). One can reasonably argue therefore that the corruption practices point to
the Indian socio-economic system creating a pathological mind.
CORRUPTION-MANUFACTURING DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM
4 According to the classical psychoanalysis, “ego defence mechanism” refers to the unconscious psychological
strategies brought into play by a person to cope with reality and to maintain self-image.
6. Pulickal 6
Running head: Psychological investigation into corruption
Indian mind has been nurtured for the last four or five decades on two psychological
premises. The first is the belief that the aim of life is happiness, that is, maximum pleasure,
defined as the satisfaction of any desire or subjective need a person may feel. Secondly,
egoism, selfishness and greed, as the system needs to generate them in order to function, are
believed to lead to harmony and peace. The primary premise of the consumerist economic
development paradigm is precisely the creation of a mind that purchases more and more, and
newer and newer goods. As Marcuse has perceptibly foreseen some four decades ago in the
context of the U.S. society, happiness is being conceived as something that can be purchased.
He argued that, in what he calls “the consumerist society”, wo/men began to see themselves
as extensions of the objects they are producing. At the beginning of One-Dimensional Man
he writes: “The people recognize themselves in their commodities; they find their soul in
their automobile, hi-fi set, split-level home, kitchen equipment” (Marcuse, 2002: 11),
meaning that under capitalism human beings become extensions of the commodities they
create. The myth engendered in the minds is that more and the newer goods a person
acquires, the more s/he is happy. The “more” always stands in comparison with another, be it
person who has newer goods. This calls for a relationship based on competition and
egocentrism. Unconsciously though may be, it is on the psychological edifice of these two
premises the current Indian dream and quest for development (so called “Shining India”) is
arguably being built.
Before we examine more closely these two premises and how they are related to the
corruption scenario, we need to scrutinize the developmental paradigm pursued in India.
THE INDIAN DEVELOPMENT QUEST
7. Pulickal 7
Running head: Psychological investigation into corruption
At the time of Indian Independence three developmental paradigms were available to Indian
policy makers: i) the so-called socialistic model as interpreted and propagated by the Soviet
Union of Russia, ii) the development model seen in the Western countries, and iii) the
Gandhian swaraj model (“self-rule”) which was yet not well defined and was seen as a sort
utopia. It goes without saying that behind each of these paradigms is an ideology or a
worldview which informs it and upholds. For instance, according Gandhian view, Swaraj is
implementing a system whereby the state machinery is virtually nil, and the real power
directly resides in the hands of people. This philosophy rests inside an individual who has to
learn to be master of her/his own self and spreads upwards to the level of her/his community
which must be dependent only on itself. According to Gandhi, "in such a state [where swaraj
is achieved] everyone is his own ruler. He rules himself in such a manner that he is never a
hindrance to his neighbour. [...] It is swaraj when we learn to rule ourselves” 5. He explained
his vision of swaraj more precisely in 1946:
"Independence begins at the bottom... A society must be built in which every village
has to be self sustained and capable of managing its own affairs... It will be trained
and prepared to perish in the attempt to defend itself against any onslaught from
without... This does not exclude dependence on and willing help from neighbours or
from the world. It will be a free and voluntary play of mutual forces... In this structure
composed of innumerable villages, there will be ever widening, never ascending
circles. Growth will not be a pyramid with the apex sustained by the bottom. But it
will be an oceanic circle whose centre will be the individual. Therefore the outermost
circumference will not wield power to crush the inner circle but will give strength to
all within and derive its own strength from it." (quoted in Murthy, 1985: 189)
5 http://www.mkgandhi.org/swarajya/.htm
8. Pulickal 8
Running head: Psychological investigation into corruption
Outlining the reasons why this utopian concept was not fully accepted exceeds the main
purpose of this article; what is worthy of note is that, in the course of the decades that
proceeded the independence, the Indian policy makers adopted, at least theoretically, a kind
of a concoction of all the three.
Thus at one time India adopted the five year plans, nationalisation of organs of
services, industries, the panchayat raj, etc. As usual the powerful psychological process takes
precedence over the more sublime Gandhian utopian visions. To use the concept of
Maslonian concept of “hierarchy of needs” (Maslow, 1943), the immediate and base needs
(read as happiness dream about which we spoke earlier) for prosperity took precedence over
the self actualising needs. In fact only the base needs were seen as the “happiness dream”.
Nevertheless, the developmental model of socialistic democratic, sovereignty model which is
based on the ideal of self actualization brought in stringent rules of state control of all the
economic and social activities. This led to the lucrative ways of fulfilling the base needs of
plenty. In a system of state control the backdoor ways of corruption became easy means to
gain wealth. Consequently the socialistic policies proved a failure. Public enterprises incurred
losses and this became an argument for the privatization. Thus eventually, the policies of
liberalization in the 1990s were brought in much to the relief of capitalistic worldview.
CORRUPTION: A BY-PRODUCT OF THE SOCIO-POLITICAL SYSTEM
Nowadays, the governments, mass communication media, and industries are relentlessly
manipulating and controlling minds to instil the belief that maximum happiness lies in the
things and services we can enjoy. Feelings, thoughts and tastes are being moulded and shaped
by these agencies to fit the consumerist society. A perceptive analysis will reveal that the
clandestine objective of these agencies (Packard, 1957) is not the real good of the individual
9. Pulickal 9
Running head: Psychological investigation into corruption
but the creating of a “desiring subject” through the promotion of a system which stands on
the economic principle of creating endlessly demand. This belief is strengthened with the idea
according to which satisfaction of the pleasure drive is not only the privilege of a minority
but it is available for every Indian. Even the commonest men and women dream of having
what the industries and mass media promote for the ultimate resolution of their misery. From
peripheral perspective such hedonistic dreams are harmless and even projected as
progressive. What is the harm in it? “It helps them to work harder and achieve even
unachievable”, they argue. But then, not only the premise of maximum happiness is faulty; or
even if we accept it as true, studies tend to show that the real purchasing power of the
commoners especially during the recent years has steadily declined (income has been shifting
away from the majority towards the wealthy minority) despairing individuals from achieving
the goal of maximum happiness through possession of things. The premise that the maximum
happiness can be gotten from the things one possesses is faulty for the simple economic
principle that fulfilment wants create ever newer wants. The newer wants is often perceived
as musts for happiness. In having the goods one unconsciously thinks that s/he can get
friends, better family, achieve greater success, reputation status, and a sense of security,
which in reality is not the case. The psychological costs of such a developmental paradigm
are anxiety, stress and other related phenomena of the current Indian society. Merton,
borrowing the term “anomie”6 from Durkheim, well described the internal contradiction
within the cultural system resulting from the “American dream”: “the extreme emphasis upon
the accumulation of wealth as a symbol of success in our own society militates against the
completely effective control of institutionally related modes of acquiring a fortune. Fraud,
corruption, vice, crime, in short, the entire catalogue of proscribed behavior, cultural induced
success-goal becomes divorced from a coordinated institutional emphasis” (1938: 675-676).
6 It can be translated as “normelessness” in English.
10. Pulickal 10
Running head: Psychological investigation into corruption
Crave for maximum happiness by maximum fulfilment of desires leads to and
promotes individualism and unfettered individualism leads to egoism. An egoist can be
defined as a person: who wants everything for her/himself; who gets pleasure in possessing
and not in sharing; who is greedy because her/his aim is having, and in more s/he has more
s/he feels worthwhile; who is antagonistic towards all others: her/his customers whom s/he
wants to deceive, her/his workers whom s/he wants to exploit. S/he has no end to her/his
wishes. S/he must be envious of those who have more and afraid of those who have less.
These are repressed to feel good about oneself and good in front of others (Fromm, 1976: 16).
Egoism is particularly becoming a necessity in a system where the personal satisfaction of the
constructed desires – i.e. manufactured goods and services – is conceived as the essence of
happiness. Consequently, the by-product of such individualistic egoism can be seen as
corruption. Corruption generally occurs when the personal interest dominates over the
general interest or interest over others. For an egoistic person the personal interest is more
important than the wider interest of the society. S/he does not bother who is harmed or what
the consequences are as long as her/his needs are met. Even the recent anti-corruption
agitation in India has been seen as proceeding from this unbridled need to promote the
consumption crave of the Indian middle class. Patnaik insightfully comments on the
agitation: “The consequence of the hullabaloo over “corruption”, seen primarily as an integral
part of the functioning of the State, is to delegitimize the State and usher in further
privatization, and hence commercialization, of a range of activities still undertaken by the
State. This can only hurt the poor, and it amounts to a carrying forward of the agenda of
financial and corporate interests, which want precisely a combination of tax reduction and
privatization of what have hitherto been considered as State responsibilities” (Parnaik, 2011).
Both the egoistic character and the “maximum-happiness-dream” that the system
therefore produces create a corrupt society. In other words, the widening gap between the
11. Pulickal 11
Running head: Psychological investigation into corruption
perceived present and the future “needs” and the means to fulfil them through honest ways
surely lead to unethical ways of acquiring means to fulfil them. And the egoistic character
that the system propagates reinforces it.
SOCIAL LEARNING: IMITATION AND CONTAGION
Right in the midst of this “individualistic-egoistic-development paradigm” we can notice
another phenomenon at work. How to explain the process of engaging into corruption? One
has to look at the many forms of social interactions that influence the learning of corrupt
behaviour and may lead to corrupt practices. Flimsiest though may be, the reasoning that
often the common person involves to explain the latter is: “everyone is doing it” (Sherif,
1937). Ever since the Bandura’s classic experiment, popularly known as the “bobby doll
experiment”, it is almost accepted fact that people learn behaviours through observation of
other’s behaviour, also known as modelling (Seligman, 2006: 167). But what is at stake
seems less to be the imitation of other people’s behaviour as such than the imitation of their
beliefs and desires. Indeed, so as to understand how corruption spreads in a population, one
has to look to the importance of imitation of beliefs and ideas. Far from the illusory vision of
a sovereign and enlightened self, Tarde in his Laws of Imitation (1890) precisely compared
the state of the individual in society to that of a hypnotized one: “the social state, just as the
hypnotic state, is a dream of control and a dream in action. It is the illusion of both the
somnambulist and the social human being alike to take those ideas to be spontaneous, which
in fact she has taken over by suggestion (1921: 83). People may imitate a behaviour though
may be ethically wrong when, as apprehended by the individual, it seems justifiable, unless
s/he is prevented from doing it through other compelling motivations, for instance fear of
punishment. The justifiable motive in the case of corruption often is the perceived primary
12. Pulickal 12
Running head: Psychological investigation into corruption
needs of immediate and future security, wanting to be prosperous like others, etc. Along with
it is a sort of aggressive secret vengeance the injustice (corruption) meted out to him or her,
often become motive.
The consequence of this expansionist and “contagious” process of corruption (Goel &
Nelson, 2007) is that it becomes all the more and deeply embedded in social habits and
produces a kind of culture of corruption, instilling a value system and cultural codes
justifying corruption by those who practice it.
ATTEMPTS TO PREVENT CORRUPTION
The present day efforts to address the issue of corruption are built on the faulty premise of
“bad apple theory”. The bad, immoral people are the cause for corruption; consequently
removing the bad apple and society will be corruption free. Discovering the corrupt people
and punishing them would deter others from resorting to it. However, this does not seem to
happening. Dr John M. Darley, Psychology professor of Princeton University, finds the bad
apple theory preposterous for the simple reason that this theory assumes that everything else
in the system is alright and is functioning healthy. Writing about increasing corruption he
considers it is simply “a useful fiction that enables those who hide behind it to avoid the more
thoroughgoing implications of recent transgressions” (Darley, 2005: 1178).
The above is not to disparage the attempts of preventing corruption through legislative
means. The researches on social violence have shown that in the absence of preventive
mechanisms such as stringent laws and law enforcing agencies, the number of persons
participating in violence tends to increase (Sofsky, 2002: 128). Extending this to the violence
of corruption stringent laws such as lokpal laws may deter some from participating in the
corruption for the fear of apprehending and penalised. However, this occurs mostly when the
13. Pulickal 13
Running head: Psychological investigation into corruption
fear of detection is more and the factors of allurement are less. Indeed, people obeying a
norm depends on both empirical and normative expectations: what one expects to do and
what one believes other think one ought to do. A conflict between these two kinds of
expectation can occur. It has been noticed for instance that “even in the presence of law and
social norms condemning corruption, the widespread occurrence of bribery and kickbacks
can induce people to form empirical expectations that most people are corrupt, while
simultaneously holding the normative expectation that most people disapprove of corruption”
(Bicchieri, Erte Xiao, 2009: 193).
Furthermore, such laws gets teeth only when: i) the law enforcing agencies are
honest; ii) the people are so educated that they have the knowledge of the law and access to
the law enforcing agencies; and iii) the people have a desire to be morally upright and have
opportunities for upward mobility in economic prosperity.
In India and in any country even agencies of identifying the corrupt elements and
punishing them themselves are under grip of the same evil. In a country where, according to a
2005 study7 75 per cent of the people claim to have firsthand experience of corruption hardly
a couple of the corrupt get punished. The law enforcing agencies are swept away by the very
forces that allure the general population into corruption. According to this study conducted by
Transparency International India, 77 percent of those who approached the police adopted an
alternate route like bribe, using influence, or using a middleman. The 87 percent of the
Indians who interacted with the police perceive Indian police to be corrupt and 77 percent felt
that corruption is on the increase.
Deterring people from getting allured into corruption thus calls for a high standard of
morality. In most cases, morality takes precedence only when the perceived biological,
psychological, social and economic needs could be met within the socio-economic ambient in
7 See Transparency International India, India Corruption Studies 2005, www.tiindia.in
14. Pulickal 14
Running head: Psychological investigation into corruption
which the individual lives. When this conducive ambient is perceived as inexistent, resorting
to corruption is perceived as morally justifiable. Furthermore, though objective moral
principles arguably exist, practically, when it comes to individuals it is the subjective
apprehension and application of the moral principle that matters. The grasp and application of
the moral principle depends on the conscience of the individual. The individual often does
not apply the moral principles objectively apart from his/her subjective experience. Kohlberg,
renowned for his studies on moral development of persons stated that to follow objective
morality (the highest moral development in a person) persons have to assume a “veil of
ignorance,” i.e., they have to assume that they have not undergone the unjust treatment. This
seems improbable and even Kohlberg called this a “theoretical stage” and temporarily
dropped this final stage, i.e. Universal Principle moral development stage from his research
(Kohlberg, 1973). A person who is him/herself a victim of corruption often resorts to
corruption believing that it is not unjust. The victim does not rise over his/her subjective
experience and think objectively of corruption. S/he not only justifies in her/his acts of
corruption, but also s/he is perhaps allured towards it.
Search for Solutions
What kinds of empirical and normative expectations influence the choice to obey a norm or
the one to engage in corrupt practices? Thus so far in the article, we put particular emphasis
on the role and impact of the current development paradigm being implemented India. Our
attempt was to map out some of the benefits a critical socio-psychological analysis may bring
to traditional ways of considering the problem of corruption. Far from representing only a
political, economic or legal sensitive issue, corrupt practices involve psychological
mechanisms - both at the individual and collective level - which are worth considering in
15. Pulickal 15
Running head: Psychological investigation into corruption
relation to the values, the beliefs, and cultural codes a social system is promoting. The present
socio-political-economic paradigm of India does not have a psychological mechanism that
prevents corruption. Instead, the present system seems to promote and nurture the tendency
of the individuals to involve in corruption. Thus to address the issue of corruption especially
in India one cannot be rest satisfied with the legislative means alone, rather one has to
approach it at the socio-economic-politically and by all the social agencies and individuals.
***
REFERENCES
Bicchieri, C., & Xiao, E. (2009). “Do the Right Thing: But Only if Others Do So”, Journal of
Behavioral Decision Making, 22: 191–208.
Brooks, R.C. (1974). Corruption in American Politics and Life. New York: Arno Press.
Darley, J. M. (2005).“The Cognitive and Social Psychology of Contagious Organizational
Corruption,” Brooklyn Law Review, 70, 4: 1177-1194.
Fromm, E. (1976). To have or To be, New York: Harper & Row.
Goel, R. K., & Nelson, M.A. (2007). “Are corrupt acts contagious? Evidence from the United
States”, Journal of Policy Modeling, 29: 839–850.
Kohlberg, L. (1973). "The Claim to Moral Adequacy of a Highest Stage of Moral Judgment."
The Journal of Philosophy, 70, 18: 630–646.
Marcuse H. (2002 [1964]). One-Dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced
Industrial Society, London/New York: Routledge & Paul.
16. Pulickal 16
Running head: Psychological investigation into corruption
Maslow, A.H. (1943). “A Theory of Human Motivation”, Psychological Review, 50, 4: 370-
96.
Merton, R. (1938). “Social structure and anomie”. American Sociological Review, 3: 672–
682.
Murthy, S. (1987). Mahatma Gandhi and Leo Tolstoy Letters. Long Beach: Long Beach
Publications.
Okhotskii, E.V. (2011). “The Nature of Corruption and Measures to Combat It”. Sociological
Research, vol. 50, no. 4, July–August: 42–56.
Packard, V. (1957). The Hidden Persuaders, New York: D. McKay Co.
Prabhat, P. (2011). “Clash of interests – movements such as Hazare’s may promote the
corporate agenda”, The Telegraph, 8 Sept.
Pavarala, V. (1997). Interpreting Corruption: Elite Perspectives in India, New Delhi: Sage.
Sardan, O. de (1999). “A Moral Economy of Corruption in Africa?”, The Journal of Modern
African Studies, Vol. 37, No. 1, March: 25-52.
Roy, A. (2011). “I’d rather not be Anna”, The Hindu, August 21.
Seligman, L. (2006). Theories of counselling and psychotherapy: Systems, strategies, and
skills. (2
nd
ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Ltd.
Sherif, M. (1937). “An Experimental Approach to the Study of Attitudes”, Sociometry 1: 90-
98.
Sofsky, W. (2002). Violence: Terrorism, Genocide, War. London: Granta.
Tarde, G. (1921 [1890]). Les lois de l’imitation. Etude sociologique, Paris: Alcan.
You, J., & Khagram, S. (2005). “A comparative study of inequality and corruption. American
Sociological Review, 70: 136-157.