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Convergence, Grand Challenges, team Science and Inclusion
- 1. Convergence, Grand Challenges, TeamScience, and Inclusion Pramod P. Khargonekar University of California, Irvine NSF EFRI Workshop Convergence and Interdisciplinarity in Advancing Larger Scale Research May 14, 2018
- 2. Outline Convergence Grand Challenges Team Science Inclusionand Diversity Conclusions
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- 5. Disciplines and Multidisciplinary Discipline:particular branch of learning or body of knowledge Multidisciplinarity: juxtaposition of two or more disciplines on a question, problem, topic, or theme. • Juxtaposition of disciplines that remain separate • Individuals work separately, results typically published separately or compiled, but not synthesized. Source: Hall, 2014
- 6. Interdisciplinary Interdisciplinary: integration ofinformation, data, methods, tools, concepts, and/or theories from two or more disciplines ○ Key defining concept: integration ○ Individuals may work alone, but increasingly research is team-based. ○ Collaboration introduces social integration, project management and communication. Source: Hall, 2014
- 7. Transdisciplinary Transdisciplinary: transcend disciplinaryapproaches through comprehensive frameworks and paradigms • Problem-oriented research that crosses the boundaries of both academic and public and private spheres. • Mutual learning, joint work, and knowledge integration are key to solving “real-world” problems. • Beyond interdisciplinary combinations to foster new worldviews or domains. Source: Hall, 2014
- 8. Recent Reports andStudies
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- 10. MIT Report -Convergence: Future of Health “Convergence as applied to health … integrates expertise from life sciences with physical, mathematical, and computational sciences, as well as engineering, to form comprehensive frameworks … “ “… convergence goes beyond collaboration … involves integration of historically distinct disciplines and technologies into a unified whole … integration … offers potentially revolutionary change for biomedical sciences.” Sharp et al 2016, Science, Capitalizing on convergence for health care
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- 12. NRC Report onConvergence Convergence is an approach to problem solving … integrates knowledge, tools, and ways of thinking .. a comprehensive synthetic framework for tackling scientific and societal challenges ... Two closely related but distinct properties: • convergence of expertise • formation of the web of partnerships. Source: Convergence: Facilitating Transdisciplinary Integration of Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, Engineering, and Beyond, NRC, 2014
- 13. Four Key Pillars ●People ● Organization ● Culture ● Ecosystem Source: Convergence: Facilitating Transdisciplinary Integration of Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, Engineering, and Beyond, NRC, 2014
- 14. People • Students, facultyand staff • Department chairs • Deans • Leadership • Communicate across disciplines building from deep expertise Source: Convergence: Facilitating Transdisciplinary Integration of Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, Engineering, and Beyond, NRC, 2014
- 15. Organization • Goal-oriented vision •Program management • Support for core facilities • Catalytic/seed funding • Reward risk-taking • Governance systems Source: Convergence: Facilitating Transdisciplinary Integration of Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, Engineering, and Beyond, NRC, 2014
- 16. Culture • Mutual respect •Opportunities to share knowledge • Diversity of perspectives • Inclusive • Risk taking Source: Convergence: Facilitating Transdisciplinary Integration of Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, Engineering, and Beyond, NRC, 2014
- 17. Ecosystem • Dynamic interactionsat various levels • Multiple partners • Within institution • Across institutions • Academic-industry-foundations-government Source: Convergence: Facilitating Transdisciplinary Integration of Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, Engineering, and Beyond, NRC, 2014
- 18. Convergence and Pasteur’sQuadrant Source: Roco et al, 2013
- 19. NSF Big Idea:Growing Convergence Research Convergence Research has two primary characteristics: A. Research driven by a specific and compelling problem: Need to address a specific challenge or opportunity, From deep scientific questions or pressing societal needs. B. Deep integration across disciplines: Knowledge, theories, methods, data, research communities and languages intermingled or integrated. New frameworks, paradigms or disciplines from sustained interactions … https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2018/nsf18058/nsf18058.jsp?WT.mc_id=USNSF_25&WT.mc_ev=click
- 20. Convergence and PressingSocietal Needs = Grand Challenges?
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- 23. UK Industrial Strategy:the Grand Challenges ● Growing the Artificial Intelligence and data driven economy ● Clean growth ● Future of mobility ● Ageing society https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/industrial-strategy-the-grand-challenges/industrial-strategy-the-grand-challenges
- 24. EU Horizon 2020Grand Challenges ● Health, demographic change and wellbeing; ● Food security, sustainable agriculture and forestry, marine and maritime and inland water research, and the Bioeconomy; ● Secure, clean and efficient energy; ● Smart, green and integrated transport; ● Climate action, environment, resource efficiency and raw materials; ● Europe in a changing world - inclusive, innovative and reflective societies; ● Secure societies - protecting freedom and security of Europe and its citizens. https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/en/h2020-section/societal-challenges
- 25. Grand Challenges areoften Wicked Problems Wicked problems … there is no clear stopping rule … working on it more … better solution … no single right answer … every attempt can matter because it affects the things people depend upon. Horst and Rittel, 1973
- 26. Characteristics of WickedProblems ● No definite formulation of a wicked problem. ● No stopping rules. ● Solutions are not true-or-false, but better or worse. ● No immediate and no ultimate test of a solution to a wicked problem. ● Do not have an enumerable (or an exhaustively describable) set of potential solutions ● Every wicked problem is essentially unique. ● Causes can be explained in numerous ways.
- 27. Alford and Head,2017 Wicked and less wicked problems: a typology and a contingency framework, Policy and Society, 36:3, 397-413
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- 29. President John F. Kennedyspeaks before a joint session of Congress, May 25, 1961 Apollo 11, July 20, 1969 Neil Armstrong: One Giant Leap For Mankind Source: NASA
- 30. Edward Jenner “On theOrigin of the Vaccine Inoculation” 1801 “the annihilation of the smallpox, the most dreadful scourge of the human species, must be the final result of this practice.”
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- 32. Contemporary Examples • Obesityand diabetes • Food-energy-water nexus • Low carbon society • Automation, jobs, and future of work
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- 35. Next Green Revolution …onethat goes beyond advancing production to focus on reducing exorbitant rates of food loss Zia Khan Rockafeller Foundation Small-scale farmers still feed a majority of the world and must therefore be at the center of any future agricultural research agenda. R. Offenheiser President, Oxfam America https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/04/opinion/we-need-a-new-green-revolution.html https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/14/opinion/what-the-next-green-revolution-will-require.html
- 37. Convergence and TeamResearch
- 38. Dimensions of TeamScience • Diversity of team members • Disciplinary integration • Team size • Goal alignment • Permeable boundaries • Geographic proximity • Task interdependence Source: Enhancing Effectiveness of Team Science, NRC, 2015 a new interdisciplinary field . . . aims to better understand … team-based research and practice and to identify the unique outcomes of these approaches ... (Stokols et al.)
- 39. Stokols, 2018 Influences onConvergent Science Beyond the Team and its Immediate and Institutional Environments Institutional Multi-Team System in which the Team (T1) is Embedded Team’s Immediate Environment Individual Team Members Physical-Spatial, Social, Organizational-Institutional, Technological Features T4 Private Sector T3 T2 T1 NGOs Government Policies Funding Agencies
- 40. Improving Team Effectiveness •Team processes • Team composition • Team professional development • Leadership for team science • Support for virtual collaboration • Organizational support for team research Source: Enhancing Effectiveness of Team Science, NRC, 2015
- 41. Inclusion and Diversityin Convergence “A central hypothesis of convergence is that diverse teams are able to generate innovative solutions ... … an environment where opinions—especially dissenting opinions—are openly expressed, where diversity is valued, and opposing ideas are respectfully communicated may be vital to the success ….” Source: Convergence, NRC, 2016
- 42. Types of Diversityand Implications Diversity Problem-solving approaches (functional) Demographic, cultural, and ethnic backgrounds (identity) Relationship with team performance: Challenges in social integration and communication Perspective can mitigate and … reverse these effects Greater creativity and satisfaction Environment with diverse views and perspectives can be uncomfortable. Inclusive attitudes, management strategies critical to success Source: Convergence, NRC, 2016
- 43. Additional Tools • DesignThinking • Lean Techniques • Collective Impact • NSF Innovation Corps • NSF GERMINATION • NSF Convergence Accelerators • NSF INCLUDES
- 44. Concluding Remarks • Convergence- a new vision and framework for research • Success will require careful thinking about problem conceptions and solution criteria • Science of team research to maximize successes and minimize costs • Diversity is an asset and strength and inclusive culture needs to be cultivated • Engineering is well-positioned to lead convergent research 21st century challenges demand successful convergent research
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